the types and possible reasons of indonesian to …

i

THE TYPES AND POSSIBLE REASONS OF INDONESIAN TO

ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING USED IN FARAH QUINN’S

YOUTUBE VIDEO FARAH QUINN – GULAB JAMUN

(MAKANAN MANIS KHAS INDIA)

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

MARIA INDRIANI INOCENCIA

Student Number: 164214010

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTER

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2021

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii





AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By



DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTER

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2021


iii

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis





By



Approved by

Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. March 8, 2021

Advisor

Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. March 8, 2021

Co-Advisor


iv





By



Defended before the Board of Examiners

on

and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

NAME SIGNATURE

Chairperson : Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. ____________

Secretary : Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ____________

Member 1 : Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum. ____________

Member 2 : Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. ____________

Member 3 : Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. ____________

Yogyakarta, March , 2021

Faculty of Letters

Universitas Sanata Dharma

Dean

Dr. Tatang Iskarna


v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of the undergraduate thesis.

March 8, 2021

Maria Indriani Inocencia


vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Maria Indriani Inocencia

Nomor Mahasiswa : 164214010

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul





Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata

Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk pangkalan data,

mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media

lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun

memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencamtumkan nama saya sebagai

penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 8 Maret 2021

Yang menyatakan,



vii

“Doubt kills more dreams

than failure ever will.”


viii

FOR MY BELOVED

FAMILY


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis gives me the lesson to be more patient and fight until the limit.

Therefore, this thesis will be my reminder in the future to not give up on anything.

First of all, I am so thankful because Jesus Christ always rains His endless love on

me until this present day. His blessing and His love strengthen my way until I can

finish this thesis.

I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum.

because her guidance, her advice, her patience during the time until I finish this

thesis always enlighten me to be the best thesis writer of mine. I also thank my co-

advisor Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. for the correction and suggestions to make

this thesis better. I would not forget to send all my gratefulness to The English

Letters Department of Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta for the opportunity

to study until I finish this thesis.

My endless gratitude goes to my beloved parents, sisters, brothers, and nieces

because all their supports, joyfulness, love, and care always give me more strength

to finish my thesis. Thank you for all the time, love, care, money, patience, and

prayers that were given to me. I am so grateful to have my family as my lifetime

partner in this world.

Last but not least, I thank my precious people around me that always love me

and give me endless support through my ups and downs. How lucky I am to be

loved by them who I love so much.



x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................ii

APPROVAL PAGE ..........................................................................................iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE .....................................................................................iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

KARYA ILMIAH ...............................................................................................vi

MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................vii

DEDICATION PAGE .......................................................................................viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................xii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................xiii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................xiv

ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................1

A. Background of the Study .........................................................................1

B. Problem Formulation ..............................................................................4

C. Objectives of the Study ...........................................................................5

D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................7

A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................7

B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................10

1. Sociolinguistics ...................................................................................11

2. Code-switching and code-mixing .......................................................12

3. Types of code-switching .....................................................................14

4. The Possible Reasons for Code-switching .........................................17

C. Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................21

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................22

A. Object of the Study..................................................................................22

B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................23

C. Method of the Study ................................................................................23

1. Data collection ....................................................................................23

2. Data Analysis ......................................................................................24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .....................27

A. Types of Indonesian to English Code-Switching Used

in Farah Quinn’s YouTube Video Farah Quinn – Gulab Jamun

(Makanan Manis Khas India.) ................................................................27

1. Intra-sentential Switching ...................................................................28

a. Intra-sentential code-switching in the word level .......................30

i. Word Level Code-Switching as a Predicate ...........................30


xi

ii. Word Level Code-Switching as a Subject ..............................31

iii. Word Level Code-Switching as a Complement .....................32

b. Intra-sentential code-switching in the phrase level .....................33

i. Phrase Level Code-Switching as a Noun Phrase ....................33

ii. Phrase Level Code-Switching as a Verb Phrase .....................35

iii. Phrase Level Code-Switching as an Adverbial Phrase ...........36

c. Intra-sentential code-switching in the clause level ......................37

i. Main Clause ............................................................................37

ii. Coordinate Clause ...................................................................38

iii. Subordinate Clause .................................................................39

2. Inter-sentential Switching ...................................................................40

a. Inter-sentential switching as a complete sentence .......................40

i. Subject-Predicate Sentence .....................................................41

ii. Subject-Predicate-Complement Sentence ...............................42

iii. Subject-Predicate-Object Sentence .........................................42

iv. Subject-Predicate-Complement-Adjunct Sentence ................43

b. Inter-sentential switching as a fragment sentence .......................44

i. Fragment in the word level .....................................................44

ii. Fragment in the phrase level ..................................................45

3. Tag-switching ....................................................................................46

a. Tag-switching in a word level .....................................................46

b. Tag-switching in a phrase level ...................................................48

c. Tag-switching as an exclamation ................................................49

B. The Possible Reasons for the Use of Code-Switching


(Makanan Manis Khas India) .................................................................53

1. Talking about Particular Topic ...........................................................54

2. Doing Interjection ...............................................................................61

3. Being Emphatic about Something ......................................................64

4. An Intention of Clarifying the Speech Content

For the Interlocutor .............................................................................66

5. Repetition used for Clarification ........................................................68

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................71

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................76

APPENDICES: .................................................................................................78

Appendix 1: The Transcript of Farah Quinn’s YouTube Video

Farah Quinn – Gulab Jamun ‘(Makanan Manis Khas India) ................78

Appendix 2: The Types and Possible Reasons of Code Switching


(Makanan Manis Khas India) ...............................................................89


xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BE : Being Emphatic About Something

CI : Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

EG : Expressing Group Identity or Solidarity

I : Doing Interjection

IA : Intra-Sentential Switching

IE : Inter-Sentential Switching

QS : Quoting Somebody

RC : Repetition Used for Clarification

T : Tag-switching

TPT : Talking about Particular Topic


xiii

LIST OF TABLE

No. Table Page

1. Table 1. The Sample Result of Types and the 25

Possible Reasons of Code-Switching Table

2. Table 2. The Result of Types of Code-Switching 28

in Farah Quinn’s YouTube video

Farah Quinn - Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India)

3. Table 3. The Result of Possible Reasons of Code-switching 53

in Farah Quinn’s YouTube video Farah Quinn – Gulab Jamun

(Makanan Manis Khas India)

4. Table 4. Result of Types and Reasons of Indonesian to English 70

Code-Switching in Farah Quinn’s YouTube video

Farah Quinn - Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India)


xiv

ABSTRACT

INOCENCIA, MARIA INDRIANI. (2021). The Types and Possible Reasons of

Indonesian to English Code-Switching Used in Farah Quinn’s Youtube Video

Farah Quinn-Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India). Yogyakarta:

Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Sometimes, people can use two or more languages during the conversation

because of the different speaker’s background to make their conversation more

efficient. This evidence brings up the code-switching phenomenon in society,

especially in this digital era. Nowadays, code-switching can be found in every

platform of social media especially on YouTube. Many YouTubers that used code-

switching may enhance the understanding of their viewers and attraction from

viewers. This phenomenon also appears on Farah Quin’s YouTube video, who is

one of the Indonesian celebrity chefs who actively used code-switching in her

video. This research focused on analyzing the use of Indonesian to English code-

switching by Farah which occurs in Farah Quinn’s YouTube video entitled Farah

Quinn-Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India).

There were two problem formulations in this research, the first is to

categorize the types of Indonesian to English code-switching by Farah that occurs

in her video. The second objective is to reveal the possible reasons for using

Indonesian to English code-switching in Farah Quinn’s video.

For this research, sociolinguistics was used as the approach of study. The

researcher used the theory from Poplack (1980) to analyze the types of code-

switching and the theory of reasons for using code-switching by Hoffman (1991)

to reveal the possible reasons for using code-switching. In this video, there were

139 code-switching used by Farah.

The researcher found the result of this analysis that there were 80

occurrences of intra-sentential switching types, 33 occurrences of inter-sentential

switching types, and 26 occurrences of tag-switching types. The researcher also

found there were 76 occurrences of talking about a particular topic reason, 26

occurrences of doing interjection reason. 19 occurrences being emphatic about

something reason, 17 occurrences of an intention of clarifying the speech content

for the interlocutor reason, and one occurrence of repetition used for clarification

reason. Nevertheless, quoting somebody's reason and expressing group identity

reason were not found in this data. Therefore, the conclusion of this analysis was

Farah switches from Indonesian to English because English terms were more

understandable to describe culinary context during the video since many English

culinary terms are commonly used by Indonesian.

Keywords: code-switching, types, reasons, Farah Quinn, gulab jamun


xv

ABSTRAK

INOCENCIA, MARIA INDRIANI. (2021). The Possible Reasons of Indonesian

to English Code-Switching Used in Farah Quinn’s Youtube Video ‘Farah

Quinn-Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India)’. Yogyakarta: Program

Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Terkadang, manusia menggunakan dua bahasa atau lebih selama

percakapan dengan tujuan untuk membuat percakapan lebih efisien karena adanya

perbedaan latar belakang masing-masing pembicara. Ini membuktikan adanya

kemunculan fenomena alih kode di dalam masyarakat, terutama di masa digital. Di

masa sekarang, alih kode bias ditemukan di berbagai macam sosial media terutama

di YouTube. Banyak YouTubers yang menggunakan alih kode mungkin untuk

meningkatkan pemahaman para penonton dan menjadi daya tarik penonton.

Fenomena ini juga muncul di video YouTube milik Farah Quinn; seorang koki

selebriti di Indonesia. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk menganalisa penggunaan alih

kode dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggris yang dilakukan oleh Farah di video

miliknya yang berjudul Farah Quinn-Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India).

Penelitian ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan yang pertama

adalah untuk mengelompokan alih kode yang dilakukan Farah berdasarkan tipenya.

Objek yang kedua adalah untuk mengungkapkan kemungkinan alasan atas

penggunaan alih kode yang dilakukan Farah Quinn di dalam video.

Pendekatan Socioliguistics digunakan di dalam penelitian ini. Peneliti

menggunakan teori dari Poplack yang dikutip di Romaine (1995) untuk

menganalisis tipe alih kode dan teori alasan penggunaan alih kode oleh Hoffman

(1991) untuk mengungkapkan kemungkinan alasan penggunakan alih kode. Di

dalam video, terdapat 139 alih kode yang digunakan oleh Farah.

Hasil dari analisis ini adalah ditemukan sebanyak 80 kejadian atas alih kode

di dalam kalimat, 33 kejadian atas alih kode antar kalimat, dan 26 kejadian alih

kode tag yang muncul di dalam data. Peneliti juga menemukan 76 kejadian alih

kode karena membicarakan topic tertentu, 26 kejadian alih kode karena melakukan

interjeksi, 19 kejadian alih kode karena berempati terhadap sesuatu, 17 kejadian

alih kode karena keinginan untuk mengklarifikasi isi pembicaraan untuk penerima,

dan satu kejadian alih kode karena pengulangan untuk klarifikasi. Namun, alasan

mengutip seseorang dan menunjukan identitas grup tidak ditemukan di dalam data.

Oleh karena itu, kesimpulan dari analisis terhadap penggunaan alih kode dari

Bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggris oleh Farah karena bahasa Inggris dianggap

lebih dipahami untuk mendeskripsikan istilah di dalam dunia kuliner selama video

ini berlangsung dikarenakan pemakaian terminologi di dalam dunia kuliner biasa

digunakan oleh orang Indonesia.

Kata kunci: code-switching, types, reasons, Farah Quinn, gulab jamun


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is essential for human beings to communicate with one another in

society. Language helps a human being to transfer and receive information in

society. There are many languages used by human beings in this world to

communicate and giving information. Since people had different language skills,

they may have two or more language skills for one context conversation or in

everyday conversation. Therefore, their languages are affected by borrowing or

change from one language to other languages in their conversation (Hoffman, 1991)

Hymes (1974) defines code-switching as “a common term for alternative

use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles.” From

the state of Hymes, code-switching is commonly used and appears to become the

bridge of two or more languages among bilingual or multilingual speakers. The

speakers are often switching their language from one language to another language

for a better understanding. The researcher was interested in this topic because code-

switching is a unique phenomenon that always occurs in society, especially for

young people. According to Richards, Platt & Platt (1992), The speakers may start

to change their language in the middle of their speech or sometimes even in the

middle of a sentence. Therefore, code-switching is used by bilingual speakers or

multilingual speakers to have daily conversations and to increase the understanding

between them. On the other hand, the speakers or the receiver are usually confused


2

about the reasons why they used code-switching in their daily conversation. For the

speaker and receiver, the code-switching flow naturally in their conversation.

Nowadays, YouTube becomes one of platforms that give people

entertainment around the world.YouTube is a free website that permits its users to

upload videos. YouTube exists since 2005 and becomes one of the five most visited

sites on the Net (Winograd & Hais, 2008). YouTube has become one of the

multilingual social media since it has been accessed by people around the world.

Therefore, people around the world need two or more languages to understand the

content of a YouTube video. In fact, code-switching often occurs in many YouTube

videos to gain the understanding of people around the world. Thus, many YouTube

content creators or YouTubers are doing some code-switching on purpose to make

the viewers more understand their information. This phenomenon also happens

among Indonesian YouTubers to maintain a wider community around the world.

In Indonesia, existence of YouTube is not only to entertain people but also

to spread information and knowledge. One of the Indonesian Youtubers who spread

information and knowledge to her viewers is Farah Quinn that also known as an

Indonesian celebrity chef. Farah Farhanah Quinn is one of the well-known celebrity

chefs in Indonesia who had many experiences in the cooking and the entertainment

world. Farah Quinn was born on 8 April 1980 in Bandung but since high school,

she moved to Pennsylvania and finished her bachelor’s degree in finance at the

Indiana University of Pennsylvania (viva.co.id, para 3). However, her passion for

cooking makes her take a degree in pastry at Pittsburgh Culinary Institute. She

started her career at Arizona Biltmore Resort in Phoenix, Arizona. From that, she


3

improved her skill in cooking and became a chef. Farah started her career in

Indonesia after she had her cooking TV show “Ala Chef” which makes Farah more

famous as a celebrity chef in Indonesia. In 2019, she started to upload a cooking

video to share her knowledge of cooking with her viewers. Now, she has 430.000

subscribers on her YouTube channel and has uploaded around 70 videos. In her

YouTube channel, she shared recipes and information about the culinary world.

Based on her background, Farah speaks well both language Indonesian and English

on her YouTube channel that makes code-switching often occur in her YouTube

Video. Code-switching often used by her especially occurs in culinary terms or

daily conversation.

In this thesis, the researcher focused on one of Farah’s videos entitled

“Farah Quinn – Gulab Jamun (Masakan Manis Khas India). It is a video tutorial on

how to cook Gulab Jamun—an Indian dessert using the recipe of Malti

Mulchandani, her friend. In the video, Farah and Malti show the viewers the steps

in making Gulab Jamun based on Malti’s recipe. In this video, Farah and Malti are

showing the phenomenon of code-switching since they speak both Indonesian and

English fluently. They are often switch from Indonesia to English to make the

information more understandable for the viewers. They used code-switching

especially for explaining a particular topic for cooking terms and order during the

video.

The video is interesting and important to analyze because the video brings

out the code-switching phenomenon which commonly happens in the society in

Indonesia. Farah and Malti represent the bilingual or multilingual Indonesians in


4

the community who communicates and triggers each other to make efficient

communication among them and the viewers. Even though code-switching is used

to make the understanding of the content increase, not all viewers pay attention to

the reason of the use of code-switching by Farah and Malti. They probably just

enjoy and follow the steps of the cooking tutorial, but they didn’t notice the use of

code-switching in this video. Therefore, this research is important because it will

give information to readers about the types of code-switching and the possible

reasons for code-switching used in this video.

B. Problem Formulation

In this research, two problem formulations are as follows:

1. What are the types for the use of code-switching in Farah Quinn’s YouTube

video ‘FARAH QUINN – GULAB JAMUN (MAKANAN MANIS KHAS INDIA’?

2. What are the possible reasons for the use of code-switching in Farah Quinn’s

YouTube video ‘FARAH QUINN – GULAB JAMUN (MAKANAN MANIS KHAS

INDIA’?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this research are to reveal the type of code-switching in

the transcript of Farah Quinn’s YouTube video ‘FARAH QUINN – GULAB JAMUN

(MAKANAN MANIS KHAS INDIA’ was uploaded on 30 January 2020. The goal of

this research is to reveal the code-switching type and the possible reasons code-

switching was used by Farah Quinn in this video.


5

D. Definition of Terms

The definition of a term is given to avoid misunderstanding certain terms

that will appear in this research. The researcher would explain three terms, such as

code, code-switching, and celebrity chef.

Code is a term that refers to a particular language, or dialect, or accent, or

style used by people to communicate. According to Wardhaugh (2006, p. 101) code

is a particular language that is used on particular occasions in society. Moreover,

Myers-Scotton states that code is a language, dialect, or style uses by people during

their conversation (2006, p. 159).

Code-switching is an alternative term commonly used by society to bridge

two or more languages, varieties of a language, or even speech styles (Hymes,1974,

p.103). From Hymes’s definition, code-switching is commonly used and appears to

become the bridge of two or more languages among bilingual or multilingual

speakers during the communication to fulfill the understanding among them.


6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is a review of other

studies which has been done before with a similar topic or theory to this research.

This step is done to find the similarities and the differences between the previous

study and this present study to avoid duplication. The second part is a discussion of

the theories applied to give a clear and better understanding of this research. The

last part is the theoretical framework, which presents the contribution of the theories

and reviews in solving the problems of this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

The review of related studies will reveal the previous researches that have

some similarities with this research. The previous research are important to make a

better understanding of the process of comprehending the theory that applied. There

are four previous studies related to this study.

The first research is Code-switching and Viewers’ Attitude Toward

Interviews with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) by Ricky Nurhaki.

This research analyzes the occurrences of code-switching types, function, and

language attitudes of English and Indonesian departments toward the use of code-

switch in the interview with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY). The

researcher collected the data by distributing questionnaires to 15 English students

and 15 Indonesian students of UPI and compiling the documents of interview

transcripts taken from www.presidenri.go.id. The researcher used Poplack (1980)

theory to identify the types of code-switching, Koziol (2000) was applied to


7

investigate functions of code-switching, and Lambert (1967) was implemented to

find out the attitude of viewers toward the use of code-switching by president SBY.

The conclusion of this study is the most frequent type of code-switching used in the

interview with President SBY is intra-sentential switching. Based on interviews,

the reason for code-switching is reiteration or the clarification of utterance to make

more easily understood by the viewers. Based on this research, both groups

understand the statements spoken in English by President SBY in his interview, and

the respondents gave a positive attitude toward Code-switching since they claimed

that code-switching might increase the global vocabulary.

The similarity between this thesis and Nurhaki’s paper is the use of code-

switching types theory by Poplack (1980) to identify the problem formulation of

code-switching types found in the data. The difference is the object of this paper

and the second theory about the function of code-switching.

The second research is a paper by Tajudin (2013) entitled “The Occurrence

of Code-switching on a Personal Message Of Blackberry Messenger”. The

researcher wants to investigate the code-switching used on a personal message of

BlackBerry messenger (PM of BBM). The researcher has gathered the data by

compiling the PMand, distributing questions for 25 university students in Bandung.

This study used theory from Poplack (1980) to reveal the types of code-switching

and to answer the reasons for code-switching, the researcher used theory from

Hoffman (1991, in Tiana, 2009) and Savile-Troike (1986). The paper revealed that

users tended to use a group of switched-languages (Indonesian-English) in code-

switching (80%). Inter-sentential switching is the most dominant switching type


8

(40.63%). The data analysis result from questionnaires indicated that most of the

respondents (24%) stated that they did switching for real lexical need because of a

lack of equivalent lexicon.

The first similarity between this thesis and Tajudin’s paper is the theory

was used to identify the types of code-switching which appear in the data. Tajudin

and the researcher used Poplack’s theory to identify the types of code-switching in

the data. The second similarity is Tajudin used Hoffman’s theory to identify the

function of the code-switching found in the data. The difference between Tajudin’s

paper and this thesis is the object of the research.

The third study is an undergraduate thesis entitled “Indonesian to English

Code-switching in Raditya Dika’s Story Time on 15 July 2018” conducted by

Cahya Pratama Widianto. This thesis observes the types of code-switching and the

functions of the code-switching used in data. The object of this study is the

YouTube video by Raditya Dika entitled “Story Time”. In Raditya’s video, there

are two speakers who both of the speakers well speakers of Indonesian and English

(Widianto,2020, p.3). There are two aims to answer the problem formulation of this

thesis. Widianto used Hoffman’s theory to find out the types of code-switching in

the data. For the second problem, he used theory from Appen and Muysken to

answer the functions of code-switching.

After applying the theory, he found out that there are three types of code-

switching in the data. Those types are intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential

switching, and tag-switching (Widianto,2020, p. 27). The most frequent types of

code-switching are intra-sentential switching with 71 occurrences, inter-sentential


9

switching with 22 occurrences, and tag-switching with seven occurrences. For the

second problem, he found out that in his data, there are four functions from six

functions. The most frequent functions are a phatic function with 56 frequency,

referential function with 37 frequency, metalinguistic function with six frequency,

and expressive function with one frequency.

The researcher found out that Widianto’s thesis has the same topic as this

study, which is the code-switching phenomenon in communication. Another

similarity from this thesis is also found in the arrangement of the analysis result. In

Widianto’s thesis, he arranges the result of the code-switching types with

subchapters, which gave inspiration to the researcher. Although there are some

similarities from this thesis, there is also some aspect that differentiates between

Widianto’s thesis and the researcher thesis is the object and the theories.

The last related study entitled “Code Switching and Code Mixing Used in

Masterchef Indonesia Season 4” was written by Ridho Putra Widanto (2018). The

purposes of this study are to observe the types of code-switching and code-mixing

and also the factor of code-switching and code-mixing that occurs in the related

videos. The researcher uses Holmes’s theory (1992) to reveal the types of code-

switching, Suwito’s theory (1985) to reveal the types of code-mixing, and

Grosjean’s theory (1982) to reveal the reasons and motivation for code-switching

and code-mixing. In this study, the researcher found that there are 24 data of code-

switching and 12 data of code-mixing in MasterChef Indonesia Season 4 Top Five

to Grand Final Episode. The data consist of 12 inter-sentential code-switching, 10

intra-sentential code-switching, 2 extra-sentential code-switching, and 12 code-


10

mixing. The researcher also found the factors of the used code-switching and code-

mixing. According to the analysis, the speakers switch code because of the speaker's

background, quoting something from the past event, situational factor, the

addressee, and as a sentence filler that is repeated. Meanwhile, the speakers mix the

code because of speakers’ difficulty in finding the proper word, phrase insertion,

and repetition of a word by the speakers.

There are some similarities between this thesis and Widanto’s study, the

first similarity is the object of the study which is taken from culinary video, the

objectives of the study which is to reveal the type of code-switching and to reveal

the factors code-switching occur. On the other hand, the difference is the theories

and Widanto also found out the code-mixing in his study.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this research, the researcher used several theories for analyzing the

problems in this research. The theories are the theory of sociolinguistic, the theory

of code, the theory of code-switching by several sociolinguists, the theory of types

of code-switching from Poplack (1980) as cited by Romaine (1995, p. 122-123),

and the theory of the possible reasons of code-switching from Hoffman.

1. Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the study of the relation between language and society.

According to Crystal (2008, p. 440), sociolinguistics is defined as “a branch of

linguistics which studies all aspects of the relationship between language and

society. Moreover, Peter Trudgill (1984, p. 1) states that Sociolinguistics is the

science which deals with the relationship between language and society. It means


11

that sociolinguistics is the study of the relation between language and society in the

community to communicate in daily life. Therefore, in sociolinguistic, language

and society cannot be distinct since they contribute to conveying messages during

communication in society.

Wardhaugh declares that sociolinguistics is the study of the language used

in a particular group (2006, p.119). From the previous sociolinguists, it can be

concluded that sociolinguistic deals with the relation between language and society,

yet it also how language is applied in society or certain communities when certain

communities or groups have a different social background.

This study examines the phenomena of code-switching that occur in Farah’s

utterances during her conversation with Malti in the video. Since code-switching is

one of the sociolinguistic phenomena, therefore, the researcher gathers some

information and knowledge related to sociolinguistics to examine code-switching

which appears in the data. The researcher applies a sociolinguistics approach to help

the researcher more understand the code-switching in the video. Therefore, the

researcher can answer and examine the problem formulations in this study.

2. Code-switching

Code-switching is the use of two languages as an alternative language in the

same utterance and/or in the same context of the conversation (Hoffman, 1991). It

can be concluded that code-switching is used in society as an alternative language

to deliver the content not only in one language but also in other languages.

According to Wardhaugh (2006), code-switching is the way the interlocutor

selecting a particular language to speak from one language to another within very


12

short utterances or between the speaker’s turn during the conversation. It is

understood that code-switching is the switching from one language to another

language in the same conversation within the utterances or at the speaker’s sentence

boundaries by the interlocutor who can speak more than one language. Meanwhile,

Meisel (1994) states that

code-switching is the ability to select the language according to the

interlocutor, the situational context, the topic of conversation, and so forth,

and to change languages within an interactional sequence in accordance with

sociolinguistics rules and without violating specific grammatical constraints.

( Meisel, 1994, p. 415)

From the explanations above, the researcher can conclude that code-switching

is the switching from one language to another in the one context conversation within

a short utterance or within the speakers’ turn that doesn’t violate the grammatical

rules.

This study comprehends the code-switching definition from Hoffman (1991)

therefore, the code-switching that was collected based on the researcher's

understanding of Hoffman’s definition.

3. Types of Code-switching

The theory that the researcher uses to examine this part is from Poplack

(1980) as cited by Romaine (1989), to answer the types of code-switching that occur

in the data. There are three types of code-switching based on Poplack’s (1980) as

cited by Romaine (1989).

a. Inter-sentential switching

The inter-sentential switching appears when the speakers switches their

language at sentence boundary or in one sentence. This sentence boundary can


13

marked with a short pause where the topic changes (Stockwell, 2002). Wells (2006)

says that falling intonation indicates what we say is complete. An example of an

inter-sentential switch can be seen below:

Buon giorno, Signora. At your service.

(Adhitya Putra, Gede Nyoman;Rajeg, I Made;

Resen, I Wayan, 2018, p. 267)

The example above displays that the speakers used Italian in the beginning

then followed by English sentences after the full stop. Code-switching occurs at the

sentence boundaries. The example above is categorized as an Italian to English

inter-sentential switching. Another example of inter-sentential switching which

appears in the Indonesian conversation is shown below:

Mau ke gedung konsernya aja udah penuh perjuangan, pas keluarnya masih

ketemu macet yang lebih buruk lagi. Pernah tuh di Sentul, keluarnya tiga jam

sendiri. Macetnya bikin nggak waras. I hate Jakarta.

(Adi, 2018, p. 47)

From the example above, code-switching occurs in the last sentence. The

speaker uses Indonesian when she tells her experience, then she switches the

language to English “I hate Jakarta” when talking about Jakarta.

b. Intra-sentential Switching

According to Romaine, intra-sentential switching appears within a clause or

sentence boundary (1989). Romaine also states that intra-sentential switching

involves the greatest syntactic risk. It means that intra-sentential switching can

occur at the beginning, within, or the last of the sentence without violating the

syntactic structure of the sentence. Here is an example of intra-sentential switching,

which occurs within the sentence.


14

Udah enggak! I think, it is the jaman juga. Karena jaman udah berubah, kalo

menurut gue lho ya. Dulu kita main handphone nungguin SMS kaya it means

something (Windianto, 2019, p.31)

Based on the example above, the main language of the conversation is

Indonesian. The speaker switches the language from Indonesian into English at a

certain section of the utterances above. The code-switching appears within the

fourth sentence of the utterances. It forms as an object in this sentence and appears

when he is recalling their memories about the phone. The switch refers to the old

version of the phone when it provides SMS only. It indicates as an intrasentential

switching because it appears within the sentence.

Another example also is taken from Romaine (1995, p. 114) from Tok Pisin

– English is shown below:

What’s so funny? Come, be good. Otherwise, yu bai go long kot. (what’s so

funny? Come, be good. Otherwise, you’ll go to court.)

(Romaine, 1995, p. 114)

The example above shows that the speaker uses code-switching within a

sentence at the clause level. In the second sentence, the speaker switches from

English to Tok-Pisin. It shows that code-switching occurs within the sentence. The

other example of intra-sentential switching is shown below:

M poko telman (I have not yet really) make up mind mwen (my).

(St. Fort, 2012, p. 136)

In the example above, the speaker uses Haitian Creole at the beginning and

is followed by an English sentence in the middle of the sentence then ends it with a

Haitian Creole word. The code-switching in the example above occurs within the

sentence in the clause level.


15

c. Tag-Switching

According to Romaine, tag-switching requires the insertion of a tag in one

language into the utterances (1989). The tags can be easily inserted without

violating the syntactic structure of the utterances since tags are the minimal

syntactic restrictions. The example of tag-switching is “I mean”, “you know”,

“which is”, “literally”, etc. There is an example from an English-Maori speaker:

Engari (So) now we turn to more important matters.

(Holmes, 2013, p. 35)

In the example above the speaker uses tag-switching at the beginning of the

sentence. The word is meaningless and if the word is omitted, it did not change the

meaning of the sentence. Another tag-switching also is shown below:

Seriously? Ini udah kayak mau nyetok cemilan anak kosan seminggu, Le.

(Adi, 2018, p. 55)

Based on the example above, the speaker inserts the tag-switching at the

beginning of the sentence. The code-switching shows that the speaker gives a

reaction to her friend’s food. The word “seriously” doesn’t have a meaning since it

just an inserted word in this sentence.

4. The Possible Reasons for Code-switching

The possible reason for the question would be answered by Hoffman’s

theory. Hoffman (1991) states that there are seven reasons why people use code-

switching in their communication with others. There are seven reasons for the use

of code-switching based on Hoffman are shown below:


16

a. Talking about a particular topic

According to Hoffman (1991), when a speaker is talking about a particular

topic, they may switch from one language into another language cause of the lack

of relevant words or because the trigger off assorted certain things. It can be a

closure that the switch can occur because of the lack of the appropriate word to

describe certain things. Here is the example switch that occurs because of talking

about a particular topic.

Va Chercher Marc (go and fetch Marc) and bribe him Avec un chocolat

chaud (with a hot chocolate) with cream on top.

(Grosjean as cited in Hoffmann, 1991, p. 114)

From the example above, the speaker is doing the switching from France to

English. The speaker switches when talking about the hot chocolate to fetch Marc.

It shows that the speaker switches because he/she is talking about a particular topic.

b. Quoting someone’s word

Sometimes people switch by copy popular expressions, proverbs, and also

quotes from someone else. Gumperz states code-switching has relevance for direct

and reported speech as the quotation function. Therefore, some speakers may easily

switch the code because they are present a direct speech in its original language.

The example below is considered as a code-switching because the speaker is

quoting somebody.

Lapan man ia kam na tok, ‘oh yu poor pusiket’, na em o insait” [The old man

came and said, “Oh you poor pussycat”, and then he went

(Gumperz as cited in Romaine, 1995, p. 162)


17

The example above shows that the speaker is using the terms “Oh yu poor

pusiket” because the speaker is copying the speech of one character from the

cartoon.

c. Being emphatic about something

This reason is used when someone wants to show empathy to others. Some

people like to change their language to show their empathy to make that person

feels more comfortable. The example can be seen below.

Hay cuatro sillas rotas y (there are four broken chairs and) Prou! (that’s

enough!)

(Ibid as cited in Hoffmann, 1991, p. 112)

The example above shows that the speaker switches to Catalan to show his or

her firmness toward something to make sure the interlocutor understands his or her

utterances. The switch shows a strong comment from the speaker. The speaker

switches the language because he or she feels more assertive to be emphatic about

something in his or her second language rather than in his or her first language

(Khairunas, 2017).

d. Doing interjection

Doing interjection was known as inserting sentence fillers or sentence

connectors. People also like to do interjection in their utterances to show certain

emotions, get attention, or convey surprise. The example is shown below.

An adult Spanish-American English speaker: ‘… Oh! Ay! It was

embarrassing! It was very nice, though, I was embarrassed.’

(Silva-Corvalán as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 112)


18

The example above shows that the speaker used ‘Oh! Ay!’ as the interjection

in his or her utterances, whereas those words are known as an interjection. The

speaker also expresses their feeling using “Oh! Ay!” by looking at the following

sentence.

e. Repetition used for clarification

Repetition used for clarification happens when the bilingual speakers repeat

their same meaning utterances with a different language in one conversation. The

use of code-switching causes repetition for clarification to assertive the listener

more comprehend the message of the sentence. There is an example of code-

switching that appears because of the repetition used for clarification

An adult Spanish-English bilingual: ‘Tenia zapatos blancos (I had white shoes),

un poco (little bit), they were off white, you know.’

(Silva-Corvalán as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 112)

The sentence in Spanish above repeated the utterances used in the English

language in the following utterances. The speaker switches code to emphasize the

message of the sentence so that the receiver would understand the message clearly

f. An intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor

The code-switching may occur because the speaker wants to clarify the

speech content for the interlocutor. The speaker switches into other code to add

some explanation about the previous content which might be misunderstood by the

interlocutor. The code-switching also might appear at the phonological level. For

the example shown below


19

Cristina (4:0): (introducing her younger brother to a new friend of hers) This

is Pascal [paskwal]

Friend: What’s his name?

Cristina :Pascual! [‘pəskwæɫ]

Friend: Oh…

(Hoffmann, 1991, p. 112)

The speaker changes the pronunciation from Pascal [paskwal] to Pascual!

[‘pəskwæɫ] to clarify the speech content above. The speaker makes sure the

interlocutor understands the message, so the speaker changes the pronunciation for

the interlocutor.

g. Expressing group identity

Code-switching is used to express used group identity to show the other that

one people refer to one group. This is an example used by English – Maori speaker

that shows the solidarity

Sarah: I think everyone’s here except Mere.

John: She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her arriving

now.

Sarah: You’re right. Kia ora Mere (Hi Mere). Haere mai (Come in). Kei te

pehe koe (How are you)?

Mere: Kia ora e hoa (Hello my friend). Kei te pai (I’m fine). Have you started

yet?

(Holmes, 2013, p. 34)

The code-switching above occurs when the speaker has a conversation with

Mere that from one tribe by using their local language. Sarah is doing the switching

when she is talking with Mere only to show their solidarity while Sarah is using

English when she is talking with John.


20

C. Theoretical Framework

There are four theories applied in this research:sociolinguistics theory, code-

switching theory, types of code-switching theory, and the reasons for code-

switching theory. Sociolinguistics theory maintain the researcher analyze the data

based on sociolinguistics’ principal. The code-switching theory analyzes whether

code-switching occurs in the video. The types of code-switching theory used to is

categorize the code-switching that is found in the video. The reasons of code-

switching theory use to analyze the possible reasons of code-switching found in the

video.


21

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into three parts of the methodology. The first is the

object of the study explains the data used in this study. The second is the approach

of the study, which contains the approach that was applied to explain the problems

in this study. Lastly is the method of the study; this part answers how the data

collected in this study and how the data analyzed.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is the Indonesian to English code-switching expressed

by the speakers in the video. There are two speakers in the video, Farah Quinn, as

the host of the video, and Malti as the guest star. The YouTube video entitled

‘FARAH QUIIN – GULAB JAMUN (MAKANAN MANIS KHAS INDIA’ was

uploaded on 30 January 2020. This is a tutorial video tutorial that explains how to

make Gulab Jamun by Malti and Farah. In this video, Farah and Malti also give

some information about Indian food since Malti is an Indian. This video used the

Indonesian language but sometimes they switch to English to communicate

efficiently. The video was filmed for 25 minutes and 39 seconds. The data that had

been taken is only the code-switching from Indonesian to English code by Farah

Quinn to make it more specific. The utterances that were taken for this study are

the utterances that contain Indonesian to English code-switching from beginning

until the end of the video. There were 139 data during Farah Quinn’s video.


22

B. Approach of the Study

This study used the sociolinguistics approach since code-switching is a part

of the sociolinguistic study. According to Yule (2006, p. 205), sociolinguistic

studies the relationship between language and society. From that, the researcher

knows that sociolinguistic studies the use and the phenomena of the language in

society. Code-switching is a language phenomenon that occurred and is practiced

in society. Therefore, sociolinguistic chosen because it is applicable to inspect the

phenomena of code-switching in this video.

C. Method of the Study

1. Data Collection

The data of this study is the Farah Quinn’s utterances from her video that was

taken from YouTube. This study applied a method called the purposive sampling

method. According to Creswell (2007, p. 125), this method chooses the individuals

or sites that are applicable to encourage the information needed in the study. This

study analyzed the phenomena of Indonesian-English code-switching on Farah

utterances so that the researcher chooses the code-switching from Indonesian to

English that spoken by Farah as the data of this study.

The researcher used qualitative research and content analysis in this research.

According to Berg (2007, p. 45), qualitative research studies the meanings, concept

definition, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and the description. From that,

qualitative research would examine and explain the reason and the definition of the

data. In this study, the researcher figured out the phenomena of Indonesian to


23

English code-switching in the video. Therefore, the researcher not only understands

the phenomena of code-switching but also would have explained the phenomena

by using the scientific method.

In this study, the data was a video that had taken from Farah Quinn YouTube

channel. The duration of the video is 25 minutes 39 seconds that have been already

downloaded by the researcher. After that, the researcher transcribed and collected

Farah Quinn’s utterances that contained the Indonesian to English code-switching

from the beginning until the end of the video. Last, the code-switching from

Indonesian to English code-switching that has been collected was typed in the italic

and bold form to distinguish the code-switching from other utterances.

2. Data Analysis

In this research, there were two problem formulations. First is the types of

Indonesian-English code-switching which occur in the video and the possible

reasons for the use of code-switching in the video. After that, the researcher

classified the types of code-switching by applying the theory of code-switching

types by Romaine (1989, p. 112). Based on the researcher's comprehension of

English grammatical functions and type of phrases, the researcher could

differentiate which data occur at sentence boundary, occur within the sentence, and

data as a tag, filler, or interjection in the sentence. The researcher put a crosscheck

symbol (X) on the type and possible reason column based on the data

categorization. Code-switching data that occur at sentence boundary were analyzed

as inter-sentential type. Code-switching data that occur within the sentence were


24

analyzed as intra-sentential switching. Then, code-switching data that occurs as a

tag, filler, or interjection were analyzed as tag-switching. Since the types of code-

switching and the possible reasons for code-switching are in the same table, the

researcher directly classified the utterances which contain Indonesian to English

code-switching by applying Hoffman’s theory (1991, p. 115-116) of the possible

reasons for the code-switching used. Here is the table model of the occurrence of

Indonesian to English code-switching.

Table 1. The Sample Result of Types and the Possible Reasons of Code-

Switching Table.

No. Data Code Utterances

Types Reasons

IA IE T TPT QS BE I RC IC EGI

The table above shows the classification of the types of code-switching and

the possible reasons for code-switching used in the video. The code-switching in

this table is written in bold and italic it form the utterances that does not contain

code-switching in it. The first column is used for numbering the code-switching

data in the video. The second column was used for the code of the data. In the

example of this column, the data code is named 8/30/IA/TPT which would be read

as data number 8, utterance number 30, intra-sentential switching type, and talking

about a particular topic reason. Then the ‘Utterances’ column is the column of that

contain code-switching in the video. The ‘Context’ column, gave the context of the


25

utterances that contained code-switching to make it easier to find and analyze the

data. In the ‘Types’ column, the researcher classified the types of code-switching

based on Poplack’s theory as cited by Romaine (1989). There are three types of

code-switching used, first is the Intra-sentential switch (referred to as IA in

Appendix), the Inter-sentential switch (referred to as IE in Appendix), and Tag-

switching (referred to as T in Appendix). From that, the researcher gave the

checklist to the column based on the types of code-switching classification.

The ‘Reasons’ column contains the classification of the possible reasons for

the code-switching used based on Hoffman’s theory (1991). This column answered

the second problem formulation of this study. The possible reasons based on

Hoffman’s theory (1991) mention seven reasons for the code-switching used such

as talking about a particular topic (referred to as TP in Appendix), quoting

somebody else (referred as QS in Appendix), being emphatic about something

(referred as BE in Appendix), Interjection (referred as I in Appendix), repetition for

clarification (referred as RC in Appendix), the intention of clarifying the speech

content (referred as IC in Appendix), and Expressing group identity (referred as

EGI in Appendix). The researcher analyzed by matching the meaning and the

context of each code-switching that found to the terms of each code-switching

reason proposed by Hoffmann. Then, the researcher put a cross-check ( X ) on the

column based on the classification.

After that, the researcher counted the number of each category to find the

most dominant types of code-switching and the possible reasons for the code-


26

switching in this video. From the findings, the researcher figured the answers to the

problem formulations.


27

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the result of two problem formulations analysis and

discussions conducted by the researcher. In this chapter, the researcher divides the

chapter into two parts. The first part is the analysis result of the code-switching

types found in Farah’s YouTube video by using Poplack’s theory (1980) as cited

by Romaine. The second part is the discussions about the possible reasons for code-

switching found in Farah’s by using Hoffman’s theory (1991). A detailed

explanation of the classifications would occur in each of the parts.

A. Types of Indonesian to English Code-switching Used in Farah Quinn’s

Youtube Video Farah Quinn – Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India)

In this research, the researcher analyzes the code-switching found in Farah’s

YouTube video entitled ‘Farah Quinn – Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India’.

The source of data is a dessert cooking tutorial video from Farah Quinn. There are

two speakers in this video, there are Farah and Malti. They provide an Indian dessert

or Gulab Jamun recipe and some information about dessert in Indonesia, India, and

Europe. They used Indonesian during the conversation, however, they often switch

their language from Indonesian to English during the video.

The researcher analyzed the types of code-switching on the data based on

Poplack’s Theory (1980) as cited by Romaine (1989, p. 112). Poplack (1980)

divides the types of code-switching into three types. There are intra-sentential

switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag-switching. The first type is intra-

sentential switching or the switch that appears within a clause or a sentence. The


28

second type is inter-sentential switching or the switch that occurs at a clause or

sentence boundary. The last type is tag-switching or the insertion of tags.

Table 2. The Result of Types of Code-switching in Farah Quinn’s

YouTube video Farah Quinn – Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India)

No Types Of Code-switching Frequency

1. Intra-sentential Switching 80

2. Inter-sentential Switching 33

3. Tag-switching 26

TOTAL 139

Based on the table above, from 139 utterances by Farah Quinn, intra-

sentential switching is the most frequent type of code-switching with 80

occurrences. Then it was followed by inter-sentential switching with 33

occurrences. Then, followed by tag-switching in the third place. The explanation

from each type of code-switching will be explained below.

1. Intra-sentential Switching in Farah Quinn’s Video

Based on the video, there were 80 intra-sentential switching types on Farah’s

utterances during the video. This is the most frequent type of code-switching found

in the video. According to Romaine, intra-sentential switching appears within a

clause or sentence boundary. The researcher found that the intra-sentential

switching in this video occurs in the word level, phrase level, and clause level. Some

example of code-switching is provided below:


29

a. Intra-sentential Code-switching in the Word Level

Code-switching may occur at the word level. 37 data are considered as code-

switching in the word level. The form of code-switching can be as a subject, as a

predicate, or as a complement. The explanation is provided below.

i. Word Level Code-switching as a Predicate

There is an example of the code-switching that appears in the word level as a

predicate found in the data.

Data Code Utterance

4/28/IA/TPT

2. FARAH : Hai temen-temen sayang ! Welcome to my youtube

channel. Kemaren kan waktu akhir tahun, saya habiskan waktu

di India. Nah, saya posting banyak nih foto – foto makanan,

jalan – jalan, dan sebagainya. Terus banyak juga permintaan ,

kalau kita share satu resep dari India. Makanya hari ini, saya

ditemani oleh MALTI. MALTI keluarganya asli dari India, dan

she is very passionate about baking and cooking. Jadi dia mau

share satu resep ke kita. Apa yang bakal Malti masak?

Farah’s utterances above are the opening of the video. At first, she is

welcoming and greeting her viewers. Farah is telling her story about when she

visited India. At that time, she is posting her photos on her social media. After that,

she gets many requests from her followers to share some Indian recipes. Then,

Farah invites Malti to accompany her to make an Indian dish. Farah also introduces

Malti to her viewers.

The code-switching appears in the last sentence of the utterances. It is

indicated as an intra-sentential switching since it occurs within the sentence and in

a word level. This sentence “Jadi dia mau share satu resep ke kita.” consists of a

subject “Jadi dia”, predicate “mau share”, direct object “satu resep”, and indirect


30

object “ke kita”. The English verb "share" is a verb that forms as a predicate in this

sentence.

ii. Word Level Code-switching as a Subject

The code-switching that appears in the word level from Indonesian to English

occurs as a subject. The explanation of the example is provided below.

Data Code Utterance

9/27/IA/QS

3. MALTI : Okay, kita masukin cardamom.

4. FARAH : okay. Cardamom ini kalo Bahasa Indonesianya

kapulaga. Nah kapulaga itu yang bisa kita dapatkan disini ada

dua jenis. Yang jenis pertama yang bentuknya bulat dan

gendut, yang satu lagi kapulaga yang ijo dan dia lebih skinny.

Kalau untuk resep ini bagusnya yang

In the context above, Farah and Malti are talking about the first step of making

Gulab Jamun. In this step, Malti and Farah make the sugar syrup. The sugar syrup

consists of two cups of water and 400 grams of sugar, and then she boils the water

with low heat. After she boiling the water, she adds the cardamom. In utterance

number 26, Malti mentions adding the cardamom to the water. Then Farah explains

the Indonesian terms of Cardamom. Farah also describes the kind of cardamom.

The code-switching appears in the second sentence of Farah’s utterances number

27.

In Farah’s utterance number 27, the code-switching appears within the

sentence "Cardamom ini kalo bahasa Indonesianya kapulaga". The code-switching

is categorized as intra-sentential switching since it occurs within a sentence. The

sentence above it consists of a subject “Cardamom” and a complement as a subject-

predicate ”Kalo bahasa Indonesianya kapulaga”. The code-switching appears as a


31

subject at the beginning of the sentence. “Cardamom” occurs at the word level. It

is categorized as an intra-sentential switching since it appears within the sentence.

Cardamom is one of the Indian spices.

iii. Word Level Code-switching as a Complement

There is an example of the code-switching that occurs in the word level as a

complement found in the data.

Data Code Utterance

31/75/IA/TPT

75. FARAH : Oh ya. By the way, ini saya beli saffron dari

Yunani. Dan saffron ini adalah salah satu spices termahal di

dunia. Harga satu gramnya 600 ribu. Jadi kalo satu kilo itu 6 juta.

Terus kita pakainya agak pelit – pelit sedikit

In this context, Malti commands Farah to add other ingredients which is the

saffron to redden the liquid. In this step, Farah adds the saffron into the sugar syrup

liquid. Farah informs where she bought the saffron. Farah tells that she bought the

saffron in Egypt. She also provides more information about the saffron. She says

that saffron is one of the most expensive spices in the world.

The code-switching appears in the second sentence of the utterances above

which is in “By the way, ini saya beli saffron dari Yunani”. The code-switching

consists of a subject “By the way, ini saya”, a predicate “beli”, and a complement

“saffron dari Yunani”. The complement consists of a direct object “saffron” and

an indirect object “dari Yunani”. The code-switching is indicated an intra-sentential

switching since it occurs within the sentence. It appears in the word level as a direct

object of the sentence. The switch refers to the spices from India.


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b. Intra-Sentential Code-switching in the Phrase Level

In this category, there are 28 data indicated as the phrase level code-

switching. In this phrase-level, there are many variesties of phrase which is a noun

phrase, verb phrase, and an adverbial phrase. The examples are shown in the

explanation below.

i. Phrase Level Code-switching as a Noun Phrase

In this data, there are some code-switching that occurs in the phrase level as

a noun phrase. There some example are will be shown below.

Data Code Utterance

57/113/IA/TPT

113. FARAH : digoreng terus pake kaya syrup sugar itu itu very

common. Kalo kita kan biasanya dessert dessert kita itu pake

sirup gula jawa. Kalau India dessert itu lebih suka sirup terus

ada spicesnya. Okay yang tadi kita udah jelaskan.iya. tuh

Jangan ada gumpalan. Itu di mix seperti itu. Okay. Jujur. Saya

sendiri sebetulnya kurang tau banyak tentang cara membuat

indian dessert, walaupun I love eating them. Tapi belum

pernah belajar atau gak terlalu familiar dengan cara-cara

buatnya. Terus sekarang basenya udah di aduk, jangan ada

gumpalan.penting sekali.

Based on these utterances, the context of the utterances above is talking about

the difference between Indonesia, Indian, and European dessert. At first, Farah is

talking about the different machines for making the dessert in Indonesia, India, and

Europe. Then, she is talking about the section of the dessert in a different region.

She explained that Indonesia desserts are using palm sugar syrup, meanwhile, in


33

India, they are use sugar syrup and spices. She also explains the cooking steps by

asserting some command sentences in the middle of the utterances.

In this sentence “Saya sendiri sebetulnya kurang tau banyak tentang cara

membuat indian dessert, walaupun I love eating them”, the code-switching “indian

dessert” appears in the middle of the sentence. The code-switching “Indian dessert”

is indicated as an intra-sentential switching since it occurs within the sentence. The

code switch form as a noun phrase as an object The code-switching form consists

of two nouns “Indian” and “dessert” as the head of the phrase.

ii. Phrase Level Code-switching as a Verb Phrase

There is an example of the code-switching that occurs in the phrase level as a

verb phrase found in the data.

Data Code Utterance

19/57/IA/TPT

57. FARAH: okay. Iya, ini air mawar belinya bisa di toko grosir

India, atau di toko middle east, atau bisa juga order online.

Kalau saya sih jujur, kalau saya lebih suka beli kaya bahan-

bahan seperti ini tiap saya ke luar negri, biasanya saya suka ke

supermarket. Begitu liat langsung saya beli. Cuman di toko

bahan kue juga ada. Ini air bunga mawarnya berapa banyak?

Based on the utterances above, the context of these utterances is talking about

the place where the viewer can buy the rose water as an ingredient for Gulab Jamun.

Farah informs the viewers that they can buy the rose water at Indian grocery stores,

Middle East grocery stores, or buy at the online store. Farah is sharing her

experience of buying foreign ingredients from the origin country. Farah explains

that when she was going aboard she usually search for the local supermarket to buy

some local ingredients from that country.


34

The code-switching occurs in the second sentence of the utterances “Iya, ini

air mawar belinya bisa di toko grosir India, atau di toko middle east, atau bisa juga

order online.”. In this sentence, the code-switching appears in the last of the

sentence “order online”. It is indicated as an intra-sentential switching since it

appears within the sentence. Its form contains a verb and an adjective. The code

switching is a verb phrase as a complement in this sentence. The context of this

sentence, Farah suggests the viewers to order the rose water by online as the option.

iii. Phrase Level Code-switching as an Adverbial Phrase

There is an example of the code-switching that occurs in the phrase level as an

adverbial phrase found in the data.

Data Code Utterance

36/79/IA/TPT

79. FARAH : udah? Cukup? Iya soalnya ini juga rasanya very

strong so. Huh ini harus saya segel lagi (laughing) alright. Nanti

dia keluar warnanya tuh warna kaya oranye kaya kemerahan. It’s

so beautiful. Ini gulanya udah belum?

Based on the context, Farah is talking about saffron as the most expensive

spices in the world. From the context, Farah and Malti are talking about the

characteristic of the saffron, the price, and the place where to buy the saffron. She

informs that saffron will add a shade of orange to the dish after she adds a little

piece of the saffron to the dish. In this step, Farah and Malti are making the sugar

syrup for the Gulab Jamun’s dipping.

The code-switching appears in the first sentence of Farah’s utterances above.

It is indicated as an intra-sentential switching since it occurs within the sentence.


35

From the sentence “Iya soalnya ini juga rasanya very strong so.”, the code-

switching appears at the last of the sentence and appears in the phrase level. The

code-switching form is an adverb of the sentence. The sentence contains an

exclamation “Iya” (Yes), a subject “soalnya ini juga” (because this (saffron) also),

a predicate “rasanya” (taste), and an adverb “very strong so”. The code-switching

of the sentence has an adverbial phrase “very strong” and an interjection “so”. It is

an adverbial phrase since the head of the phrase is an adjective and describes the

object.

c. Intra-sentential Code-switching in the Clause Level

Based on the analysis, 15 data indicated as an intra-sentential switching in the

clause level. The examples can be seen below.

i. Main Clause

According to the analysis, two data are categorized as an intra-sentential

switching that occurs in the clause level as the main clause. This code-switching

may stand alone because it carries complete meaning. There is the example:

Data Code Utterance

67/133/IA/TPT

131. FARAH : oh wow. Mungkin nanti ya kalau saya udah 65

tahun banyak waktu dirumah. Saya mulai nih belajar semua

ingredients dessert yang very traditional.

132. MALTI: yes.

133. FARAH : sekarang untuk ibu- ibu modern yang sibuk we

do shop.

The context of the utterances above is talking about one of the Indian

ingredients are Khoya. Based on the conversation, Malti informs that in India

Khoya is made traditionally at home from the fresh milk that cooked and turned


36

into a milk powder. That fact makes Farah wants to learn how to make Khoya in

the future. She suggests the viewers which busy buying the instant Khoya than make

it at home.

Based on the utterances above, the code-switching appears in the last of the

sentence “sekarang untuk ibu- ibu modern yang sibuk we do shop.”. The code-

switching is indicated an intra-sentential switching since it occurs within the

sentence. It appears in the clause level because it contains a subject and a predicate.

The code-switching form as the main clause because the main idea of the sentence

is at the last of the sentence. The first clause “sekarang untuk ibu- ibu modern yang

sibuk” (Now, for the busy modern women) is a subordinate clause since it cannot

stand alone without the main clause. Farah suggests that busy modern women do

shop instead made it by themselves.

ii. Coordinated Clause

The code-switching that is indicated as code-switching as a coordinate clause

is code-switching that initiated with a coordinating word. There is the example is

shown below.

Data Code Utterance

93/187/IA/TPT 187. FARAH : I was like weehhh. Terus yang saya cobain yang

kok enak ya. Padahal dia manis banget, but I love it.


37

Besides giving the cooking steps, Farah and Malti also sharing about their

experiences with Indian dessert same as the conversation above. In this

conversation, Farah is narrating her experience eat Gulab Jamun at one of a

restaurant in India. At first, she is shocked because of the big size of Gulab Jamun,

but still, she loves the Gulab Jamun.

The code-switching above appears at the last of the sentence “Padahal dia

manis banget, but I love it”. It is indicated as an intra-sentential switching since the

code-switching occurs within the sentence. The switch exists in the clause level and

forms as a coordinated clause in this sentence. The sentence structure consists of

two equal clauses. The code-switching itself has the conjunction “but”, a subject

“I”, a predicate “love”, and an object “it”, therefore this switch has coordinating

conjunction “but”.

iii. Embedded Clause

The code-switching in the clause level as an embedded clause cannot stand

alone because it provides additional information in the sentence. Below is the

example.

Data Code Utterance

107/209/IA/TPT

209. FARAH : kalo kita kan disini pake minyak ya because

Ghee is very expensive kalo disini. Cuman kalo di India I

can imagine harga ghee pasti jauh lebih murah, karena itu

bener-bener terbuat dari lemak susu. So, kalo untuk

perbedaanya pasti di rasa.


38

Based on these utterances, Farah and Malti are talking about Ghee. Ghee is

one of the Indian ingredients made from the clarified butter. They are informing

that in Indonesia Ghee is very expensive meanwhile in India Ghee has become one

of the common ingredients. It is usually used in every dish in India which makes all

the Indian dish tastes unique. In this video, Malti and Farah used Ghee for the dough

only meanwhile in India Ghee used to make the dough and as an oil to fry the Gulab

Jamun.

The code-switching from the utterances above occurs in the first sentence of

Farah’s utterances. The first sentence consists of two clauses, the independent

clause “kalo kita kan disini pake minyak” and an embedded clause “ya because

Ghee is very expensive kalo disini.” The switch appears at the embedded clause of

this sentence. The switch consists of a subject “ya because Ghee ”, a predicate “is”,

a complement “very expensive kalo disini”. The switch is intra-sentential since it

appears within the sentence.

2. Inter-sentential Switching

Inter-sentential switching is the code switch that appears at the clause or sentence

boundary. Based on the data, the researcher found that there are 33 inter-sentential

switchings during the video. There is some example of the inter-sentential

switching below:

a. Inter-sentential Switching as a Complete Sentence

Inter-sentential switching can appear as a complete sentence. The complete

sentence form is a sentence that consists of at least a subject and predicate. There is

the example of code-switching as a complete sentence:


39

i. Subject-Predicate Sentence

The minimal form of a sentence is a subject-predicate sentence. There is an

example of a subject-predicate sentence found in the data.

Data Code Utterance

92/187/IE/TPT 187. FARAH: I was like weehhh. Terus yang saya cobain

yang kok enak ya. Padahal dia manis banget, but I love it.

The utterances above happen when Farah and Malti are talking about

Farah’s holiday in India. Farah tells Malti and the viewers that she was going to one

of the famous Indian restaurants and eat a big Gulab Jamun during her holiday in

India. The restaurant serves a big Gulab Jamun; an uncommon size for Gulab

Jamun. She was shocked about the size of the Gulab Jamun but she loved it. Farah

said that the big Gulab Jamun is very sweet but it is delicious.

The utterances above contain three sentences. Code-switching occurs in the

first sentence of the utterances. Code-switching is indicated as an inter-sentential

switching since it occurs at sentence boundaries and the code-switching form as a

sentence by observing the syntactic pause after the sentence. The intonation of the

second sentence is rising.

The code-switching “I was like weehhh” consists of a subject “I”, a

predicate “was like”, and a filler word “wehhh” Therefore the code-switching

indicated as a subject-predicate inter-sentential switching.


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ii. Subject-Predicate-Complement Sentence

Based on the analysis, there are found the code-switching that occurs as a

subject-predicate-complement inter-sentential switching in this data. Here is the

example:

Data Code Utterance

83/169/IE/TPT

169. FARAH: dan ini yang salah satu resep yang basenya

pake susu. Nah banyak juga kalo yang kue – kue nya itu base

dari kacang-kacangan atau gram flour. Gram flour itu tepung

chickpeas. Dia bentuknya kalo dibilang kue basah enggak,

dibilang cookies juga enggak. Ya. They are unique. They are

very interesting.

Based on the utterances above, Farah and Malti are talking about the other

Indian dessert that made by nuts or gram flour. Gram flour is flour made by

chickpeas. Farah informs that the gram flour dessert has a unique texture. She also

explains about the gram flour since the ingredients are still uncommon in Indonesia.

In these utterances, the code-switching appears in the sixth sentence “They

are unique”. The code-switching consists of a subject “They”, a predicate “are”,

and a subject complement “unique”. Therefore, it is indicated a subject-predicate-

complement inter-sentential switching.

iii. Subject-Predicate-Object Sentence

According to analysis, there are found the code-switching that occurs as a

subject-predicate-object inter-sentential switching in this data. Here is the example:

Data Code Utterance


41

126/243/IE/TPT

243. FARAH : udah full of sugar sirup tambah lagi es krim.

Nah ini kita mau bikin dia cantik. Banyak juga yang disajikan

nya pake kacang Pistachio. Pistachio, I love Pistachio. Tapi

kalo Pistachio ini kan kalo di Indonesia mahal dan carinya

agak susah. Ini saya beli waktu itu saya di Turki. Saya beli,

saya simpen di frezzer. Ada momen seperti ini, saya pake.

Kalo pake kacang misalnya..

In this context, Farah and Malti are talking about another idea of how to eat

Gulab Jamun. Malti suggests eating the Gulab Jamun with ice cream. After that,

Farah does the last step of the Gulab Jamun making which is to decorate or garnish

the Gulab Jamun. Farah garnishes the Gulab Jamun with some Pistachio. Farah also

informs that Pistachio is so expensive and rare in Indonesia. Then she explains that

she bought the Pistachio at Turki when she had a holiday and save it in the freezer.

The code-switching appears in the fourth sentence of the utterances above.

The code-switching consists of a filler “pistachio”, a subject “I”, a predicate “love”,

and an object “Pistachio”. Therefore, it is indicated as a subject-predicate-object

inter-sentential switching.

iv. Subject-Predicate- Complement-Adjunct Sentence

Based on the analysis, there are found the code-switching that occurs as a

subject-predicate-complement-adjunct inter-sentential switching in this data. Here

is the example :

Data Code Utterance

120/235/IE/TPT

235. FARAH: by the way, kita juga pake pakaian India ni. So

today, it will all about these. Dan udah dua jam. Jadi saya

sengaja servenya di piring. Ya piring mangkok yang lebih

kecil. Karena kalo makan ini terlalu banyak mabok loh entar.


42

The utterances above explained the reason why Farah and Malti are wearing

Indian clothes. They were wearing Indian clothes because in this video they are

making an Indian dessert, Gulab Jamun, so the theme of this video is all about India.

In this part, Farah also that the Gulab Jamun was done after two hours in the sugar

syrup. Farah serves the Gulab Jamun in a small bowl since they will eat just a little

amount of Gulab Jamun.

Code-switching occurs in the second sentence of the utterances. The

sentence consists of an adjunct “so today”, a subject “it”, a predicate “will all

about”, and a complement “these”. Therefore, it is indicated as a subject-predicate-

complement-adjunct inter-sentential switching.

b. Inter-sentential Switching as Fragment Sentence

A fragment sentence is an incomplete sentence because it lacks either subject

or a verb, or both. Anna Jackson states that “fragment sentence is a word of a group

that is incorrectly punctuated as if it were a complete sentence” (2020, p. 1)

Furthermore, fragment sentence cannot stand alone or function as a sentence. There

are the examples:

i. Fragment in the Word Level

A fragment sentence may appear as one word only as a sentence fragment.

There is the example:

Data Code Utterance

107/209/IE/BE

64. MALTI : nah itu khas banget India , middle east very khas.

65.FARAH : Yes-yes. Nice. Wow. Jadi ini udah mulai

bubbles.

66. MALTI : ini udah mulai bubbles.


43

In this context, Farah and Malti are talking about the uniqueness of Indian

desserts. In India, the flower is a common thing to become a flavor for dessert and

some Indian dish. Where in Indonesia it is uncommon to add some flowers to the

dish.

The code-switching appears at utterance number 65. It is a fragment because

the code-switching appears without having a subject and predicate. The code-

switching “nice” is indicated as an inter-sentential switching as a fragment in the

word level since it is marked by the use of the pause. The complete sentence is

consists of a subject “it”, a predicate “is”, and a complement “nice”.

ii. Fragment in the Phrase Level

A fragment sentence can also appear in the phrase level it means that a

sentence consists of one phrase. The example can be shown below:

Data Code Utterance

95/191/IE/BE 191. FARAH : iya. Susu yang direduce terus disajiinnya juga

kaya di kuah susu gitu pake rempah-rempah. So good.

The utterances above are talking about another Indian dessert which is Ras

Malai. Farah informs that Ras Malai made of milk and spices. She said that Ras

Malai is so good.

The code-switching occurs at the last sentence of the utterances above. It is a

fragment because it doesn’t have a subject and predicate in it. The code-switching


44

appears at a phrase level. It appears as an adverbial phrase. The complete sentence

is must be consist of a subject “it”, a predicate “is”, and a complement “so good”.

3. Tag-switching

According to Poplack (1980, p. 596), tag-switching is the insertion of tags,

interjections, or fillers that appears in another language in an utterance during the

communication. An interjection is a free insertion because it can be in the middle,

in the beginning, or at the end of the utterance. Based on the analysis there are 26

tag-switching that found in the data. The example and explanation can be seen

below:

a. Tag-switching in a Word level

Data Code Utterance

89/183/T/I

183. FARAH: okay. Jadi seukuran ini ya. Dan dia itu kalo

ditaro di tangan tuh kerasa gheenya itu kayak misah gitu

loh.iya, dan adonannya. I never felt anything like this before.

Kita kan kalo bikin adonan yang bisa dibentuk itu kaya kue

kering dan sebagainya. Biasanya kan adonannya itu jauh

lebih padet daripada ini. So, ini bener- bener nice and soft.

From the context, Farah and Malti are talking about the Gulab Jamun’s

dough while they kneading the dough. At the first, Farah describes the texture of

the dough to the viewers. She said that the dough is soft and different from the

common dough because of the use of ghee on the dough. She informs that the

common texture for the formed dough from the kneading process more solid or

dense than Gulab Jamun’s dough. So that, Farah feels amazed because the texture

of Gulab Jamun is very soft.


45

Code-switching occurs at the last sentence of the utterances and appears at

the word level. The code-switching appears at beginning of the sentence “So, ini

bener- bener nice and soft”. The code-switching is indicated a tag-switching since

the word “so” is a conjunction that is used as a filler in the sentence. The function

of this tag-switching is to initiate the additional explanation or conclusion. The

following example can be seen below:

Data Code Utterance

106/207/T/I

207.FARAH : Iya bener. Oh iya, and dan ini kalo asli di

India, ngegorengnya pake ghee juga.

208.MALTI: iya.

209.FARAH : kalo kita kan disini pake minyak ya because

Ghee is very expansive kalo disini. Cuman kalo di India

I can imagine harga ghee pasti jauh lebih murah, karena

itu bener-bener terbuat dari lemak susu. So, kalo untuk

perbedaanya pasti di rasa.

In the utterances above Farah and Malti is frying process of the Gulab Jamun.

They are also talking about the original Gulab Jamun in India that used ghee to fry

the Gulab Jamun. In this cooking video, Farah does not use the ghee for frying the

Gulab Jamun, she only uses cooking oil because in Indonesia ghee is expensive. So

that, Farah informs that the taste will be different from the original version because

there is one process that not using the same ingredient as the original one.

Based on the utterances, code-switching occurs in the second sentence of

Farah’s utterance number 207. In this sentence “Oh iya, and dan ini kalo asli di

India, ngegorengnya pake ghee juga.” The code-switching “and” indicated as a tag-

switching because the word “and” is a filler. The word “and” is categorized as an

English filler because it uses when the speaker is searching for a word. In this


46

sentence “Oh iya, and dan ini kalo asli di India, ngegorengnya pake ghee juga”, the

meaning of the word “and” is same as the following word “dan (and)”. Therefore,

the code-switching is indicated as a filler on the sentence.

b. Tag-switching in a Phrase level

Tag-switching may appears asa phrase in the conversation, the example

were shown below.

Data Code Utterance

11/35/T/I

35. FARAH : Oh. Kita pakai yang halus aja ya. Satu sendok

teh. Oh iya, by the way disini ukurannya pakai sendok teh

yang biasa ya.

From the utterances above, Farah informs that they are using Pistachio

powder as one of the ingredients for the dessert. Meanwhile, at that time, Farah and

Malti have two options of Pistachio, the pistachio seeds, and the pistachio powder.

She also added some information about the pistachio powder measure for this

recipe.

The code-switching appears in the fourth sentence of the utterances above

and occurs in the phrase level. The code-switching is indicated as a tag-switching

since the phrase “by the way” is a filler of this sentence. The code-switching “by

the way” functions to add further information about the previous utterances.

Data Code Utterance

28/71/T/I 71. FARAH : oh iya ya. Ini kita udah potong dikit buntutnya

lemon. Masukin ya. Like that. is it enough?


47

In the utterances above, Farah and Malti are making the sugar syrup for Gulab

Jamun. In this step, Malti command Farah to add the lemon juice to the sugar syrup.

After that Farah informs that she already cut the tip of the lemon and squeeze it into

the sugar syrup. In the last sentence of her utterances “Masukin ya. (I put it) Like

that. is it enough?”, Farah is asking for the agreement to put the lemon squeeze to

the syrup.

The code-switching above appears in the fourth sentence of the utterances. It

categorizes as tag-switching since the code-switching “like that” is a filler for this

sentence, The code-switching appears in the phrase level which consists of

conjunction and a pronoun.

c. Tag-switching as an Exclamation

Tag-switching also can appear as an exclamation. According to Edward

Weiner (2014, p. 145), the exclamation is a word or phrase, or clause that uses to

express the speaker’s emotion. Exclamation may lack the sentence structure or

sometimes appears as a single word.

In this context, Farah wants to help Malti mix the Gulab Jamun dough. She

was surprised because she touched the dough for the first time. She added that the

Data Code Utterance

87/117/T/I 177. FARAH : Oh wow! Ini adonannya lembut banget loh.


48

Gulab Jamun dough is very soft. She is using the interjection “Oh wow!” to express

her feeling.

Based on the utterances above, the code-switching appears at the beginning

of the utterances above. The code-switching “Oh wow!” is indicated a tag-

switching since it is an exclamation. Farah uses “oh wow!” because she was

surprised after touching the very soft Gulab Jamun dough.

From the utterances above, at first, Malti informs that Gulab Jamun has many

variations, but at that time Farah and Malti are making the simple Gulab Jamun.

Malti explains that the first step in the cooking process is making the sugar syrup,

then making the dough of Gulab Jamun. Farah shows the first step of the Gulab

Jamun making which is making the sugar syrup. Therefore, Farah initiates to start

the cooking process.

The code-switching “Alright” in the utterances indicated as a tag-switching

that appears as an exclamation. It is a tag-switching because the word “Alright” is

an English exclamation. The code-switching “Alright” is used to get somebody’s

Data Code Utterance

8/9/T/I

8. MALTI : Jadi Gulab Jamun itu sebenernya ada banyak

variasi. Hari ini kita bikin variasi yang simpel. Yang our

friends di rumah juga bias bikin. Jadi basically something

simple for you guys. So, yang pertama we’ll going to do

sugar syrup kita bikin sirupnya yang dari gula. Yang

kedua, adonannya which is the bola – bola Gulab Jamun.

9. FARAH : Yey, Are you excited? Kita tunjukin ya

bagaimana cara bikinnya. Yang pertama kita mau bikin

sirupnya dulu. Alright MALTI, disini udah kita siapin

satu buah panci. Airnya berapa?

10. MALTI : Gula dulu.


49

attention. Therefore, in this utterances, Farah uses “Alright” to get Malti’s attention

by saying “Alright Malti,” at the beginning of the sentence.

In the utterances above, Malti tells the next step of cooking to Malti and the

viewers. The next step of this cooking tutorial is adding the baking powder to the

Gulab Jamun dough. Farah informs that baking powder makes the Gulab Jamun

dough softer. Malti agrees about the information and she adds the information about

the amount of the baking powder which is a half teaspoon.

The code-switching occurs at the beginning of Farah’s sentence “okay,

baking powder biar dia nice and soft”. The code-switching “okay” is categorized

as a tag-switching which appears as an exclamation. The word “okay” is an

exclamation that is used to initiate the new topic and add some information.

Data Code Utterance

48/107/T/I

106. MALTI: next, kita pake baking powder.

107. FARAH: okay, baking powder biar dia nice and soft.

108. MALTI : Nice and soft, jangan terlalu banyak, tapi janagn

terlalu sedikit juga. So setengah sendok teh.


50

B. The Possible Reasons for the use of code-switching in Farah Quinn’s

YouTube video FARAH QUINN – GULAB JAMUN (MAKANAN MANIS

KHAS INDIA)

In this research, the researcher also analyzed the reasons for using Indonesian-

English code-switching in Farah Quinn’s YouTube video. The theory was adopted

from Hoffmann’s Theory (1991) to analyzed the reasons for code-switching by

Farah. There are four reasons out of seven reasons according to Hoffmann that

found in the data. Those reasons are talking about a particular topic, doing

interjection, repetition used for clarification, and clarifying the speech content for

the interlocutor. The result table of the possible reasons for the code-switching use

is shown below.

Table 3. The Result of Possible Reasons of Code-switching in Farah Quinn’s

YouTube video Farah Quinn – Gulab Jamun (Makanan Manis Khas India)

No The Possible Reasons of Code Switching Frequency

1. Talking about Particular Topic 76

2. Doing Interjection 26

3. Being Emphatic about Something 19

4. Clarifying the Speech Content for Interlocutor 17

5. Repetition Used for Clarification 1

TOTAL 139

Based on the table above, it is shown that the most frequent reason is talking

about a particular topic with 76 occurrences. Then it followed by doing interjection

with 26 occurrences, being emphatic 19 occurrences, clarifying the speech content

for the interlocutor 17 occurrences, and repetition used for clarification with one


51

occurrence. Some example of the possible reasons cases which found in Farah’s

YouTube video elaborated bellows:

1. Talking about Particular Topic

In society, code-switching may occur because the speaker lacks relevant

words to describe certain things in one language only. According to Hoffmann, the

speaker may switch from one language into another language when they are talking

about a particular topic because of the lack of relevant words or because of the

trigger of assorted certain things (1991, p.15). , the researcher found 93 occurrences

of talking about culinary. The result provides several topics which Farah talked

about during the video frequently which is talking about ingredients, the cooking

tools, the characteristic of the dish, and using command sentences. Detailed

explanation about the possible reasons for using code-switching will be shown

below:

Based on the example above, Farah is informing that Indian dessert is

different from Indonesian dessert and European dessert. She is also informing that

Indian dessert rarely uses oven in the cooking process. In these utterances, the code-

switching occurs in the fourth sentence and is indicated as an intra-sentential

switching since it occurs within the sentence and its form as a noun phrase.

Data Code Utterance

12/37/IA/TPT

37. FARAH : iya, ini udah diukur teh. Okay. Saya masukin aja.

Indian sweet atau kue-kuean India itu beda sekali sama kue-

kue yang kita kenal disini ataupun kue – kue Eropa. Biasanya

kalau Indian’s sweet jarang pakai oven, masaknya ya.


52

Code-switching above occurs because Farah is talking about the food which

is Indian sweet or Indian dessert. Farah used the term “Indian sweet” when she is

mentioning that Indian sweet is different from dessert from Indonesia or Europe.

“Indian sweet” is referring to the dessert from India in general. Since Farah and

Malti are making one of the Indian desserts “Gulab Jamun” in the video, it

relateable that Farah is talking about Indian dessert in general.

In the context above, Farah explains one of the ingredients which is “saffron”.

The utterances above Farah informs that “saffron” is one of the expensive spices

around the world. She said that she bought the “saffron” in Egypt. From the

utterances above Farah also tells the viewers that the price of “saffron” is 600.000

rupiah for one gram and 6.000.000 rupiah for one kilogram. Code-switching is a

noun is indicated as an Intra-sentential switching since it occurs within the sentence.

The code-switching occurs because Farah is talking about one of the Gulab

Jamun’s ingredients which is “saffron”. The reason for the use of English terms

“saffron” besides talking about one of the ingredients is because “saffron” is not a

common spices in Indonesia and the Indonesian term “saffron” is “kuma-kuma” is

Data Code Utterance

31/75/IA/TPT

75. FARAH : Oh ya. By the way, ini saya beli saffron dari

Yunani. Dan saffron ini adalah salah satu spices termahal di

dunia. Harga satu gramnya 600 ribu. Jadi kalo satu kilo itu 6

juta. Terus kita pakainya agak pelit – pelit sedikit


53

not familiar for Indonesian people. Indonesian usually using English terms than

Indonesian terms.

The utterances above are talking about another Indian dessert besides Gulab

Jamun which is nuts based dessert. Farah said that Indian nuts-based desserts are

usually made from gram flour or chickpeas flour. She also said that the nuts dessert

is so unique because of its character and texture. Code-switching is a noun phrase

and is indicated as an intra-sentential switching since it occurs within the sentence.

Similar to the previous code-switching, the code-switching “gram flour”

occurs because Farah is talking about one of the ingredients of Indian dessert.

Although “gram flour” is not one of the Gulab Jamun’s ingredients, Farah still

mentions it when she informs the viewers about another Indian dessert that has a

uniqueness. “Gram flour” is an unfamiliar ingredient in Indonesia and there is no

common word called “gram flour” in Indonesian terms. Therefore, Farah used the

English term “gram flour” in this video.

Data Code Utterance

79/169/IA/TPT

169. FARAH : dan ini yang salah satu resep yang basenya pake

susu. Nah banyak juga kalo yang kue – kue nya itu base dari

kacang-kacangan atau gram flour. Gram flour itu tepung


dibilang cookies juga enggak. Ya. They’re unique. They are

very interesting.

Data Code Utterance

129/245/IA/TPT

245. FARAH : Kenari sama cashew, kacang mete.

246. MALTI: yes boleh.

247. FARAH : boleh. Terus kita kasih kacangnya. This is it

Gulab Jamun resep special dari Malti.


54

The context from the utterances above is about the kinds of nuts that may as

an option as a garnish to the Gulab Jamun. In this video, Farah and Malti used

pistachio for the Gulab Jamun’s garnish. Farah and Malti are giving another option

besides pistachio which is walnuts, almond, and cashew. After Farah puts the

pistachio the Gulab Jamun is ready to serve. The code-switching “cashew” is a noun

and is indicated an intra-sentential switching since it occurs within the sentence.

Based on the utterances above the code-switching occurs because Farah is

talking about food. “Cashew” is one of the options for the Gulab Jamun’s garnish.

In these utterances, Farah talks about the other option to decorate the Gulab Jamun

to Malti. Therefore, Farah switches the language because she is talking to Malti

about the food.

In the utterances above, the context is the suggestion from Farah and Malti

about the decoration or topping for Gulab Jamun serving. Farah said that she like

Pistachio and add Pistachio to the Gulab Jamun. She also informs that she bought

the Pisthacio in Turkey and put them in the freezer. So that she just simply take out

the Pistachio from the freezer if she wants to use it. In these utterances, the code-

Data Code Utterance

128/243/IA/TPT

243. FARAH : udah full of sugar sirup tambah lagi es krim. Nah

ini kita mau bikin dia cantik. Banyak juga yang disajikan nya

pake kacang Pistachio. Pistachio, I love Pistachio. Tapi kalo

Pistachio ini kan kalo di Indonesia mahal dan carinya agak

susah. Ini saya beli waktu itu saya di Turki. Saya beli, saya

simpen di freezer. Ada momen seperti ini, saya pake. Kalo pake

kacang misalnya..


55

switching is “Freezer”. It is a noun and indicated as an intra-sentential switching

since it occurs within the sentence.

The code-switching “freezer” occurs because Farah is talking about cooking

appliances that are commonly used in cooking. “Freezer” is a cabinet or room at

very low temperatures which keep food frozen. In this context, Farah is sharing that

she bought pistachio in Turkey then put them in the freezer. Farah uses the term

“freezer” also because this term “freezer” is the common term in Indonesia to call

that appliance. In Indonesian there are no official terms similar to “freezer”,

Indonesian uses “lemari pendingin” or “kulkas” to mention “freezer.”

In the utterances above, Farah is informing the viewers about the different

techniques between India and Europe. She informs that in Europe, they are using

some machines or some tools in cooking or baking. Moreover in India, the tools are

so traditional. Indian usually uses simple tools only like a spoon and hand to mix

the dough. Indians also mostly making their dessert by using the frying technique.

The code-switching “mixer” is indicated an intra-sentential switching since it

occurs within the sentence.

Similar to the previous code-switching, this code-switching “mixer” occurs

because the speaker is talking about a particular topic. The English term “mixer” is

Data Code Utterance

100/197/IA/TPT

111. FARAH : Iya, kalau di Eropa kan kita pake mixer, pakai

sendok karet. Ini masih traditional. Wow. Terus em. Jadi ini

kaya adonan basenya dulu. Nah ingredients dessert ini juga em

banyak juga yang digoreng sebenernya ya.


56

a machine used to mixing things. For this topic, the “mixer” is mentioned in the

machine that is usually used to mixing the dough or food ingredients. The English

word “mixer” is a word that Indonesian commonly used to call the machine then

uses Indonesian terms “pengaduk”.

In the context above, Malti and Farah display the next step in the making of

the Gulab Jamun. In this step Malti command to put the baking powder into the

dough. Then, Farah agrees with Malti and she is giving the reasons for using baking

powder for the dough. Farah says that the baking powder will make the dough nice

(in good condition) and also soft. The code-switching “nice and soft” is indicated

an intra-sentential switching since it occurs within the sentence.

The code-switching “nice and soft” occurs because Farah is talking about a

particular topic which is the characteristic of Gulab Jamun. The English phrase used

to describe the characteristic of the food texture. Farah seems more comfortable

using English phrases to describe something so she uses the English phrase.

Data Code Utterance

50/106/IA/TPT

106. MALTI : next, kita pake baking powder.

107. FARAH : okay, baking powder biar dia nice and soft.

108. MALTI : Nice and soft, jangan terlalu banyak, tapi

janagn terlalu sedikit juga. So setengah sendok teh.


57

In this context, Farah explains the texture of the dough. From the utterances,

Farah suggests viewers to using a pan for this dish because the dough is sticky. In

these utterances, Farah also commands to using the low heat oil for frying so that it

doesn’t get sticky. The code-switching phrase “so it gets sticky sometimes” is

indicated as an intrasentential switching since it occurs within the sentence.

The code-switching above occurs because Farah is talking about the texture

of the dish. The English terms “so it gets sticky sometimes” seem too comfortable

to Farah since she usually using English phrases to describe the texture of the dish.

2. Doing Interjection

The use of interjection is commonly used by speakers to show strong emotion,

convey surprise, or gain attention. Interjection mostly occurs as a short exclamation

“Oh My Good”, “Look”, “Oops!”, et cetera. In this data, Farah is doing interjection

for 28 occurrences during the video. The explanation of some example can be seen

below:

Data Code Utterance

101/197/IA/TPT

197. FARAH : biar dia gak lengket di pan. Karena ini kan dari

susu bubuk ya, so it gets really sticky sometimes kalo kita

masak. Minyaknya jangan lupa no high heat. Harus medium to

low

Data Code Utterance


58

Based on the utterance above, Farah is explaining the first step of the Gulab

Jamun making. Farah begins to make the sugar syrup as the first step in this cooking

tutorial. Farah and Malti already prepare the pan and the water for the sugar syrup.

In these utterances, Farah switches from Indonesian to English “Alright”. The code-

switching is indicated as a tag-switching since it is an English filler word.

Farah uses “Alright” because she is doing interjection in these utterances. The

English exclamation “Alright” is used to gain attention. Based on the utterances,

Farah wants to start the new topic which is the first step of the cooking tutorial.

Therefore, Farah gains Malti’s attention by saying “Alright Malti”.

In this context, Farah and Malti demonstrate the next step which is to soak

the Gulab Jamun into sugar syrup before they serve it. Farah and Malti soak the

Gulab Jamun in sugar syrup for two hours, so they leave the Gulab Jamun until the

process ended. After two hours, they come to the kitchen again and prepare to serve

8/9/T/I

9. FARAH : Yey, are you excited? Kita tunjukin ya bagaimana

cara bikinnya. Yang pertama kita mau bikin sirupnya dulu.

Alright MALTI, disini udah kita siapin satu buah panci.

Airnya berapa?

Data Code Utterance

117/233/T/I

233. FARAH: oh kita tinggalin aja. Gak perlu. Apinya dimatiin.

Kita tinggalin. Dan dengan sangat sabar harus tunggu dua jam.

Baru bisa kita serve. (after two hours) Wow! Rumah saya

sekarang sudah smell so good,


59

the Gulab Jamun. The code-switching “Wow” is indicated as a tag-switching since

the English term “wow” is an exclamation.

Farah uses “Wow” because she is doing interjection. In these utterances,

Farah wants to show that she was surprised because her house smells so good cause

by the Gulab Jamun. The prove of the using “Wow” to show she was surprised is

from the following sentence “Rumah saya sekarang sudah smell so good”. This

sentence clarifies that Farah felt surprised because of the smell of her house.

Based on the context, Farah eats the Gulab Jamun after they decorated it.

Farah was surprised because the taste of Gulab Jamun is so good. She also tells that

the taste of Gulab Jamun recalling the moment when she at India. In these

utterances, Farah expresses that the Gulab Jamun taste so good and delicious. In the

last of the utterances, she thanks Malti because Malti is sharing the Gulab Jamun

recipe and also company Farah on her video. The code-switching “Oh my God!” is

categorized as tag-switching.

In these utterances, Farah uses “Oh my God!” because she is doing

interjection. The English phrase “Oh my God!” is an exclamation since it has an

exclamation sign “!”. Farah expresses her excited feeling by using the expression

“Oh My God!”. Farah feels excited after she tastes the Gulab Jamun. She says that

Data Code Utterance

135/251/T/I 251. FARAH: emm. Oh my God! That’s so sweet, so good.

It’s like I’m going back to India again. Yes. Thank you again.


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the Gulab Jamun taste so good and sweet. Therefore she uses “Oh my God!” before

she describes the Gulab Jamun to express the exciting feeling.

3. Being Emphatic about Something

Speakers often switch from one language to another language because the

speaker wants to emphasize something or being emphatic to another speaker. Based

on the result of the analysis, there are 18 data categorized as being emphatic about

something reason. Some examples of being emphatic about something are shown

below:

Based on the context above, Farah and Malti are on the Gulab Jamun dough-

making process. At this process, Malti explains some information about the

technique to make the dough. Farah feels amazed after Malti explaining about the

technique to make the Gulab Jamun dough. So that, Farah repeats the information

from Malti at the beginning and expresses her gratefulness because Farah invited

Malti. Farah also said that the cooking tutorial is exciting because she can earn

about other countries' food. The code-switching “I’m too glad that I invited her”

indicated an inter-sentential switching since it occurs as a full sentence.

Farah switches from Indonesian to English sentence “I’m too glad that I

invited her” because she is being emphatic about something. Here, Farah is trying

to emphasize her gratefulness because she invited Malti to the company and guide

Data Code Utterance

77/163/IE/BE

163. FARAH : Okay. Kalo udah coming together itu biasanya

dia udah gak lengket lagi. Nah see. I’m too glad that I

invited her. Ini seru ya, kita bisa belajar masakan dari negara

lain.


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her to make Gulab Jamun. Since Gulab Jamun is an Indian dessert and Malti’s

ancestry from India it makes Malti a good source to make Gulab Jamun.

In this context, Farah is explaining that in India commonly fry the Gulab

Jamun using ghee or clarified butter as the oil. Meanwhile, Farah and Malti using

cooking oil to fry the Gulab Jamun. It makes Farah tells that the taste of Gulab

Jamun in India will be different from Gulab Jamun that they made that day. Farah

emphasizes that the Gulab Jamun is gonna be delicious with or without ghee, but

the taste will be different. The code-switching “It’s so delicious, I mean this is

gonna be delicious” indicated as an intra-sentential switching since it occurs as a

full sentence.

Farah switches the language because she is being emphatic about something.

The code-switching “It’s so delicious, I mean this is gonna be delicious” occurs

because Farah emphasizes her feeling about Gulab Jamun that they made is gonna

be delicious. In this context, Farah is explaining the difference between Gulab

Jamun with ghee and without ghee. But, Farah emphasizes that Gulab Jamun that

Farah and Malti made is also delicious although without the ghee.

Data Code Utterance

111/217/IE/BE

217. FARAH : itu kalo pake Ghee pasti yang bener” like super.

Makanya kalo yang makan di India itu kayak ada rasanya beda

sedikit gitu. It’s so delicious, I mean this is gonna be

delicious. cuman you can just imagine kalo kita ngegorengnya

pun pake lemak susu itu pasti yang.. Fantastic. Terus sugarnya

udah saya hidupin lagi.


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4. An Intention of Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor

Occasionally code-switching occurs because the speaker wants to clarify their

utterances or their speech content for the interlocutor. This phenomenon occurs

when the speaker repeated the message of the previous utterances in another

language and or modified the form of the content in a different language so the

listener is easier to understand the message. According to the analysis, there are 17

code-switching which occurs because of clarifying in speech content for

interlocutor reason. There are some examples for clarifying speech content for

interlocutor:

In this context, Farah and Malti are making the sugar syrup for Gulab Jamun.

Malti boils the sugar syrup but she suggests making the sugar syrup more fluidly

because she does not want to make the sugar syrup thick. According to Malti, if

they boil the sugar syrup until boiling, the sugar syrup will harden when it cooling

down. Farah agrees to make the sugar syrup more fluid so the sugar syrup wouldn’t

harden. Farah also explains the specific aspect of what they want. The code-

switching “Maunya yang nice, and soft, and melt in the mouth” indicated as an

intrasentential switching since it occurs within the sentence.

Data Code Utterance

17/55/IA/IC

52. MALTI : jadi kita, dia tetep harus agak lebih cair ya.

53. FARAH : iya, kita gak mau yang keras keras ya. (laughing)

54. MALTI : No (laughing)

55. FARAH : Maunya yang nice, and soft, and melt in the

mouth. (laughing)


63

The code-switching “Maunya yang nice, and soft, and melt in the mouth”

occurs because Farah is clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. In the

video when Farah explains what she wants about the sugar syrup, Farah interacts

with Malti so that Farah wants to clarify for Malti. Farah wants to clarify her

previous utterance “iya, kita gak mau yang keras keras ya(we don’t want .something

hard) ” by switches into English “Maunya yang (we want something) nice, and

soft, and melt in the mouth”.

The context of the utterances above is about how they mixing the Gulab

Jamun dough. Malti informs that for making Gulab Jamun they must pay attention

to the mixing technique to make the perfect dough. The technique is different from

the other mixing technique to make other dessert dough. For Gulab Jamun, they

must be more gentle to make the soft dough. After Malti explains the mixing

technique Farah clarifies more about the technique. Farah explains that they are just

mixing it clockwise or spinning it. The code-switching is indicated as intra-

sentential switching since it occurs within the sentence.

The code-switching occurs because Farah wants to clarify the technique to

the viewers. In the previous utterances, Malti explains the technique and why they

using that technique. So that Farah clarifies more about the technique by using the

code-switching “just like that clockwise” to describe the instruction.

Data Code Utterance

75/159/IA/IC

159. FARAH: oh jadi gak boleh yang ehm ehm ehm ehm

(kungfu motion) tapi harus kaya puter, just like that

clockwise.


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5. Repetition used for Clarification

Speaker commonly repeats the explanation about a particular topic using

another different language from the previous utterance. Speaker switches to the

other code and repeats the previous message that might be used to avoid the

misunderstanding that could happen. Based on the analysis there is only one data

that consider as repetition used for clarification. The explanation can be seen below:

In this context, Farah and Malti are talking about the other Indian dessert

besides Gulab Jamun. Farah informs that Gulab Jamun is one of the Indian desserts

that use milk as the base or the main ingredient on the dessert. Not only informs

about the milk base dessert, but Farah also informs about the other Indian dessert

that uses gram flour as the main ingredient. She explains that the dessert texture a

little bit different and unique than the other dessert because gram flour base dessert

not a typical dry dessert-like cookie nor wet dessert-like Gulab Jamun. The code-

switching “gram flour” is indicated as an intra-sentential switching since it occurs

within the sentence.

The code-switching “gram flour” occurs because Farah repeats the previous

sentence message. In this sentence “Nah banyak juga kalo yang kue – kue nya itu

Data Code Utterance

79/169/IA/RC

169. FARAH : dan ini yang salah satu resep yang basenya pake

susu. Nah banyak juga kalo yang kue – kue nya itu base dari

kacang-kacangan atau gram flour. Gram flour itu tepung


dibilang cookies juga enggak. Ya. They’re unique. They are

very interesting.


65

base dari kacang-kacangan atau gram flour (There are also many cakes that using

nuts or gram flour as the base) ”, Farah repeats the message of the words “kacang-

kacangan (nuts)” into English phrase “gram flour”. Farah used repetition to clarify

the meaning of “kacang-kacangan” because the meaning of the words is not literal

“nuts” but refers to the flour. The evidence is Farah uses “atau (or)” at between

“kacang-kacangan” and “gram flour” to show that she wants to clarify the message.


66

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the results of the analysis to answer the problem

formulation in this research. The first question of this research is the types of code-

switching found in the data, then the second question is about the possible reasons

for using code-switching by Farah Quinn. There is the research result of code-

switching found in Farah Quinn’s YouTube video can be seen below:

Table 4. Result of Types and Reasons of Indonesian to English Code-

Switching in Farah Quinn’s YouTube video Farah Quinn - Gulab Jamun

(Makanan Manis Khas India)

No

Types

Reasons

IA IE T

Total

1 Talking about Particular Topic 65 11 - 76

2 Doing Interjection - - 26 26

3 Being Emphatic about Something 2 17 - 19

4

An intention of clarifying the

speech content for the interlocutor

12 5 -

17

5 Repetition Used for Clarification

1 -

-

1

TOTAL 80 33 26 139

The table above amounts to the result of the analysis which the researcher has

done in chapter iv. From the table, it can be seen that from 139 code-switching

which found in the data, the most dominant type of code-switching is Intra-

sentential switching with 80 occurrences. Inter-sentential switching type follows in

the second position with 33 occurrences and the last type is Tag-switching with 26

occurrences. The researcher also found the possible reasons for using code-

switching to answer the second problem formulation of this research. The most


67

frequent possible reasons for using code-switching is talking about particular topic

76 occurrences, then doing interjection 26 occurrences, being emphatic about

something 18 occurrences, an intention of clarifying the speech content for

interlocutor with 17 occurrences, and repetition used for clarification with one

occurrence only.

According to the table, code-switching occurs because the speaker is talking

about culinary terms, being emphatic about something reason, and an intention of

clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor reason used two types of code-

switching which is intra-sentential switching and inter-sentential switching.

Meanwhile, code-switching occurs because the speaker is doing interjection only

used a type of code-switching which is tag-switching. Similar to the doing

interjection reason, the repetition used for clarification reason used only use one

type of code-switching which is intra-sentential switching.

The most frequent reason Farah switches from Indonesian to English in her

YouTube video is that Farah is talking about a particular topic. Farah well-known

as a celebrity chef that fluent in English based on her background. It can be seen in

the way Farah wants to describe some particular topics, she often switches to

Engish. In Farah’s YouTube video, Farah mostly switches from Indonesian to

English when she is talking about ingredients or foods, the cooking tools, describe

the dish, and some command sentences. Since this is the cooking tutorial video,

Farah used many command sentences to give instructions to the viewers. Farah also

frequently used code-switching to describe something that is found in culinary, for

example, the ingredients, the cooking tools, and the dish especially describes the


68

texture of the dish. Therefore, Farah used code-switching because there is no

efficient Indonesian term to describe some terms that are related to the ongoing

context.

Then Farah also frequently used code-switching because she is doing

interjection. Farah mostly expresses their feelings or emotions during the video by

using code-switching. She expresses her emotion when she feels surprised, amazed,

or shock. The code-switching that is used for expressing her feeling all occurs as a

tag-switching type. Farah is using English when she is expressing her feeling

because there are no Indonesian terms which make her easier to express her feeling.

Indonesian interjections are rarely used in the conversation to express the feeling of

the speaker because Indonesian terms are not a common and easy language to

express emotions during the conversation.

The third reason Farah uses code-switching is that she is being emphatic

about something. Farah used code-switching to emphasize her feeling and her

excitement. Farah seems more comfortable use English to emphasize her feeling

since she mostly emphasizes her feeling in English. Her background that she had

studied abroad make her spontaneous use of English to emphasize her strong

emotions about something. This reason appears as intra-sentential switching types

and inter-sentential switching types during the video. Moreover, this YouTube

video is a cooking show to entertain people and persuade people to do that recipe,

therefore Farah used English to emphasize her strong emotion to make the video

more attractive.


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The fourth reason is an intention of clarifying the speech content for the

interlocutor which occurs as an intra-sentential switching type and inter-sentential

switching type. Based on this reason, Farah mostly clarifying her utterances in

English to avoid the misunderstood by the viewers or Malti. The code-switching

that is used by Farah to clarify her previous utterance usually appears to add some

information so that the interlocutor is not confused about the message of her

sentence. Farah frequently used English code-switching to clarify something also

because she is used to using English terms in culinary context since she studies

pastry at Le Cordon Bleu Institute of Culinary Arts in Pittsburgh, 9 which used

English for communication in daily life.

The last possible reason for using code-switching is repetition used for

clarification reason. In this video, repetition is used to clarify the previous utterance

that not clear by Farah. This reason appears as an intra-sentential switching type.

The repetition is used to clarify more the previous sentence with repeat the previous

message to the other language. This happens also because Farah more easily

clarifies culinary in English because of her experience as a student in the United

States when she is studying culinary. Moreover, some reasons are not found in the

data which is quoting somebody's reason and expressing group identity reason.

In the future, the researcher suggests other researchers find another theory

that is trusted and corresponding to the present. It is because code-switching always

transformed and complex. Besides that, the other researcher can sort out the year of

the theory published to make sure it is relatable to the present.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: The transcript of Farah Quinn’s YouTube Video ‘Farah Quinn –

Gulab Jamun ‘(Makanan Manis Khas India)’

1. FARAH : Hai temen-temen sayang ! Welcome to my youtube channel.

Kemaren kan waktu akhir tahun, saya habiskan waktu di India. Nah, saya

posting banyak nih foto – foto makanan, jalan – jalan, dan sebagainya. Terus

banyak juga permintaan , kalau kita share satu resep dari India. Makanya

hari ini, saya ditemani oleh MALTI. MALTI keluarganya asli dari India.

Dan she is very passionate about baking and cooking. Jadi dia mau share

satu resep ke kita, apa yang bakal Malki masak?

2. MALTI : For today FARAH, kita akan membuat membikin Gulab Jamun.

Gulab Jamun itu dia famous sekali di India.

3. FARAH : one of my favorite .

4. MALTI : one of my favorite too. Kita bikin Gulab Jamub kalau ada pesta

pernikahan, festive season di Bali, and I think banyak orang Indonesia juga

udah tau Gulab Jamun itu apa, have an idea lah tentang Gulab Jamun.

5. FARAH : Iya, Gulab Jamun itu sejenis dessert,ya.

6. MALTI : yes, sweet. It is a dessert. Dia manis, manis banget tapi enak. Itu

yang akan kita buat hari ini.

7. FARAH: tapi,nanti kana ada dua komponen nih untuk bikinnya. Apa aja?

8. MALTI : Jadi Gulab Jamun itu sebenernya ada banyak variasi. Hari ini kita

bikin variasi yang simple. Yang our friends di rumah juga bias bikin. Jadi

basically something simple for you guys. So, yang pertama we’ll going to

do sugar syrup kita bikin sirupnya yang dari gula. Yang kedua, adonannya

which is the bola – bola Gulab Jamun.

9. FARAH : Yey, Are you excited? Kita tunjukin ya bagaimana cara bikinnya.

Yang pertama kita mau bikin sirupnya dulu. Alright MALTI, disini udah

kita siapin satu buah panci. Airnya berapa?

10. MALTI : Gula dulu.

11. FARAH : Oh gula dulu. Gulanya berapa gram?

12. MALTI : Ini dua cangkir, so about 240 gram ?

13. FARAH : 240 kita masukin. Okay. Terus yang untuk airnya?

14. MALTI: ini dua cangkir juga.

15. FARAH : sekitar 400 cc ya.

16. MALTI : oh iya berarti gulanya 400 gram juga.

17. FARAH: oh 400 gram. Okay. Jadi dia harus

18. MALTI: Air gula sama.

19. FARAH : Okay. Gula sama air dia harus sama beratnya.

20. MALTI: Yes.

21. FARAH : Okay.


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22. MALTI : Ini kita harus diaduk.

23. FARAH : heem

24. MALTI : firenya, apinya low heat, jadi jangan terlalu besar.

25. FARAH : Oh gak boleh api gede ternyata.

26. MALTI : Okay, kita masukin cardamom.

27. FARAH : okay. Cardamom ini kalo Bahasa Indonesianya kapulaga. Nah

kapulaga itu yang bisa kita dapatkan disini ada dua jenis. Yang jenis pertama

yang bentuknya bulat dan gendut, yang satu lagi kapulaga yang ijo dan dia

lebih skinny. Kalau untuk resep ini bagusnya yang

28. MALTI : yang ijo.

29. FARAH : yang ijo skinny, dia lebih wangi aromanya itu kaya bener- bener

menyengat. Sedangkan kalau yang ini biasanya lebih banyak dipakai kaya

untuk masak nasi nasian dan sebagainya.

30. MALTI : iya, klo dibuat masak yang manis- manis, sweet dessert kita pakai

yang ijo.

31. FARAH : kalau kue maunya yang ijo, karena yang ijo baunya lebih

menyengat. Ini saya juga punya, sebetulnya ini yang ijo, udah saya haluskan.

Mau pakai yang halus atau mau pakai yang ini?

32. MALTI : kalau kita pakai yang halus, kita pakai satu sendok the, kalau kita

pakai yang pods seperti ini kita pakai lima.

33. FARAH: Oh.

34. MALTI : tapi harus dikupas dulu.

35. FARAH : Oh. Kita pakai yang halus aja ya. Satu sendok the. Oh iya, by the

way disini ukurannya pakai sendok teh yang biasa ya.

36. MALTI : iya.

37. FARAH : iya. ini udah diukur teh. Okay. Saya masukin aja. Indian’s sweet

atau kue kue an India itu beda sekali sama kue kue yang kita kenal disini

ataupun kue – kue Eropa. Biasanya kalau Indian’s sweet jarang pakai oven,

masaknya ya.

38. MALTI : iya jarang, jarang.

39. FARAH : Jarang dipanggang. Sebagian besar dia masaknya diatas kompor

seperti ini, terus bahan-bahan dasarnya, em kalau kita kan pakai tepung

beras,santen, dan sebagainya. Kalau mereka lebih suka pake..

40. MALTI : kalau kita seringnya pakenya dairy, susu, gula, cardamom,..

41. FARAH : kacang- kacangan. Iya. Terus rasa –rasanya kita itu kan pandan,

gula jawa. Sedangkan kalau Indian’s sweet itu lebih suka pake yang tadi ya,

seperti kapulaga , bunga kaya air mawar,

42. MALTI : kayu manis.

43. FARAH : Kayu manis. Terus juga bunga air mawar ya kan.

44. MALTI : iya.

45. FARAH : sama saffron.

46. MALTI : that’s right.

47. FARAH : iya. Terus ini dimasak sampai gimana?


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48. MALTI : Ah, jadi kita ini tunggu, sampai dia ada kaya bubble bubble tapi

jangan sampai mendidih.

49. FARAH : oh, kalau mendidih nanti kenapa?

50. MALTI : karena nanti dia terlalu thick, terlalu kental, pas kita masukin

adonannya, ballsnya kedalam sini, nanti jadi keras.

51. FARAH : Oh ya ya ya.

52. MALTI : jadi kita, dia tetep harus agak lebih cair ya.

53. FARAH : iya, kita gak mau yang keras keras ya. (laughing)


55. FARAH : Maunya yang nice, and soft, and melt in the mouth. (laughing)

56. MALTI: and then. Em sekarang kita bikin bisa add rose water, air mawar.

57. FARAH: okay. Iya. Ini air mawar belinya bisa di took grosir India, atau di

took middle eas, atau bisa juga order online. Kalau saya sih jujur, kalau saya

lebih suka beli kaya bhan- bahan seperti ini tiap saya ke luar negri, biasanya

saya suka ke supermarket. Begitu liat langsung saya beli. Cuman di took

bahan kue juga ada. Ini air bunga mawarnya berapa banyak?

58. MALTI : em ini kita. Ini sebenernya strong sekali dia , the smell is very

strong. Aromanya itu kuat banget. Jadi satu sendok teh is enough.

59. FARAH : dan aromanya seperti

60. MALTI : seperti bunga mawar.

61. FARAH : Iya, beneran kaya bunga mawar. Kaya kita mau mandi- mandi

kembang gitu (laughing). Satu sendok teh ? Okay. Satu sendok the karena

dia lumayan kuat. Kita masukin. Nah kalau kita di Indonesia tu rasa bunga-

bungaan dijadiin rasa kue-kue atau makanan itu masih banyak yang merasa

sedikit aneh. Aduh kok bunga jadi kue. Padahal kalau di India sama middle

east kaya di Arab dan sebagainya itu bener- bener jadi salah satu rasa

favorite yak an.

62. MALTI : Yes. itu common sekali. Kalau kita bikin any kind sweet dessert

sesuatu yang manis itu pasti pake air mawar.

63. FARAH : Iya.

64. MALTI : nah itu khas banget India , middle east very khas.

65. FARAH : Yes-yes. Nice. Wow. Jadi ini udah mulai bubbles.


67. FARAH : dan I notice, ini selalu kamu aduk ya.

68. MALTI : iya, kita aduk sampe gulanya dissolved sampe gulanya ilang.

69. FARAH : gulanya larut. Iya.

70. MALTI : yes. Dan juga satu teknik supaya dia gak jadi thick, kita bisa

masukin lemon juice. So mungkin FARAH, you can bisa..

71. FARAH : oh iya ya. Ini kita udah potong dikit buntutnya lemon. Masukin

ya. Like that. is it enough?

72. MALTI : yes. it’s enough.

73. FARAH : okay ini cukup. Biar dia gak kentel. Kita gak mau gulanya itu

kentel.


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74. MALTI : Terus kita mungkin mau bikin dia biar agak merah. We can, kita

bisa masukin saffron.

75. FARAH : Oh ya. By the way, ini saya beli saffron dari Yunani. Dan saffron

ini adalah salah satu spices termahal di dunia. Harga satu gramnya 600 ribu.

Jadi kalo satu kilo itu 6 juta. Terus kita pakainya agak pelit – pelit sedikit.

76. MALTI : iya. Karena mahal.

77. FARAH : (laughing)karena mahal dan juga dia very strong. Jadi gak perlu

di pake banyak. Kita pakenya sedikit – dikit dan it goes a long way. Ini mau

lagi?

78. MALTI : udah udah. That’s enough.

79. FARAH : udah? Cukup? Iya soalnya ini juga rasanya very strong so. Huh

ini harus saya segel lagi (laughing) alright. Nanti dia keluar warnanya tuh

warna kaya oranye kaya kemerahan. It’s so beautiful. Ini gulanya udah

belum?

80. MALTI : iya ini udh switch off.

81. FARAH : oh. Jadi apinya kita matiin.

82. MALTI : matiin apinya.

83. FARAH : heem.

84. MALTI : sekarang kita..

85. FARAH : sekarang kita bikin adonannya. Nah adoanannya ini kan milk

base. Terus yang kita pakai susu bubuk yah.

86. MALTI : susu bubuk. Preferelly yang dancow, yang instan.

87. FARAH : Eh yang instan atau no instan?

88. MALTI : eh yang no instan. Sorry.

89. FARAH : (laughing) harus yang fullcream dan jangan yang instan.Ya. jadi

ini udah kita siapin. Terus caranya gimana nih untuk bikin adonannya.

90. MALTI : jadi pertama kita bakal masukin Ghee.

91. FARAH : Ghee.

92. MALTI : maybe FARAH you want to tell the viewers to viewers ghee itu

apa?

93. FARAH : iya. Ghee ini. Ini, ee apa. Sejenis butter yang penting banget untuk

masakan India dan juga masakan Timur Tengah. Jadi dia ini sebenernya

clarified butter. Dia terbuat dari lemak susu. Cuma kan kalau butter masih

ada susunya loh, sedangkan kalau ini dia usah gak ada yang bagian susunya

itu. So it is oil pretty much, tapi rasanya enak banget. (laughing). Gheenya

kita pakai berapa banyak?

94. MALTI : Ghee nya kita pake 2 sedok makan, and satu. 2 setengah sendok

makan.

95. FARAH : 2 setengah sendok makan. By the way, belinya juga di toko

supermarket India atau supermarket middle east atau juga online ada

jualannya. Banyak kalo di Jakarta, banyak jualannya.

96. MALTI : dari supermarket supermarket India, online juga bisa.

97. FARAH : iya online juga bisa. Okay. Terus.


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98. MALTI : kita masukintepung terigu.

99. FARAH : iya. Ini tepung terigunya mereknya yang biasa, yang serba guna.

100. MALTI : Serba guna. Ini cara masukinnya jangan, kita jangan ini ya. We

put it tabur- taburin.

101. FARAH : tabur- taburin.Iya. Kenapa gak bisa langsung itu?

102. MALTI : jadi nanti pas kita, kita mixnya lebih gampang dan lebih

proportional, jadi lebih rata.

103. FARAH : oh. Okay. Oops, sorry.

104. MALTI : jadi ini kita masukin sekitar tiga sendok teh.

105. FARAH : tiga sendok teh.

106. MALTI : next, kita pake baking powder.

107. FARAH : okay, baking powder biar dia nice and soft.

108. MALTI : Nice and soft, janganterlalu banyak, tapi janagn terlalu sedikit

juga. So setengah sendok teh.

109. FARAH : okay. Setengah sendok teh.

110. MALTI: Okay cukup. Kalau dessert India, kalau dessert Eropaitu kan kita

pakai sendok mixnya. Kalau di India kita pakai tangan.

111. FARAH : Iya, kalau di Eropa kan kita pake mixer, pakai sendok karet. Ini

masih traditional. Wow. Terus em. Jadi ini kaya adonan basenya dulu. Nah

ingredients dessert ini juga em banyak juga yang digoreng sebenernya ya.

112. MALTI : iya.

113. FARAH : digoreng terus pake kaya syrup sugar itu itu very common. Kalo

kita kan biasanya dessert dessert kita itu pake sirup gula jawa. Kalau Indian

dessert itu lebih suka sirup terus ada spicesnya. Okay yang tadi kita udah

jelaskan.iya. tuh Jangan ada gumpalan. Itu di mix seperti itu. Okay. Jujur.

Saya sendiri sebetulnya kurang tau banyak tentang cara membuat india

dessert, walaupun I love eating them. Tapi belum pernah belajar atau gak

terlalu familiar dengan cara-cara buatnya. Terus sekarang basenya udah di

aduk, jangan ada gumpalan.penting sekali.

114. MALTI : nah kita lihat, kita check ada gumpalan atau enggak.

115. FARAH : sampai harus di check. Berarti presized.

116. MALTI : jadi tekniknya itu juga penting. Bahan-bahannya simple tapi

tekniknya lebih penting daripada bahan-bahan at first.

117. FARAH : wow. That’s Amazing !

118. MALTI : kita masukinmilk powder.

119. FARAH: okay. Nah ini masukinnya gimana ini. Saya kayak takut takut gitu.

Biasanya kan asal langsung tuang ya.

120. MALTI : ini asal tuang aja.

121. FARAH : oh ini asal tuang aja. Okay. I can do that. (laughing) kirain harus

ditabur- tabur lagi.

122. MALTI : sekarang ini kita pakai tangan.


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123. FARAH : wow. Dan ini yang MALTI tunjuking resep yang mudah untuk

kita semua coba di rumah, karena yang benar-benar tradisionalnya dia

menggunakan apa? koi koi..

124. MALTI : Khoya.

125. FARAH : khoya. Khoya itu..

126. MALTI : jadi Khoya itu dia, milk yang udah dry banget.

127. FARAH : susu segar yang dimasak dengan jangka waktu yanglama

sekalismapai dia , airnya itu cairanya itu berkurang.

128. MALTI : Yes.

129. FARAH : jadi yang ada itu seperti kaya apa ya lemak susu, bukan lemak.

Apa ya?

130. MALTI : sebenernya dia jadi mirip sama milk powder, Cuma milk powder

yang kita coba beli di supermarket udah ada campuran yang lain. Kalau

Khoya itu bener-bener genuine kita bikin sendiri di rumah jadi kita yang

produce.

131. FARAH : oh wow. Mungkin nanti ya kalau saya udah 65 tahunbanyak

waktu dirumah. Saya mulai nih belajar semua ingredients dessert yang very

traditional.

132. MALTI : yes.

133. FARAH : sekarang untuk ibu- ibu modern yang sibuk we do shop.

134. MALTI : kita pake milk powder aja. Waktu kita mix, kita gentle. Jadi kita

very very gently, kita mix pakai tangan.

135. Farh : uhh, jadi waktu ngaduknya juga rata tapi harus lembut.

136. MALTI : iya. Jadi baking powdernya itu merata. Harus seperti ini ya. Liat

nanti pas udah dibikin harus seperti ini.

137. FARAH : wah.

138. MALTI : crumbly gini.

139. FARAH : iya. Crumbly. Dia harus tetep nice and light . gak dipadet-padetin.

Gak diulen-uleni itu jangan.

140. MALTI: yes. Now we’re ready untuk milk.

141. FARAH: ini susunya susu cair. Yang UHT.

142. MALTI: fullcream.

143. FARAH: yang fullcream ya.

144. MALTI : masukin empat.

145. FARAH: oh empat. Okay. Satu dua tiga empat. Lebih baik agak kurang

daripada kelebihan karena kalo masih agak kurang masih bisa kita tambahin

lagi. By the way, minyak untuk ngenggorengnya juga udah kita

panasin.heatnya harus low to medium.

146. MALTI : Low to medium.

147. FARAH : iya. Jadi tadi waktu ditambahin susu bentuknya kaya yang agak

sedikit keenceran cuman sekarang diuleninlagi sama MALTI, dia jadi lebih

padet.


78

148. MALTI : iya.jadi kita big motion. So, waktu kita bikin ini kita gak press too

hard.

149. FARAH : iya jangan.

150. MALTI : jangan terlalu kenceng.

151. FARAH : Jangan kaya bikin roti. Kalo roti kan kaya kita phew phuw phew

(kungfu motion).

152. MALTI: makanya kalo roti kan gluten banyak gluten gitu kan.

153. FARAH : yes.

154. MALTI : kalo ini Cuma kaya agak sedikit dielus-elus gitu kan. Karena

Gulab Jamun harus soft.

155. FARAH : oh wow. I like that. (laughing)

156. MALTI : (laughing) nah see, dia mulai coming together ya.

157. FARAH: iya jadi dia juga ngelusnya harus kearah yang satu juga ya.

158. MALTI : iya.

159. FARAH : oh jadi gak boleh yang ehm ehm ehm ehm (kungfu motion) tapi

harus kaya puter, just like that clockwise

160. MALTI : yes. So, just be gentle. Kita pelan-pelan aja.

161. FARAH : iya.

162. MALTI : nanti kerasa ditangan kalo gulabnya mulai coming together.

163. FARAH : Okay. Kalo udah coming together itu biasanya dia udah gak

lengket lagi. Nah see, I’m too glad that I’m invited her. Ini seru ya, kita bisa

belajar masakan dari negara lain.

164. MALTI : jadi kalo misalnya kebanyakan, misalnya oh susunya kebanyakan.

Berarti kita masukin milk powder kita tambah lagi susu bubuknya. Tapi kalo

misalnya ngerasa oh ini terlalu dry. Berarti kita masukin susu cairnya.

165. FARAH : susu cairnya lagi.

166. MALTI : kita gak tambah flour, over flour, gak tambah terigu, gak tambah

baking powder,

167. FARAH: okay. Terus ini kita bikini bulet – bulet kan?

168. MALTI: iya.

169. FARAH : dan ini yang salah satu resep yang basenya pake susu. Nah banyak

juga kalo yang kue – kue nya itu base dari kacang-kacangan atau gram flour.

Gram flour itu tepung chickpeas. Dia bentuknya kalo dibilang kue basah

enggak, dibilang cookies juga enggak. Ya. They’re unique. They are very

interesting.

170. MALTI : nah jadi kalo yang di India itu yang popular untuk bikin pake gram

flour itu Ladoo.

171. FARAH : Ladoo.

172. MALTI : I think orang Indonesia sekarang juga jadi lebih familiar dengan

Indian Dessert.

173. FARAH : Yes.

174. MALTI : Salah satunya Ladoo. Prosesnya lama tap ya enak. Dan dia pake

gram flour.


79

175. FARAH : tapi makannya juga jangan kebanyakan ya. Satu aja makannya

pelan pelan. (laughing) because kalo makannya kebanyakan, it will get you.

Terus ini kita bulet-buletin. Ini saya udah cuci tangan. Saya juga pingin

bantuin.

176. MALTI : Okay, this size is okay FARAH.

177. FARAH : Oh wow! Ini adonannya lembut banget loh.

178. MALTI : ini karena Ghee nya.

179. FARAH : Iya.

180. MALTI : and then, some of our audience yang mungkin di rumah ada pake

pan tapi dia gak nonstick. So supaya dia ga stick di di pan. Kita

181. FARAH : oh kasih di terigu dulu. Biar gak nempel yah.

182. MALTI : nah.

183. FARAH: okay. Jadi seukuran ini ya. Dan dia itu kalo ditaro di tangan tuh

kerasa gheenya itu kayak misah gitu loh.iya, dan adonannya. I never felt

anything like this before. Kita kan kalo bikin adonan yang bisa dibentuk itu

kaya kue kering dan sebagainya. Biasanyakan adonannya itu jauh lebih

padet daripada ini. SO, ini bener- bener nice and soft.

184. MALTI : and just sebentar aja. Gak usah lama- lama. And then you ..

185. FARAH : iya. Dan dulu ya waktu saya pernah, ee, waktu saya ke India

pertama kali saya pernah makan di restoran terkenal banget di Delhi

namanya Bukhara. Itu em, dia Presiden Clinton, Barrack Obama udah

pernah semua makan di sana. Terus saya udah kenyang banget karena

makanannya enak banget. Dan mereka kasih saya dessert Gulab Jamun, tapi

Gulab Jamunnya segede ini.

186. MALTI : oh iya iya.

187. FARAH : I was like weehhh. Terus yang saya cobain yang kok enak ya.

Padahal dia manis banget, but I love it.

188. MALTI : si FARAH sempet cobain Ras Malai ?

189. FARAH : I love Ras Malai. Ada lagi Indian dessert selain Ras Malai. Itu

terbuat dari susu yang dimasak ya?

190. MALTI : Iya.

191. FARAH : iya. Susu yang direduce terus disajiinnya juga kaya di kuah susu

gitu pake rempah-rempah. So good.

192. MALTI : kalo sweet Indian emang rata- rata manis ya semuanya ya.

193. FARAH : iya. Manis-manis gitu. Tapi kalo Gulab Jamun ini kalo kita ke

India very common. Bisa ditemukan di macem-macem tempat, dipinggir

jalan bisa, di restoran juga bisa, dan restoran India yang ada di Indonesia

juga biasanya they serve Gulab Jamun.

194. MALTI : iya.

195. FARAH : salah satu dessert yang popular. Okay. Okay. Oh ini kita apa?

Kasih tepung sedikit.

196. MALTI : yes, biar gak stick di pan.


80

197. FARAH : biar dia gak lengket di pan. Karena ini kan dari susu bubuk ya, so

it gets really sticky sometimes kalo kita masak. Minyaknya jangan lupa no

high heat. Harus medium to low.

198. MALTI : medium to low.

199. FARAH : iya.

200. MALTI : So, kita test dulu. We test the heat. Cara untuk test misalnya

minyaknya udah ready atau belum take a small one, ambil yang kecil, kita

masukin dulu.

201. FARAH : sekarang kita goring. Terus ini apinya tadi agak kepanasan. So ,

sekarang udah pas. Which is put it in ?

202. MALTI : FARAH bisa masukin. Karena ini kita gak boleh tinggalin.

203. FARAH : oh, harus selalu diaduk.

204. MALTI : iya.

205. FARAH : kalo ditinggalin dia bisa nempel.

206. MALTI : Iya. And proses pemasakannya gently karena dia so soft.

207. FARAH : Iya bener. Oh iya, and dan ini kalo asli di India, ngegorengnya

pake ghee juga.

208. MALTI : iya.

209. FARAH : kalo kita kan disini pake minyak ya because Ghee is very

expansive kalo disini. Cuman kalo di India I can imagine harga ghee pasti

jauh lebih murah, karena itu bener-bener terbuat dari lemak susu. So, kalo

untuk perbedaanya pasti di rasa.

210. MALTI : di rasa.

211. FARAH : kalo penampilan dan texture ada bedanya gak kalo kita pake

Ghee?

212. MALTI : pasti beda. Kalo pake Ghee dia lebih soft, kalo pake butter or pake

oil dia lebih sedikit lebih..

213. FARAH : Crispy.

214. MALTI : oh ya yes.

215. FARAH : Oh okay.

216. MALTI : so ini harus diaduk terus, jangan ditinggalin.

217. FARAH : itu kalo pake Ghee pasti yang bener” like super. Makanya kalo

yang makan di India itu kayak ada rasanya beda sedih gitu. It’s so delicious

and this is gonna be delicious. cuman you can just imagine kalo kita

ngegorengnya pun pake lemak sus utu pasti yang.. Fantastic. Terus sugarnya


218. MALTI : so kita udah seperti ini. Kita deep ke dalem sugar.

219. FARAH : wah. Kalo dia udah keemasan. Iya. Kita masukin. Okay.

220. MALTI : dan dengan begitu harus ada panas not too hot, tapi warm. Hangat.

Supaya bola-bolanya meresap.

221. FARAH : iya. Kalo terlalu panas nanti bola-bola kita hancur. Terus kalo

terlalu dingin nanti dia ga meresap. Jadi temperaturenya juga harus di lihat.

222. MALTI : iya. Harus diadjust. Jadi tekniknya bener-bener important.


81

223. FARAH : iya. Walaupun tadi bahan-bahanya is quiet simple, cuman kita

harus ngerti tekniknya seperti ini. Beautiful. Nah ini udah mauk semua

seperti ini, tapi harus sabar. Gak bisa langsung kita makan kan.

224. MALTI : yes.

225. FARAH : berapa kapan ini kita bisa santap?

226. MALTI : ini bisa di santap, q2 jam. 1 – 2 jam.

227. FARAH : hah?

228. MALTI : jadi bener- bener meresap and very soft di dalem baru dimakannya

itu enak.

229. FARAH : oh harus 2 jam ya. Berarti harus sabaran . harus tunggu dulu dua

jam. Tapi ini apinya dimatiin atau gimana?

230. MALTI : apinya boleh dimTIIN.

231. FARAH : okay. Apinya dimatiin. Dia gak boleh mendidih gulanya. Penting

sekali jangan mendidih. Terus untuk ngedieminnya harus kita tetep dia

hangat atau bisa dia mulai dingin?

232. MALTI : jadi, sekarang dia kan hangat, terus selama dua jam kita tinggalin

di dalam pot.

233. FARAH : oh kita tinggalin aja. Gak perlu. APinya dimatiin. Kita tinggalin.

Dan dengan sangat sabar harus tunggu dua jam. Baru bisa kita serve. (after

two hours) Wow! Rumah saya sekarang sudah smell so good,

234. MALTI : berasa di India.

235. Farh : by the way, kita juga pake pakaian India ni. So today, it will all about

these. Dan udah dua jam. Jadi saya sengaja servenya di piring. Ya piring

mangkok yang lebih kecil. Karena kalo makan ini terlalu banyak mabok loh

entar.

236. MALTI : jangan banyak – banyak. Satu cukup.

237. FARAH : so we take some. Nah ini dia ni. Ini yang udah disoak. Dia

sirupnya itu udah meresap sampe dalem . kita ambil. Mungkin tiga aja cukup

kan ya? Yes. Tiga cukup lah. Kalo mau empat lima boleh tapi besok pagi

harus langsung ke treadmill loh. Sama sirupnya juga kita kasih kan ini.

238. MALTI : iya.

239. FARAH : kita kasih sirupnya seprti ini sirupnya. Yum. Nah biasanya

traditionaly disajikannya gini aja ya.

240. MALTI : iya. Cuman makan sama es krim juga enak.

241. FARAH : Wow !

242. MALTI : Tha’ts an idea.

243. FARAH : udah full od sugar sirup tambah lagi es krim. Nah ini kita mau

bikin dia cantic. Banyak juga yang dijakan nya pake kacang Pistachio.

Pistachio, I love Pistachio. Tapi kalo Pistachio ini kan kalo di Indonesia

mahal dan carinya agak susah. Ini saya beli waktu itu saya di Turki. Saya

beli, saya simpen di frezzer. Ada momen seperti ini, saya pake. Kalo pake

kacang misalnya..

244. MALTI : Almond, kenari.


82

245. FARAH : Kenari sama cashew, kacang mete.

246. MALTI : yes boleh.

247. FARAH : boleh. Terus kita kasih kacangnya. This is it Gulab Jamun resep

special dari MALTI.

248. MALTI : I hope you enjoy it and you try it at home.

249. FARAH : Yes. Temen – temen jangan lupa kalo ada saran di comment, di

like , di share, and subscribe. Well, thank you MALTI. Ini udah gak sabar

mau saya cobain. So I’m gonna try it now. See you guys next time.

250. MALTI : do you like it?

251. FARAH : emm.. Oh my God! That’s so sweet , so good. It’s like I’m going

back to India again. Yes. Thank you again.


83

Appendix 2: The Types and Possible Reasons of Code Switching in Farah Quinn’s YouTube Video FARAH QUINN – GULAB

JAMUN (MAKANAN MANIS KHAS INDIA)

NO DATACODE Utterances

The Types of

Code-

Switching

The Possible Reasons for Using the

Code-Switching

IA IE T TPT QS BE I RC IC EGI

1 1/1/IE/TPT

1. FARAH : Hai temen-temen sayang !

Welcome to my youtube channel.

Kemaren kan waktu akhir tahun, saya

habiskan waktu di India. Nah, saya

posting banyak nih foto – foto

makanan, jalan – jalan, dan sebagainya.

Terus banyak juga permintaan , kalau

kita share satu resep dari India.

Makanya hari ini, saya ditemani oleh

MALTI. MALTI keluarganya asli dari

India. Dan she is very passionate about

baking and cooking. Jadi dia mau share

satu resep ke kita, apa yang bakal Malti

masak?

X X


84

2 2/1/IA/TPT

1. FARAH : Hai temen-

temen sayang ! Welcome to my

youtube channel. Kemaren kan waktu

akhir tahun, saya habiskan waktu di

India. Nah, saya posting banyak nih

foto – foto makanan, jalan – jalan, dan

sebagainya. Terus banyak juga

permintaan , kalau kita share satu resep

dari India. Makanya hari ini, saya

ditemani oleh MALTI. MALTI

keluarganya asli dari India, dan she is

very passionate about baking and

cooking. Jadi dia mau share satu resep

ke kita, apa yang bakal Malti masak?

X X


85

3 3/I/IA/IC

1. FARAH : Hai temen-temen sayang !

Welcome to my youtube channel.

Kemaren kan waktu akhir tahun, saya

habiskan waktu di India. Nah, saya

posting banyak nih foto – foto

makanan, jalan – jalan, dan sebagainya.

Terus banyak juga permintaan , kalau

kita share satu resep dari India.

Makanya hari ini, saya ditemani oleh

MALTI. MALTI keluarganya asli dari

India, dan she is very passionate about

baking and cooking. Jadi dia mau

share satu resep ke kita, apa yang bakal

Malti masak?

X X


86

4 4/1/IA/TPT














ke kita, apa yang bakal Malki masak?

X X

5 5/3/IE/TPT

2. MALTI : For today FARAH, kita

akan membuat membikin Gulab Jamun.

Gulab Jamun itu dia famous sekali di

India.

3. FARAH : one of my favorite.

X X

6 6/5/IA/TPT 5. FARAH : Iya, Gulab Jamun itu

sejenis dessert,ya. X X


87

7 7/9/IE/BE

9. FARAH : Yey, Are you

excited? Kita tunjukin ya bagaimana

cara bikinnya. Yang pertama kita mau

bikin sirupnya dulu. Alright MALTI,

disini udah kita siapin satu buah panci.

Airnya berapa?

X X

8 8/9/T/I

9. FARAH : Yey, Are you excited?

Kita tunjukin ya bagaimana cara

bikinnya. Yang pertama kita mau bikin

sirupnya dulu. Alright MALTI, disini

udah kita siapin satu buah panci. Airnya

berapa?

X X

9 9/27/IA/TPT

26. MALTI : Okay, kita masukin

cardamom.

27. FARAH : okay. Cardamom ini

kalo Bahasa Indonesianya kapulaga.

Nah kapulaga itu yang bisa kita

dapatkan disini ada dua jenis. Yang

jenis pertama yang bentuknya bulat dan

gendut, yang satu lagi kapulaga yang

ijo dan dia lebih skinny. Kalau untuk

resep ini bagusnya yang

X X


88

10 10/29/IA/TPT

29. FARAH : yang ijo skinny, dia lebih

wangi aromanya itu kaya bener- bener

menyengat. Sedangkan kalau yang ini

biasanya lebih banyak dipakai kaya

untuk masak nasi nasian dan

sebagainya.

X X

11 11/35/T/I

35. FARAH : Oh. Kita pakai yang halus

aja ya. Satu sendok teh. Oh iya, by the

way disini ukurannya pakai sendok teh

yang biasa ya.

X X

12 12/37/IA/TPT

37. FARAH : iya. ini udah diukur teh.

Okay. Saya masukin aja. Indian sweet

atau kue kue an India itu beda sekali

sama kue kue yang kita kenal disini

ataupun kue – kue Eropa. Biasanya

kalau Indian’s sweet jarang pakai oven,

masaknya ya.

X X

13 13/37/IA/TPT

37. FARAH : iya. ini udah diukur teh.

Okay. Saya masukin aja. Indian sweet

atau kue kue an India itu beda sekali

sama kue kue yang kita kenal disini

ataupun kue – kue Eropa. Biasanya

kalau Indian sweet jarang pakai oven,

masaknya ya.

X X


89

14 14/1/IA/TPT














ke kita, apa yang bakal Malki masak?

X X

15 15/41/IA/TPT

41. FARAH : kacang-

kacangan. Iya. Terus rasa –rasanya kita

itu kan pandan, gula jawa. Sedangkan

kalau Indian sweet itu lebih suka pake

yang tadi ya, seperti kapulaga , bunga

kaya air mawar,

X X

16 16/45/IA/TPT

43. FARAH : Kayu manis. Terus juga

bunga air mawar ya kan.

44. MALTI : iya.

45. FARAH : sama saffron.

X X


90

17 17/55/IA/IC

52. MALTI : jadi kita, dia tetep harus

agak lebih cair ya.

53. FARAH : iya, kita gak mau yang

keras keras ya. (laughing)


55. FARAH : Maunya yang nice, and

soft, and melt in the mouth.

(laughing)

X X

18 18/15/IA/TPT

57. FARAH: okay. Iya. Ini air mawar

belinya bisa di toko grosir India, atau di

toko middle east, atau bisa juga order

online. Kalau saya sih jujur, kalau saya

lebih suka beli kaya bhan- bahan seperti

ini tiap saya ke luar negri, biasanya

saya suka ke supermarket. Begitu liat

langsung saya beli. Cuman di took

bahan kue juga ada. Ini air bunga

mawarnya berapa banyak?

X X


91

19 19/57/IA/TPT

57. FARAH: okay. Iya. Ini

air mawar belinya bisa di toko grosir

India, atau di toko middle east, atau

bisa juga order online. Kalau saya sih

jujur, kalau saya lebih suka beli kaya

bhan- bahan seperti ini tiap saya ke luar

negri, biasanya saya suka ke

supermarket. Begitu liat langsung saya

beli. Cuman di took bahan kue juga

ada. Ini air bunga mawarnya berapa

banyak?

X X

20 20/57/IA/TPT

57. FARAH: okay. Iya. Ini

air mawar belinya bisa di toko grosir

India, atau di toko middle east, atau

bisa juga order online. Kalau saya sih

jujur, kalau saya lebih suka beli kaya

bahan- bahan seperti ini tiap saya ke

luar negri, biasanya saya suka ke

supermarket. Begitu liat langsung saya

beli. Cuman di toko bahan kue juga

ada. Ini air bunga mawarnya berapa

banyak?

X X


92

21 21/61/IA/TPT

61. FARAH : Iya, beneran

kaya bunga mawar. Kaya kita mau

mandi- mandi kembang gitu (laughing).

Satu sendok teh ? Okay. Satu sendok

the karena dia lumayan kuat. Kita

masukin. Nah kalau kita di Indonesia tu

rasa bunga-bungaan dijadiin rasa kue-

kue atau makanan itu masih banyak

yang merasa sedikit aneh. Aduh kok

bunga jadi kue. Padahal kalau di India

sama middle east kaya di Arab dan

sebagainya itu bener- bener jadi salah

satu rasa favorite ya kan.

X X


93

22 22/61/IA/TPT

61. FARAH : Iya, beneran

kaya bunga mawar. Kaya kita mau

mandi- mandi kembang gitu (laughing).

Satu sendok teh ? Okay. Satu sendok

the karena dia lumayan kuat. Kita

masukin. Nah kalau kita di Indonesia tu

rasa bunga-bungaan dijadiin rasa kue-

kue atau makanan itu masih banyak

yang merasa sedikit aneh. Aduh kok

bunga jadi kue. Padahal kalau di India

sama middle east kaya di Arab dan

sebagainya itu bener- bener jadi salah

satu rasa favorite ya kan.

X X

23 23/65/T/I

64. MALTI : nah itu khas banget India ,

middle east very khas.

65. FARAH : Yes-yes. Nice. Wow. Jadi

ini udah mulai bubbles.


X X

24 24/65/IE/BE






X X


94

25 25/65/T/I



65. FARAH : Yes-yes. Nice. Wow.

Jadi ini udah mulai bubbles.


X X

26 26/65/IA/TPT






X X

27 27/67/IA/TPT 67. FARAH : dan I notice, ini selalu

kamu aduk ya. X X

28 28/71/T/I

71. FARAH : oh iya ya. Ini kita udah

potong dikit buntutnya lemon. Masukin


X X

29 29/71/IE/TPT

71. FARAH : oh iya ya. Ini kita udah

potong dikit buntutnya lemon. Masukin


X X


95

30 30/75/T/I

75. FARAH : Oh ya. By the way, ini

saya beli saffron dari Yunani. Dan

saffron ini adalah salah satu spices

termahal di dunia. Harga satu gramnya

600 ribu. Jadi kalo satu kilo itu 6 juta.

Terus kita pakainya agak pelit – pelit

sedikit

X X

31 31/75/IA/TPT







sedikit

X X

32 32/75/IA/TPT







sedikit

X X


96

33 33/75/IA/TPT







sedikit

X X

34 34/77/IA/TPT

77. FARAH : (laughing)karena mahal

dan juga dia very strong. Jadi gak

perlu di pake banyak. Kita pakenya

sedikit – dikit dan it goes a long way.

Ini mau lagi?

X X

35 35/77/IA/IC

77. FARAH : (laughing)karena mahal

dan juga dia very strong. Jadi gak perlu

di pake banyak. Kita pakenya sedikit –

dikit dan it goes a long way. Ini mau

lagi?

X X

36 36/79/IA/TPT

79. FARAH : udah? Cukup? Iya

soalnya ini juga rasanya very strong

so. Huh ini harus saya segel lagi

(laughing) alright. Nanti dia keluar

warnanya tuh warna kaya oranye kaya

kemerahan. It’s so beautiful. Ini

gulanya udah belum?

X X


97

37 37/3/IA/TPT

3. FARAH : iya. Ghee ini. Ini, ee apa.

Sejenis butter yang penting banget

untuk masakan India dan juga masakan

Timur Tengah. Jadi dia ini sebenernya

clarified butter. Dia terbuat dari lemak

susu. Cuma kan kalau butter masih ada

susunya loh, sedangkan kalau ini dia

usah gak ada yang bagian susunya itu.

So it is oil pretty much, tapi rasanya

enak banget. (laughing). Gheenya kita

pakai berapa banyak?

X X

38 38/79/T/I


soalnya ini juga rasanya very strong so.

Huh ini harus saya segel lagi (laughing)

alright. Nanti dia keluar warnanya tuh

warna kaya oranye kaya kemerahan.

It’s so beautiful. Ini gulanya udah

belum?

X X


98

39 39/79/IE/BE


soalnya ini juga rasanya very strong so.

Huh ini harus saya segel lagi (laughing)

alright. Nanti dia keluar warnanya tuh

warna kaya oranye kaya kemerahan.

It’s so beautiful. Ini gulanya udah

belum?

X X

40 40/85/IA/TPT

85. FARAH : sekarang kita bikin

adonannya. Nah adoanannya ini kan

milk base. Terus yang kita pakai susu

bubuk yah.

X X

41 41/93/IA/IC

93. FARAH : iya. Ghee ini. Ini, ee apa.




clarified butter. Dia terbuat dari

lemak susu. Cuma kan kalau butter

masih ada susunya loh, sedangkan

kalau ini dia usah gak ada yang bagian

susunya itu. So it is oil pretty much,

tapi rasanya enak banget. (laughing).

Gheenya kita pakai berapa banyak?

X X


99

42 42/93/IA/TPT

93.FARAH : iya. Ghee ini. Ini, ee apa.




clarified butter. Dia terbuat dari lemak

susu, cuma kan kalau butter masih ada

susunya loh, sedangkan kalau ini dia

usah gak ada yang bagian susunya itu.

So it is oil pretty much, tapi rasanya

enak banget. (laughing). Gheenya kita

pakai berapa banyak?

X X

43 43/95/T/I

95.FARAH : 2 setengah sendok makan.

By the way, belinya juga di toko

supermarket India atau supermarket

middle east atau juga online ada

jualannya. Banyak kalo di Jakarta,

banyak jualannya.

X X

44 44/95/IA/TPT

95. FARAH : 2 setengah sendok

makan. By the way, belinya juga di

toko supermarket India atau

supermarket middle east atau juga

online ada jualannya. Banyak kalo di

Jakarta, banyak jualannya.

X X


100

45 45/97/IA/TPT

96. MALTI : dari supermarket

supermarket India, online juga bisa.

97. FARAH : iya online juga bisa.

Okay. Terus.

98. MALTI : kita masukintepung

terigu.

X X

46 46/103/T/I 103. FARAH : oh. Okay. Oops, sorry. X X

47 47/103/IE/BE 103. FARAH : oh. Okay. Oops, sorry. X X

48 48/107/T/I

106. MALTI : next, kita pake baking

powder.

107. FARAH : okay, baking powder

biar dia nice and soft.

108. MALTI : Nice and soft,

janganterlalu banyak, tapi janagn terlalu

sedikit juga. So setengah sendok teh.

X X


101

49 49/107/IA/TPT


powder.






X X

50 50/107/IA/TPT


powder.






X X

51 51/111/IA/TPT

111. FARAH : Iya, kalau di Eropa kan

kita pake mixer, pakai sendok karet. Ini

masih traditional. Wow. Terus em. Jadi

ini kaya adonan basenya dulu. Nah

ingredients dessert ini juga em banyak

juga yang digoreng sebenernya ya.

X X


102

52 52/11/T/I







X X

53 53/111/IA/TPT







X X


103

54 54/113/IA/TPT

113. FARAH : digoreng terus pake

kaya syrup sugar itu itu very common.

Kalo kita kan biasanya dessert dessert

kita itu pake sirup gula jawa. Kalau

India dessert itu lebih suka sirup terus

ada spicesnya. Okay yang tadi kita udah

jelaskan.iya. tuh Jangan ada gumpalan.

Itu di mix seperti itu. Okay. Jujur. Saya

sendiri sebetulnya kurang tau banyak

tentang cara membuat india dessert,

walaupun I love eating them. Tapi

belum pernah belajar atau gak terlalu

familiar dengan cara-cara buatnya.

Terus sekarang basenya udah di aduk,

jangan ada gumpalan.penting sekali.

X X


104

55 55/113/IA/TPT










tentang cara membuat india dessert.

Walaupun I love eating them. Tapi





X X


105

56 56/113/IA/TPT
















X X


106

57 57/113/IA/TPT
















X X


107

58 58/113/IA/BE
















X X


108

59 59/113/IA/TPT
















X X

60 60/117/T/I

116. MALTI : jadi tekniknya itu juga

penting. Bahan-bahannya simple tapi

tekniknya lebih penting daripada

bahan-bahan at first.


118. MALTI : kita masukinmilk

powder

X X


109

61 61/117/IE/BE

116. MALTI : jadi tekniknya itu juga

penting. Bahan-bahannya simple tapi

tekniknya lebih penting daripada

bahan-bahan at first.


118. MALTI : kita masukinmilk

powder

X X

62 62/121/T/I

121. FARAH : oh ini asal tuang aja.

Okay. I can do that. (laughing) kirain

harus ditabur- tabur lagi.

X X

63 63/121/IE/IC

121. FARAH : oh ini asal tuang aja.

Okay. I can do that. (laughing) kirain

harus ditabur- tabur lagi.

X X

64 64/123/T/I

123. FARAH : wow. Dan ini yang

MALTI tunjuking resep yang mudah

untuk kita semua coba di rumah, karena

yang benar-benar tradisionalnya dia

menggunakan apa? koi koi..

X X


110

65 65/131/T/I

130. MALTI : sebenernya dia jadi mirip

sama milk powder, Cuma milk powder

yang kita coba beli di supermarket udah

ada campuran yang lain. Kalau Khoya

itu bener-bener genuine kita bikin

sendiri di rumah jadi kita yang produce.

131. FARAH : oh wow. Mungkin nanti

ya kalau saya udah 65 tahunbanyak

waktu dirumah. Saya mulai nih belajar

semua ingredients dessert yang very

traditional.

X X


111

66 66/131/IA/TPT

130. MALTI : sebenernya dia jadi mirip

sama milk powder, Cuma milk powder

yang kita coba beli di supermarket udah

ada campuran yang lain. Kalau Khoya

itu bener-bener genuine kita bikin

sendiri di rumah jadi kita yang produce.





traditional.

X X

67 67/131/IA/IC





traditional.

132. MALTI : yes.

133. FARAH : sekarang untuk ibu- ibu

modern yang sibuk we do shop.

X X


112

68 68/139/IE/TPT


139. FARAH : iya. Crumbly. Dia

harus tetep nice and light . gak dipadet-

padetin. Gak diulen-uleni itu jangan.

X X

69 69/139/IA/IC


139. FARAH : iya. Crumbly. Dia harus

tetep nice and light . gak dipadet-

padetin. Gak diulen-uleni itu jangan.

X X

70 70/143/IA/TPT 142. MALTI: full-cream.

143. FARAH: yang full-cream ya. X X

71 71/145/T/I

145. FARAH: oh empat. Okay. Satu

dua tiga empat. Lebih baik agak kurang

daripada kelebihan karena kalo masih

agak kurang masih bisa kita tambahin

lagi. By the way, minyak untuk

ngenggorengnya juga udah kita

panasin.heatnya harus low to medium.

X X


113

72 72/145/IA/TPT

145. FARAH: oh empat. Okay. Satu

dua tiga empat. Lebih baik agak kurang

daripada kelebihan karena kalo masih

agak kurang masih bisa kita tambahin

lagi. By the way, minyak untuk

ngenggorengnya juga udah kita

panasin, heatnya harus low to medium.

X X

73 73/155/T/I

154. MALTI : kalo ini Cuma kaya agak

sedikit dielus-elus gitu kan. Karena


155. FARAH : oh wow. I like that.

(laughing)

X X

74 74/155/IE/BE

154. MALTI : kalo ini Cuma kaya agak

sedikit dielus-elus gitu kan. Karena


155. FARAH : oh wow. I like that.

(laughing)

X X

75 75/159/IA/IC

159. FARAH : oh jadi gak boleh yang

ehm ehm ehm ehm (kungfu motion)

tapi harus kaya puter, just like that

clockwise

X X


114

76 76/163/T/I

163. FARAH : Okay. Kalo udah

coming together itu biasanya dia udah

gak lengket lagi. Nah see. I’m too glad

that I’m invited her. Ini seru ya, kita

bisa belajar masakan dari negara lain.

X X

77 77/163/IE/BE

163. FARAH : Okay. Kalo udah

coming together itu biasanya dia udah

gak lengket lagi. Nah see. I’m too glad

that I invited her. Ini seru ya, kita bisa

belajar masakan dari negara lain.

X X

78 78/169/IA/TPT

169. FARAH : dan ini yang

salah satu resep yang basenya pake

susu. Nah banyak juga kalo yang kue –

kue nya itu base dari kacang-kacangan

atau gram flour. Gram flour itu tepung

chickpeas. Dia bentuknya kalo dibilang

kue basah enggak, dibilang cookies

juga enggak. Ya. They’re unique. They

are very interesting.

X X


115

79 79/169/IA/RC










X X

80 89/169/IA/TPT










X X


116

81 81/169/IA/TPT






chickpeas. Dia bentuknya kalo

dibilang kue basah enggak, dibilang

cookies juga enggak. Ya. They’re

unique. They are very interesting.

X X

82 82/169/IA/TPT










X X


117

83 83/169/IE/IC








juga enggak. Ya. They’re unique.

They are very interesting.

X X

84 84/169/IE/IC










X X


118

85 85/175/IA/TPT

175. FARAH : tapi makannya juga

jangan kebanyakan ya. Satu aja

makannya pelan pelan. (laughing)

because kalo makannya kebanyakan, it

will get you. Terus ini kita bulet-

buletin. Ini saya udah cuci tangan. Saya

juga pingin bantuin.

X X

86 86/175/IA/IC

175. FARAH : tapi makannya juga

jangan kebanyakan ya. Satu aja

makannya pelan pelan. (laughing)

because kalo makannya kebanyakan, it

will get you. Terus ini kita bulet-

buletin. Ini saya udah cuci tangan. Saya

juga pingin bantuin.

X X

87 87/177/T/I 177. FARAH : Oh wow! Ini adonannya

lembut banget loh. X X


119

88 88/183/IE/BE

183. FARAH: okay. Jadi seukuran ini

ya. Dan dia itu kalo ditaro di tangan tuh

kerasa gheenya itu kayak misah gitu

loh.iya, dan adonannya. I never felt

anything like this before. Kita kan

kalo bikin adonan yang bisa dibentuk

itu kaya kue kering dan sebagainya.

Biasanyakan adonannya itu jauh lebih

padet daripada ini. SO, ini bener- bener

nice and soft.

X X

89 89/183/T/I





anything like this before. Kita kan kalo

bikin adonan yang bisa dibentuk itu

kaya kue kering dan sebagainya.


padet daripada ini. So, ini bener- bener

nice and soft.

X X


120

90 90/183/IA/TPT





anything like this before. Kita kan kalo

bikin adonan yang bisa dibentuk itu

kaya kue kering dan sebagainya.


padet daripada ini. So, ini bener- bener

nice and soft.

X X

91 91/185/IA/TPT

185. FARAH : iya. Dan dulu ya waktu

saya pernah, ee, waktu saya ke India

pertama kali saya pernah makan di

restoran terkenal banget di Delhi

namanya Bukhara. Itu em, dia Presiden

Clinton, Barrack Obama udah pernah

semua makan di sana. Terus saya udah

kenyang banget karena makanannya

enak banget. Dan mereka kasih saya

dessert Gulab Jamun, tapi Gulab

Jamunnya segede ini.

X X


121

92 92/187/IE/TPT

187. FARAH : I was like weehhh.

Terus yang saya cobain yang kok enak

ya. Padahal dia manis banget, but I love

it.

X X

93 93/187/IA/BE

187. FARAH : I was like weehhh.

Terus yang saya cobain yang kok enak

ya. Padahal dia manis banget, but I

love it.

X X

94 94/189/IA/TPT

189. FARAH : I love Ras Malai. Ada

lagi Indian dessert selain Ras Malai.

Itu terbuat dari susu yang dimasak ya?

X X

95 95/191/IE/BE

191. FARAH : iya. Susu yang direduce

terus disajiinnya juga kaya di kuah susu

gitu pake rempah-rempah. So good.

X X

96 96/193/IA/TPT

193. FARAH : iya. Manis-manis gitu.

Tapi kalo Gulab Jamun ini kalo kita ke

India very common. Bisa ditemukan di

macem-macem tempat, dipinggir jalan

bisa, di restoran juga bisa, dan restoran

India yang ada di Indonesia juga

biasanya they serve Gulab Jamun.

X X


122

97 97/193/IA/TPT

193. FARAH : iya. Manis-manis gitu.

Tapi kalo Gulab Jamun ini kalo kita ke

India very common. Bisa ditemukan di

macem-macem tempat, dipinggir jalan

bisa, di restoran juga bisa, dan restoran

India yang ada di Indonesia juga

biasanya they serve Gulab Jamun.

X X

98 98/195/IA/TPT

195. FARAH : salah satu dessert yang

popular. Oke. Oke. Oh ini kita apa?


X X

99 99/195/IA/TPT

195. FARAH : salah satu dessert yang

popular. Oke. Oke. Oh ini kita apa?


X X

100 100/189/IE/BE

189. FARAH : I love Ras Malai. Ada

lagi Indian dessert selain Ras Malai. Itu

terbuat dari susu yang dimasak ya?

X X

101 101/197/IA/IC

197. FARAH : biar dia gak lengket di

pan. Karena ini kan dari susu bubuk ya,

so it gets really sticky sometimes kalo

kita masak. Minyaknya jangan lupa no

high heat. Harus medium to low

X X


123

102 102/197/IA/TPT






X X

103 103/197/IA/IC






X X

104 104/201/T/I

201. FARAH : sekarang kita goreng.

Terus ini apinya tadi agak kepanasan.

So , sekarang udah pas. Which is put it

in ?

X X

105 105/201/IE/TPT

201. FARAH : sekarang kita goreng.

Terus ini apinya tadi agak kepanasan.

So , sekarang udah pas. Which is put it

in ?

X X

106 106/207/T/I

207. FARAH : Iya bener. Oh iya, and

dan ini kalo asli di India, ngegorengnya

pake ghee juga.

X X


124

107 107/209/IA/IC

209. FARAH : kalo kita kan

disini pake minyak ya because Ghee is

very expansive kalo disini. Cuman

kalo di India I can imagine harga ghee

pasti jauh lebih murah, karena itu

bener-bener terbuat dari lemak susu.

So, kalo untuk perbedaanya pasti di

rasa.

X X

108 108/209/IA/TPT



very expansive kalo disini. Cuman kalo

di India I can imagine harga ghee pasti

jauh lebih murah, karena itu bener-

bener terbuat dari lemak susu. So, kalo


X X

109 109/209/T/I



very expansive kalo disini. Cuman kalo

di India I can imagine harga ghee pasti




X X


125

110 110/211/IA/TPT

209. FARAH : kalo kita kan disini pake

minyak ya because Ghee is very

expansive kalo disini. Cuman kalo di

India I can imagine harga ghee pasti




210. MALTI : di rasa.

211. FARAH : kalo penampilan dan

texture ada bedanya gak kalo kita pake

Ghee?

X X

111 111/217/IE/BE

217. FARAH : itu kalo pake Ghee pasti

yang bener” like super. Makanya kalo

yang makan di India itu kayak ada

rasanya beda sedikit gitu. It’s so

delicious, i mean this is gonna be delicious. cuman you can just imagine

kalo kita ngegorengnya pun pake lemak

sus utu pasti yang.. Fantastic. Terus

sugarnya udah saya hidupin lagi.

X X


126

112 112/217/IA/TPT




rasanya beda sedilit gitu. It’s so

delicious and this is gonna be delicious.

cuman you can just imagine kalo kita

ngegorengnya pun pake lemak susu tu

pasti yang.. Fantastic. Terus sugarnya


X X

113 113/217/IE/BE




rasanya beda sedikit gitu. It’s so

delicious and this is gonna be delicious.

cuman you can just imagine kalo kita

ngegorengnya pun pake lemak susu tu

pasti yang.. Fantastic. Terus sugarnya


X X


127

114 114/223/IA/IC

223. FARAH : iya. Walaupun tadi

bahan-bahanya is quiet simple, cuman

kita harus ngerti tekniknya seperti ini.

Beautiful. Nah ini udah masuk semua

seperti ini, tapi harus sabar. Gak bisa

langsung kita makan kan.

X X

115 115/223/IE/BE

223. FARAH : iya. Walaupun tadi

bahan-bahanya is quiet simple, cuman

kita harus ngerti tekniknya seperti ini.

Beautiful. Nah ini udah masuk semua

seperti ini, tapi harus sabar. Gak bisa

langsung kita makan kan.

X X

116 116/233/IA/TPT

233. FARAH : oh kita tinggalin aja.

Gak perlu. Apinya dimatiin. Kita

tinggalin. dengan sangat sabar harus

tunggu dua jam. Baru bisa kita serve.

(after two hours) Wow! Rumah saya


X X

117 117/233/T/I







X X


128

118 118/233/IA/TPT







X X

119 119/235/T/I

235. FARAH : by the way, kita juga

pake pakaian India ni. So today, it will

all about these. Dan udah dua jam. Jadi

saya sengaja servenya di piring. Ya

piring mangkok yang lebih kecil.

Karena kalo makan ini terlalu banyak

mabok loh entar.

X X

120 120/235/IE/IC

235. FARAH : by the way, kita juga

pake pakaian India ni. So today, it will

all about these. Dan udah dua jam. Jadi

saya sengaja servenya di piring. Ya

piring mangkok yang lebih kecil.

Karena kalo makan ini terlalu banyak

mabok loh entar.

X X


129

121 121/237/IE/IC

237. FARAH : so we take some. Nah

ini dia ni. Ini yang udah disoak. Dia

sirupnya itu udah meresap sampe dalem

. kita ambil. Mungkin tiga aja cukup

kan ya? Yes. Tiga cukup lah. Kalo mau

empat lima boleh tapi besok pagi harus

langsung ke treadmill loh. Sama

sirupnya juga kita kasih kan ini.

X X

122 122/237/IE/TPT









X X

123 123/237/IA/TPT









X X


130

124 124/243/IA/TPT

243. FARAH : udah full of sugar sirup

tambah lagi es krim. Nah ini kita mau

bikin dia cantik. Banyak juga yang

disajikan nya pake kacang Pistachio.

Pistachio, I love Pistachio. Tapi kalo

Pistachio ini kan kalo di Indonesia

mahal dan carinya agak susah. Ini saya

beli waktu itu saya di Turki. Saya beli,

saya simpen di frezzer. Ada momen

seperti ini, saya pake. Kalo pake kacang

misalnya..

X X

125 125/243/IA/TPT











misalnya..

X X


131

126 126/243/IE/BE











misalnya..

X X

127 127/243/IA/TPT











misalnya..

X X


132

128 128/243/IA/TPT











misalnya..

X X

129 129/245/IA/TPT 245. FARAH : Kenari sama cashew,

kacang mete. X X

130 130/247/IA/TPT

247. FARAH : boleh. Terus kita kasih

kacangnya. This is it Gulab Jamun

resep spesial dari MALTI.

X X

131 131/249/IA/TPT

249. FARAH : Yes. Temen – temen

jangan lupa kalo ada saran di comment,

dilike , dishare, and subscribe. Well,

thank you MALTI. Ini udah gak sabar

mau saya cobain. So I’m gonna try it

now. See you guys next time.

X X


133

132 132/249/IE/BE



dilike , dishare, and subscribe. Well,




X X

133 133/249/IE/TPT



di like , di share, and subscribe. Well,




X X

134 134/249/IE/TPT



di like , di share, and subscribe. Well,




X X

135 135/251/T/I

251. FARAH : emm.. Oh my God!

That’s so sweet , so good. It’s like I’m

going back to India again. Yes. Thank

you again.

X X


134

136 136/251/IE/BE




you again.

X X

137 137/251/IE/TPT



going back to India again. Yes.

Thank you again.

X X

138 138/251/IE/TPT




you again.

X X

139 139/251/IE/BE




you again.

X X

TOTAL 80 33 26 76 0 19 26 1 17 0


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