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THE POSSIBLE REASONS OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH
CODE SWITCHING IN CINDERCELLA’S YOUTUBE
CHANNEL
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ADELIA TAMARA PRISCILLIA SIANIPAR
Student Number: 154214101
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
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THE POSSIBLE REASONS OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH
CODE SWITCHING IN CINDERCELLA YOUTUBE
CHANNEL
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ADELIA TAMARA PRISCILLIA SIANIPAR
Student Number: 154214101
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
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SEE GOD’S LOVE IN EVERYTHING
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I give my deepest gratefulness to the one who never leaves me
in any circumstances I go through, Jesus Christ. I thank Jesus for His loves and
hopes along this journey. His loves and hopes have guided me so that I could
enjoy this journey and most importantly I could be able to finish this thesis.
In finishing this thesis, I have received so many supports and helps. I would
like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Adventina Putranti, M.Hum. for the
helps in developing my undergraduate thesis. Her patience and guidance during
the consultation means a lot to me. I also would like to send my gratitude to my
co-advisor Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari for her time and advices to make this thesis
much better.
I would send my endless gratitude to my beloved parents, Mama Cantik
and Papa, for their prayers, loves, and supports for me. I will never be in this
chapter of my life without their efforts. I would also express my love for my
brothers abang Andrew and Axel for being reminders so that I can be a better
person. It is a grace to have them in my life.
I thank my best friends, Cee, Lilong, Gebong, Oli, Fadly, Yosua and Kak
Evan for always showering me with loves, prayers, courage, and positivity from
the beginning of my thesis until this time. I thank my college buddies, Cici Valen,
Ejun, Ojita, Julius and Acay for their supports, help, jokes, gossips, and weird
stuffs that color up my college life. I thank PMK Efata Sanata Dharma, CG
Alfian, CG Vera, MC Ministry and Joy Indonesia for the joy, togetherness and
life lessons.
In addition, my gratitude and appreciation go to everyone who prays and
supports me from the beginning of my college journey. God bless you all.
Adelia Tamara Priscillia Sianipar
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................ iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ....................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI
KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS................... vi
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................... ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................. xi
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................ xii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................ xiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ........................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ................................................................. 4 C. Objectives of the Study .............................................................. 5 D. Definition of Terms ................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................... 7
A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................... 8
1. Sociolinguistics.................................................................... 8 2. Code Switching....................................................................... 9 3. Types of Code Switching........................................................ 11 4. Reasons of Code Switching ................................................. 13
C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................. 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................... 19
A. Object of the Study ..................................................................... 19 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................... 19 C. Method of the Study .................................................................. 20
1. Data Collection .................................................................... 20 2. Data Analysis ..................................................................... 21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ......... 24
A. Types of Indonesian-English switching in Cindercella’s vlogs .... 24 1. Intra-sentential Switching .................................................... 24 2. Inter-Sentential Switching .................................................... 27 3. Tag Switching...................................................................... 30
B. Reasons of Indonesian-English switching in Cindercella’s vlogs 33 1. Talking about Particular Topic ............................................. 33
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2. Doing Interjection ................................................................ 37 3. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor ............... 40 4. Being Emphatic about Something ........................................ 45
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................... 50
REFERENCES ................................................................................... 53
APPENDIX: The Types and Possible Reasons of Indonesian-English
Code Switching in Cindercella’s YouTube Channel ............................... 56
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BE : Being Emphatic about Something
CS : Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor
EG : Expressing Group Identity or Solidarity
I : Doing Interjection
IA : Intra-Sentential Switching
IE : Inter-Sentential Switching
QS : Quoting Somebody Else
RC : Repetition Used for Clarification
T : Tag Switching
TP : Talking about Particular Topic Vlog : Video Blog
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ABSTRACT
Sianipar, Adelia Tamara Priscillia. The Possible Reasons of Indonesian-
English Code Switching in Cindercella’s YouTube Channel. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters. Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,
2019.
Switching from one language to another language is often found in
multilingual community. The phenomenon of switching from one language to
another is known as code switching. Indonesian as one of multilingual countries
also experiences this phenomenon. People tend to switch from Indonesian to
English in their utterance to have wider interactions. Nowadays, beauty vlog is
very popular on YouTube. It has attracted many people’s attention. One example
of Indonesian-English code-switching phenomenon can be seen in Cindercella’s
YouTube channel. Cindercella is a famous Indonesian beauty vlogger. This
research was conducted t analyze Indonesian-English code switching used by
Cindercella in her beauty vlog.
There are two objectives in this research. The first objective of this
research is to find out what types of Indonesian-English code switching found in
Cindercella’s vlogs. The second objective is to find out the possible reasons of
Indonesian-English code switching found in Cindercella’s vlogs.
In conducting this research, sociolinguistics was applied for the approach
of the study. Purposive sampling method was applied in collecting the data of this
research. The data were collected from two video blogs in Cindercella YouTube
channel and were analyzed using the theories of types of code switching by
Poplack (1980) and reasons for using code switching by Hoffmann (1991).
There are 56 data that are considered as Indonesian-English code-
switching. The types of code switching found are intra-sentential switching, inter-
sentential switching, and tag switching. Meanwhile, the four reasons for using
code switching found are talking about particular topic, being emphatic about
something, doing interjection, and clarifying the speech content for the
interlocutor. Talking about particular topic is the most frequent possible reason in
the vlogs. In addition, repetition used for clarification reason, quoting somebody
else reason, and expressing group identity or solidarity reason are not found in the
vlogs due to the fact that the vlogs contain monologue and the viewers of the
vlogs are not particular people or specific ethnic groups, but people from around
the world so it is not necessary to make sure the conversation goes well and show
identity or solidarity.
Keywords: code switching, reason, vlog
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ABSTRAK
Sianipar, Adelia Tamara Priscillia. The Possible Reasons of Indonesian-
English Code Switching in Cindercella’s YouTube Channel. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2019.
Beralih dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain sering ditemukan di komunitas
multibahasa. Fenomena beralih dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain dikenal sebagai
alih kode. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara multibahasa juga mengalami
fenomena ini. Orang-orang cenderung beralih dari bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa
Inggris dalam ucapan mereka untuk memiliki interaksi yang lebih luas. Saat
ini, vlog kecantikan sangat populer di YouTube. Vlog kecantikan telah
menarik perhatian banyak orang. Salah satu contoh fenomena alih kode bahasa
Indonesia-Inggris dapat dilihat di saluran YouTube Cindercella. Cindercella
adalah vlogger kecantikan Indonesia yang terkenal. Penelitian ini dilakukan
untuk menganalisis alih kode bahasa Indonesia-Inggris yang digunakan oleh
Cindercella di vlog kecantikannya.
Ada dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama dari penelitian ini
adalah untuk mengetahui jenis alih kode bahasa Indonesia-Inggris yang
ditemukan dalam vlognya Cindercella. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengetahui
kemungkinan alasan alih kode bahasa Indonesia-Inggris yang ditemukan dalam
vlognya Cindercella.
Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, sosiolinguistik digunakan sebagai
pendekatan penelitian. Metode purposive sampling diterapkan dalam
mengumpulkan data penelitian ini. Data dikumpulkan dari dua vlog di saluran
YouTube Cindercella dan dianalisis menggunakan teori jenis alih kode oleh
Poplack (1980) dan alasan penggunaan alih kode oleh Hoffmann (1991).
Ada 56 data yang dikategorikan sebagai alih kode bahasa Indonesia-
Inggris. Jenis-jenis alih kode yang ditemukan adalah intra-sentential switching,
tag switching, dan inter-sentential switching. Sementara itu, empat alasan untuk
menggunakan alih kode yang ditemukan adalah berbicara tentang topik tertentu,
menunjukan empati tentang sesuatu, interjeksi (memasukkan pengisi kalimat atau
penghubung kalimat), dan niat mengklarifikasikan isi pesan kepada lawan bicara..
Berbicara tentang topik tertentu adalah alasan yang paling sering muncul dalam
vlog. Selain itu, alasan pengulangan yang digunakan untuk klarifikasi, alasan
mengutip orang lain, dan alasan mengekpresikan identitas kelompok atau
solidaritas tidak ditemukan dalam vlog karena fakta bahwa vlog mengandung
monolog dan pendengar vlog bukan orang tertentu atau kelompok etnis
tertentu, tetapi orang-orang dari seluruh dunia jadi tidak perlu memastikan
percakapan berjalan lancar dan mengekpresikan identitas kelompok atau
solidaritas.
Kata kunci: alih kode, alasan, vlog
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Lately, many people are able to speak more than one language. They tend
to use two or more languages in their utterances in order to have a wider
communication with both people who speak the same language and people who
speak different language. This kind of situation is considerably influenced by
globalization. Myers-Scotton (2006) explains that Globalization promotes the
increasing power of various languages that are already established as the language
of wider communication, whether in a single country or in the world (p. 136). As a
result, people frequently switch their languages when delivering their speech. This
phenomenon is known as code-switching. Code-switching is “the alternate use of
two or more languages in the same utterance or conversation” (Grosjean as cited in
Srinivas, 2008, p. 308). Furthermore, Myers-Scotton adds that “English, of course,
is a prime language of such a language (p. 136). In other words, it is obvious that
English is used as the language example to broaden people’s interaction.
In Indonesian, the use of English is also found. Together with the current
circumstances in Indonesia, people tend to use some English expression, sayings,
and terminologies. English words and phrases are used not only by Indonesian high
ranking officials but also ordinary people, whether in newspaper articles, informal
conversation or presidential speech” (Setiawan, 2016, p. 1545). Setiawan also gives
some examples of the occurrence of Indonesian-English code-switching,
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Freestyle Indonesia Punya Potensi Atraksi Drifting Bike
(Indonesian Freestyle has Potential in Drifting Bike Attractions)
Saipul Jamil: Oh My God Kenapa Dewi Persik Pakai yang Palsu?
(Saipul Jamil: Oh My God Why Does Dewi Persik Use the Fake one?
(Setiawan, 2016, p. 1549-1550)
The examples above show the use of English words insertion into Indonesian
sentences. It can be seen from the words freestyle, drifting bike, and oh my god
which are categorized as English words. In addition, Setiawan (2016) explains that
there are four reasons of the occurrence of English code-switching in Indonesian.
They are “English is more compact, English is more precise, English is more
prestigious, and English becomes a starter or a stepping stone for a fuller use of the
language” (Setiawan, 2016, p. 1548).Thus, it is not surprising that there is a large
number of Indonesian-English code-switching phenomenon found in many types
of mass media and speeches.
YouTube, a video sharing platform, is one of the mass media that recently
most chosen by people to share their interest or attract viewers. As cited in YouTube
Revenue and Usage Statistics 2018, YouTube is now the world’s second biggest
search engine in which more than 1,8 billion people are registered on the site to
check it and watch 5 billion videos daily (para. 1). YouTube is very popular for its
trendiest characteristic namely, vlog. In Indonesia, vlog has been trending since
2014 because many people from different backgrounds are triggered to create it
(Fajrina et al., 2016, para. 1). At first, vlog is used to share people’s daily activities
and thoughts, but now it is also used to give information or advertisement and to
interact with others. This fact is supported by Fan et al. (2013) as cited by Sokol
(2017, p 1) explains that vlogging has developed into one of the most popular ways
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for not only recording one’s personal life, but also discussing different products and
brands. In addition, Zanette et al. (2013) explains that vlogs are important in the
process of developing a personal or corporate image due to the possibility of
reaching and influencing thousands of people (as cited in Sokol, 2017, p. 1). Thus,
this is no doubt that vlog creator, or known as vlogger, is rapidly increasing.
The growth existence of vlogger is pretty much significant. This is
supported by Fajrina et.al (2016, para. 2) that explains many people, from common
people to celebrities, excitedly follow this trend and become a vlogger. Many
vloggers appear with various contents, one of which is beauty vlog. Beauty vlog is
a vlog that talks about tutorial on makeup looks, fashions, hairstyles, and other
beauty stuff-related topics. In this kind of vlog, the researcher finds the tendency of
the vlogger inserting Indonesia-English code-switching in their utterance while
delivering the speech, which arouses the researcher’s curiosity to analyze.
Although the phenomenon of code-switching can be found in many beauty
vlogs, the researcher is going to focus on one of the Indonesian vloggers that
frequently uses Indonesian-English code-switching, Marcella Febrianne
Hadikusumo. Marcella is well known for her YouTube channel called Cindercella.
She begins her YouTube channel on January 23, 2009, and posted her first video
on April 10, 2010. She has created various vlog contents such as beauty, song cover,
traveling, and so on. However, Cindercella is famous for her beauty vlog content.
Cindercella’s makeup tutorial vlogs have reached more than 11 million views
(Kompas, 2017, para. 6). Now, she has uploaded 107 videos and has more than
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316.914 subscribers. Furthermore, Kompas states that Cindercella is known as one
of the most popular beauty vlogger in Indonesian (para. 2)
All of Cindercella’s vlogs show her tendency of inserting code-switching in
her utterances. Nevertheless, in consideration of large intensity of code-switching,
the researcher focuses on her beauty challenge vlogs. It is because Cindercella’s
beauty challenge vlogs show higher tendency of inserting code-switching among
the other contents. Furthermore, since this research covers sociolinguistic aspect,
only Cindercella’s challenge vlogs that contain significant number of code-
switching occurrence will be chosen. Therefore, Cindercella’s vlogs which are
entitled FULL FACE USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES) CHALLENGE
and 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with The Balm are chosen as the object of this
research.
The occurrence of Indonesian-English code switching in FULL FACE
USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES) CHALLENGE and 5 Minutes Make-
Up Challenge with The Balm are used as the data discussed in this research. The
researcher is going to analyze the types of code switching and the reasons of code-
switching found in Cinderella’s FULL FACE USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO
BRUSHES) CHALLENGE and 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with The Balm.
B. Problem Formulation
According to the background of this study, there are two questions
formulated in order to get the main goal. The formulated questions that will be
discussed are:
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1. What are the types of code switching used in two selected vlogs of
Cindercella?
2. What are the possible reasons of code switching used in two selected vlogs
of Cindercella?
C. Objectives of the Study
The research objectives of this study are first to discover the types of code
switching used by Cindercella in two selected vlogs. Second, after identifying the
types of code switching used by Cindercella in two selected vlogs, the researcher
elaborates the possible reasons of code switching used by Cindercella in the third
selected vlogs based on the context of the utterances.
D. Definition of Terms
The researcher provides explanation of several terms that are discussed in
the study in order to avoid misinterpretation. The terms that are discussed in this
study are code, code-switching, vlog, beauty vlogger.
Code is a term that refers to particular language, dialect, or style. It is used
by people when delivering their speech. It is supported by Myers-Scotton (2006)
by stating that code is a language, dialect, or style used in speaking by people (p.
159)
Code-switching is a phenomenon that involves two languages or linguistic
varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation. The occurrence
of code switching is in various forms. It can be in the form of phrases, clause, or
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sentences including tags and exclamations at either end of the sentence (Poplack as
cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 104).
Vlog, according to Collins English Dictionary, is a set of videos that
someone regularly posts on the internet in which they record their thoughts or
experiences or talk about a subject. Meanwhile, according to Duyen (2016), vlog is
another format of blog, which is published in the form of video clip (p. 17).
Beauty Vlogger is commonly used to describe a person who creates and
posts a video to YouTube about tutorial on makeup looks, fashions, hairstyles, and
other beauty stuffs-related topics. Nguyen (2015) stated that “beauty vloggers are
those beauty influencers who share their reviews through recorded video clips
instead of blog posts” (as citied in Duyen 2016).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
There are two studies that related to this research. Both studies discuss about
code switching phenomenon. The first is an undergraduate thesis written by Putu
(2018) which is entitled “The Possible Reasons of Indonesian-English Code
Switching in Indonesian Morning Show on 5 August 2016”. Putu, in her study,
formulates two questions which are what types of code switching that are used on
the talk show and the possible reasons of Indonesia-English code switching that are
seen on the talk show. In analyzing the data, Putu uses four theories which are
theory of types of code switching by Poplack (1980), theory of reasons of code
switching by Hoffman (1991), theory of grammatical function by Downing (2015)
and theory of types of phrase by Greenbaum & Nelson (2002).
In her conclusion, Putu finds out that the most frequent reasons used by the
speakers are being emphatic about something, interjection, and talking about
particular topic. It is because the guest had much exposure with English since she
had lived for several years in countries such as Canada and American where English
is the official language. In addition, Putu states that the switching is frequently
found in the talk show because one of the hosts is also fluent in English.
The second one is a journal by Mukti and Muljani (2018) which is entitled
“Code Switching in the Instructions of English Language Education Study Program
Lecturers”. This study presents the analysis of the types of code switching ELESP
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lecturers employed in their instructional languages and the reasons of code
switching employed in their instructional languages. Mukti and Muljani identify the
types of code switching used by ELESP lecturers based on Wardaugh (2006) theory
of types of code switching, namely situational switching and metaphorical
switching, while the reasons of code switching based on Hoffman (1991), Holmes
(1992) and Wardaugh (2006). According to the results, both situational and
metaphorical code switching are employed by the participants. However, the
participants mostly employ situational code switching. In addition, there are eight
reasons found for the participants to code-switch. They are topic, addressee,
emphasis, persuasion, solidarity, affection, the nature of the subject, and as the
participants’ strategy. It shows that the participants do consider their use of code
switching. Mukti and Muljani also add that instead of the lack of English mastery,
the participants use code switching to help students understand better.
From the previous studies, the researcher finds out that both studies have
similar and different aspects to this research. Both studies deal with code switching
phenomenon and they apply the theory of reasons of code switching by Hoffman.
Both studies analyze code switching in conversation, while this research analyzes
code switching in monologue from Cindercella’s YouTube channel. Although the
object is different, both studies help the researcher in understanding the theory
better which is applied to solve the problem formulation of this research.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics knowledge and information are required in this research
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since code switching belongs to one of sociolinguistics phenomena. The idea that
code switching is in the scope of sociolinguistic phenomena is supported by
Gardner-Chloros (2009) who states that “code switching was considered as
sociolinguistic phenomenon - a linguistic product of language contact, determined
in various ways by the social circumstances in which it occurs” (p. 65). In
other words, social circumstances such as topic, interlocutor, and context
determine people’s choice of using language. According to Holmes (2013),
sociolinguistics gives the overview that social factors (backgrounds, settings,
knowledge) of the interlocutor influence the choice of appropriate ways of
speaking in different social contexts (p. 1). For example, students use one code
when talking to their principal and use different code when talking to their mother.
It is also found that people can express the same message with different styles to
different people. Furthermore, Caparas and Gustilo (2017) state that people in a
multilingual community can speak two or more languages due to language contact
and language policy. Therefore, code switching from one language to another is
inevitable in multilingual community (p. 349). Herk also says that code switching
is the common result of widespread multilingualism (2012, p. 130). Related to this
research, the researcher tries to observe how code switching as sociolinguistic
phenomenon used by an individual in a particular society, which is here a vlog
.2. Code Switching
Code refers to a specific way that people use in communication. As stated
by Yun, “code means any style, variety, dialect, or language” (2009, p. 10).
Wardhaugh (2006) says that code switching is a particular code for speaking and
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switching from one code to another within very short utterances or between
speakers turn (p. 101). Therefore, it is understood that code switching is a switch
from one language to another language in the same utterance or conversation done
by people who are able to speak more than one language. Poplack (1980) gives
equivalence constraint for code switching that occurs within clause or phrase. The
rule says that “code switches will tend to occur at points in the discourse where
juxtaposition of L1and L2 elements does not violate a syntactic rule of either
language” (as cited in Gafaranga, 2007, p. 39). One of the examples is switching
within phrase.
“English noun phrase “big house” and French noun phrase “grande maison”
can be switched into “big maison” or “grande house”. However, English
noun phrase “red boat” and French noun phrase “bateau rouge” cannot be
switched because the grammar of both languages in that particular case does
not match each other.” (Holmes as cited in Putu, 2018, p.12)
Poplack (1980) also adds that bound morpheme from one language is affixed
to the root from another language cannot be considered as code switching (as cited
in Gafaranga, 2007, p.38). In conclusion, code switching is the alternation between
two languages within a sentence or at sentence boundary, not the alternation
between bound morpheme of one language and affix of another language.
Related to this research, the researcher only analyzes the occurrence of
code switching phenomenon in the vlogs. Thus, any other types of code case
found in the vlogs will not be analyzed since this research focuses on analyzing
code switching case.
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3. Types of Code Switching
According to Poplack (1980) as cited by Romaine (1995, pp. 122-123), there
are three types of code switching, namely intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential
switching, and tag switching.
a. Intra-Sentential Switching
This type of code switching involves switching within sentence. In this type
of switching, the speaker uses two different languages within the same sentence.
Jendra (2010) explains intra-sentential switching is found when a word, a phrase or
a clause of a foreign language is used within the sentence in a base language (p. 76).
Furthermore, if this type of switching is omitted from a sentence, the idea of the
sentence will change. In other words, this type of switching affects the idea of the
whole sentence. The examples of intra-sentential switch are provided below:
M poko telman (I have not yet really) make up mind mwen (my).
(St. Fort, 2012, p. 136)
In the example above, the speaker uses Haitian Creole at the beginning and
English in the middle of the sentence. The English phrase ‘make up mind’ is used
in Haitian Creole sentence. The code switching in the example above occurs within
sentence boundary.
b. Inter-Sentential Switching
Inter-sentential switching occurs at sentence boundary. According to Al
Heeti and Al Abdely (2016), this switch occurs “at sentential boundaries where one
sentence is in one language and the next sentence is in the other” (p. 11). In other
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words, this switch occurs at two separate sentences where one sentence is spoken
in one language and the next sentence is in another language. Romaine as quoted
by Stockwell (2002) says this switch occurs at sentence boundary which is marked
by the change of topic (p. 33). According to Wells (2006), falling intonation is used
to distinguish clause and sentence boundaries in speech. The falling intonation is a
signal that what we say is complete (p.25).The tone for wh-question is also a fall,
while the tone for yes-no question is a rise (Wells, 2006, p. 42-45). Examples of
inter-sentential switch are provided below:
A Spanish-English speaker:
It’s on the radio. A mi se me olvida la estaciόn (I forget which station).
I’m gonna serve you another one, right?
(Poplack, 1982, p. 13)
‘A mi se me olvida la estaciόn’is the example of code switching occurs at sentence
boundary. The speaker uses English at the first sentence, then switch into Spanish
at the second sentence, then switch again into English at the third sentence.
c. Tag Switching
This type of code switching occurs when a speaker inserts a tag, filler, or
exclamation which is in another language from the rest of the sentence. If this
type is omitted in a sentence, it will not change the idea of the sentence. This is
supported by Appel (1987) that says tag switching involves exclamation, a tag, or
parenthetical in another language from the rest of the sentence. According to Giorgi
(2016), parenthetical means expressions that are inserted in another clause, usually
independent clause. It is usually connected to independent clause only because it
appears in the same utterance, but is otherwise unrelated.
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For example, ‘John, as everybody knows, likes to go to parties’, the clause
‘as everybody knows’ occurs as parenthetical in the sentence since it is a non-
restrictive clause (Giorgi, 2016, p. 472). Non-restrictive clause is a clause that adds
additional information to a sentence yet it can be omitted (Traffis, 2019, para. 9).
In other words, parenthetical does not give significant meaning to the sentence.
Moreover, this switching type can be found in the beginning, in the middle or at the
end of a sentence. Other examples of tag switching are provided below:
Tamati: Engari (So) now we turn to more important matters.
(Holmes, 2013, p. 35)
In the example above, Tamati, the name of the speaker, inserts a Maori tag
“Engari” in the beginning of his utterance.
4. Reasons of Code Switching
According to Hoffmann (1991, p. 115-116), there are seven reasons of code
switching. They are talking about particular topic, being emphatic about something,
interjection, repetition for clarification, expressing group identity or solidarity,
clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and quoting somebody else. Each
reason of code switching will be elaborated below:
a. Talking about Particular Topic
Talking about particular topic means people sometimes switch from one
language to another language when they are talking about particular topic or
specific information. Hoffmann (1991) explains talking about particular topic may
cause a switch, either because of lack of facility in the relevant register or because
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certain items trigger to use particular language (p. 115). In other words, people
sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in
another because there is no exact term for that particular topic in that language or
because certain topic triggers people to use certain words from particular language.
Here is the example below:
Host: ada seatbelt gak? (Khairunnas, 2017, p. 60)
In the example above, the speaker is a host. The speaker wants to give a seatbelt
for the guest to stay sit. The speaker uses the word ‘seatbelt’ because she is talking
about particular topic. The speaker uses the word ‘seatbelt’ because it refers to a
belt or strap that cannot only prevent people from injury, but also make people
stay sit. The speaker uses English term 'seatbelt' because Indonesian people
frequently use it than the Indonesian term ‘sabuk pengaman’. Therefore, the
speaker is triggered to use the English term.
b. Quoting Somebody Else
Sometimes people switch from their mother tongue into another language
in order to quote a saying or expression of some well-known figures. The example
of quoting somebody else can be seen from the utterance below:
‘y… si dices “perdon” en castellano se tevuelve la mujer y tedije :’ (‘… and
if you say “sorry” in Castilan Spanish, the lady turns to you and says:’)
‘encatala’ (‘in Catalan!)
(Calsamiglia and Tuson as cited in Hoffmann, 1991, p. 112)
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In this case, the utterance of an adult Spanish-Catalan bilingual shows the example
of quoting somebody else reason by switching her language into Catalan ‘en catala’
in order to quote an expression from the lady.
c. Being Emphatic about Something
Being emphatic about something means the speaker switches from one
language to another language to emphasize something or to be empathy. The switch
could be in the form of interjection or repetition. According to Riyandani (2018, p.
47-53), the switch can also occur in form of ellipsis, wh-question, and sentence.
The example of being emphatic about something reason can be seen below:
Host: Semuanya berebutan ya. They all want you to be on their cover.
(Khairunnas, 2017, p. 42)
In the example, the speaker is a host. She uses code switching because she is being
emphatic about something. The speaker switches into English ‘they all want you to
be on their cover’ to emphasize her first statement that all of the magazine
publishers were scrambling to make the guest as their magazine cover model.
d. Repetition Used for Clarification
Repetition used for clarification occurs, for example, when a speaker
explains or says about something using one code and repeats the explanation for the
same topic using another different code in order to make the message clear and the
conversation goes well. The repetition is used to emphasize the message that is
delivered. The example can be seen below:
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An adult Spanish-English bilingual:
‘Tenia zapatos blancos (I had white shoes), un poco (little bit), they were
off white, you know.’
(Silva-Corvalán as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 112)
The sentence in Spanish above is being repeated into English language. The speaker
switches code in order to emphasize the message of the sentence so that the
interlocutor understands the message clearly and the conversation goes well.
e. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor
A message in one code is repeated in another code in somewhat modified
form to make the content of the speech runs smoothly and be understood by the
hearers. The switching sometimes intended to add some explanation. The code-
switching can appear in the form of a single word, idiom, clause, sentence, and
phonological level. The example can be seen below:
Host: Liat dong posenya yang di GAP kaya gimana, How is the pose? I want
to see the pose.
(Khairunnas, 2017, p. 42)
In the example, the speaker does code switching because at first the listener does
not understand what is being asked then the speaker switches to English ‘how is the
pose? And she also added ‘I want to see the pose’ to make interlocutor understands
clearly.
f. Doing Interjection
Interjection is expressions which are used in sentences to convey surprise,
strong emotion, or to gain attention. Interjection is a short exclamation such as
“Wow!”, “Look!”, “Oh!”, “Oops!”, et cetera. Khairunas explains interjection in
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switching involves fillers or sentence connectors (2017, p. 39). Fillers are words,
phrases, clauses or sounds that are inserted to fill a pause in utterance or
conversation. Fillers do not have significant meaning in a sentence. Speakers often
use interjection in speaking rather than writing. The example can be seen below:
‘… Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, I was
embarrassed.’
(Silva-Corvalán as cited in Hoffman, 1991, p. 112)
In the example, “ay!” does not have any grammatical meaning. The speaker uses
interjection “ay!” to show strong expression since she feels embarrassed.
g. Expressing Group Identity or Solidarity
The way of communication is different from one community to the other.
Therefore, code-switching can be used to express group identity. A greeting is
usually used to express solidarity with someone from certain ethnic groups. This is
an example used by English – Maori speaker:
Sarah: I think everyone’s here except Mere.
John: She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her
arriving now.
Sarah: You’re right. Kia ora Mere (Hi Mere).Haeremai (Come in). Kei
tepehekoe (How are you)?
Mere: Kia ora e hoa (Hello my friend). Kei tepai (I’m fine). Have you
started yet?
(Holmes, 2013, p. 34)
In the example above, Mere is Maori while Sarah is English. Sarah speaks English
at the beginning, but then she switches into Maori to greet Mere. Here, Maori’s
greeting is an expression of solidarity.
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C. Theoretical Framework
This research aimed to answer two problems formulated in chapter I. All
theories and reviews give a big contribution to solving the problems. In order to
answer the first problem, the researcher employs the theory of types of code
switching by Poplack (1980). There are three types of code switching, namely,
intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag switching. All
occurrences of Indonesian-English code switching by Cindercella will be
classified based on the theory.
Then, the finding of the types of Indonesian-English code switching in the
vlogs helps the researcher to answer the second problem. In answering the second
problem, the researcher employs theory by Hoffmann (1991). Hoffmann’s
definition of reasons for using code switching is perfectly matched to help the
researcher in analyzing and classifying the data.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the study
Cindercella’s vlogs which are entitled 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with
the Balm and FULL FACE USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES)
CHALLENGE were chosen as the sources of the data for this research. In these
vlogs, Cindercella as the speaker did certain challenges and explained it to the
viewer. These vlogs are categorized as beauty vlogs since they consist of makeup
tutorials and beauty product talks. The first vlog which is entitled FULL FACE
USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES) CHALLENGE was uploaded to
YouTube on August 31, 2016 and its length is 13’ 14” while the second vlog which
is entitled 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with the Balm was uploaded on April 15,
2016 and its length is 5’ 35”. In this research, the data were taken from the speaker
utterances in the two selected vlogs. Therefore, any forms of Indonesia-English
code switching found in the vlogs would be analyzed in this research.
B. Approach of the study
Sociolinguistic approach was conducted in this research since the topic of
this research which is code switching is in the scope of sociolinguistics phenomena.
Sociolinguistics concerns about the relationship between language and society
(Holmes, 2013, p. 1). Therefore, examining the relation between the language and
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the society with consideration regarding the speaker and the topic as code-switching
phenomenon, sociolinguistics perspective is the suitable approach for this research.
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
The data of this research were collected from audio-visual material.
Purposive sampling method is used to collect the data of this research. Since
purposive sampling method was applied, the researcher chose the individual or site
that is suitable to the research (Creswell, 2007, p. 125). The researcher chose two
vlogs of Cindercella which contained significant number of code switching case.
The switches from Indonesia to English were considered as the data.
This research was done by using qualitative research. Creswell (2007) states
that qualitative research is the process of understanding based on distinct
methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social phenomenon (p. 37). In
this research, the researcher found one of social phenomena which is code switching
in the vlogs. Merriam (2002) explains that one of the characteristics of qualitative
research is the researcher is the primary instrument of data collection and data
analysis. Moreover, the goal of this research is understanding so that the human
instrument is the ideal means in collecting and analyzing the data of this research
(p. 5).
In other words, the researcher plays important role since the data which were
collected and analyzed are based on the researcher’s understanding and decision.
The source of the data for this research was taken by downloading the vlogs of
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Cindercella which are entitled 5 Minutes Make-Up Challenge with the Balm and
FULL FACE USING ONLY MY FINGERS (NO BRUSHES) CHALLENGE from
YouTube. The researcher then transcribed the utterances and displayed the data in
the form of table. Since this study used purposive sampling to collect the data, the
researcher only took the speaker’s utterances that consist of English-Indonesia code
switching as the data.
2. Data Analysis
After collecting the speaker’s utterances that consist of Indonesian-English
code switching, the researcher segmented the utterances based on its topic and gave
specific number. Then, the researcher classified the switch based on Poplack’s
(1980) theory of types of code switching. There are three types of code switching
found, which are intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag
switching. The researcher distinguished which data occurred at sentence boundary
or within sentence or as insertion based on the researcher’s comprehension on
English grammatical function, types of clause, and types of phrase.
After finding the types of code switching and giving specific code to each
data, the researcher classified Indonesian-English code-switching case based on
Hoffmann’s theory about the reasons of using code-switching to solve the second
problem of this research. Hoffmann (1991, p. 115-116) mentions that there are some
reasons people use code-switching. They are talking about particular topic, quoting
somebody else, being emphatic about something, repetition used for clarification,
clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, interjection, and expressing group
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identity or solidarity. In order to determine what reason of code switching the data
belonged, the researcher matched the meaning and the context of each code
switching case first. The next step was matching the meaning and the context of
each code switching case to the concept of each code switching reason proposed by
Hoffmann. Furthermore, the relation between the types of code switching and the
reasons of code switching used would be analyzed based on the criteria that is
mentioned in theory of types of code switching by Poplack (1980) and in theory of
reasons of code switching by Hoffmann (1991). After finding out the reason of each
data, the researcher also gave code so that the classification will be easily
understood. Here is the explanation of the date code given:
1 or 2 : number of the vlog
1 : number of utterance
A : the data occurs in utterance
IA /IE /T : the types of code switching
TP/QS/BE/RC/CI/I/EG : the reasons of code switching
Each data belongs to the criteria of types of code switching by Poplack and reasons
for using code switching by Hoffmann was given checklist (√) on the addressed
column. To highlight the data of this research, the researcher provided a table as the
medium. The table contained the classification of the switch types and reason for
code switching of the data.
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No Data Code Utterance
Types of CS Reasons of Code Switching
T IE IA TP QS BE RC CI I EG
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As it is stated previously, there are two problems conducted in this
research. The first is to find the types of Indonesian-English code switching and
the second is to find the possible reasons for using Indonesian-English code
switching produced by Indonesian beauty vlogger, Cindercella. Therefore, this
chapter presents the findings and the discussion on those problems.
A. Types of Indonesian-English code-switching by Cindercella After analyzing the whole data, the researcher found three types of code
switching, namely intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag
switching used by Cindercella. The researcher analyzed the data based on
Poplack’s (1980) theory as cited by Romaine (1995, p.122-123). Some cases from
each type of code switching will be elaborated as follows:
1. Intra-sentential Switching
Intra-sentential switching occurs within a sentence. Jendra (2010)
explains that intra-sentential switching can be a word, a phrase, or a clause (p. 76).
The researcher found that the switch occurs as a word, phrase, and clause. Based
on the findings, there are 30 data that are categorized as intra-sentential switching.
The examples of intra-sentential switching are provided below:
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Data Code Utterance
1/9B/IA/TP
Next, I’m going to do my brows. Aku mau pake
brown gel. Terus pake jari kaya dibrehh gituan
aja, ngasal gitu. Abis itu baru dirapiin pake
concealer. Sekarang aku buka ya (showing the
product to the camera and then applying the
product with her fingers) I’m not cheating, I’m
not cheating. Ini kaca ya (pointing at the
mirror). Ini gini (applying the brown gel to her
brows). Huaa kok warnanya (showing
disappointment). It is too dark (staring at the
camera). Aku lap dulu. Ini bukan tool loh
(showing cotton to camera). Ini cuman ngelap
jari (cleaning her fingers with cotton). Jangan
marah-marah, nih jari nya sudah bersih.
In the context, the speaker tells about particular makeup product called
brown gel. The speaker uses brown gel to do her brows. While telling it, the
speaker switches to English phrase “brown gel”. The switch is categorized as
intra-sentential switching because it occurs within Indonesian sentence “Aku mau
pake brown gel.” The switch is in the form of noun phrase with noun ‘gel’ as the
head and the adjective ‘brown’ as the modifier. Moreover, the switch cannot be
omitted. The idea of the sentence is that the speaker wants to apply brown gel. The
phrase “brown gel” functions as the object of the sentence. If the switch is omitted,
the thing that the speaker wants to apply will be absent which then makes the idea
of the sentence is distracted. The next example occurs at word level:
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Data Code Utterance
2/12C/IA/
TP
Penilaiannya itu tidak berdasarkan apa yang
dipakai atau berapa lama video itu. Yang
penting video nya jelas sama pencahayaan nya
bagus. Product yang digunakan gak harus
product The balm loh. Jadi boleh pake apa aja,
terus terakhir submisi lomba ini adalah tanggal
20 april. Terus juga kamu harus upload foto
hasil 5 menit make up challenge itu ke
Instagram kamu. Dengan nulis juga link video
kamu di bio kamu atau di caption.
In this case, the speaker explains about the requirements of the challenge
which one of it is to post the result of the challenge to Instagram. At this time, the
speaker switches to English “upload”. The switch “upload” is categorized as
intra-sentential switching because it occurs within sentence. Besides that, the
switch cannot be omitted since it occurs as the predicator of the sentence “Kamu
juga harus upload foto hasil kamu 5 menit make up challenge itu ke Instagram
kamu.” or in English “You also have to upload the result of your 5 minutes makeup
challenge to your Instagram.” The main point of the sentence will be changed if
the switch is omitted.
The next example occurs at clause level:
Data Code Utterance
1/15A/IA/CI
(Applying the eyeshadow) Keknya sih aku
ngerasa kalo misalnya agak ditekan ke bawah
gitu, it helps dan kaya ngeblend bagian pinggir
tengah gitu. That’s what I think, I don’t know.
Alisnya hahh susah banget.So far,the hardest
part is the brows. Kurang ajar susah banget. I’m
going to put the Medallion here.(putting the
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Medallion color on her inner corner) Mau pake
jari kelingking, pake warna yang dark brown nih
(showing the product to camera).
In the context, the speaker gives an advice on how to apply eyeshadow.
While giving advice, she switches to English “it helps”. The switch is categorized
as intra-sentential switching because it occurs within sentence. The switch “it
helps” occurs within the sentence “Keknya sih aku ngerasa kalo misalnya agak
ditekan ke bawah gitu, it helps, kaya ngeblend bagian pinggir dan tengah gitu”. In
the first clause, the speaker uses Indonesian. In the second clause, the speaker uses
English and then she switches again into Indonesian in the third clause. The subject
‘it’ and the predicate ‘helps’ indicate the switch is in the form of independent
clause. Moreover, the switch cannot be omitted since the clause contributes
information to the meaning of the whole sentence.
Based on the analysis result on intra-sentential switching data, the speaker
switches at word, phrase, and clause level. However, the speaker mostly switches
at phrase level than word level or clause level.
2. Inter-sentential Switching
Inter-sentential switching occurs at sentence bounddary where one
sentence is in one language and the next sentence is in the other. This switch occurs
at sentence boundary which is marked by the change of topic (Romaine as citied
by Stockwell, 2002, p. 33). Wells (2006) says that falling intonation is used to
distinguish sentence boundaries in speech. The researcher found that there are 18
inter-sentential code switching cases occurred in the vlogs. Some examples are
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provided below:
Data Code Utterance
1/15D/IE/
TP
(Applying the eyeshadow) Keknya sih aku
ngerasa kalo misalnya agak ditekan ke bawah
gitu, it helps dan kaya ngeblend bagian pinggir
tengah gitu. That’s what I think, I don’t know.
Alisnya hahh susah banget.So far,the hardest
part is the brows. Kurang ajar susah banget.
I’m going to put the Medallion here (putting
the Medallion color on her inner corner). Mau
pake jari kelingking, pake warna yang dark
brown nih (showing the product to camera).
In the context, the speaker tells the viewers that she is going to add some
colors around her inner corner. While telling it, the speaker switches to English
“I’m going to put the Medallion here.” The switch is categorized as inter-
sentential switching because it occurs at sentence boundary. At first, the speaker
uses Indonesian sentence “Alisnya hahh susah banget” and then switches to
English sentence “I’m going to put the Medallion here.” The falling intonation
used at the end of the word ‘here’ marks the boundary between the switch and the
next sentence “Mau pake jari kelingking, pake warna yang dark brown nih.” The
switch occurs in the form of simple sentence. According to Downing (2015),
simple sentence consists minimally of one independent clause (p. 250).
Independent clause has two basic constituents: subject and predicate (p. 33). The
sentence has ‘I’ as the subject and ‘am going to put the Medallion here’ as the
predicate. Moreover, the change of topic also marks the boundary between the
sentences. In the previous sentence, the speaker complains about her brows while
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in the next sentence, she talks about the color of the eyebrow that she is going to
apply.
The next example also occurs as simple sentence:
Data Code Utterance
1/7B/IE/BE
Next, aku bakal pake bedak. (applying the
powder on her face with her fingers) (looking at
the mirror and making a surprised
expression)What am I doing? Ngapain dah
gua. (Laughing) This is actually very funny.
In the context, the speaker applies powder to her face with her fingers,
which is something she never does. After applying it, she looks at the mirror and
feels surprised by the result. She, then, switches to English “What am I doing?”
In the previous sentence, the speaker uses Indonesian sentence and then she
switches to English sentence. Thus, the switch is categorized as inter-sentential
switching since it occurs at sentence boundary. Moreover, Wells (2006) says that
the tone for wh-question is a fall. The falling intonation at the end of the sentence
“What am I doing?” indicates the boundary between the switch and the next
sentence “Ngapain dah gua”. In addition, the switch occurs as a simple sentence.
The sentence “What am I doing?” has one subject “what” and one predicate “am
I doing” which indicates the switch is in the form of independent clause.
The next example occurs as compound sentence:
Data Code Utterance
1/24A/IE/
TP
Terima kasih sudah nonton video aku. I hope
you guys like it, don’t forget to like subscribe
and share to your friends.
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In the context, the speaker gives a closing statement regarding the vlog. At
this time, the speaker uses Indonesian sentence “Terima kasih sudah nonton video
aku” and then she switches to English “I hope you guys like it and don’t forget
to like, subscribe, and share to your friends” in the next sentence. The switch is
categorized as inter-sentential switching because it occurs at sentence boundary.
The switch occurs as compound sentence. Compound sentence consists of two
independent clauses which are linked by a coordinator (Downing, 2015, p. 250)
The switch consists of two independent clause and linked by coordinator ‘and.’
They are “I hope you guys like it” and “don’t forget to like, subscribe, and
share to your friends.”
Based on the analysis of utterances in the three tables above, it is obvious
that inter-sentential switching occurs at sentence boundary. Moreover, the data of
inter-sentential switching in this research appears in two forms which are simple
sentence and compound sentence.
2. Tag Switching
Tag switching means the insertion of tags, fillers, exclamation, or
parenthetical which is in another language from the rest of the sentence. The
insertion can be in the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the utterance. The
presence of tag switching does not give significant meaning to the sentence.
Therefore, if it is omitted, it will not change the main point of the sentence. Based
on the findings, there are 8 data which are categorized as tag switching. These are
the examples of tag switching occur in the vlogs:
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Data Code Utterance
2/9A/T/I Apa ini? Wow! Liat tuh, bonus (Feeling
surprised because there is lipstick on her teeth)
In this context, the speaker feels surprised because there is lipstick on her
teeth. At this time, the speaker switches to English expression “Wow”. The switch
is categorized into tag switching because the word is an interjection. The presence
of the switch “Wow” is not significant in the sentence since it only shows the
speaker’s feeling of shock. If the expression is omitted, the idea of the sentence
remains the same. It is still about the lipstick stuck on her teeth. In addition, the switch
occurs in the beginning of the sentence “Wow! Liat tuh, bonus.” The next example
occurs as a tag:
Data Code Utterance
2/15B/T/I
Untuk yang ikutan kompetisi ini, good luck to
you, semoga kalian menang. Nanti kita ketemu
di atrium sogo plaza senayan, okay? Sampai
jumpa (waving her hand). I hope you enjoy my
video, I hope you guys like it, and don’t forget
to share, like and subscribe.
In the context, the speaker hopes to see the winner at the place where the
event is held. At this time, the speaker switches to English “okay?” The switch is
categorized as tag switching because the word occurs as tag. If the word “okay?”
is omitted, the sentence will be “Nanti kita ketemu di atrium sogo plaza senayan.”
The main idea will not change. The tag only works for asking agreement without
expecting the viewers’ reply. Moreover, the switch occurs at the end of sentence.
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The next example occurs as parenthetical:
Data Code Utterance
1/21C/T/I
Asli ini tuh very fun. Jadi,I wanna tag all of my
Indonesian beauty vloggers friends and I wanna
tagyou guys,yang nonton ini untuk melakukan
ini juga karena ini seru banget, dan ini susah
banget sebenarnya. Nih (pointing at her brows)
as you can see, belepotan kemana-mana alisku,
what the hell!
In the context, the speaker explains about the challenge. She thinks that the
challenge is very fun yet hard. The speaker also shows her messy brows to
emphasize her opinion that it is really hard to do makeup with fingers. At this time,
she switches to English “as you can see”. The switch is categorized as tag
switching because it occurs as parenthetical. Parenthetical is expressions that are
inserted in another clause, usually independent clause. It is usually connected to
independent clause only because it appears in the same utterance, but is otherwise
unrelated (Giorgi, 2016, p. 472). The conjunction “as” indicates that the switch is
in the form of dependent clause. The switch is considered as non-restrictive clause
because it does not give significant meaning to the sentence. Non-restrictive
clause is a clause that adds additional information to a sentence yet it can be
omitted (Traffis, 2019, para. 9). Therefore, if the switch “as you can see” is
omitted, the main point of the sentence will still be about the speaker’s messy
brows. In addition, the switch “as you can see” occurs in the middle of the
sentence.
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Based on the three tables above, it is understood that tag switching occurs
as interjection, tag, and filler. Moreover, in this research, the data of tag switching
occur in the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the sentence.
B. Possible Reason of Indonesian-English code-switching by Cindercella The second problem analyzed was the reasons of code switching used by
Cindercella. From the seven reasons of code switching stated by Hoffmann (1991,
p. 115), the researcher only found four reasons of code switching in the data. The
code switching reasons found in this research were talking about particular topic,
doing interjection, clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and being
emphatic about something. The examples of code switching reasons that were
found in Cindercella’s vlogs and details explanation elaborated as follows:
1. Talking about Particular Topic
Sometimes, people switch from one language to another when they are
talking about a specific topic or information. Lack of facility in the relevant register
or because certain items trigger to use particular language also cause switch. The
speaker uses code switching because they cannot find the right words, phrases, or
sentences in another language. Based on the data, there are 32 data of code
switching which happens because talking about particular topic. The evidences can
be seen as follows:
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Data Code Utterance
1/1D/IA/TP
Haiiiii, haiiiii, haiiiii… (waving hand to the
camera) Today I’m going to do the full face
using only my fingers. Jadi, di challenge ini,
kita tuh tidak diperbolehkan untuk memakai
alat apapun, mau brush, mau beauty blender,
mau apapun itu gak boleh. Cuman boleh pake
jari.
In the context, the speaker explains about makeup tools that are not allowed
to use during the challenge. When explaining it, the speaker switches to English
word “beauty blender”. The switch is categorized as intra-sentential switching
because it occurs within sentence. The speaker uses “beauty blender” because she
is talking about particular topic, which is about makeup tool term. She uses related
term such as “beauty blender” because it is commonly known or used by
Indonesian people when talking about makeup tools. In addition, there has been no
found Indonesian term for “beauty blender” which causes a lack of facility.
Therefore, the speaker feels that the switch “beauty blender” is the appropriate
one since there is no exact term for it in Indonesian. Next example occurs at word
level:
Data Code Utterance
2/12E/IA/
TP
Penilaiannya itu tidak berdasarkan apa yang
dipakai atau berapa lama video itu. Yang
penting video nya jelas sama pencahayaan nya
bagus. Product yang digunakan gak harus
product The balm loh. Jadi boleh pake apa aja,
terus terakhir submisi lomba ini adalah tanggal
20 april. Terus juga kamu harus upload foto
hasil 5 menit make up challenge itu ke
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Instagram kamu. Dengan nulis juga link video
kamu di bio kamu atau di caption.
In the context, the speaker explains about the video submission of the
event. The competitors should post the result of their makeup on Instagram and
write the link of their video in the biography column or caption of the photo that
they post. While explaining about it, the speaker switches to English word
“caption”. The switch is categorized as intra-sentential switching because it occurs
within a sentence. The speaker uses “caption” because she is talking about
particular topic, which is about one of Instagram’s features. In this context, caption
is a brief explanation appended to photo which is posted in Instagram. She uses
related term such as “caption” because it is commonly known or used by
Indonesian people than the Indonesian term ‘takarir gambar’ when talking about
Instagram. Therefore, the speaker might feel that the word “caption” is more
appropriate. In other words, Instagram feature triggers the speaker to switch her
language. The next example occurs at phrase level:
In the context, the speaker gives an explanation regarding the challenge. At
this time, the speaker switches to English “The Balm Beauty in 5 minutes
Data Code Utterance
2/11B/IA/
TP
Jadi, mereka tuh lagi ngadain kompetisi untuk
ngajakin kalian bikin video kaya aku 5 minutes
make up challenge. Dengan kasih judul
videonya di Youtube The Balm Beauty in 5
Minutes challenge.
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challenge”. The switch refers to the title of the video or vlog that the viewers
should make if they want to join the competition. The switch is categorized as
intra-sentential switching because it occurs within a sentence. The speaker
switches to English “The Balm Beauty in 5 minutes challenge” because she is
talking about particular topic, which is about particular challenge. She uses term
such as “The Balm Beauty in 5 minutes challenge” because it is the name of
particular competition held by particular makeup brand. Since it is the
requirements of the competition that the title of the vlog must be “The Balm
Beauty in 5 minutes challenge”, the speaker has to switch her language so that
she can give proper and specific information to the viewers.
The next example occurs at sentence level:
Data Code Utterance
1/24A/IE/TP
Terima kasih sudah nonton video aku. I hope
you guys like it and don’t forget to like
subscribe, and share to your friends.
In the context, the speaker gives a closing statement regarding the vlog. At
this time, the speaker switches to English “I hope you guys like it and don’t
forget to like subscribe and share to your friends.” The switch is categorized as
inter-sentential switching because it occurs at sentence boundary. The speaker uses
the switch “I hope you guys like it and don’t forget to like subscribe and share
to your friends.” because she is talking about particular topic, which is YouTube
features. The speaker focuses on the words ‘like, subscribe, and share’. YouTube
has some features such as share, like and subscribe which help its users to enjoy
the vlog. The words ‘share, like and subscribe’ are commonly used by people
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especially vlogger when giving closing statement. The speaker always mentions
these words at the end of her vlog. In other words, YouTube features trigger the
speaker to switch her language. Therefore, the speaker simply switches into
English sentences “I hope you guys like it and don’t forget to like subscribe
and share to your friends.”
Based on the explanation towards talking about particular topic, it is found
that the speaker switches because of lack of facility, specific information, and the
trigger of certain items. Types of code switching are also involved. In 1/1/IA/TP,
2/12/IA/TP, 2/11/IA/TP, the switch occurs as intra-sentential, while in
1/24/IE/TP, the switch occurs as inter-sentential. Thus, it can be said that the
types of code switching that are used for talking about particular topic can be
inter-sentential and intra-sentential.
2. Doing Interjection
Interjection is expressions which are used by speaker to express strong
emotion, surprised, and to gain attention. It can be in the form of exclamation, tags,
fillers or sentence connectors. It does not have significant meaning or does not
contribute to the whole meaning of a sentence. There are 8 data that categorized as
doing interjection reason. The evidence of doing interjection reason can be seen as
follows:
Data Code Utterance
1/7A/T/I
Next, aku bakal pake bedak (applying the
powder on her face with her fingers). (Looking
at the mirror and making a surprised
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expression) What am I doing? Ngapain dah
3gua. (Laughing) This is actually very funny.
In the context, the speaker is going to apply powder to her face. When telling
it, the speaker switches to English word “Next”. The switch “Next” is categorized
as tag switching because the expression appears as sentence connector. If it is
omitted, the sentence will be “aku bakal pake bedak.” The main idea of the sentence
does not change. It is still about the speaker is going to apply the powder. The
speaker uses the word “Next” because she is doing interjection. Here, the English
expression “Next” is used to show the continuation of the speech so that it can be
easier understood and followed by the viewers. In addition, the switch occurs as tag
switching, so it can be considered as doing interjection.
The next example occurs as a tag:
Data Code Utterance
2/15B/T/I
Untuk yang ikutan kompetisi ini, good luck to
you, semoga kalian menang. Nanti kita ketemu
di atrium sogo plaza senayan, okay? I hope you
enjoy my video, I hope you guys like it, and
don’t forget to share, like and subscribe.
In the context, the speaker hopes to see the winner of challenge. At this time,
the speaker switches to English “okay?” The switch is categorized as tag switching
because the word occurs as tag. The presence of this switch is not significant in
the utterance. The speaker uses the expression “okay?” because she is doing
interjection. She uses English tag “okay?” to ask for the viewers’ acceptance about
the meeting. She uses the tag without really expecting their responses. Whatever
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the winners of the competition responses, she is going to meet them at Plaza
Senayan. The next example occurs as an exlamation:
Data Code Utterance
2/4B/T/I
Powder, powder, powder, powder, powder,
powder (applying powder on her face with
brush) Oke sudah satu menit, Oh my God!
In this context, the speaker feels surprised because there is lipstick on her
teeth. At this time, she switches to English expression “Oh my God!” The switch
is categorized into tag switching because the word is an interjection. The speaker
uses English expression “Oh my God!” because she is doing interjection. The
English expression “Oh my God!” is an exclamation since it followed by an
exclamation point '!'. In this context, the expression “Oh my God!” is used to show
the speaker’s feeling of shock. The speaker feels shock because the time shows it
is 4 minutes left. Therefore, the speaker uses English expression “Oh my God!”
The next example occurs as filler:
Data Code Utterance
1/21C/IA/BE
Asli ini tuh very fun. Jadi, I wanna tag all of my
Indonesian beauty vloggers friends and I wanna
tag you guys, yang nonton ini untuk melakukan
ini juga karena ini seru banget, dan ini susah
banget sebenarnya. Nih (pointing at her brows)
as you can see, belepotan kemana-mana alisku,
what the hell!
In the context, the speaker explains about the challenge. She thinks that the
challenge is very fun yet hard. The speaker also shows her messy brows to
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emphasize her opinion that it is really hard to do makeup with fingers. At this time,
she switches to English “as you can see”. The switch is categorized as tag switching
because it occurs as parenthetical. Parenthetical is an expression that is inserted in
another clause, usually independent clause only because it appears in the same
utterance, but is otherwise unrelated. Here, the expression “as you can see” appears
in the form of non-restrictive clause. Non-restrictive clause is a clause that adds
additional information to a sentence yet it can be omitted (Traffis, 2019, para. 9).
The speaker uses expression “as you can see” because she is doing
interjection. The expression is used to gain the viewers’ attention because she
wants to show her messy brows. Since the switch is just an expression which does
not give significant meaning to the sentence and it can be omitted, it can be said
that the switch only functions as filler in the sentence. If the filler is omitted, the
sentence will be “belepotan kemana-mana alisku.” The main idea of the sentence
does not change. It is still about the speaker’s messy brows. In addition, the type
of the switch is tag switching, it can be considered as doing interjection reason
After the analysis towards doing interjection part, the researcher found that
the speaker in the vlogs doing interjection mostly in form of exclamation and filler.
Since the switches occur in the four tables above are tag switching, it is understood
that the type of code switching that is always applied as doing interjection is tag
switching.
3. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor
The speaker sometimes uses code switching because the speaker is
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clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. A message in one language is
repeated in a somewhat modified form to make the content of the speech runs
smoothly and be understood by the listener. It is found that the speaker in the vlogs
switches from one language to another language in the form of clause and sentence
to clarify the speech content for the hosts.
Based on the findings, there are 4 data which belong to the clarifying the
speech content for the interlocutor reason. Here are the examples for the clarifying
the speech content for the interlocutor reason:
Data Code Utterance
1/15A/IA/CI
(Applying the eyeshadow) Keknya sih aku
ngerasa kalo misalnya agak ditekan ke bawah
gitu, it helps dan kaya ngeblend bagian pinggir
tengah gitu. That’s what I think, I don’t know.
Alisnya hahh susah banget.So far,the hardest
part is the brows. Kurang ajar susah banget. I’m
going to put the Medallion here.(putting the
Medallion color on her inner corner) Mau pake
jari kelingking, pake warna yang dark brown nih
(showing the product to camera).
In the context, the speaker gives an advice on how to apply eye shadow.
While giving advice, she switches to English clause “it helps”. The switch is
categorized as intra-sentential switching because it occurs within sentence. The
switch occurs in the form of independent clause. The speaker uses “it helps” to
clarify her message in the previous utterance “Keknya sih aku ngerasa kalo
misalnya agak ditekan ke bawah gitu.” The switch “it helps” clarifies that the
moves done by the speaker indeed help to apply and blend the colors of the
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eyeshadow. The switch “it helps” not only clarifies the previous utterance but also
adds explanation. The speaker here realizes that her explanation in the previous
utterance is not complete and clear so she adds more explanation that the moves
she is doing help to make eye shadows looks better.
The next example occurs at sentence level:
Data Code Utterance
1/9E/IE/CI
Next, I’m going to do my brows. Aku mau pake
brown gel. Terus pake jari kaya dibrehh gituan
aja, ngasal gitu. Abis itu baru dirapiin pake
concealer. Sekarang aku buka ya (showing the
product to the camera and then applying the
product with her fingers) I’m not cheating, I’m
not cheating. Ini kaca ya (pointing at the
mirror). Ini gini (applying the brown gel to her
brows). Huaa kok warnanya (showing
disappointment). It is too dark (staring at the
camera). Aku lap dulu. Ini bukan tool loh
(showing cotton to camera). Ini cuman ngelap
jari (cleaning her fingers with cotton). Jangan
marah-marah, nih jari nya sudah bersih.
In the context, the speaker, the speaker does her brows by applying the
brown gel. After applying it, the speaker looks at the mirror and feels disappointed
because she just realizes that the product is too dark. She then makes a disappointed
expression and says "it is too dark". The switch "it is too dark" is inter-sentential
switching because it occurs at sentence boundary. The speaker uses the switch
because she is clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor or in this context,
the viewers. The speaker uses "it is too dark" to clarify her message in the previous
utterance "huaa kok warnanya." The sentence "it is too dark" clarifies that the
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color of the product is too dark. It is unlike what the speaker expected. The switch
“it is too dark” not only clarifies the previous utterance but also adds explanation.
The speaker here realizes that her explanation in the previous utterance is not really
clear so she adds more explanation that the color is too dark.
The next example occurs at sentence level:
Data Code Utterance
1/15C/IE/CI
(Applying the eyeshadow) Keknya sih aku
ngerasa kalo misalnya agak ditekan ke bawah
gitu, it helps, kaya ngeblend bagian pinggir
tengah gitu. That’s what I think, I don’t
know.Alisnya hahh susah banget. So far, the
hardest part is the brows. Kurang ajar emang.
I’m going to put the Medallion here.(putting the
Medallion color on her inner corner) Mau pake
jari kelingking, pake warna yang dark brown nih
(showing the product to camera).
In the context, the speaker talks about the hardest part of the challenge for
her. According to utterance, the speaker employs code switching. The switch “So
far, the hardest part is the brows” is categorized as inter-sentential switching
because it occurs at sentence boundary. The speaker switches into English sentence
“So far, the hardest part is the brows” because she is repeating a message. The
sentence “Alisnya hahh susah banget” is being repeated into English “So far, the
hardest part is the brows.” The switch is used to clarify that the brows is really
hard to do for her. The switch does not only clarify the previous sentence, but also
add information that the most difficult part of the challenge for the speaker is the
brows. The next example also occurs at sentence level:
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Data Code Utterance
1/18B/IE/CI
Gak boleh pake tool? Oke. (Applying the glue to
the false eyelashes) Wah gila. (Making a weird
expression) Crazy thing I do for you. (Placing
the false eyelashes to her natural lashes) Kenapa
gak nempel buset dah, buset.
In the context, the speaker wants to apply false eyelashes. She feels weird
because she has to apply the glue and the false eyelashes with her fingers. Since
the speaker never applies the glues and the false eyelashes with her fingers, she
considers it as a crazy thing. At this time, the speaker switches to English “crazy
thing I do for you”. The switch is categorized as inter-sentential switching
because it occurs at sentence boundary.
The speaker switches to English because she is clarifying the speech
content for the interlocutor or in this context, the viewers. The speaker uses
“crazy thing I do for you” to clarify her message in the previous utterance “Wah
gila.” The sentence “crazy thing I do for you” clarify that “gila” in the previous
utterance refers to her current activity. The switch does not only clarify the
message in the previous sentence, but also add more explanation that the speaker
is willing to do the thing that she thinks crazy for her viewers. The speaker thinks
that her previous utterance is not clear enough so she switches to English in the
next utterance.
Based on the explanation above, it is found that the switches used for
clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor are in the form of clause and
sentence. Since the switches that occur in the four tables above are inter-sentential
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