the tomb of i'timad ud-daula - aleksandar stefanovic

7/23/2019 The Tomb of I'timad ud-Daula - Aleksandar Stefanovic

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Xb` Mrt mjh Mrfblt`ftur` ki Euabmo Ljhlm

Xb` Xked ki Lntlemh uh%Hmuom mt Marm7

Mrfblt`ftur`/ H`fkrmtlkj mjh Ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme

Emst`r ki Mrts Xb`sls dy Mo`csmjhmr Vtìmjkvlf

E`jtkr`h dy ^rki Hr @ddm Ckfb mjh Hr Gò`jm @rhògmj

Pjlv`rslty ki Dòarmh`

Dòarmh`/ Emy 4>=4



4



6

Xb` Fkjt`jt

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

MFCJKQO@HA@E@JXV ………………………………………………………………………*……………**…*…………………………* p* 8

L LJXTKHPFXLKJ …………………………………………*…………………**……………………**………………………………………* p* 9

LL DKH\ ki QKTC ……………………………………………**…………………*………………*………………………………………… p* =0

=* Blstkrlfmo ljtrkhuftlkj ****************************************************************************************************************** p* =0

% Euabmo tked amrh`j ) @labt amrh`js ki pmrmhls` …………………………………………………………………** p* =0 % Euabmo fkurt ) ^`rslmj miimlrs7 Gmbmjalr/ Jur Gmbmj/ L“tlemh uh%Hmuom **………………………*……*…… p* 4=

4* Xb` Xked % Mrfblt`ftur` ) H`fkrmtlkj ………*………………………………………………*……………**………*…*** p*41

% Imeloy emusko`ue ……………………………………………………………………………………………………**………*…** p* 41

% @xt`rlkr mjh ljt`rlkr tked i`mtur`s ………………………………………………………………………………………*** p* 66

% Iokrmo mjh mdstrmft h`fkrmtlkj ‖ Ljt`rmftlkj d`tw``j mrtboy mjh ktb`rwkrohoy syedkos ………* p* 89

6* Ljsfrlptlkjs % Ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ……………………………………………………………………………………………………** p* 9=

% E`r` h`fkrmtlkj kr Hlvlj` i`mtur`; ………………………………………………………………………………………** p* 9=

% Ljt`rmftlkj d`tw``j tb` ljsfrlptlkjs mjh tb` mrfblt`fturmo+h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur`s ……………………** p* 9<

% Xb` hmt` fkjtrkv`rsy ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………*… p* 24

% Vurmbs % Xmislr "@x`a`sls, ………………………………………………………………………………………………*………** p* 22

LLL FKJFOPVLKJ % L“tlemh uh%Hmuom ki tb` V``j ) tb` Pjs``j ………*……………………………*………****…… p* <9

LY BKXKATM^BLF HKFPE@JXMXLKJ ………………………………………………………………………………………*… p* =>>

Y DLDOLKATM^B\ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… p* =2=

YL OLVX ki LOOPVXTMXKJV …………………………………………………………………………………………………………*…… p* =26



8

Mfcjkwo`haè`jts

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L b`r`dy wkuoh olc` tk `xpr`ss ey prkikujh armtltuh` tk tb` kj`s wbk bòp`h e` emc` ey wmy tk tb`

tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ mjh dmfc hurlja tb` suds`qu`jt prkf`ss ki ey fkjtèpomtlkjs/ r`s`mrfb mjh

fkjf`lvlja tb` `tb`rlf/ tb` pmrmhlslmfmo/ tb` ujspkc`j vkfmduomry ki tbls rèmrcmdo` Euabmo ekjue`jt7

Xk ^rki`sskr Hr Gò`jm @rhògmj/ ey krlaljmo e`jtkr/ ikr r`fkajlzlja tb` pmsslkj ikr Lsomelf mrt mjh

mrfblt`ftur` ljslh` e` ms m ykuja stuh`jt mjh ikr `jfkurmalja tb` fkjqu`sts ki ey Krl`jtmo splrlt sk imr*

Xk tb` Ljt`rjmtlkjmo Fkujflo ki Fuoturmo Tòmtlkjs J`w Hòb "Ers J``ru Elsrm,/ Ljhlmj @edmssy lj

Dòarmh` "B`r @xòo`jfy tb` medmssmhkr Ers J`jafbm Obkuvue, mjh Wkrmj Hgljhglf Ikujhmtlkj lj

Dòarmh` "Ers Tuzlfm Hgljhglf, ikr suppkrtlja ey sfbkomroy stmy lj Ljhlm mjh ikr r`fkajlzlja lts

lepkrtmjf` lj m vl`w ki ey iutur` mfmhèlf h`vòkpe`jt*

Xk Hr D*T* Emjl "mhh*Hlr`ftkr A`j`rmo mjh Jmtlkjmo Vpkc`semj, mjh Hr Vlhhlql "ikre`r Gkljt Hlr`ftkr, ki

tb` Mrfbm`kokalfmo Vurv`y ki Ljhlm/ J`w Hòbl/ tk wbke L me ekst armtìuo mjh `jh`dt`h ikr puttlja

tb`lr trust lj e` mjh cljhoy armjtlja tb` r`qulslt` p`relsslkj tk mpprkmfb mjh stuhy tb` ekjue`jt ki

tb` Ljhlmj jmtlkjmo b`rltma`/ tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom lj Marm* Mhhltlkjmooy/ tk T*C* Vucom tb`

ikrèmj mjh tb` furmtkrlmo mjh t`fbjlfmo stmii ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ ikr sbmrlja ey

`xfltè`jt lj hlsfkv`rlja tb` tked/ mjh ikr moo tb` cljhj`ss mjh ìikrts lj bòplja e` ilabt tb` ekjskkj

b`mt wblo` fkepo`tlja tb` pbktk hkfue`jtmtlkj mt tb` tked slt`*

Xk Lemj Bmdmsbl/ Dmsbmr Mo%Bmhom mjh Hrmamjm Hgkrhg`vlf/ tb` o`ftur`rs mt tb` H`pmrte`jt ki Krl`jtmo

^blokokay ki tb` Pjlv`rslty ki Dòarmh` ikr d`lja m sudstmjtlmo suppkrt lj `stmdolsblja tb` krlaljmo hmt` ki

tb` tked fkjstruftlkj*

Xk @ol`z`r ^mpk/ tb` rmddl ki Vmrmg`vk mjh prki`sskr ki B`dr`w olt`rmtur` ki tb` D`j Aurlkj Pjlv`rslty ki

tb` Jà`v ikr d`lja tb` `jhurlja olabt mdkv` ey Xmislr r`mhljas*

M sp`flmo e`jtlkj ikr tb` T`v`r`jh Gkbj ^blolp Qmrj`r ki tb` Vt Emajus%tb`%Emrtyr Okjhkj/ Eomh`j

Kstkglf/ ]u``j Emry Pjlv`rslty ki Okjhkj/ Meòm Yò`hmr/ Pjlv`rslty ki Yl`jjm/ Mjhr`m Vmuom mjhMo`csmjhrm X`clgmscl/ Pjlv`rslty ki Ptr`fbt*

@v`jtumooy/ tbmjcs d` tk ^rki`sskr Hr @ddm Ckfb ki tb` Pjlv`rslty ki Yl`jjm/ ey t`mfb`r mjh ey hrlvlja

ikrf`/ ikr ljtrkhuflja e` tk tb` Euabmos/ ikr sòio`ssoy sbmrlja tb` cjkwo`ha` mjh elrmfo` ki Euabmo

mrfblt`ftur` wltb e` mjh ikr d`lja `v`r pmtl`jt wltb ey ljqulrl`s mjh fkjtèpomtlkjs*

Mjh sk tbmjcs d` tk tb` Euabmos ikr fbkkslja e`*



0

Xb` Xked ki Elrzm Ablyms D`a X`brmjl `jtlto`h ‒Ltlemh uh%Hmuom/ =94<+6>

^o*=



9

L

Ljtrkhuftlkj

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Lj Guoy 4>>< L mpprkmfb`h ^rki`sskr @ddm Ckfb irke Yl`jjm/ `xpr`sslja ey ljt`r`st lj tb`

stuhl`s ki Euabmo @eplr`/ pmrtlfuomroy lj tb` ilòh ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* L bmh jkt cjkwj ki ^rki`sskr

Ckfb mjh b`r wkrc ujtlo L r`mh b`r arkujh%dr`mclja stuhy mdkut tb` Xmg Embmo emuskoùe* Mit`r

fkepo`tlja ey twk Dmfbòkr ki Mrts/ ilrst lj Mrt Blstkry wltb m tb`sls kj ‟Xb` Lsomelf Ekjue`jts ki

Fmlrk― lj 4>>0/ mjh s`fkjh lj Mrmdlf Omjauma` mjh Olt`rmtur` lj 4>>< mt tb` Pjlv`rslty ki Dòarmh`/ L

c`pt kj r`mhlja mjh hlsfkv`rlja tb` ljsplrlja ilòh ki Lsomelf mrfblt`ftur`* Mit`r r`mhlja ^rki`sskr

Ckfb“s `jfmptlvmtlja stuhy mdkut ime`h Euabmo sbrlj`/ L ikujh Euabmos mjh tb`lr mrt mjh mrfblt`ftur` mfrkwj g`wò ki Lsomelf mrt mjh mrfblt`ftur`* Ekr`kv`r/ L bmv` ikujh tbls/ mjh lt wloo rèmlj m ar`mt

skurf` ki ljsplrmtlkj ikr ey iutur` wkrc*

^rki`sskr Ckfb ljtrkhuf`h e` tk tb` Xked ki tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh hr`w ey mtt`jtlkj tk tb`

jàola`jt sfl`jtlilf tr`mte`jt ki tbls Euabmo ekjue`jt ki kutstmjhlja mjh ujsurpmsslja d`muty*

Motbkuab tb` tked r`pr`s`jts mj lee`hlmt` ikr`rujj`r tk tb` Xmg Embmo/ lt bms d``j ujh`s`rv`hoy

kv`rsbmhkw`h dy lts aokrlkus j`labdkrbkkh `v`r sljf`* Xb` tked wms h`hlfmt`h tk tb` blab Lrmjlmj

hlajltmry mjh Euabmo fkurtl`r ki tb` blab`st rmjcs lj tb` èplr`/ tb` eljlst`r ki Xr`msury mjh prle`

eljlst`r ki tb` Vtmt`/ Elrzm Ablyms Dà X`brmjl `jtlto`h L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Xb` tked dòkjas tk tb`

hkeò`ss fomss ki tb` Euabmo s`puofbrmo mrfblt`ftur` mjh imekusoy ljtrkhuf`s m wbko` ràlst`r ki

ljjkvmtlkjs sufb ms mhgklj`h tkw`rs mjh prkius` mjh òmdkrmt` h`fkrmtlv` t`fbjlqu`s ujs``j lj Lsomelf

Ljhlm mt tbmt tle`* Xbls tked bms d``j m c`ystkj` ki tb` trmjsltlkjmo pbms` ki fkokur mjh h`slaj "irke

r`h smjhstkj` tk wblt` emrdo`, ki tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ m oljc d`tw``j Mcdmrl dulohlja styo` ki

‟p`rskjmolty mrfblt`ftur`―= mjh Vbmbgmbmjl styo` ki ‟mrfblt`fturmo m`stb`tlflse―4* Dulot hurlja tb` r`laj

ki Gmbmjalr/ ikurtb ki tb` slx Euabmo èp`rkrs wbk msf`jh`h tk tb` Euabmo tbrkj`/ tbls semoo mjh

hòlfmt` emst`rpl`f` r`pr`s`jts tb` plkj``r `xmepo` ki tb` armfìuo us` ki wblt` emrdo`/ rmr` mjh sèl%

pr`flkus stkj`s/ ms wòo ms vldrmjt pmljtlja/ stuffk mjh eksmlf wkrc lj tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`*

J`v`rtbò`ss/ fkjslh`rlja tb` tked ms tb` ilrst Euabmo struftur` `v`r tk d` dulot lj emrdo` ls `rrkj`kus/

=Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* 4/ Mcdmr "=009%=9>0,7 Xb` Ma` ki ^`rskjmolty Mrfblt`ftur` "J`w Hòbl/ =<20,

4Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* 8/ pt =/ Xb` Ma` ki Mrfblt`fturmo M`stb`tlflse/ Vbmb G`bmj =942%=902 MH "J`w Hòbl 4>>0,



1

sljf` tb` emrdo` tked%sbrlj` ki Vuil sb`lcb Vmole Fblsbtl wms dulot dìkr`bmjh/ lj =02>%2=/ dy Mcdmr/

Gmbmjalr“s imtb`r* @v`j mit`r tb` `r`ftlja ki tbls Vuil sbrlj` wltblj tb` rkymo flty ki Imt`bpur Vlcrl/ tb` tkp

tl`r ki tb` Mcdmr“s tked wms dulot `jtlròy lj emrdo` gust ms wòo*

Dut wbmt ls lt tbmt hk`s emc` tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom stmjhlja ms m plkj``r mjh imr d`ykjh lts

fkjtèpkrmrl`s; Lt ls lts kv`rwbòelja h`fkrmtlkj prkarmee`7 lts pkoyfbrke` prkius` krjme`jtmtlkj

fkjslstlja ki ljtrlfmt` iokrmos/ styolz`h mrmd`squ`s/ mdstrmft a`ke`trlfmo h`slajs/ eksmlf t`fbjlqu`s/

`xqulslt` imámh` fmrvlja % dktb ljfls`h mjh dms%ròlì r`sèdolja ilj`st omf` èdrklh`ry wkrc/

`jfrkwj`h wltb omvlsb krjme`jtmtlkj lj sèl pr`flkus mjh rmr` stkj`s ljomy* Moo tb`s` w`r` ekstoy

ljsplr`h dy Lrmjlmj pomjt stuhl`s mjh tb`lr ektlis ki rlfb iokrm mjh imujm/ dut mosk dy Bljhu b`rltma`* Xbls

ls wbmt emh` tbls struftur` `ss`jtlmooy hlstljft irke mjy ktb`r Euabmo ekjue`jt ki tbmt tle`/ lts ilj`st

vlsumo do`jh ki twk strkja vlsumo fuotur`s ujlil`h ljtk mj kutstmjhlja mjh ujlqu` ekjue`jtmo

`xpr`sslkj* Mdkv` moo/ lt wms tb` Euabmo ljtrkhuftlkj ki tb` mrtlsltlf scloo fmoo`h ‒“pl`trm hurm““ "Ltmo* skolh

stkj`,/ mj ljtrlfmt` t`fbjlqu` ki pr`fls` ljomy ki rmr` mjh sèl%pr`flkus stkj`s ljtk tb` surimf` ki wblt`

emrdo`/ tbmt emh` tbls tked kutstmjhlja mjh mosk m c`y ekjue`jt ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* Lj tbls ljomy

mrt/ iljlsb`h solf`s ki sèl%pr`flkus kr rmr` stkj`s w`r` hòlfmtòy pomf`h lj sp`flmooy iltt`h spmf`s lj

emrdo` imámh` pomt`s mffkrhlja tk p`ri`ftoy fkepks`h jmturmolstlf mjh mdstrmft h`fkrmtlkj pmtt`rjs/

tbus emclja tb` ekjue`jt ms li lt wms fkv`r`h wltb ske` hmzzolja d`g`wòo`h lvkry fmrp`t*

J`v`rtbò`ss/ lt wms ske`tblja òs` mdkut tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom tbmt ^rki`sskr Ckfb hr`w ey

mtt`jtlkj tk3 hòlfmt` mjh moekst blhh`j tk tb` `y`s ki mv`rma` vl`w`r stmjhlja dìkr` tbls armfìuo

tked/ tb`r` ls m ekjue`jtmo Ck“rmjlf ljsfrlptlkj fmrv`h lj twk dmjhs wltblj tb` tked“s h`fkrmtlkj

prkarmee`* ^rki`sskr Ckfb r`v`mo`h tbmt/ ujtlo jkwmhmys/ jk kj` bmh pmlh mtt`jtlkj tk tbls ljsfrlptlkj

jkr `x`fut`h tb` r`mhlja+ljt`rpr`tlja ki tb` tked“s ekjue`jtmo ljsfrlptlkj lj lts iuoo kj tb` dmsls ki

sfl`jtlilf prljflpo`s ki `plarmpby ms wòo ms Lsomelf fmoolarmpby mjh Lsomelf ljsfrlptlkjs* Motbkuab tb`

ljsfrlptlkjs emc` m sudstmjtlmo pmrt ki tb` tked“s kutstmjhlja h`fkrmtlkj prkarmee`/ tb`y w`r` oìt

jào`ft`h mjh ujstuhl`h `v`r sljf`* Vk imr/ kjoy kj` sfbkomr lj tb` wkroh/ ^rki`sskr T* Jmtb/ tr`mt`h tb`

ljsfrlptlkj/ y`t qult` drlìoy mjh e`ròy lj mhhltlkj tk bls mrtlfo` lj tb` surv`y ki Gmbmjalrl mrfblt`ftur`6

*

Ekr`kv`r/ ^rki`sskr Dào`y mjh ^rki`sskr H`sml bmh tmc`j tb` plkj``r ìikrts lj fkoo`ftlja mjh

ljt`rpr`tlja tb` lepkslja Xmg Embmo Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee`/ mjh s`v`rmo ktb`r ekjue`jtmo

ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee`s ki tb` Euabmo @eplr`* \`t tb`y fkepo`tòy lajkr`h tb` `xlst`jf` ki tb`

6Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* 6/ Xb` Xrmjsltlkjmo ^bms` ki Fkokur mjh H`slaj7 G`bmjalr =9>0%=902 MH/ "J`w Hòbl =<<8,/

8=2%84=p*



2

ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` ki tb` Xked ki ‒Ltlemh uh%Hmuom/ motbkuab lt wms `x`fut`h o`ss tbmj m h`fmh`

dìkr` tb` fkepo`tlkj ki tb` Xmg Embmo ljsfrlptlkjs* Qbmt`v`r tb` r`mskj ikr tbls kelsslkj/ wb`tb`r lt

wms hu` tk tb` imft tbmt Ltlemh uh%Hmuom wms jkt m rkymo Euabmo tked kr ske` ktb`r imftkrs/ L bmv`

trl`h mjh sbmoo d` kds`rvlja tbls lepkrtmjt qu`stlkj iurtb`r lj ey pr`s`jt wkrc* Lj mhhltlkj tk tbls lssu`/

L sbmoo mosk hlsfuss lj pmrtlfuomr tb` fkjtrkv`rsy upkj tb` y`mr ki fkjstruftlkj ki tb` tked mjh fbmoo`ja`

tb` furr`jt ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkj kj tb` tked d`mrlja tb` y`mr ki fkjstruftlkj/

wblo` òmdkrmtlja ey kwj ljt`rpr`tmtlkj*

Dms`h kj ey scloos mjh `hufmtlkj lj Lsomelf mrt mjh Mrmdlf/ ^rki`sskr Ckfb mjh L mar``h tbmt/ ms m sudg`ft

ikr ey Emst`r ki Mrts prkarmee` ‟Xb` Xked ki Lntlemh uh%Hmuom7 Mrfblt`ftur`/ H`fkrmtlkj mjh

Ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme― mt tb` Pjlv`rslty ki Dòarmh`/ ujh`r b`r aulhmjf` L wkuoh tmc` kj tbls plkj``r

tmsc mjh sb`h ekr` olabt kj tbls ekjue`jt* L sbmoo mhhr`ss tb` c`y i`mtur`s ki tb` tked wblfb è`ra`h

hurlja ey ilòh wkrc mt tb` tked slt`/ dut ey emlj ikfus rèmljs kj stuhylja lts `plarmpblf prkarmee`*

Motbkuab tb` tked“s ljsfrlptlkj fkjstltut`s tb` f`jt`rpl`f` ki tbls Emst`r ki Mrts tb`sls/ L iljh

mhhr`sslja tb`s` c`y qu`stlkjs sufb ms fkjstruftlkj hmt` fkjtrkv`rsy/ Vkutb wmoo i`mtur`s mjh qu`stlkj

ki tked pmtrkjsblp+h`hlfmtlkj d`lja ki `qumo lepkrtmjf` lj fkjtrldutlja tk kur cjkwo`ha` lj Euabmo

mrfblt`ftur`

Xb` Dmslf r`s`mrfb qu`stlkjs ki ey pr`s`jt stuhy fkjf`rj hìljlja tb` tked“s ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee /

dktb ròlalkus mjh blstkrlf ms wòo ms hìljlja lts sp`flilf i`mtur`s ki mrfblt`fturmo mjh h`fkrmtlv`

prkarmee` L hlsfkv`r`h mt tb` tked slt`* Dy tbls L fkjslh`r mosk `xmeljlja b`r` tb` prkf`ss ki emclja

tb` pbktk%hkfue`jtmtlkj mt tb` tked slt`/ ey prlkr systèmtlf pr`pmrmtlkj dms`h kj r`mhlja tb`

rò`vmjt olt`rmtur`/ tutkrlmos wltb ^rki`sskr Ckfb lj Yl`jjm ms wòo ms wltb ktb`r prki`sskrs/ Lsomelf

tb`kokalmjs mjh sfbkomrs lj Hòbl mjh tb` Dmocmjs* Ilrstoy / L sbmoo stuhy tb` ròmtlkj d`tw``j iokrmo mjh

mdstrmft h`fkrmtlkj pmtt`rjs/ dktb ljslh` mjh kutslh` tb` tked mjh lj tb` kv`rmoo kutokkc ki tb`

dulohlja* V`fkjhoy / L sbmoo kds`rv` bkw tb` h`fkrmtlkj pmtt`rj mjh ljsfrlptlkjs i`mtur` tka`tb`r kj tb`

wmoos mjh lj wblfb emt`rlmo mjh styo` tb` fmoolarmpby dms%ròlì ls hkj`* M sp`flmo èpbmsls wloo d` put kj

tb` fkjt`jt ki sò`ft`h Vurmbs mjh wbmt wkuoh d` tb`lr e`mjlja/ `mrtboy mjh ktb`rwkrohoy/ ljt`rpr`t`h

s`pmrmtòy mjh tka`tb`r* Xblrhoy / L sbmoo pr`s`jt ey kwj ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` tked ljsfrlptlkjmo

prkarmee`/ tmclja ljtk fkjslh`rmtlkj wbk wms lts fr`mtkr/ wbk wms tb` r`mo pmtrkj/ wby tb` `xlstlja

sò`ftlkj ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjs wms pomf`h mt tb` ekjue`jt mjh `v`jtumooy wbmt wkuoh d` tb` ljsfrlptlkj

e`ssma` tk tb` r`mh`r mjh durl`h hlajltmrl`s*



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Ms w` mor`mhy cjkw/ tb` ljsfrlptlkjs ki Lsomelf dulohljas w`r` imr d`ykjh gust m e`r` h`fkrmtlkj*

Motbkuab ske`tle`s v`ry ljtrlfmtòy `x`fut`h mjh hliilfuot tk r`mh mjh ujh`rstmjh/ tb`y w`r` mowmys

e`mjljaiuo mjh fkjtèpomtlv`/ d`ykjh gust m e`r` h`fkrmtlkj* Xb`y w`r` e`mjt tk alv` m sp`flilf

e`mjlja tk m dulohlja mjh lts pmrtlfuomr prkarmee` wms mowmys m e`ssma`/ dktb vlsumo mjh ròlalkus/ dut

tk tbks` mdo` tk r`mh tb`s` wrltljas* Lj ktb`r wkrhs/ tb` ljsfrlptlkjs w`r` e`mjt tk fkeeujlfmt` lj

dktb ròlalkus mjh vlsumo t`res wltb tb` vl`w`r* Ikookwlja ey pr`s`jt r`s`mrfb/ L r`vl`w`h jue`rkus

stuhl`s h`hlfmt`h tk tb` blstkrlfmo/ ròlalkus mjh m`stb`tlf slajlilfmjf` ki Lsomelf ljsfrlptlkjs mjh Lsomelf

fmoolarmpby kv`r tb` pmst i`w y`mrs* Xbrkuab ey r`mhljas/ L bmv` stuhl`h dktb a`j`rmo mjh sp`flilf

`xmepo`s ki tb` lep`rlmo emuskoùes mjh eksqu`s ki tb` Euabmo èplr`* L bmv` d``j dulohlja ey kwj

stuhy hrlitlja d`tw``j mssueptlkjs mjh mss`sse`jts/ dktb elj` mjh tb` kj`s emh` dy hlstljaulsb`h

sfbkomrs wbks` stuhl`s L bmh r`mh lj krh`r tk mpprkmfb tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Xb`y w`r` bòplja

e` mjsw`r ske` ki tb` c`y qu`stlkjs ki ey kwj r`s`mrfb* Ey qu`stlkjs emljoy mhhr`ss`h tb`s`sfbkomrs“ stuhl`s/ "`ltb`r w`r` tb`y plkj``r stuhl`s kr stuhl`s omt`r fkjtrldutlja tk tb` sudg`ft,* Lj tbls

ràmrh/ L bmv` pmrtlfuomroy mppr`flmt`h stuhl`s kj Lsomelf ljsfrlptlkjs dy Vb`lom Domlr8 mjh @rlfm F* Hkhh0

kj bkw tk mpprkmfb mjh ujh`rstmjh ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee`s mt Lsomelf ekjue`jts/ ms wòo ms tb`

stuhl`s kj tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` ki tb` Xmg Embmo dy Qmyj` Dào`y mjh Wlmuhhlj H`sml9* Qb`j lt

fke`s tk tb` `ss`jtlmo o`mrjlja mdkut tb` Euabmo tked/ lts i`mtur`s mjh omwiuoj`ss/ L wms ekstoy aulh`h

mjh hlr`ft`h dy ^rki`sskr Ckfb b`rsòi mjh b`r stuhl`s12 ms wòo ms Elfbmò Drmjh“s< `xfòo`jt Euqmrjms

mrtlfo` kj lep`rlmo Euabmo tked mrfblt`ftur`* \`t tbls wms jkt m iuoo surv`y ki tb` `xlst`jt r`s`mrfb

olt`rmtur`* Motbkuab tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom ls smlh tk d` m rmtb`r lepkrtmjt trmjsltlkjmo emrc lj

Euabmo mrfblt`ftur` wb`r` Euabmos mdmjhkj`h usumo r`h+wblt` lep`rlmo pmtt`rj fomhhlja ikr

hlstljaulsb`h smjftliylja wblt`j`ss ki Tmgmstmjl emrdo`/ tb` tked wms jkt tr`mt`h suiilfl`jtoy lj

sfbkomroy t`res ki stuhy mjh r`s`mrfb* Mjy stuhy ki tbls armfìuo tked sk imr bmsj“t hkj` mjy gustlf` tk lt

y`t* Lj ktb`r wkrhs/ mjy sfbkomroy e`jtlkj ki lt wkuoh usumooy t`reljmt` ms m fkepoè`jtlja surv`y/ m

fbmpt`r fkjtrldutlja tk tb` stuhl`s ki ktb`r ekr` mppr`flmt`h mjh mfcjkwo`ha`h Euabmo ekjue`jts

"ms lj Ckfb @/ Msb`r F/ Veltb @*Q/ Drkwj ^/ Jmtb T*,/ ljmffurmtòy tr`mt`h "ms lj Kcmhm M/ Hmjdy E*, kr

wltbkut mjy e`jtlkj mt moo "ms lj Dào`y Q/ H`sml W *,* Ms li tb` tked wms jkt slajlilfmjt `jkuab ikr tb`

8DOMLT/ Vb`lom/ =<<2/ Lsomelf Ljsfrlptlkjs/ @hljdurab Pjlv`rslty ^r`ss

0HKHH F* @rlfm/ =<9</ ‟Xb` Lema` ki tb` Qkrh―/ Jkt`s kj tb` Tòlalkus Lfkjkarmpby ki Lsome/ D`rytus =2/ p60 %1<

9D@AO@\ @* Qmyj`*+H@VML M* Wlmkuhlj/ =<2</ Xmg Embmo7 Xb` Loouelj`h Xked7 Mj mjtbkokay ki V`v`jt``jtb%F`jtury Euabmo mjh

@urkp`mj Hkfue`jtmry Vkurf`s/ Fmedrlha`1

CKFB @ddm/ =<<=/ Euabmo Mrfblt`ftur`/ ^r`stò%Y`roma/ Eujlfb2

CKFB @ddm/ 4>>9/ Xb` Fkepo`t` Xmg Embmo/ Xbme`s mjh Buhskj Oth/ Okjhkj< DTMJH Elfbmò/ =<<6/ Krtbkhkxy/ Ljjkvmtlkj mjh T`vlvmo7 Fkjslh`rmtlkjs ki tb` ^mst lj Lep`rlmo Euabmo Xked Mrfblt`ftur`―/

Euqmrjms R/ 646%68



=>

stuhy lj lts kwj rlabt/ kr `v`j jkt d`lja lj tb` sme` sfmo` wltb ktb`r `xlstlja Euabmo ekjue`jts* Lj

ekst ki tb` rò`vmjt olt`rmtur`/ tb` emt`rlmo mdkut tb` moekst ikraktt`j tked lj Marm/ mod`lt jkt

`xbmustlv`/ prkv`h tk d` usìuo ms m a`j`rmo ljtrkhuftlkj tk tb` tked mjh ikr e` tk fkjhuft m stuhy ki

lt* Xbus/ ikr m stmrt/ L s`tto`h wltb tb` mvmlomdo` olt`rmtur`/ motbkuab L wms mwmr` ki tb` oleltmtlkjs

èmjmtlja irke tb` omfc kr ljmffurmt`j`ss ki kiilflmo r`fkrhs ki tb` ekjue`jts* Vljf` lt wms hliilfuot tk

o`mrj ekr` prkikujhoy mdkut tb` tked/ lts ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` mjh lts i`mtur`s ikr ey stuhy/ L w`jt

tk Ljhlm lj Guoy 4>=> tk vlslt tb` tked slt`*

Qblo` fr`mtlja tb` hrmit ikr ey ilòh wkrc/ tb` ekst lepkrtmjt pmrt wms tb` pomj ki tb` systèmtlf

tmclja ki tb` pbktk%hkfue`jtmtlkj mt tb` tked slt`* Lj tbls ràmrh/ tb` Dào`y=> mjh tb` H`sml== plkj``r

stuhl`s kj tb` ekjue`jtmo ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee`s ki tb` Xmg Embmo mjh tbr`` lep`rlmo eksqu`s

w`r` suròy tb` d`st `xmepo`s tk ròy kj mt tb` ljltlmo eke`jt* D`lja mwmr` ki tb` hrmwdmfc ki tb`s`

sfbkomrs“ wkrc/ tbmt ls/ tb` imft tbmt tb`y fkepo`tòy lajkr`h tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` ki tb` tked ki

L“tlemh uh%Hmuom % `v`j li lt wms lee`hlmtòy dulot prlkr tk tb` fkjstruftlkj ki Xmg Embmo ‖ lt bòp`h e`

mpprkmfb ey kwj tmsc mjh ujh`rstmjh tb` us` mjh e`mjlja ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjs kj Euabmo tkeds/ l`*

eksqu`s* Dào`y mjh H`sml fkoo`ft`h mjh pudolsb`h ikr tb` ilrst tle` sljf` tb` s`v`jt``jtb f`jtury tb`

fkepo`t` pbktk%hkfue`jtmtlkj ki tb` ekjue`jtmo Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjs ki tb` Xmg Embmo* Lj tb`lr

stuhy/ mffkrhlja tk tb` pbktkarmpbs tmc`j/ twk sfbkomrs pr`s`jt`h lj krh`r hlii`r`jt pmrts ki tb`

ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` ms m wbko` mjh ujlqu` prkarmee` tbrkuab blstkrlf mjh prkikujh ròlalkus

ljt`rpr`tmtlkj* Mpmrt irke tb` blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkjs/ tb` Xmg Embmo ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` wms ekstoyfkepks`h ki fmrìuooy sò`ft`h Ckr“mjlf pmssma`s wltb h``p `sfbmtkokalfmo e`mjlja* Xb` twk sfbkomrs

tbus pr`s`jt`h m arkujh%dr`mclja stuhy fkjslstlja ki pbktk%hkfue`jtmtlkj mjh fkepo`t` trmjsomtlkjs

ki moo tb` Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjs kj tb` tked* Bkw`v`r/ lj ey kpljlkj/ motbkuab tb` pbktkarmpbs ki Xmg

Embmo ljsfrlptlkjs w`r` tmc`j lj wbko`/ tb`y stloo s`è tk d` imr irke d`lja suff`ssiuooy hkfue`jt`h/

pbktkarmpb`h mjh pr`s`jt`h* \`t/ tb`lr stuhy wms vmoumdo` mjh lepkrtmjt lj tb` prkf`ss ki dulohlja ey

cjkwo`ha` mjh v`ry wòfke` ms mj ljtrkhuftlkj tk tb` sudg`ft ki ey ilòh wkrc* Lj mhhltlkj tk tbls/

d`mrlja lj eljh tbmt ey lepr`sslkjs sbkuoh jkt d` tmc`j `ltb`r frltlfmo kr guhae`jtmo kv`r Dào`y+H`sml

stuhl`s/ L mookw eysòi tk ikreuomt` m frltlfmo vl`w ki tb` e`jtlkj`h olt`rmtur` L us`h* Lj pmrtlfuomr/ L i`ò

tb` lepkrtmjf` tk blabolabt tb` pkkr qumolty ki tb` pr`s`jtmtlkj lj tb` pbktkarmpby omy kut "tb` sme`

=>D@AO@\ @* Qmyj`/ =<2=/ Xb` Vyedkolf Tko` ki Fmoolarmpby kj Xbr`` Lep`rlmo Eksqu`s ki Vbmb Gmbmj/ Cmomhmrsmjm7 Me`rlfmj

Vtuhl`s lj tb` Mrt ki Ljhlm/ `h* dy Gkbj Qloolmes/ Me`rlfmj Ljstltut` ki Ljhlmj Vtuhl`s/ J`w Hòbl==

D@AO@\ @* Qmyj`+H@VML M* Wlmkuhlj/ Xmg Embmo7 Xb` Loouelj`h Xked



==

mppol`s tk tb` pudolsb`h pr`s`jtmtlkj/ l`* dkkc ltsòi, mjh/ `v`j ekr` lepkrtmjtoy/ lssu`s tk hk wltb tb`

trmjsomtlkj ki tb` blaboy hòlfmt` ròlalkus ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee`*

Lj ey frltlfmo vl`w ki olt`rmtur` L sbkuoh p`rbmps ilrstoy fomrliy lj drlì ey kds`rvmtlkjs ràmrhlja tb` Xmg

Embmo ljsfrlptlkjs mt tb` emuskoùe slt` mjh s`fkjhoy/ tb` ljsfrlptlkjs pbktkarmpby omy kut lj

Dào`y+H`sml stuhy* Xb` pbktk%hkfue`jtmtlkj s`ftlkj tmc`j irke moo `labt surrkujhlja mrfb`s lj tb`

tked ljt`rlkr wms hkj` irke qult` mj ljfkjv`jl`jt mjao`/ mjh tb` pbktkarmpbs w`r` tbus oìt rmtb`r lj

mj ujr`mhmdo` stmt` mjh blaboy ljtrlfmt` ikr tb` r`mh`r!s `y`* L dms` ey kds`rvmtlkj upkj tb`

mssueptlkj tbmt `ltb`r scloo`h sfbkomr kr mhelr`r stmjhlja dìkr` tb` Xmg ljt`r`st`h `ltb`r lj Euabmo mrt

mjh mrfblt`ftur` kr Lsomelf ljsfrlptlkjs "bmvlja scloos lj Mrmdlf kr jkt, wkuoh prkdmdoy r`mh tb` lepkslja

mjh d`mutliuo Xmg ljsfrlptlkjs jkt gust lj lts iuoo/ dut mosk mt lts d`st* Dy okkclja fmrìuooy mt tb` `plarmpblf

pbktk%hkfue`jtmtlkj ki tb` tked ljt`rlkr/ lt ls kdvlkus tbmt tb` lssu` bmh jktblja tk hk wltb tb` skurf`

ki olabt/ dut rmtb`r wltb tb` wmy tb` pbktkarmpbs bmh d``j tmc`j* Xb`rìkr`/ L fkuoh jkt bòp dut

wkjh`r ‖ li pbktkarmpbs ki tb` ktb`r ljsfrlptlkjmo s`ftlkjs ki tb` ljt`rlkr/ jmeòy tb` kj`s lj tb` hke`

hrue bmh d``j tmc`j kj` mt m tle` "kr kj` p`r sbkt, ‖ tb`j wby tb` sme` bmh jkt d``j hkj` wltb tb`

ljsfrlptlkjs ki `labt mrfb`s ki tb` tked ljt`rlkr* Lj tb`s` t`res/ `v`j li w` hk s`tto` wltb tb` pbktk%

hkfue`jtmtlkj ki tb` Xmg ljt`rlkr ljsfrlptlkjs alv`j ms tb`y mr`/ tb` @jaolsb trmjsomtlkj+ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki

tb` Bkoy Ckr“mjlf v`rs`s ki tbls lepkslja `plarmpblf prkarmee` ls imr irke d`lja smtlsiylja ikr

ljt`rpr`tlja mjh ujh`rstmjhlja kj` ki tb` ekst m`tb`r`mo h`fkrmtlkjs kj @mrtb* Ekr` pr`flsòy put/ tb`

pr`s`jt Dào`y+H`sml trmjsomtlkj ki tb` Xmg Embmo Ckr“mjlf v`rs`s ls jkt hklja gustlf` tk lts Eusoler`mh`r "m sudg`ft blaboy ujolcòy tk d` jàolaldo` b`r`,/ sljf` moo Ckr“mjlf trmjsomtlkjs prkvlh`h lj tb`

wkroh kutslh` tb` Lsomelf omjhs sk imr mr` jktblja dut m e`r` r`%ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` bkoy wkrh ki

Ckr“mj mjh jkt tb` Bkoy Ckr“mj ltsòi* Xbmt ls/ L me ilre lj ey fkjfouslkj tbmt Dào`y+H`sml ljsfrlptlkjs

stuhy "trmjsomtlkjs, ekst hìljltòy lsj“t tb` krlaljmo wkrh ki tb` T`vòmtlkj ki tb` Bkoy Ckr“mj pr`s`jt`h

lj Xmg“s ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` lj sltu* Mjh li w` `v`r s`tto` wltb tb` @jaolsb trmjsomtlkj mjh jào`ft tb`

c`y lepkrtmjf` ki Mrmdlf sfrlpt/ wkuohj“t tbmt d` tb` sme` ms li w` bmh fkpl`s ki tb` Ckr“mj lj Q`st`rj

wkroh wltbkut tb` Mrmdlf fbmpt`rs/ kr `v`j/ ms li w` pomy`h tb` Ckr“mj kj m FH h`vlf` lj @jaolsb ljst`mh

ki mtt`jhlja prmy`rs lj m eksqu`;

L me mosk d`lja ilre lj ey kpljlkj tbmt ròlalkus ljsfrlptlkjs èdrmflja `mfb fkrj`r ki tb` ekjue`jt

wbks` slajlilfmjf` surpmss`s tle`/ ma`s/ vlsumo fuotur`s/ dktb tbls wkroh mjh kj` d`ykjh/ slepoy fmjjkt

bmv` m ujlv`rsmo trmjsomtlkj* L dòl`v` @jaolsb omjauma` fmjjkt d` tb` kjoy omjauma` r`v`molja "d`mrlja,

tb` e`ssma`s `jfrypt`h ljtk tb` surimf` ki tbls tleò`ss sbrlj`* L me rmlslja tb`s` qu`stlkjs jkt qult`



=4

ikr tb` smc` ki pbktkarmpby m`stb`tlfs kr tb` qumolty ki tb` Xmg Embmo `plarmpblf pbktk%hkfue`jtmtlkj/

dut rmtb`r ekr` ikr tb` smc` ki pr`s`jt "olc` eysòi, mjh iutur` r`mh`rs lj Mrmdlf mjh Lsomelf `plarmpby

wbks` mtt`jtlkj sbkuoh jkt d` `ltb`r hlsmdo`h kr wltbbòh dy hrmwdmfcs ki tbls cljh* Qltb ràmrhs tk

tbls emtt`r/ li L wms alv`j tb` prlvloà` lj tb` iutur` tk stuhy tb` Xmg“s ljsfrlptlkjs eysòi/ L wkuoh

mpprkmfb tbè wltb tb` utekst mtt`jtlkj tk tb` `y` mjh vlsumo fkjf`rj ms L hlh lj ey pr`s`jt stuhy ki

tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Xbus/ e``tlja dktb tb` vlsumo mjh r`mhlja `xp`ftmtlkjs ki tb` kds`rv`r/

wb`tb`r kj` bmh prlkr ròlalkus kr blstkrlf cjkwo`ha`/ wkuoh r`suot lj iuoo`r ujh`rstmjhlja ki tb` Xmg“s

ljsfrlptlkjs* Vk wb`j lt fke`s tk tb` r`mhlja ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom tked

lj ey pr`s`jt stuhy/ lt wloo ikfus kj pr`flsòy tmc`j mjh systèmtlfmooy pr`s`jt`h pbktk%hkfue`jtmtlkj/

fkepks`h ki kj` ljsfrlptlkj pmjò p`r pbktkarmpb/ ikookw`h dy dktb stmjhmrh Mrmdlf trmjsfrlptlkj mjh

@jaolsb trmjsomtlkj* Xb`rìkr`/ fkepo`t` pbktkarmpblf hkfue`jtmtlkj ki tb` twk dmjhs prkarme ki

Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjs kj tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom wloo d` mssèdo`h b`r` ikr tb` ilrst tle` mjhikookw`h dy mh`qumt` trmjsfrlptlkjs mjh trmjsomtlkjs hlspomy`h kj sme` pma`s*

Ey e`tbkhkokay lj mpprkmfblja tbls tmsc mjh wrltlja tbls pr`s`jt stuhy wms dms`h kj tb` cjkwo`ha`

mjh scloos tbmt L amlj`h irke tb` rmja` ki hlsflpolj`s olc` Mrt blstkry/ Mrmdlf/ Blstkry/ A`j`mokay/ Dktmjy/

fmoolarmpby/ mosk Ckr“mj mjh ktb`r ròlalkus t`xts olc` trmhltlkjmo Lsomelf `xà`sls Xmislr* Mpprkmfblja mjh

stuhylja m ekjue`jt ki tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur` fkjslh`rs cjkwlja mjh fkepoè`jtlja tb`s`

hlsflpolj`s/ ikr `mfb kj` ki tbè ls rò`vmjt mjh lj`vltmdo` lj foks`r hlsfkv`rlja/ h`t`reljlja mjh

ujh`rstmjhlja mraumdoy tb` rlfb`st fuoturmo b`rltma` mekja tb` Eusole rkymo hyjmstl`s* Hurlja eyr`mhljas "pmrtlfuomroy ki Dào`y+H`sml stuhy,/ L wms blaboy surprls`h tk o`mrj mdkut tb` strlclja

fkjaru`jf` d`tw``j tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee` ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh tbmt ki Xmg Embmo* Mftumooy

i`w Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`rs r`p`mt lj tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee`s ki dktb tkeds* Fbmpt`rs Jk*82 mo%Imtb

"tb` Ylftkry, mjh Jk*91 Mo%Euoc "tb` Hkeljlkj, w`r` sò`ft`h ikr ròlalkus ljsfrlptlkjs wblfb h`fkrmt`h

tb` sme` mrfblt`fturmo òè`jts ki dktb tkeds7 Fbmpt`r mo%Euoc % ljslh` ki tb` Xmg hke` hrue mjh

ljslh` ki tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmuom sup`r struftur` r`sp`ftlvòy3 Fbmpt`r mo%Imtb ‖ ujikohs mokja tb` mrfb`s ki

tb` Xmg“s tked ljt`rlkr mjh kutslh` moo ikur wmoos ki tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmuom,* Xrutb d` tkoh/ lt ls jkt pkssldo`

tk smy pr`flsòy wb`tb`r tb` sò`ftlkj ki Ckr“mjlf pmssma`s kj tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom "fkepo`t`h

lj =94<+6>/ l`* gust i`w y`mrs dìkr` tb` Xmg Embmo fkjstruftlkj dàmj, emy bmv` ljiou`jf`h tbmt ki tb`

Xmg Embmo* J`v`rtbò`ss/ ey fkepmrmtlv` r`mhlja ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmee`s ki tb`s` twk vlsumooy

foksòy ròmt`h tkeds elabt o`mh us tk tbmt fkjfouslkj* Bkw`v`r/ ske` Xmg Embmo ilaur`s emy s`rv` us

wòo b`r`/ tb`rìkr` L sbmoo mhhr`ss tbls emtt`r lj h`tmlo omt`r lj ey ljsfrlptlkj fbmpt`r*



=6

Lj tb` ikrtbfkelja fbmpt`rs L sbmoo try ikfuslja skoòy kj tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh lts i`mtur`s/

wltbkut emclja mjy j`f`ssmry fkepmrlskjs `ltb`r tk pr`f`h`jt kr suff``hlja Euabmo tkeds* Kds`rvlja

mjh stuhylja tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom irke tb` lee`hlmt` prkxlelty wms ljfkepmrmdo` tk mjy dkkc

L bmv` `v`r r`mh kj Lsomelf mrfblt`ftur` sk imr* Qòo pr`s`rv`h mjh wòo fkjhltlkj`h/ tb` tked ujikoh`h

tk e` wltb lts d`melja aokw mjh d`muty ms li lt wms dulot jkt ma`s mak/ dut gust m wblo` mak* Bmvlja d``j

okja `jkuab ujh`r omy`rs ki tle`/ ujh`rstmtè`jt mjh kdolvlkj/ tb` ekjue`jt mjh tb` amrh`j skuabt

tk r`fmptur` mj mhelr`r“s `y` mjh d` r`hlsfkv`r`h lj tb` pr`s`jt* Mdkv` moo/ tb` h`fkrmtlkj ki tb` tked/

lts prljflpmo mjh ekst d`mutliuo i`mtur`/ wms blhlja ske`tblja `v`j ekr` hòlfmt`3 leemfuomt` wblt`

emrdo` dmjhs ki ekjue`jtmo Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkj iokwlja kv`r tb` wbko` dkhy ki tb` tked* Okkclja

pur` mjh smjftliylja olc` m bmok èdrmflja tb` tked/ tb` ljsfrlptlkj fmptlvmt`h e` irke tb` ilrst

eke`jt* Irke tb`j kj/ L r`molz`h tbmt mjy ùpbèlses/ r`sèdomjf`s mjh fkepmrlskjs `*a* ‟Dmdy Xmg―/

‟Oltto` Xmg―/ ‟hrmit ikr Xmg Embmo―/ ‟g`wò fmsc`t―/ `tf* wkuoh slepoy jkt hk gustlf` tk tbls kutstmjhljaekjue`jt fkepo`t`h mt tb` v`ry hmwj ki rlslja ki tb` eytblf ‟Loouelj`h tked―=4*

L bmh kp`j`h tb` rkymo Marm g`wò dkx mjh ikujh tb` ikraktt`j aèstkj` ki tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmuom*

=4D@AO@\ Q*@*+H@VML W*M/ kp* flt *



=8

‟ Xb` @mrtb wms olc` m emrdo` mjh L wms m almjt kj lt ―

Xrmjsaokdmo Pjh`rarkujh



=0

L

Dkhy ki Qkrc

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

=* Blstkrlfmo ljtrkhuftlkj

Euabmo tked amrh`j mjh @labt amrh`js ki pmrmhls`

Euabmo lep`rlmo tked ls tb` omjhemrc ki tb` hyjmstlf mrfblt`ftur` ki tb` Euabmos mjh y`t fkjtrkv`rslmo

tbmj mjy ktb`r Euabmo mrfblt`fturmo typ`* Jk ktb`r ràlkj lj tb` wkroh dìkr` bmh sk emjy emuskoùes

dktb lj suff`sslkj mjh lj ekjue`jtmo sfmo`* J`v`rtbò`ss/ Euabmos j`v`r fkjstruft`h kj` mjh ujlqu`

iuj`rmry ekjue`jt lj krh`r tk fr`mt` m sljao` hyjmstlf emuskoùe ki tb` ekst lepr`sslv` mjh omstljacljh* Mosk/ j`ltb`r mjy ki èp`rkrs w`r` `v`j durl`h lj kj` sme` flty* Xb`r` w`r` slx ki Euabmo

èp`rkrs mjh mosk slx fkepo`tòy hlii`r`jt lep`rlmo armv`s mjh tkeds % Dmdur!s lj Cmduo/ Buemyuj!s lj

Hòbl/ Mcdmr!s mt Vlcmjhrm/ Gmbmjalr!s mt Ombkr`/ Vbmb Gmbmj!s lj Marm/ mjh Murmjaz`d!s j`mr Murmjamdmh*

Motbkuab tb` ma` ki tb` Euabmos wms d`ykjh mjy ktb`r ruo` lj Lsomelf wkroh mjh fkjslh`r`h m p`rlkh ki

stmt` `xpmjslkj mjh tb` blab`st mfbl`vè`jts lj mrt mjh mrfblt`ftur`/ tb` i`mtur`s ki rkymo tked

rèmlj`h ujhìlj`h lj t`res wbmt fkjstltut`h mj mpprkprlmt` Euabmo lep`rlmo tked* @v`ry Euabmo

èp`rkr bmh tb` s`pmrmt` tked dulot ikr blesòi stmjhlja lj tb` fomss ki lts kwj/ `mfb kj` hlstljaulsb`h

irke mjktb`r lj fkjstruftlkj/ h`slaj mjh d`muty* Durlmo mjh `jtkede`jt lj Euabmo èplr` w`r` `v`r

sljf` h`t`relj`h dy hlii`r`jt skflmo mjh blstkrlfmo imftkrs/ mdkv` moo7 tb` ròlalkj/ tb` mjf`stry mjh tb`

èplr`* \`t tb` emlj amp lj emuskoùe h`vòkpe`jt wms d`tw``j Lsomelf krtbkhkxy kj kj` bmjh mjh

lep`rlmo prmftlf` kj tb` ktb`r* Qb`j lt fke`s tk Lsomelf rltumo ki durlmo/ mffkrhlja tk Ckr“mj/ jktblja

ekr` ls d`lja r`qulr`h tbmj m slepo` ujfkv`r`h armv` purlil`h dy rmlj ms syedko ki buelolty3 bkw`v`r/ lj

Bljhu trmhltlkj h`mh dkhl`s mr` fkjslh`r`h lepur`/ sk struftur`/ kv`r m dkhy ls mosk lepur`* Xbus/ tb`

dkhy sbkuoh d` frèmt`h ms skkj ms kj` pmss`h mwmy mjh tb`lr msb`s hòlv`r`h tk tb` purliylja ikrf` ki

tb` bkoy rlv`r* \`t Euabmo lep`rlmo tked fkjtlju`h lts strufturmo h`vòkpe`jt ljiou`jf`h mosk dy

Eusole smljts! tkeds/ struftur`s kit`j fkv`r`h mjh ekjue`jtmo mjh tbus d`fme` mj mot`rjmtlv` ekhò

ikr rkymo durlmo slt`s* Lj tb`lr `jtkede`jt prmftlf`s/ Euabmos w`r` pmrtlfuomroy aulh`h dy twk trmhltlkjs

ki iuj`rmry mrfblt`ftur` wblfb w`r` mftumooy pmrts ki tb`lr b`rltma`7 kj` tbrkuab tb`lr Xleurlh mjf`stry

mjh tb` ktb`r tbrkuab tb`lr fkjqu`st l*`* Hòbl Vuotmjmt`* Vp`mclja ki tb`lr mjf`stry/ Xleur/ bls skjs mjh

armjhskjs w`r` moo durl`h "stmrtlja irke =8>0, lj m Vmemrqmjh emuskoùe cjkwj ms tb` Aur%l%Melr



=9

wblfb tbus d`fme` m hyjmstlf emuskoùe* Xbls struftur`/ m ekhlil`h kftmakj wltb m prkg`ftlja pkrtmo

wltb lts hkudo` hke` kv`r tb` tkp wms m fo`mr stmtè`jt lj fkjtrldutlja tk wbmt tkekrrkw wloo d` tb`

armjh hyjmstlf emuskoùe ki tb`j rlslja Euabmo èplr`* Bkw`v`r/ irke tb`lr Ljhlmj trmhltlkj Euabmos

ljb`rlt`h m tru` mrfblt`fturmo b`rltma` tbrkuab frmitemjsblp mjh scloos lj okja%t`re dulohlja ki

ekjue`jts* Mffkrhlja tk Elfbmò Drmjh mjh bls kutstmjhlja `ssmy kj lep`rlmo Euabmo tked

mrfblt`ftur`=6 Euabmo tked imf`s twk emgkr lssu`s tbrkuab lts h`vòkpe`jt* Xb` ilrst ls tbmt mit`r

moekst m f`jtury Euabmo hyjmsty wms `stmdolsb`h/ tb`r` wms stloo jk fkjs`jsus ki mj mpprkprlmt`

lep`rlmo tked* Xb` s`fkjh lssu` ls tbmt tb` pmtrkjma`/ h`slaj mjh fkjstruftlkj ki `v`ry Euabmo lep`rlmo

tked w`r` kit`j ljiou`jf`h dy tb` frlsls mjh tureklos ki hyjmstlf r`dòolkj* Xbls ls bkw w` bmv` akt

tkhmy ikur lepkslja emuskoùes "ki slx `xlstlja Euabmo èp`rkrs,/ `mfb kj` ki tbè dulot lj lts kwj

t`res ki fkjstruftlkj/ h`slaj mjh d`muty* \`t/ m omra` hke`h emuskoùe "ekstoy okfmt`h dy tb` rlv`r,

s`t tka`tb`r wltb ikremo squmr` amrh`j lj m gkljt pomj fmoo`h ‒“fbmr dmab““ wb`r` tb` f`jtr` ki m omraàmrh`j ls kffupl`h wltb ekjue`jtmo tked wloo `stmdolsb m iutur` ekhò ikr tb` Euabmo iuj`rmry

amrh`j/ l*`* Euabmo iuj`rmry mrfblt`ftur`*

Fbmr dmab hmt`s irke Mfbmè`jlh ^`rslm mjh lj Ljhlm lt d`fme` foksòy lh`jtlil`h wltb tb` fkjf`pt ki

tb` Euabmo lep`rlmo emuskoùe* Fbma dmab ls ^`rslmj ikr ikur amrh`js/ m ekhò suff`ssiuooy ljtrkhuf`h

lj tb` Euabmo iuj`rmry mrfblt`ftur`* Xb`r` mr` kv`r kj` bujhr`h mjh tw`jty rì`r`jf`s tk tb`

‟Amrh`j― lj tb` Ckr“mj/ tb` pbrms` ekst fkeekjoy us`h d`lja gmjjmt mo ilrhmws/ e`mjlja amrh`j "mo%

Gmjjmt/ , ki pmrmhls` "mo%Ilrhmws, kr iurtb`rekr`/ Xb` blab`st o`vò ki ^mrmhls`,* Xb` mekujt ki

`pltb`ts us`h wltb ‒“ gmjjmt ‒“ ljhlfmt`s m pomf` jkt kjoy `v`rp`mfìuo mjh fkeikrtlja/ dut mosk m sbòt`r`h

mjh smi` r`tr`mt "mo%Cbmowm,* Kj kj` o`vò tbls `vkc`s tb` olt`rmo lema` ki wmt`r "fbmjjòs, iokwlja ujh`r

tb` pmtbwmys lj krh`r tk lrrlamt` tb` iokw`rd`hs* \`t tb` ekr` prkikujh o`vò tbls suaa`sts tb`

jurturlja ki tb` ‟amrh`j wltblj― dy tb` `v`r%iokwlja wmt`rs ki tb` splrlt wblfb purliy tb` skuo* Ljh``h/

wmt`r ls syedkolf ki tb` skuo lj emjy smfr`h trmhltlkjs/ rìo`ftlja tb` skuo“s mdlolty tk r`j`w ltsòi wblo

rèmljlja tru` tk lts skurf`* Xb` olj`s mekja tb` ekst kit`j us`h lj Cur“mj "kv`r tblrty tle`s, mr` tb`

kj`s ki Vurm Jk4 mo Dmqmrm " ,/ tb` okja`st Vurm ki Ckr“mj7

‟Amrh`js ujh`rj`mtb wblfb rlv`rs iokw―/=8

=6DTMJH/ Elfbmò/ Krtbkhkxy/ Ljjkvmtlkj/ mjh T`vlvmo % Fkjslh`rmtlkjs ki tb` ^mst lj Lep`rlmo Euabmo Xked Mrfblt`ftur`

=8 Bkoy Ckr“mj/ 4740



=1

Xb` ekst h`tmlo`h mffkujt ki tb` Amrh`js ki ^mrmhls` lj tb` ]ur“mj ls lj Vurm 00 mr%Tmbemj/ ‟Xb`

Moe`rfliuo― " ,* Ikur amrh`js mr` h`sfrld`h/ hlvlh`h ljtk twk pmlrs* Xb` okw`st pmlr mr` tb`

Amrh`j ki tb` Vkuo mjh tb` Amrh`j ki tb` B`mrt/ r`s`rv`h ikr tb` Tlabt`kus mjh tb` blab`r pmlr mr` tb`

Amrh`j ki tb` Vplrlt mjh tb` Amrh`j ki tb` @ss`jf`/ r`s`rv`h ikr tb` Ikrèkst* ^`rbmps tb` ekst

d`mutliuo olj`s smylja tb` mdkut tb` Lsomelf amrh`j smy mdkut m ar`mt hke` ki ektb`r%p`mro r`stlja kj

ikur fkrj`r ploomrs kj wblfb mr` wrltt`j tb` ikur òè`jts ki tb` Dmsemom wltb ikur rlv`rs iokwlja irke

tb` f`jtr`/ kj` ki wmt`r/ kj` ki eloc/ kj` ki bkj`y mjh kj` ki wlj`7

B`r` ls m Amrh`j ki tb` ^mrmhls`

wblfb tb` rlabt`kus mr` prkels`h7

lj lt mr` rlv`rs ki wmt`r ljfkrruptldo`3

rlv`rs ki eloc ki wblfb tb` tmst` j`v`r fbmja`s3

rlv`rs ki wlj`/ m gky tk tbks` wbk hrljc3

mjh rlv`rs ki bkj`y purlil`h*

Lj lt tb`r` mr` ikr tbè moo cljhs ki irults3

mjh Armf` irke tb`lr Okrh*=0

Xb`rìkr`/ lt fke`s ms jk surprls` tbmt ikur%ikoh ikre ki tb` Lsomelf Amrh`j ls jkt gust m bmrekjlkus mjh

d`mutliuo h`slaj/ dut ljfkrpkrmt`s m fkepo`x mjh prkikujh e`mjlja msclja ikr ekr` prkikujh stuhl`s

s`pmrmt`h irke ey pr`s`jt kj`* Ms w` cjkw/ tb` fomsslf fbmr dmab pomj wms hlvlh`h ljtk ikur pokts/ske`tle`s ljtk ikur iurtb`r pokts/ m fkepksltlkj ki ekst amrh`j pmtt`rjs* Olabt mjh wmt`r ki tb` amrh`j

w`r` fkjstmjt e`tmpbkrs % tb` fbmjjòs ki wmt`r irke tb` f`jtrmo ikujtmlj kr pkko w`r` fkjstruft`h

sk tbmt tb` pkko wms mowmys kv`riokwlja/ olc` tb` `t`rjmooy%iokwlja wmt`rs lj tb` ^mrmhls` amrh`j* Xb`s`

iokws ki wmt`r/ usumooy emclja fmrhljmo mxls lj amrh`j/ w`r` kit`j mttrldut`h tk tb` bkoy rlv`rs ki mjfl`jt

=0 Bkoy Ckr“mj/ 817=0



=2

wkroh "Ljh`s/ Amja`s/ @upbrmt mjh Jlo`, kr pmrmhlslmfmo pktlkjs "wlj`/ wmt`r/ eloc/ mjh bkj`y,* Amrh`j

wms usumooy surrkujh`h dy blab wmoos wltb amt`wmys tk tb` amrh`js/ usumooy kj` lj tb` f`jtr` ki `mfb

wmoo* Xb` amt`wmy ls smlh tk d` msskflmt`h wltb tb` elbrmd/ tb` mrfb`h jlfb` tbmt ljhlfmt`s tb` ]ldom "tb`

hlr`ftlkj ki E`ffm, lj tb` wmoo ki m eksqu`* Kj` ki tb` iujhme`jtmo e`mjljas ki dktb tb` amt`wmy mjh

tb` elbrmd ls tbmt tb`y r`pr`s`jt tb` `jtrmjf` tk tb` fò`stlmo wkroh/ tb` b`mv`joy amrh`js kdvlkusoy*

Jkw b`r` mr` tb` krlaljmo pomjs ki tb` `mroy h`vòkpe`jt ki tb` fbmr dmab amrh`j lj ^`rslm*

Ila* =m Ila* =d Ila* =f

m + Krlaljmo pomj ki fbmr dmab wltb ikur fbmjjòs rujjlja irke ikujtmlj lj tb` f`jtr` tk fbmjjòs mrkujh tb` ikur amrh`js oljc`h dy drlha`s

d + Fbmr dmab wltb kjoy kj` wmt`r fbmjjò/ tr`` olj`h pmtbs mjh ikur oltto` pkjhs surrkujhlja tb` ikujtmlj lj tb` f`jtr`

f + Fbmr dmab wltb pmtbs mjh f`jtrmo pkjh wltb jk wmt`r fbmjjòs

Mffkrhlja tk ^rki`sskr Ckfb“s stuhy kj tb` Xmg Embmo tb` rlv`rirkjt amrh`js ki Marm=9 tb`r` w`r` tbr``

typ`s ki Euabmo fbmr dmab7 lh`mo amrh`j "fbmr dmab,/ t`rrmf` amrh`j mjh wmt`rirkjt amrh`j*

Lh`mo ikre ki Euabmo amrh`j ls squmr` lj ikre/ hlvlh`h ljtk ikur `qumo squmr` pmrts wltb wmocwmys lj

frkss%mxls* Lj tb` f`jtr` ki tb` amrh`j tb`r` ls mowmys m struftur` s`t % usumooy m amrh`j pmvlolkj/ dut

ekr` kit`j m tked* Xb` fkepksltlkj ls surrkujh`h dy m wmoo irke moo slh`s wltb fkrj`r tkw`rs* Xbls

amrh`j ikre wltb m f`jtrmooy pomf`h dulohlja d`fme` tb` d`st cjkwj ilaur` ki Euabmo iuj`rmry amrh`j

lj lts ekst ekjue`jtmo mjh p`ri`ftoy pomjj`h `xpr`sslkj*

X`rrmf` Euabmo amrh`j wms h`vòkp`h lj Cmduo mjh Cmsbelr mit`r tb` F`jtrmo Mslmj fkjf`pt ki m amrh`j

okfmt`h kj tb` okfmo omjhsfmp` sokp`s* Xb` emlj struftur`s w`r` usumooy `r`ft`h kj tb` t`rrmf`s mokja m

emlj wmt`r fbmjjò wblfb mftumooy ikre`h m f`jtrmo mxls* Xb` s`pmrmt`h t`rrmf`s emy bmv` tb` krlaljmo

ikur%ikoh ikre/ gust ms lj tb` lep`rlmo amrh`js lj Cmsbelr/ ikujh`h dy Vbmb Gmbmj lj =94>*

=9CKFB @ddm/ Xb` Fkepo`t` Xmg Embmo/ p*48



=<

Euabmo wmt`rirkjt amrh`j wms fr`mt`h dy tb` Euabmos hu` tk tb` mutb`jtlf Ljhk%amja`tlf omjhsfmp`*

Xb`r` tb` amrh`j struftur`s w`r` jkt f`jtrmooy pksltlkj`h ms lj tb` fomsslf fbmr dmab/ dut kj tb` kj`

slh` ki tb` amrh`j/ kj mj kdokja t`rrmf` rujjlja mokja tb` rlv`rirkjt* Xb` Xmg Embmo mjh lts rlv`rirkjt

amrh`j `xpr`ss`s tbls amrh`j typ` lj lts ekst rèmrcmdo` ikre*

Xb` fkjf`pt ki @labt pmrmhls`s ljsplr`h tb` fr`mtlkj ki tb` Xleurlh mrfblt`fturmo jlj`%ikoh pomj jmeòy

tb` arkujh iokkr h`slaj euotlpol`h ikur tle`s wltblj tb` kv`rmoo pomj/ lj krh`r tk mfbl`v` ekjue`jtmolty

mjh ljt`jsliy pmrmhlslmfmo syedkolse* Lj Lsomelf mrfblt`ftur` tb` jlj`%ikoh pomj emh` mj `mroy

mpp`mrmjf` lj tb` Pemyymh p`rlkh/ f* 1>>%10> MH mjh iurtb`r wms h`vòkp`h lj Vmimvlh ^`rslm*

Xb`rìkr` lt ls mosk cjkwj lj ^`rslmj ms ‒“Bmsbt dlblsbt““* Xbrkuab ^`rslmj Xleurlh ljiou`jf` pomj d`fme`

tb` pmtt`rj ikr moo ekjue`jtmo Euabmo emuskoùes/ lj pmrtlfuomr f`jtrmooy pomjj`h jlj`%ikoh dulohlja

wb`r` tb` pomj ls hlvlh`h ljtk `labt fbmed`rs surrkujhlja m f`jtrmo rkke=1* Xb` t`re ‒“Bmsbt dlblsbt““

wms mosk cjkwj lj Vuil eystlflse ms tb` ‟Jlj`%ikoh msf`jt―/ l`* o`vòs ki elarmtlkj kj tb` pmtb tk Akh*

=2

Xb`s` `labt ikr`bmoo fbmed`rs surrkujhlja tb` emlj bmoo lj tb` f`jtr` r`pr`s`jt tb` `labt o`vòs ki

pmrmhls` ikr Eusoles mjh m f`jtrmo jljtb fbmed`r r`pr`s`jtlja tb` Vuj* Xbls elabt suaa`st us tb` c`y tk

tb` ujh`rstmjhlja ki tb` Euabmo ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki mj èp`rkr ms tb` `mrtboy èdkhle`jt ki tb` Vuj*

Kit`j tb`s` struftur`s w`r` tkpp`h wltb fbmttrls/ semoo ploomr`h pmvlolkjs mt `mfb fkrj`r* Xb` mxlmo

ikr`bmoos mr` `xpr`ss`h dy omra` vmuot`h jlfb`s kr dy ploomr`h v`rmjhmbs/ fmoo`h lwmjs dy tb` Euabmos*

Psumooy m f`jktmpb emrcs tb` armv` lj tb` okw`r fbmed`r/ wblo` tb` slelomr f`jktmpb lj tb` f`jtrmo bmoo

mdkv` bms kjoy syedkolf i`mtur`* Jkw tbls ls `xmftoy bkw tb` pomj ki tb` f`jktmpbs wms omlh kut lj tb`

tked ki tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmuom lj Marm* Xb` struftur` bms tbr`` tked fbmed`rs dulot kj` mdkv` mjktb`r7

=* tb` s`mo`h frypt d`lja tb` krlaljmo durlmo pomf` ki tb` ^`rslmj hlajltmry mjh bls fkjskrt

4* tb` arkujh iokkr f`jtrmo fbmed`r ms m pmrt ki bmsbt dlblsbt jlj`%ikoh pomj

6* mjh tb` sup`rstruftur` fbmed`r `x`fut`h ms m hòlfmt` sfr``j`h pmvlolkj lj wblt` emrdo`

Jljìkoh pomj mosk iljhs pmrtlfuomr r`skjmjf` lj tb` Ljhlmj emjhmoms/ tb` fkself emps ki Bljhulse mjh

Duhhblse ms wòo* Lj mhhltlkj tk tbls/ lt ls mosk imelolmr tk us tbmt/ mffkrhlja tk Lsomelf trmhltlkj/ ^mrmhls`

bms s`v`j kr `labt o`vòs/ mjh b`mv`j bms jlj` o`vòs* L sbmoo r`turj tk tbls emtt`r lj tb` ikookwlja

fbmpt`r wblfb hlsfuss`s tb` oljc d`tw``j t`xt mjh fkjt`xt lj Lsome* =1

IMLTFBLOH/ TH/ =<<1/ Buemyuj“s Xked mjh Amrh`j7 Xypkokay mjh Ylsumo Krh`r Lj Mttlolk ^`trufflkol/ Amrh`js lj tb` Xle` ki

tb` Ar`mt Eusole @eplr`s7 Xb`kry mjh H`slaj* Vtuhl`s lj Lsomelf Mrt mjh Mrfblt`ftur`7 Vuppoè`jts tk Euqmrjms YLL/ DTLOO/

p*=16%=29 =2

CMDDMJL/ Vbmycb Eubmeemh Blsbme/ 4>></ Xb` Jlj`%Ikoh Msf`jt/ Lsomelf Vuprè` Fkujflo ki Me`rlfm



4>

Ila* 4m Buemyuj“s tked/ jlj`%ikoh pomj/

Ila* 4d ‒Ltlemh uh%Hmuom tked/ jlj` ikoh pomj

Ila* 4f Xmg Embmo tked/ jlj` ikoh pomj



4=

Euabmo fkurt mjh ^`rslmj miimlrs7 Gmbmjalr/ Jur Gmbmj/ L“tlemh uh%Hmuom

^`rslmj Elrzm Ablyms D`y mosk cjkwj ms L“tlemh uh%Hmuom wms tb` ekst fkjilh`jt Euabmo

fkurtl`r ki tb` blab`st rmjc mjh mosk prle` eljlst`r lj tb` r`laj ki ikurtb Ar`mt Euabmo Gmbmjalr* L“tlemh

uh%Hmuom ilrst fme` tk olabt lj tb` Euabmo fkurt ms imtb`r ki èp`rkr“s ekst dòkv`h wli` Jur Gmbmj*

Mit`r sb` emrrl`h Gmbmjalr ms tb` koh`st mjh ekst d`mutliuo wkemj ki tb` lep`rlmo fkurt/ b`r imtb`r

L“tlemh uh%Hmuom stmrt`h bls rlslja lj pkw`r lj tb` Euabmo stmt`/ drljalja mosk ktb`r ^`rslmj imeloy

eèd`rs tk tb` fkurt ljiou`jf`* Mokja wltb mhvmjflja lj bls stmt` fmr``r/ L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mosk wkj

èp`rkr“s trust/ fkjilh`jf` mjh irl`jhsblp dy tle`/ tbus `msloy `stmdolsblja blesòi mt ske` ki tb` ekst

ljiou`jtlmo mjh trust`h pksts lj tb` Euabmo stmt`* Mt tb` p`mc ki bls fmr``r/ L“tlemh uh%Hmuom wms lj

fbmra` ki stmt` tr`msury/ bls kwj mrey mjh prle` eljlst`r mt tb` sme` tle`* Jk wkjh`r b` rmtb`r

rèmlj`h cjkwj mit`r bls kiilflmo stmt` tlto` ‟^loomr ki tb` Vtmt`― " p`rs* L“tlemh uh %Hmuom,* Lj tb`dàljjlja/ sljf` b` wms m eèd`r ki tb` fkurt ki Mcdmr d`lja m v`ry cljh/ wls` mjh eloh emj ki

ljtòo`ft/ hlajlty mjh r`sp`ft/ b` kdvlkusoy bmh bmh `jkuab tle` tk `mrj tb` blab`st trust irke tb`

èp`rkr mjh bls b`lr/ wblo` a`ttlja kj bls kwj rlslja ljiou`jf`* Emjy r`fkrhs/ ljfouhlja lep`rlmo eèklr

Gmbmjalrjmem/ tkoh ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s r`putmtlkj lj stmt` miimlrs ms wòo ms lj bls p`rskjmo oli`* Dut tk

cjkw d`tt`r L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s rko` mjh ljiou`jf` lj Euabmo stmt`/ kj` sbkuoh ilrst cjkw wmy eufb

ekr` mdkut bls jktkrlkus hmuabt`r Jur Gmbmj mjh b`r hìljlja kv`rpkw`rlja rko` ms mj èpr`ss mt tb`

Euabmo fkurt mit`r sb` emrrl`h Gmbmjalr* D`fkelja m c`y ilaur` mt busdmjh“s fkurt/ lt wms jkt mftumooy m

p`rskjmo ljt`r`st tbmt sb` wms kds`ss`h mdkut* \`t sb` mosk c`pt ktb`r imeloy eèd`rs/ ilrst b`r imtb`r

mjh tb`j ktb`rs olc` b`r drktb`r Msmi Cbmj mjh b`r jl`f` ime`h Euetmz Embmo "tb` fkjskrt ki Vbmb

Gmbmj/ iutur` Euabmo èp`rkr mjh Gmbmjalr“s skj, foks` tk b`rsòi mjh tkp fkurt miimlrs* Vb` ljtrkhuf`h

tbè tk tb` ekst ljiou`jtlmo ròmtlkjs mjh pksltlkjs mt tb` fkurt mt tbmt tle`/ emclja sur` tb`lr iutur`

wkuoh d` wòo `stmdolsb`h lj w`motb mjh fkurt oljcs* Jk wkjh`r tb`j tbmt b`r jl`f` Euetmz wms omt`r

wlsòy fmofuomt`h ikr tb` emrrlma` wltb ikrtbfkelja èp`rkr/ Gmbmjalr“s skj prljf` Cburrme/ iutur`

Vbmb Gmbmj* Euetmz wms fo`mroy fbks`j lj krh`r tk sustmlj iurtb`r ^`rslmj ljiou`jf` wltblj tb` Euabmo

stmt`* J`v`rtbò`ss/ tbls ^`rslmj pmrty ki ljiou`jf` "L“tlemh%uh Hmuom/ Jur Gmbmj/ Msmi Cbmj mjh Euetmz

Embmo, wkuoh jkt bmv` mpp`mr`h mt tb` pma`s ki Euabmo blstkry j`ltb`r fme` tk tb` olabt ki kur

cjkwo`ha` li tb`r` wms jkt mj èp`rkr wbks` ljiou`jf`/ w`motb mjh imeloy ròmtlkjs tb`y mt o`jatb

w`r` tmclja mhvmjtma` ki* Vuppkrt`h dy tb`lr okymo `jtkurma` mt tb` fkurt/ ^`rslmjs w`r` smlh tk d` `v`j

ekr` pkw`riuo tbmj tb` èp`rkr Gmbmjalr blesòi* Jkw o`t us bmv` m drlì mjh foks`r ljslabt ljtk tb`

Euabmo fkurt/ tbmt ls/ èp`rkr blesòi hurlja wbks` r`laj ^`rslmjs rks` tk pkw`r*



44

@ep`rkr Gmbmjalr mjh L“tlemh uh%Hmuom "oìt,/ =9=0/ Emjkbmr/ Xb` E`trkpkoltmj Eusùe ki Mrt/ J`w \krc

ômt` 4



46

^rljf` Vmole Ekbmeemh Jur uh%Hlj/ ràmooy cjkwj ms Gmbmjalr % ‟Fkjqu`rkr ki tb` Qkroh―/ wms tb`

ikurtb Euabmo èp`rkr/ mjh tb` ilrst kj` ki bls hyjmsty tk bmv` d``j dkrj lj Ljhlm lj Muaust =09< "hl`h

lj Jkvèd`r =941,* Dkrj tk Tmgput prljf`ss mjh imtb`r ki Eusole rkymoty lj Vlcrl j`mr Marm/ Gmbmjalr wms

tb` ilrst kiisprlja ki Mcdmr* B` wms jme`h Vmole mit`r tb` Vuil Vb`lcb Vmole Fblsbtl wbk bmh ikr`tkoh bls

dlrtb tk Mcdmr mjh bls Tmgput prljf`ss hurlja b`r pràjmjfy dìkr` okja mwmlt`h dlrtb tkkc pomf` ujh`r

tb` do`sslja ki tbls r`v`r`h bkoy emj* Xk fkeeèkrmt` bls skj“s dlrtb mjh bkjkr tb` Vuil bkoy emj ikr

okja mwmlt`h prkpb`fy iuoilooe`jt/ Mcdmr amv` bls skj jme` Vmole mjh `stmdolsb`h ikujhmtlkjs ikr

dulohlja tb` j`w fmpltmo flty ki Imt`bpur Vlcrl wb`r` ykuja prljf` Vmole wms rmls`h lj* Gmbmjalr“s fkurt

wms strkjaoy ljiou`jf`h dy tb` ^`rslmj pkoltlfmo/ fuoturmo/ mjh m`stb`tlf trmhltlkjs ki bls pmt`rjmo mjf`stkr

Xleur* Motbkuab lj w`motb mjh aomekur/ Gmbmjalr“s fkurt c`pt m ilre tkufb wltb tko`rmjf`/ `qumolty mjh

euotlfuotur` lj lts ikujhmtlkjs* E`rfbmjts/ frmite`j/ pk`ts/ hlpokemts/ mrtlsts w`r` v`ry wòfke`h

au`sts mt moo tle`s mt Gmbmjalr“s fkurt irke mfrkss tb` Vudfkjtlj`jt/ F`jtrmo Mslm/ ^`rslm mjh mosk @urkp`*Gmbmjalr wms blaboy fuotlvmt`h èp`rkr mjh hurlja bls r`laj ^`rslmj pr`hkeljmt`h lj bls fkurt jkt gust

ms mj kiilflmo omjauma` dut ms wòo ms tb` omjauma` ki blab fuotur`* Lj mhhltlkj tk tbmt/ bls rko` ms m pmtrkj

fmjjkt d` qu`stlkj`h/ dut pmtrkjma` lj dulohlja ls jkt tk d` fkjslh`r`h irultiuo lj tb` ma` ki bls r`laj*

Gmbmjalr wms rmtb`r wòo%cjkwj ki bls `jtbuslmse ikr jmtur` mjh pmljtlja* Bls pmomf` wkrcsbkps

prkhuf`h tb` ilj`st `xmepo`s ki Euabmo eljlmtur` pmljtlja mjh sljf` b` wms imelolmr wltb pmljt`rs

ljhlvlhumooy/ b` ljiou`jf`h tb`lr styo`s mjh tbus hlr`ft`h tb` fr`mtlkj ki looustrmtlkjs* Kj` ki tb`s`

tmo`jt`h mrtlsts mt tb` fkurt wms m ^`rslmj/ tb` eljlmturlst Pstmh EmjṦkur/ wbk omt`r d`fme` tb` foks`st

pmljt`r tk Gmbmjalr“s fkurt imekus ikr bls jue`rkus mjh ljfkepmrmdo` stuhl`s ki dlrhs mjh mjlemos*

Mekja tb` wkrcs ki Gmbmjalr“s wkrcsbkps wms mosk m ekjue`jtmo tked ikr bls imtb`r mt Vlcmjhrm ms

wòo ms mj mutbkr`h ljtlemt` p`rskjmo eèklr ‟Gmbmjalrjmem― ljsplr`h lj tb` trmhltlkj ki tb` hlmry ki

bls Xleurlh ar`mt armjhimtb`r Dmdur/ fkjtmljlja tb` ekst slajlilfmjt jkt`s ki bls r`laj* Li w` `xfouh` tb`

tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom dulot lj bls r`laj mjh mooà`hoy fkjstruft`h dy bls wli` ikr b`r foks`st imeloy/

Gmbmjalr“s kjoy mjh ekst prkelj`jt mrfblt`fturmo prkg`ft wms tb` fkjstruftlkj ki Mcdmr“s omra` hkeò`ss

euotl%stkr`y`h tked* Motbkuab b` wms bls tb` ilrst skj mjh b`lr tk tb` Euabmo tbrkj`/ lj omt`r y`mrs mj

uj`msy ròmtlkjsblp h`vòkp`h d`tw``j imtb`r mjh skj % Mcdmr mjh Gmbmjalr* Mt tb` tle` d`lja prljf`

Vmole/ b` us`h tk r`dò/ ikre bls kwj mrey/ ilabt mjh `v`j b` emh` tk bmv` mssmssljmt`h kj` ki tb`

blab`st fkurtl`rs wbke b` r`s`jt`h mjh i`mr`h irke/ bls imtb`r“s foks`st irl`jh mjh mhvlskr/ Mdu mo%Imzo*

Bkrrlil`h dy tb` eurh`r/ Mcdmr“s fbklf` ki pkssldo` suff`sskrs wms imr mwmy irke Gmbmjalr/ dut

w`mc`j`h dy tb` `mroy h`mtbs ki bls ykuja`r skjs / l`* Vmole“s twk ykuja`r drktb`rs/ b` iljmooy bmh tk

alv` lt mwmy tk Gmbmjalr* ^rljf` Vmole msf`jh`h tb` Euabmo tbrkj` mt tb` ma` ki 69/ lj Kftkd`r =9>0/



48

tmclja tb` ràjmo jme` ki Jur uh%Hlj EkḠmeemh Gmbmjalr " imrsl / Xb` Fkjqu`rkr ki tb` Qkroh,* Gmbmjalr

wms imsfljmt`h dy tb` fomsslf ^`rsk%Lsomelf ekhò ki skv`r`lajty mjh lts hèmjhs ikr lep`rlmo gustlf` mjh

rkymo fbmrlty* B` dmjj`h jkj%Lsomelf pujlsbe`jts/ wblo` bls pudolf mfts ki pl`ty mjh ròlalkus pmtrkjma`/

mekja dktb Eusole mjh Bljhu sudg`fts/ w`r` pmrtlfuomroy vmoumdo` tk tb` èp`rkr wbk wms m Vujjl*

\`t/ Gmbmjalr hlh rèmlj okymo tk tb` Fblsbtl Vuil Krh`r/ emljtmljlja m foks` ròmtlkjsblp wltb Vb`lcb

Fblsbtl“s skjs/ wblo` Euabmo Ljhlm mt tbmt tle` olv`h mj utt`r Xleurlh r`jmlssmjf`*=<

@epr`ss Jur Gmbmj kii`rlja alits tk @ep`rkr Gmbmjalr mjh prljf` Cburrme/

=9=1/ Ila* 6

Qb`j lt fke`s tk bls fkjtrkv`rslmo imeloy oli` lt ls wlhòy cjkwj tbmt Gmbmjalr mjh bls èpr`ss fkjskrt

Jur Gmbmj w`r` ujhlsput`hoy kj` ki tb` ekst fkjtrkv`rslmo rkymo fkupo`s lj tb` r`fkrhs ki Lsomelf

blstkry* Lj pmrtlfuomr/ Jur Gmbmj "=011%=980, ujhkudt`hoy wms kj` ki tb` ekst pkw`riuo wke`j lj

Ljhlmj mjh Euabmo blstkry* B`r ilrst emrrlma` wms tk Vb`r Miabmj wb`j sb` wms y`t lj b`r t``j ma` mjhlj =9>0 sb` amv` m dlrtb tk m hmuabt`r Omhol Dàue wbk wms tb` kjoy kiisprlja sb` `v`r bmh* Mit`r b`r

busdmjh wms cloo`h lj =9>1/ Jur Gmbmj ms m wlhkw wms ljtrkhuf`h tk tb` Euabmo fkurt tk s`rv` ms m

omhy%lj%wmltlja* Tèmrcmdoy d`mutliuo ms sb` wms/ jk wkjh`r tbmt Gmbmjalr jktlf`h b`r lee`hlmtòy mjh

=< @jfyfokpm`mhlm Lrmjlfm/ p*61



40

emrrl`h b`r v`ry skkj* Gmbmjalr emrrl`h m tblrty%ikur y`mr koh ^`rslmj wlhkw E`br uj%Jlssm lj =9==/

ikre`roy m fkurt omhy mt bls imtb`r“s fkurt mjh b` emh` b`r bls prljflpmo qu``j/ tb` èpr`ss mjh

r`jme`h b`r irke E`br uj%Jlssm tk Jur Embmo % tb` Olabt ki tb` pmomf`* Omt`r/ b` wkuoh r`jme` b`r

ljtk ekr` ime`h Jur Gmbmj % tb` Olabt ki tb` wkroh* Qblo` Gmbmjalr wms okslja bls hrlv` mjh medltlkj ikr

lep`rlmo hutl`s s`ttolja blesòi wltb ir`qu`jt trmvòs/ po`msur` trlps mjh bujts tbrkuab fkujtryslh`/ Jur

Gmbmj wms r`sto`ss lj b`r medltlkj* Kj b`r wmy tk tmc` kv`r tb` èplr`/ sb` stmrt`h d`fkelja ekr` mjh

ekr` pkw`riuo ‒d`bljh tb` purhm“/ kv`rpkw`rlja tb` @ep`rkr blesòi* Mit`r kjoy jlj` y`mrs Jur Gmbmj

tkkc kv`r moo tb` rlabts ki skv`r`lajty mjh akv`rje`jt lj wblfb tb` èp`rkr wkuoh usumooy d` tb` kjoy

kj` lj fbmra` mjh fkjf`rj ki* Motbkuab wke`j“s mpp`mrmjf` wms jkt mookw`h lj irkjt ki e`j lj tb`

fkurt/ Jur Gmbmj wms wls` `jkuab tk kp`rmt` tbrkuab emo` sudg`fts ki b`r `jtkurma` wblfb w`r` v`ry

okymo tk b`r* Jkt kjoy b`r kiilf`rs w`r` `v`rywb`r`/ b`r miimlrs mjh w`motb w`r` arkwlja blab/ dut sb`

mosk bmh mt b`r s`rvlf` tb` vmst zmjmjm "ièmo` r`slh`jf` ki tb` Euabmo fkurt, wblfb wms m bkus`bkoh ki bujhr`hs ki p`kpo` ljfouhlja ktb`r wlv`s ki tb` èp`rkr/ omhl`s%lj%wmltlja/ fkjfudlj`s/ s`rvmjts/

somv`s/ ièmo` aumrhs/ spl`s/ `jt`rtmlj`rs/ frmitse`j/ ùjufbs/ ljfouhlja moo tb` fblohr`j dòkjalja tk tb`

wke`j* ‒D`bljh tb` purhm“ sb` tbus ruo`h tb` wbko` èplr` ujtlo Gmbmjalr“s h`mtb lj =941/ wb`j sb`

wms `xlo`h tk Ombkr` wb`r` mffkepmjl`h wltb b`r hmuabt`r Omhol Dàue sb` sp`jt tb` r`st ki b`r oli

prkg`ftlja dktb tkeds ikr b`r omt` busdmjh mjh b`rsòi ujtlo b`r kwj h`mtb lj =980* Mpmrt irke d`lja

jktkrlkus ikr lts emjlpuomtlja miimlrs/ b`r dulohlja mftlvlty r`fkrh wms tk d` rèèd`r`h ms m

fkjtrldutlkj tk dktb lep`rlmo mjh pudolf Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* Hurlja b`r kv`rpkw`rlja ljiou`jf` sb`

fkjstruft`h mjh `r`ft`h tbr`` tkeds ki kutstmjhlja d`muty3 kj` ki tbè ls smlh tk d` gust ikr b`r imtb`r

L“tlemh uh%Hmuom kj tb` rlv`rdmjc lj Marm* Ms w` bmv` mor`mhy e`jtlkj`h dìkr`/ tb` tked wms tb`

plkj``r iuj`rmry Euabmo ekjue`jt lj wblt` emrdo`/ h`fkrmt`h wltb sèl%pr`flkus stkj`s ljomy`h ljtk

tb` surimf` ki tb` emrdo` imflja* Xbls j`woy ljtrkhuf`h t`fbjlqu` lj tb` Vudfkjtlj`jt/ pl`trm hurm/ wloo

d` p`ri`ftoy òmdkrmt`h i`w y`mrs omt`r lj tb` fkjstruftlkj ki tb` Xmg Embmo* Xked ki ‒Ltlemh uh %Hmuom

tbmt Jur Gmbmj dulot ikr b`r pmr`jts tkhmy ls tb` d`st pr`s`rv`h ki moo tbr`` mrfblt`fturmo prkg`fts sb`

fr`mt`h* Xb` ktb`r twk ekjue`jts/ lep`rlmo tkeds tbkuab/ w`r` okfmt`h lj Ombkr` j`mrdy/ jkwmhmys

^mclstmj/ wb`r` tb` jktkrlkus èpr`ss sp`jt iljmo y`mrs ki b`r oli` lj `xlo` mwmy irke Euabmo fkurt* Kj`

tked wms dulot ikr b`r omt` busdmjh Gmbmjalr mjh tb` ktb`r kj` ikr b`rsòi mjh r`pkrt`hoy b`r hmuabt`r

Omhol Dàue* Lj splt` ki b`r jktkrl`ty ikr b`r utme`h ljiou`jf` kv`r dktb stmt` mjh fkurt miimlrs/ Jur

Gmbmj rèmlj`h strkjaoy h`vkt`h mjh okymo tk b`r ^`rslmj rkkts mjh b`r imeloy*4> Xb` tked ki L“tlemh

uh%Hmuom kdvlkusoy hèkjstrmt`s m tkufblja `vlh`jf` ki tbmt h`vktlkj*

4> ILJHO@\ D* @oolskj/ =<<6/ Jur Gmbmj7 @epr`ss ki Euabmo Ljhlm/ Kxikrh Pjlv`rslty ^r`ss



49

B`r` ls m Amrh`j ki tb` ^mrmhls`

wblfb tb` rlabt`kus mr` prkels`h7

lj lt mr` rlv`rs ki wmt`r ljfkrruptldo`3

rlv`rs ki eloc ki wblfb tb` tmst` j`v`r fbmja`s3

rlv`rs ki wlj`/ m gky tk tbks` wbk hrljc3

mjh rlv`rs ki bkj`y purlil`h*

Lj lt tb`r` mr` ikr tb`e moo cljhs ki irults3

mjh Armf` irke tb`lr Okrh*

Eubmeemh/ 817=0



41

4* Xb` Xked7 Mrfblt`ftur` ) H`fkrmtlkj

Imeloy emuskoùe

Xb` Xked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom ls jkt tk d` fkjslh`r`h ms gust mjktb`r ekjue`jt ki

Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ dut kj` ki tb` ilj`st mjh ekst hòlfmt` amrh`j tkeds lj tb` wbko` sfkp` ki Lsomelf

mrfblt`ftur`* Fkjslh`r`h tk d` tb` r`stlja pomf` ki tb` blab Lrmjlmj hlajltmry mjh Euabmo fkurtl`r ki tb`

blab`st rmjc lj tb` èplr` mjh mosk tb` eljlst`r ki Xr`msury mjh prle` eljlst`r ki tb` Vtmt`/ Elrzm

Ablyms Dà X`brmjl `jtlto`h L“tlemh uh %Hmuom mjh ki bls fkjskrt Msemt Dàue/ lt ls mftumooy dòl`v`h tk

d` tb` emuskoùe ki bls moekst `jtlr` imeloy/ jmeòy ms wòo prkelj`jt eèd`rs tbèsòv`s mt tb`

Euabmo fkurt* Lt ls smlh tbmt `v`j hurlja L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s oli`tle`/ tbls hlstljaulsb`h ^`rslmj jkdoèmj

okv`h sp`jhlja o`lsur` tle` fkjtèpomtlja b`r` lj bls amrh`j blh`mwmy dy tb` \meujm rlv`r/ omt`r

kdvlkusoy d`fkelja bls iljmo r`stlja pomf`* Iurtb`rekr`/ tbls iuj`rmry slt` kj tb` oìt dmjc ki \meujm

rlv`r lj Marm ujhkudt`hoy mjh fo`mroy t`stlil`s tb` rls` mjh blaboy ljiou`jtlmo pr`s`jf` ki tbls

fkjtrkv`rslmo ^`rslmj imeloy lj tb` blstkry ki Euabmo èplr`* H`splt` d`lja hlr`ft ikr`rujj`r tk tb` Xmg

Embmo/ tb` tked bms d``j ujh`s`rv`hoy kv`rsbmhkw`h dy lts aokrlkus j`labdkrbkkh `v`r sljf`*

Tàr`ttmdoy/ kjoy i`w sfbkomrs bmv` stuhl`h mjh `xmelj`h tb` dulohlja/ y`t fkjf`jtrmt`h moekst

`xfouslvòy kj tb` tked!s ikremo qumoltl`s mjh ròmtlkjsblp tk tb` ikrtbfkelja Xmg Embmo* Xb` tked

dòkjas tk tb` hkeò`ss fomss ki tb` Euabmo pomtikre tked mjh imekusoy ljtrkhuf`s m wbko` j`w

ràlst`r ki fkjstruftlja prljflpo`s mjh ljjkvmtlkjs lj òè`jts/ t`fbjlqu`s mjh i`mtur`s sufb msmhgklj`h tkw`rs mjh prkius` h`fkrmtlv` t`fbjlqu`s/ sk imr ujs``j lj Lsomelf Ljhlm*

Bmvlja m prlvloà` eysòi tk stuhy tb` tked irke tb` foks`/ o r`molz`h tbmt lt bmrhoy fme` mfrkss tk

mjykj`“s mtt`jtlkj sk imr tbmt tb` tked ki o“tlemh uh%Hmuom ls kj` ki tb` rmr`st tkeds kr emusko`m "kj`

ki twk `v`r dulot mftumooy, lj tb` mrfblt`fturmo oàmfy ki tb` Euabmo hyjmsty d`lja tb` r`stlja pomf` ki m

emrrl`h fkupo` ki fkurt hlajltmrl`s* Xb` ktb`r kj` ls Xmg Embmo/ dut lj fkjtrmst tk tb` tked ki o“tlemh

uh%Hmuom/ lt wms mj lep`rlmo emuskoùe ikr durl`h emrrl`h fkupo` wms tb` Euabmo rkymoty "èp`rkr

Vbmb Gmbmj mjh bls fkjskrt Euetmz Embmo,* Euabmos w`r` cjkwj tk d` ljtk ekr` tbmj kj` oàltlemt`

wli` mjh wblo` ekst ki tb`s` wlv`s w`r` durl`h s`pmrmtòy/ ske` ki tbè w`r` omlh lj tb` sme`

iuj`rmry struftur` ms tb`lr busdmjhs "à* Bmelhm Dàue lj Buemyuj“s tked lj Hòbl,/ bkw`v`r jkt

tka`tb`r mjh jkt lj tb` sme` fbmed`r* \`t/ kjoy i`w Euabmo lep`rlmo fkjskrts "mjh elstr`ss`s, bmh m

tru` prlvloà` tk bmv` tb`lr kwj iuj`rmry struftur` `r`ft`h kv`r tb`lr armv` slt` gust ms lt wms lj tb`

bkjkur ki Emryme `z%Wmemjl lj Vlcmjhrm "fkjskrt ki Mcdmr/ ektb`r ki Gmbmjalr,/ Vbmb Dàue lj



42

Moombmdmh "ilrst fkjskrt ki Gmbmjalr/ ektb`r ki prljf` Cbusrmu, Jur Gmbmj lj Vbmbhmrm Dmab/ Ombkr`

"ime`h fkjskrt ki Gmbmjalr,/ Tmdlm%uh%Hurmjl lj Murmjamdmh "Dldl cm%Emqdmrm ikr fkjskrt ki Murmjz`d,

mjh Mjmrcmol lj Ombkr` "elstr`ss ki Gmbmjalr,*4= Xb`rìkr`/ mpmrt irke emjy strlcljaoy emtfblja i`mtur`s

d`tw``j L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh Xmg Embmo/ twlj f`jktmpbs % qult` sòhke durlmo s`t%up lj Euabmo

mrfblt`ftur` ls y`t mjktb`r vmoumdo` r`mskj tk hlsfuss iurtb`r tb` lepkrtmjf` mjh hlstljaulsbj`ss ki tbls

tked lj Marm* Kj mjktb`r sfmo`/ ms e`jtlkj`h mdkv`/ wbmt s`ts mpmrt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom irke

Xked `mst imámh` "`jtrmjf` vl`w,/ Ila* 8

ktb`r Euabmo iuj`rmry ekjue`jts ls tbmt/ ujolc` tb` Euabmo èp`rkrs“ r`stlja pomf`s % slx s`pmrmt`h

tkeds p`r slx èp`rkrs/ lt r`pr`s`jts m durlmo slt` wb`r` moekst `jtlr` ^`rslmj imeloy ls smlh tk d` omlh tk

r`st*44 Motbkuab pmylja m eufb ki r`sp`ft lj emjy wmys tk tb`lr fò`drmt`h Xleurlh b`rltma` mjh tb`lr

ikrìmtb`r/ `ltb`r tbrkuab akv`rjmjf`/ vlsumo fuotur`/ lh`kokay kr pkoltlfs/ Euabmos "mfflh`jtoy kr jkt,

j`v`r mftumooy ikookw`h iuj`rmry+durlmo krtbkhkxy ki tb`lr mjf`stkr* Xb` tked/ hlstljaulsb`h mjh

4=Q` sbmoo r`turj mjh kds`rv` ekr` ske` ki tb`s` tkeds omt`r lj ràmrh tk Ltlemh uh% Hmuom“s tked mjh ljiou`jf`s lj lts

fkjstruftlkj*44

Jkwmhmys tb`r` mr` s`v`rmo ljt`rpr`tmtlkjs lj hlsput`/ ekstoy sfbkomr mjh okfmo/ fkjf`rjlja wbk mekja tb` ^`rslmj imeloy

eèd`rs wms mftumooy durl`h mt tb` tked slt`* Q` sbmoo r`turj tk tbls pkljt mjh kds`rv` lt lj h`tmlo omt`r lj tbls fbmpt`r



4<

ujkrtbkhkx ms lt ls/ wms m c`ystkj` ki tb` trmjsltlkjmo pbms` ki fkokur mjh h`slaj ki tb` Euabmo

mrfblt`ftur` "irke r`h smjhstkj` tk wblt` emrdo`,/ m oljc d`tw``j Mcdmrl dulohlja styo` ki ‟p`rskjmolty

mrfblt`ftur`―46 mjh Vbmbgmbmjl dulohlja styo` ki ‟mrfblt`fturmo m`stb`tlflse―48* Dulot hurlja tb` r`laj ki

Gmbmjalr/ ikurtb ki tb` slx Euabmo èp`rkrs wbk msf`jh`h tb` Euabmo tbrkj`/ tbls semoo mjh hòlfmt`

mrfblt`fturmo emst`rpl`f` r`pr`s`jts tb` plkj``r `xmepo` ki tb` armfìuo us` ki wblt` emrdo`/ rmr` mjh

sèl%pr`flkus stkj`s/ ms wòo ms vldrmjt pmljtlja/ stuffk mjh eksmlf wkrc lj tb` Euabmo blstkry*

J`v`rtbò`ss/ fkjslh`rlja tb` tked ms tb` v`ry ilrst Euabmo struftur` `v`r tk d` dulot wbkoy lj emrdo` ls

`rrkj`kus/ sljf` tb` emrdo` tked%sbrlj` ki Vuil sb`lcb Vmole Fblsbtl wms dulot dìkr`bmjh/ lj =02>%2=/

dy Mcdmr/ Gmbmjalr“s imtb`r* @v`j mit`r tb` `r`ftlja ki tbls Vuil sbrlj` wltblj tb` rkymo flty ki Imt`bpur

Vlcrl j`mr Marm/ tb` tkp tl`r ki tb` Mcdmr“s tked wms j`xt tk d` dulot `jtlròy lj emrdo` gust ms wòo*

Dut wbmt ls lt tbmt hk`s emc` tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom stmjhlja ms m plkj``r mjh imr d`ykjh lts

fkjtèpkrmrl`s; Lt ls wltbkut m s`fkjh tbkuabt lts kv`rwbòelja h`fkrmtlkj prkarmee`7 lts

pkoyfbrke` prkius` krjme`jtmtlkj fkjslstlja ki ljtrlfmt` iokrmos/ styolz`h mrmd`squ`s/ mdstrmft

a`ke`trlfmo h`slajs/ eksmlf cmo`lhksfkp` t`fbjlqu`s/ `xqulslt` imámh` fmrvlja "ljfls`h mjh dms%ròlì,

r`sèdolja ilj`st omf` èdrklh`ry wkrc/ `jrlfb`h wltb omvlsb krjme`jtmtlkj lj sèl pr`flkus mjh rmr`

stkj`s ljomy* Moo tb`s` w`r` ekstoy ljsplr`h dy pomjt stuhl`s mjh ektlis ki vlvlh iokrm mjh imujm % strkja

mjh hlstljaulsb`h ljiou`jf` ki ^`rslmj b`rltma` hrmwj dy emst`riuo mrtlsmjs mjh frmitse`j ki ^`rslm wbk

bmh wkrc`h mt Euabmo fkurt wltb mosk pr`s`jt ljiou`jf` ki Bljhu b`rltma`* Xbls ls wbmt emh` tbls tked

`ss`jtlmooy hlstljft irke mjy ktb`r Euabmo ekjue`jt ki tbmt tle`/ lts ilj`st do`jh ki twk strkja vlsumofuotur`s ujlil`h ljtk mj kutstmjhlja ujlqu` slajmtur` mjh ekjue`jtmo `xpr`sslkj* Mdkv` moo/ lt wms tb`

Euabmo ljtrkhuftlkj ki tb` mrtlsltlf scloo fmoo`h ‒“pl`trm hurm““ "Ltmo* skolh stkj`,/ mj ljtrlfmt` t`fbjlqu` ki

pr`fls` ljomy ki rmr` mjh sèl%pr`flkus stkj`s ljtk tb` surimf` ki wblt` emrdo`/ tbmt emh` tbls tked

hlstljaulsb`h mjh mosk m c`y ekjue`jt ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* Lj tbls ljomy frmit/ iljlsb`h solf`s ki sèl%

pr`flkus kr rmr` stkj`s w`r` hòlfmtòy pomf`h lj sp`flmooy iltt`h spmf`s lj emrdo` imámh` pomt`s

mffkrhlja tk p`ri`ftoy fkepks`h jmturmolstlf mjh mdstrmft h`fkrmtlkj pmtt`rjs/ tbus emclja tb`

ekjue`jt ms li lt wms fkv`r`h wltb ske` hmzzolja d`g`wò`h lvkry fmrp`t* Xb` tked ls smlh tk d`

fkjstruft`h lj =941+42 "=>61 MB,/ y`t lj tbls pr`s`jt stuhy ms L iurtb`r `xmelj` tb` tked!s rèmrcmdo`

mrfblt`fturmo mjh h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur`s/ L sbmoo fbmoo`ja` tb` kiilflmo ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tbls blstkrlfmo

ljsfrlptlkj/ ikr L dòl`v` tbmt mffkrhlja tk ey ilrst kiilflmo r`mhlja ki lts ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme/ tb` tked

ki Ltlemh uh%Hmuom wms ekr` olcòy tk d` fkepo`t`h"fkjstruftlkj mjh ljsfrlptlkjs, lj =94<+6> "=6><MB,*

46

Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* oo48

Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* LY/ pt =



6>

Xked amrh`j/ arkujh pomj// Ila* 0

Xked amrh`j/ arkujh pomj m`r`mo vl`w/ Ila* 9



6=

Xb` tked ls sltumt`h lj m fomsslfmo wòo%pr`s`rv`h fbmr dmab amrh`j kj tb` dmjc ki \meujm rlv`r wb`r`

tb` tkeds ki ktb`r Euabmo hlajltmrl`s ms prljf` ^mrvlz/ Mizmo Cbmj/ `tf/ w`r` fkjstruft`h tkk* Kjf`

ikremo suee`r amrh`j/ mit`r h`mtb ki bls dòkv`h fkjskrt/ tb` eljlst`r h`flh`h tk fkjv`rt lt ljtk m

tked slt` ms m iljmo r`stlja pomf` ikr b`r mjh blesòi* Xb` amrh`j e`msur`s rkuaboy =0>e´ mjh ls frkss`h

dy tb` rlalh a`ke`try ki pmtbwmys/ wmt`r%fbmjjòs mjh wòo%c`pt iokw`rd`hs* Kj kj` o`vò tbls

omjhsfmp` j`twkrc mt tb` amrh`j `vkc`s tb` olt`rmo lema` ki wmt`r iokwlja ujh`r tb` pmtbwmys lj krh`r

tk jkurlsb mjh jurtur` tb` iokw`rd`hs* \`t kj tb` ekr` prkikujh o`vò tbls suaa`sts tr`mtlja tb` skuos

ki tb` omt` wmzlr mjh bls imeloy/ l`* tb` ‟amrh`j wltblj― dy tb` `v`r%iokwlja wmt`rs ki tb` splrlt wblfb

purliy tb` skuos trmjsf`jhlja tk tb` wkroh d`ykjh/ ljvlsldo` tk kur `y`s tbkuab dut stloo v`ry pr`s`jt lj

tbls tked amrh`j* Xb`rìkr`/ wmt`r fkurs` lj tb` tked amrh`j rìo`fts tb` skuos “ mdlolty tk r`j`w

tbèsòv`s gust ms tb` rmys ki tb` sujolabt p`j`trmt` tk tb` tked“s ljt`rlkr mjh purliy tb` skuos ki omt`

imeloy irke tb`lr mooà`h sljs* Mpmrt irke wmt`r/ olabt wms mosk m wòo%cjkwj Euabmo imsfljmtlkj s`rvljams m e`tmpbkr ikr Akh“s pr`s`jf` mjh Hlvljlty* Xb` tked amrh`j ls èdrmf`h wltb ikur wmoos `mfb ki

tbè f`jtrmooy iomjc`h wltb m r`h smjhstkj` struftur` % amt` okkc molc`s/ mekja wblfb @mst`rj kj`

stmjhs ms m emlj amt` mjh mff`ss tk tb` tked amrh`j/ Q`st`rj dy tb` rlv`r%dmjc ms m wòo pr`s`rv`h

po`msur` pmvlolkj mjh mff`ss irke tb` rlv`r/ wblo` tb` ktb`r twk "Jkrtb`rj mjh Vkutb`rj, mr` e`ròy

h`fkrmtlv` struftur`s* D`slh`s/ jkt kjoy tb` emlj amt`s w`r` m iujftlkjmo j`f`sslty/ dut tb`y mosk bmh

tb` syedkolf ki hlvlslkj d`tw``j tb` `v`ryhmy prkimj` wkroh mjh tb` hlvlj` wkroh* E`mjwblo`/ ktb`r

pmvlolkjs w`r` dulot mffkrhlja tk tb` ikremo amrh`j pomj blabolabtlja tb` iuoo syee`try ki tb` tked slt`*

Xb` emlj amt` kj tb` @mst mjh tb` po`msur` pmvlolkj kj` tb` Q`st mr` hkudo` stkr`y`h mjh h`fkrmt`h lj

tb` vmrl`tl`s ki wblt` emrdo` ljomys ki iokrmo mjh mrmd`squ` krjme`jts us`h kj lwmjs "mrfbwmys,/ hmhks

"tb` iljlsblja ki tb` okw`r pmrt ki ljt`rlkr wmoo,/ spmjhròs ki mrfb`s mrkujh mjh mosk ljslh` tb` wljas*

F`jtrmooy pomf`h lj frkss%mxlmo pomj tb`r` ls tb` wblt` emrdo` tked s`t kj m r`h smjhstkj` poljtb wltb

d`mutliuo wblt` a`ke`trlfmooy r`p`mt`h pmtt`rj/ wltb ikur lh`jtlfmo pkjhs mrkujh tb` tked/ `mfb imflja

tb` ikur mff`sslja mrfbwmys/ l`* `jtrmjf`s tk tb` tked mxlmo ikr`bmoos* Motbkuab ujlqu` lj lts kwj rlabt/

tked“s r`sèdomjf` "lj pmrtlfuomr lts `xt`rlkr i`mtur`s, wltb pmst Euabmo lep`rlmo tkeds s`ès rmtb`r

kdvlkus3 tb`rìkr` w` emy `msloy trmfc dmfc tb` skurf`s wblfb emy bmv` ljsplr`h emjy msp`fts ki

L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s tked h`slaj mjh fkjstruftlkj* Kj` ki tb` `mrol`st ljstmjf`s ki ljsplrmtlkj w` emy

rì`r tk ls f`rtmljoy tb` Fbmudurgl "Ila*<,/ tèpkrmry durlmo pomf` ki Dmdur/ tb` `stmdolsb`r ki Euabmo

@eplr` mjh hyjmsty/ dìkr` bls rèmljs w`r` tmc`j ikr iljmo durlmo lj Cmduo/ Miabmjlstmj* Xb` Fbmudurgl

wms fkjstruft`h flrfm =041 mjh ls sltumt`h mfrkss \meujm rlv`r lj mjktb`r fbmr%dmab gust kppkslt` tb`



64

Emryme `z%Wmemjl“s tked/ Vlcmjhrm/ mhpt =946/ Ila* 1 Vbmb Dàue“s tked/ Moombmdmh/=9>9%>1/ Ila* 2

Fbmudurgl/ Marm f*=041/ Ila* < Gmbmjalr“s tked/ Ombkr`/ =942%62/ Ila* =>

tked ki L“tlemh%uh%Hmuom* Xb`r` mr` s`v`rmo strlcljaoy imelolmr mrfblt`fturmo i`mtur`s w` fmj jktlf` mt

tb` slt` sufb ms tb` tked“s squmr` pomj/ rmls`h tked poljtb wltb wmt`r pkjhs/ sbmp`s ki mrfb`s/ mttmfb`h

fkrj`r tkw`rs/ mjh mosk h`fkrmtlv` pmtt`rj kj imfmh`s* Moo tb`s` i`mtur`s qult` fo`mroy rì`r tk tb` sme`

mrfblt`fturmo skoutlkjs ms tbmt ki Ltlemh%uh%Hmuom“s* Mjktb`r `xmepo` dy ^rki`sskr Msb`r hlspomys

L“tlemh%uh%Hmuom“s r`sèdomjf` wltb iuj`rmry pomtikre wltb olabt`r sup`rstruftur`s/ l`* Vbmb Dàue“s

tked "Ila*2, lj Cbusrmu Dmab/ Moombmdmh*40 Xb` tked wms dulot flrfm =9>9%>1 ikr Gmbmjalr“s loo%imt`h ilrst

wli` wbk `jh`h b`r oli` dy pklskjlja b`rsòi* Mqm T`zm tb` o`mhlja mrtlst mt Gmbmjalr“s "mt tbmt tle` sòi %

tlto`h Vbmb Vmole, kwj ljh`p`jh`jt fkurt lj Mcdmr!s Moombmdmh ikrt wms r`spkjsldo` ikr tb` fkjstruftlkj

ki tbls tbr``%tl`r`h tked wltb tb` f`jktmpb emrc kj tb` tkp surekujt`h wltb m squmr` ploomr`h fbbmtrl *Iurtb`r/ Msb`r iljhs tb` tked mosk r`sèdolja Mcdmr“s Hlwmj%l%Cbmms mt rkymo flty ki Imt`bpur Vlcrl j`mr

Marm* Lj pmrtlfuomr/ Msb`r iljhs tb` tked“s a`j`rmo kutokkc rmtb`r Ljhlmj/ wblo` kjoy lj tb` t`res ki

h`fkrmtlv` pmtt`rj Msb`r s``s lt Vmimvlh ljiou`jf`h*49 Pjolc` Msb`r/ ^rki`sskr Ckfb lj b`r kwj hìljlja

40MVB@T D* Fmtb`rlj`/ =<<0/ Xb` J`w Fmedrlha` Blstkry ki Ljhlm L+87 Mrfblt`ftur` ki Euabmo Ljhlm/ Fmedrlha`/ p* =>8%>0

49lhè/ p* =64



66

ki tb` i`mtur`s ki iuj`rmry pomtikre wltb olabt`r sup`rstruftur`s/ ljhlfmt`s hlr`ftoy tb` tked ki Emryme

mz%Wmemjl "Ila*1, lj Vlcmjhrm/ jmeòy m squmr` pomtikre tked wltb lts sup`rstruftur` s`t up/ ms m

drlabtoy pr`f`hlja v`rslkj ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Ljh``h/ tb` tked“s `xt`rlkr kutokkc hk`s

sbkw m strlclja slelolmrlty tk L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s* Xb` struftur` ki tb` tked wms krlaljmooy m po`msur`

pmvlolkj dulot lj =8<0 mjh omt`r fkjv`rt`h ljtk m tked mttrldut`h tk tb` lep`rlmo fkjskrt* Ckfb blabolabts

tbmt Emryme mz%Wmemjl“s sup`rstruftur` sfbè`/ wltb kftmakjmo fbbmtrls mdkv` tb` fkrj`rs mjh kdokja

kj`s mdkv` tb` f`jtr`s ki tb` imfmh`s/ ikujh lts ekst òàmjt `xpr`sslkj `xmftoy mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh

uh%Hmuom wblfb mhhltlkjmooy r`f`lv`h m semoo squmr` hke` mdkv` `jfokslja omra` emrdo` omttlf`h sfr``js

tbmt surrkujh èpty twlj f`jktmpbs*41 @v`jtumooy/ Gmbmjalr“s tked "Ila*=>, lj Ombkr` ms tb` suds`qu`jt

fkjtèpkrmry tked wltb L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s hlspomys iurtb`r h`rlvlja ki tb` slelomr y`t `jomra`h

mrfblt`fturmo prkarme* B`r`/ mpmrt irke tb` fkrj`r tkw`rs/ òkjamt`h mjh stloo mttmfb`h tk tb`

struftur`/iomt pomtikre tked bms jk sup`rstruftur` òè`jts/ y`t mffkrhlja tk krtbkhkxy ki Lsomelf imltbmjh èp`rkr“s msf`tlf fkjvlftlkjs/ m h`fkrmtlv` f`jktmpb "jkwmhmys jkt lj `xlst`jf`, stmjhs mokj`

ujfkv`r`h mt tb` f`jtr` ki tb` iomt tkp imflja e`rfy ki tb` kp`j scl`s wblo` tb` krlaljmo kj` lj tb` emlj

bmoo ki arkujh iokkr emrcs tb` èp`rkr“s r`mo durlmo pomf`* Mffkrhljaoy/ Ltlemh uh%Hmuom“s emy d` ljh``h

mj `fo`ftlf skoutlkj ki tbè moo/ y`t ujlqu` lj lts kwj rlabt*

@xt`rlkr mjh ljt`rlkr tked i`mtur`s

Foksòy kds`rvlja tb` tked mjh r`v`molja lts `xt`rlkr mjh ljt`rlkr i`mtur`s emc`s

kj` r`molz` tbls ls jkt gust mjktb`r omvlsboy h`slaj`h tked lj m tbr`mh ki tb` Euabmo mrfblt`fturmo oàmfy*

Iurtb`rekr`/ kjf` w` st`p ikrwmrh ljtk tb` tked“s murm mj `xtrmkrhljmry mjh hòlfmtòy fkepks`h

ràlst`r ki mrfblt`fturmo mjh h`fkrmtlv` skoutlkjs ujikohs dìkr` us/ dut kjoy mt foks` rmja`*

Pjikrtujmtòy/ sk imr lt s`ès pr`vlkus sfbkomrs `ltb`r hlh jkt r`mfb kr hlh jkt wmjt tk r`mfb lj stuhylja

tbls rèmrcmdo` ekjue`jt d`ykjh sup`rilflmo* Mpmrt irke fkepoè`jtmry drlì r`vl`ws ki tb` tked

jkj` bmv` s`è`h tk tr`mt iuooy lts rlfb `xkt`rlf "Wmblr, mjh `skt`rlf "Dmtlj, vkfmduomry* O`mrjlja m

hlstljftlkj d`tw``j Wmblr "`xt`rlkr/ r`v`mo`h e`mjlja, mjh Dmtlj "ljt`rlkr/ fkjf`mo`h e`mjlja, mjh

r`fkajlzlja tb`lr pr`s`jf` lj tb` tked i`mtur`s/ `ltb`r w` kds`rv` mrfblt`fturmo/ h`fkrmtlv` prkarme kr

tb` Ckr“mjlf sfrlpt mokj`/ wloo drlja us foks`r tk tb` tked“s fkjstruftkr/ b`r+bls h`vkt`h wkrc mjh

mtt`jtlkj tk h`tmlo mjh `v`jtumooy bòp us ujh`rstmjh tb` hòlfmt` fkjf`pt ujh`rtmc`j lj fr`mtlkj ki tbls

tked* Ljt`rpr`tmtlkjs ki Wmblr mjh Dmtlj msp`fts bmv` d``j kj` ki tb` dmslf fkjv`jtlkjs ki Lsomelf imltb

41CKFB @ddm/ Euabmo Mrfblt`ftur`/ p*14%18



68

`v`r sljf`* Lj tb` ilrst pomf`/ lt wms m emtt`r ki ljt`rpr`tlja r`mhljas mjh sfrlptur`s ki tb` Lsomelf

olt`rmtur`/ tb`j tb` fkjf`pt spr`mh iurtb`r tk tb` mrtlstlf ikres ms wòo* Mpmrt irke bmvlja m a`j`rmo `y`

mt tb` tked/ lts amrh`j mjh vmrl`ty ki trmhltlkjmo mjh sclooiuooy utlolz`h prkarmes foksòy ròmt`h tk tb`

prljflpo`s ki Lsomelf krtbkhkxy/ w` bmv` fke` mfrkss ske` rèmrcmdo` skoutlkjs mppol`h mt tb` tked

mjh tk d` `xmelj`h jkw* Xb` tked ls squmr` lj slz` ms tb` amrh`j ltsòi/ emh` lj wblt` Tmgmstmjl

Emqrmjm emrdo`/ mdkut 4>e okja p`r slh` mjh s`t kj tb` poljtb* Emclja tb` fkepksltlkj wltb tb`

surrkujhlja amt`s lj r`h smjhstkj` wltb emrdo` ljomy/ tb` poljtb ms wòo ls hkj` lj r`h smjhstkj` wltb

a`ke`trlfmooy r`p`mt`h pmtt`rj lj emrdo` ljomy* Motbkuab jkt d`lja mj lep`rlmo tked/ tb` struftur` wms

dulot trmhltlkjmooy mffkrhlja tk bmsbt dlblsbt jlj`%ikoh pomj/ ms jk `xf`ptlkj lj m tbr`mh ki ktb`r Euabmo

tkeds/ sufb ms Buemyuj“s mjh Xmg Embmo* Ms d`lja kds`rv`h `mrol`r/ `labt ljt`rfkjj`ft`h fbmed`rs

b`r` surrkujhlja tb` emlj bmoo r`pr`s`jt `labt o`vòs ki pmrmhls` ikr Eusoles* Xb` emlj bmoo ms jljtb

fbmed`r r`pr`s`jts tb` Vuj/ b`r` tb` r`stlja pomf` tk d` ikr tb` blaboy hlajlil`h fkupo` ki tb` Euabmofkurt* A`j`rmooy sp`mclja/ tb` jlj`%ikoh fkjf`pt jkt kjoy mookws tb` flrfuemeduomtlkj ki tb` smfr`h

kdg`ft "b`r` tb` twlj f`jktmpbs lj emlj bmoo,/m prmftlf` fkeekj lj Bljhu rltumo/ Vuilse mjh mosk pr`s`jt

lj ske` Euabmo lep`rlmo emuskoùes/ y`t lt mosk rìo`fts tb` fkjf`pt ki Cm“mdm rltumo mjh ^mrmhls`

Emlj fbmed`r/ V%@ vl`w/ Xwlj f`jktmpbs/ Ila* == J%Q fkrj`r fbmed`r/ Jur Gmbmj“s armjhimtb`r f`jktmpb/ Ila* =4



60

Vkutb mxlmo ikr`bmoo/ "emlj bmoo/ oìt3 Jur Gmbmj“s armjhimtb`r f`jktmpb/ dmfcarkujh,/

Ila*=6

lj Lsomelf fksekokay*42 Xb` jlj` ikoh ljt`rlkr pomj ki tb` arkujh iokkr ls mftumooy fr`mt`h dy ikur

ljt`rs`ftlja fkjstruftlkj olj`s wblfb prkhuf` jlj` spmf` ujlts % emlj fbmed`r "Ila*==, lj tb` f`jtr`

wltb twlj f`jktmpbs ki wmzlr L“tlemh uh‖Hmuom mjh bls fkjskrt Msemt Dàue/ ikur r`ftmjauomr mxlmo

ikr`bmoos "Ila*=6, mjh ikur squmr` iomjclja fbmed`rs lj tb` fkrj`rs "Ila*=4,* Xb` fbmed`rs mr`

ljt`rfkjj`ft`h wltb pmssma`wmys/ tbus fr`mtlja mj meduomtkry fkrrlhkr ikr flrfuemeduomtlkj flrfm 2>

e`t`rs lj o`jatb mrkujh tb` emlj fbmed`r* Ms d`lja kds`rv`h `mrol`r/ tb` flrfuemeduomtlkj bms d``j

pr`s`jt dktb lj Bljhu mjh Lsomelf b`rltma` jkt gust ms m pmrt ki iuj`rmry rltumo/ dut mosk ms dòl`v`r “s

`v`ry hmy splrltumo trmjsltlkj* Lt ls tb` pmrt ki Lsomelf dòlì tbmt jkt kjoy wkrsblpp`rs/ ploarles mjh

ekurj`rs flrfuemeduomt` tb` smjftumrl`s/ dut dlrhs mjh mjaòs gust ms wòo* Mpmrt irke twlj f`jktmpbs

lrràuomroy pomf`h "fkjskrt“s lj tb` f`jtr` mjh wmslr“s tk lts rlabt, lj tb` emlj bmoo e`msur`h mpp* 9*0>e

p+slh`/ `mfb ki tb` iomjclja fkrj`r fbmed`rs fkjtmljs m f`jktmpb/ wltb tb` `xf`ptlkj ki J%@ fkrj`r

fbmed`r fkjtmljlja mjktb`r pmlr ki twlj f`jktmpbs/ lj tktmo ki s`v`j f`jktmpbs kj tb` arkujh iokkr*

Mhhltlkjmo pmlr ki h`fkrmtlv` twlj f`jktmpbs "sme` pomfè`jt sfbè` ms kj tb` arkujhiokkr,/ eufb tb`

Lsomelf iuj`rmry trmhltlkj/ ls `jfoks`h wltblj tb` sup`rstruftur` fbmed`r hlr`ftoy mdkv` tb` emlj bmoo kj

tb` arkujh* Moo ki tb` f`jktmpbs lj tb` dulohlja mr` molaj`h kj tb` Jkrtb%Vkutb mxls ms p`r Lsomelf

iuj`rmry krtbkhkxy* Xb` f`jktmpbs mr` emh` lj emrdo`/ `xf`pt ikr tb` emlj twlj f`jktmpbs lj tb`

arkujh iokkr emh` lj pkrpbyry mjh tb`y d`mr jk emrcs/ l*`* blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkjs* Xb` mds`jf` ki

blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkjs ‖ jmeòy tb` omfc ki kiilflmo r`fkrhs ki tb` tked `jhkwe`jt/ fkjstruftlkj

42L sbmoo mhhr`ss lj iurtb`r h`tmlo tk pmrmhlslmfmo fkjf`pt mjh h`slaj lj Lsomelf fksekokay lj ey omt`r fbmpt`rs ms L kds`rv`

syedkolfs mjh e`mjlja ki tb` tked“s h`fkrmtlv` mjh ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme*



69

iujhlja/ wbke lt wms h`hlfmt`h tk "durlmos sp`fuomtlkj, ‖ ls mekja tb` c`y qu`stlkjs ki tb` pr`s`jt

stuhy* Lt ls fomle`h tbmt r`mo durlmo wltb krlaljmo twlj f`jktmpbs ki tb` fkupo` mftumooy tkkc pomf` lj jkw

p`remj`jtoy s`mo`h tked frypt lj tb` arkujh/ hlr`ftoy dòkw tb` arkujh iokkr f`jktmpbs* Xbus/ tb`

tked fkjstruftlkj fr`mt`s m syedkolfmo v`rtlfmo mxls ki tbr`` tked fbmed`rs h`slaj`h kj` mdkv`

mjktb`r pr`suemdoy r`pr`s`jtlja tbr`` stma`s ki omt` fkupo`“s `ss`jf` % kj `mrtb "tb` arkujh ,/ lj

b`mv`j "tb` sup`rstruftur`,/ mjh lj tb` iljmo r`stlja pomf` "tb` frypt ,* Xb` surrkujhlja f`jktmpbs lj tb`

fkrj`r fbmed`rs kj tb` arkujh iokkr w`r` smlh tk dòkja tk ktb`r foks` ròmtlv`s ki pr`sue`h pmtrkj`ss

Jur Gmbmj "armjhimtb`r“s/ ujfo`“s/ drktb`r“s/ slst`r“s lj omw/ hmuabt`r“s, "Ila*=8, ms p`r ikookwlja krh`r7

Xked arkujh iokkr/ jlj` ikoh pomj wltb pr`suemdo` f`jktmpbs omy%kut/ Ila* =8

○ J+@ % f`jktmpbs ki Msmi Cbmj mjh Hlwmjgl Dàue "Jur Gmbmj“s drktb`r+L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s skj+Vbmb

Gmbmj“s wmzlr mjh bls wli`3 mcm pmr`jts ki Euetmz Embmo/ Vbmb Gmbmj“s wli` durl`h lj Xmg Embmo,

○ V+@ % f`jktmpb ki Emjskur Emolc "Jur Gmbmj“s armjhimtb`r,

○ V+Q % f`jktmpb ki Elrzm Mse uh%Hlj D`y "Jur Gmbmj“s ujfo`,

○ J+Q % f`jktmpb ki Omhol Dàue "hmuabt`r mjh kjoy kiisprlja ki Jur Gmbmj,



61

\`t tb` fomles ki trustwkrtblj`ss wb`tb`r tb` tked wms ljh``h tb` durlmo slt` ki tb` wmzlr“s imeloy bmv`

rèmlj`h m emtt`r ki sp`fuomtlkj ujtlo pr`s`jt mjh emy d` elso`mhlja ikr tb`r` mr` jk blstkrlfmo

ljsfrlptlkjs kj `ltb`r ki f`jktmpbs wltb tb` jme`s ki imeloy eèd`rs wbke tb` f`jktmpb emrcs w`r`

h`hlfmt`h tk* Xb` emlj fbmed`r mjh tb` fkrj`r fbmed`rs bmv` v`ry òmdkrmt` vmuot`h f`lolja h`slaj`h

lj tb` j`twkrcolc` pmtt`rj ki rmhlmt` st oomr ikres % m ar`mt hlspomy ki pkoyfbrke`h stuffk wkrc/ mjktb`r

typlfmo mrfblt`fturmo i`mtur` ki Gmbmjalrl ma` % wblo` tb` mxlmo ikr`bmoos mjh sup`rstruftur` fbmed`r bmv`

fkv`h f`lolja wltb mjktb`r ljtrlfmt` pmtt`rj ki pomlj stuffk wkrc* Mffkrhlja tk ^rki`sskr Ckfb tb`s`

sp`flilf i`mtur`s ki tb` tked/ fkv`h mjh vmuot`h f`loljas wltb pmtt`rj`h j`twkrc/ ljtrkhuf`h

ikrtbfkelja mrfblt`fturmo tr`jhs ki Vbmb Gmbmjl ma`*4< Olc`wls`/ mffkrhlja tk ^rki`sskr Msb`r tb`

vmuot`h pkoyfbrke` j`twkrc ki tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s f`lolja ls fo`mroy m ekr` òmdkrmt`h v`rslkj ki tbmt

ki Emryme mz%Wmemjl eksqu` mcm Dàue Vbmbl eksqu` lj Ombkr`/ ^mclstmj* B`r` mpmrt irke tb` sme`

iokrmo mjh a`ke`trlf pmtt`rjs ki tb` f`lolja/ tb` jme`s ki Akh mr` mhhltlkjmooy ljsfrld`h wltblj stmrolcìkres ki tb` f`lolja h`fkrmtlkj pmtt`rj*6> Xru`/ tb` vmuotlja f`lolja wltb pmtt`rj`h j`twkrc ls y`t tk

d`fke` omt`r m typlfmo i`mtur` ki tb` Euabmo eksqu * Vp`mclja iurtb`r mdkut tb` ljt`rlkr h`fkrmtlkj/

moo ki tb` fbmed`rs ki tb` tked“s arkujh iokkr mr` r`jkwj`h ikr hlii`r`jt òmdkrmtòy fkepks`h

h`fkrmtlv` prkarmes/ tb` d`st pr`s`rv`h mekja moo Jur Gmbmj“s dulohlja prkg`fts/ h`vls`h lj iokrmo

pmljtljas/ stuffk mjh eksmlf* Qblo` lj wbko` tb` tked“s h`fkrmtlkj ekstoy r`sèdo`s pmrmhls` mjh lts

hlvlj`/ sbòt`rlja s`r`jlty/ tb` ljt`rlkr h`fkrmtlkj ls pmrtlfuomroy skktblja/ r`huf`h lj fkokur y`t jkt lj

`xpr`sslkj ki iuj`rmry ktb`rwkrohoy mtekspb`r` mjh trmjsf`jh`jf` ki `mrtbloy oli`*

Xbrkuab `mfb ki ikur mff`sslja mrfbwmys tb` tked ikr`bmoos prkvlh` sujolabt ikr tb` emlj fbmed`r

ljt`rlkr dy lts ikur kp`jljas/ wblfb moo dut Vkutb`rj mr` ljtrlfmt` gmol sfr``js* Xb` sme` gmol s`pmrmtlkj

pomj "lj aomss, ls r`p`mt`h lj ekr` òmdkrmt` Xmg Embmo ljt`rlkr pomj* 6= Tàmrho`ss ki sujolabt dr`mclja

ljslh` tbrkuab tb` sfr``js/ tb` ljt`rlkr stloo smv`s m okt ki lts trmjqulo mjh s`r`j` sbmh`* Xb`s` sfr``js ki

tb` emlj bmoo imf` ikr`bmoo mrfbwmys/ jmeòy tka`tb`r tb`y ol` lj tb` sme` mxls mt tb` @mst/ Q`st mjh

Jkrtb slh` ki tb` tked/ y`t kjoy tb` Vkutb mrfbwmy+`jtrmjf` o`mhs hlr`ftoy tk tb` twlj f`jktmpbs lj tb`

emlj bmoo ljt`rlkr* Lj ìi`ft/ mxlmo ikr`bmoo kj tb` Vkutb slh` bms jk stkj` sfr``j/ lt ls iuooy kp`j pmssma`

mjh prkvlh`s hlr`ft mff`ss tk tb` emlj fbmed`r"Ila*=6,* Xb`rìkr`/ tb` dulohlja emy d` mff`ss`h irke

tb` @mst "ikr emlj amt` ki tb` tked amrh`j mjh rkmh mr` kj tb` @mst, ujolc` ktb`r Euabmo tkeds / dut

tb` `jtrmjf` tk tb` tked ltsòi irke tb` Vkutb fo`mroy hèkjstrmt`s tb` pr`f`h`jf` ki prljflpo`s ki

Lsomelf iuj`rmry krtbkhkxy kv`r tked!s fkjstruftlkj pomj lj wbko`* Xbls ls wb`r` ilaur`s ki ske`

4< CKFB @ddm/ Euabmo Mrfblt`ftur`/ p* 10

6> MVB@T D* Fmtb`rlj`/ Xb` J`w Fmedrlha` Blstkry ki Ljhlm L+87 Mrfblt`ftur` ki Euabmo Ljhlm/ p* =6=

6= CKFB/ @ddm/ Xb` Fkepo`t` Xmg Embmo/ p* =10



62

lep`rlmo emusko`m olc` Xmg Embmo/Mcdmr!s tked/Buemyuj!s tked/`tf* emy s`rv` us v`ry wòo lj

ujh`rstmjhlja mjh mpprkmfb/ ikr moo ki tb` e`jtlkj`h emusko`m mjh tb`lr amrh`js w`r` fkjstruft`h

trmhltlkjmooy kj V%J fmrhljmo mxls* Xbls e`mjs tb` emlj amt`/ tked `jtrmjf` mjh f`jktmpbs wltb durlmo

pksltlkjs w`r` mowmys kj tb` sme` molaje`jt* Xbls ujlqu` i`mtur` lj fkjstruftlkj pomj ki tb` L!tlemh uh%

Hmuom“s"tked `jtrmjf` fkjtrmry amrh`j `jtrmjf`,mamlj s`ts tbls tked mpmrt irke ktb`r Euabmo tkeds*64

Xked imámh`/ ò`vmtlkj/ Vkutb/ Ila* =0

Kj tb` `xt`rlkr/ tked hlspomys m wbkooy j`w vkfmduomry ki dktb mrfblt`fturmo mjh h`fkrmtlv` òè`jts

ljtrkhuflja us tk emrdo` fomhhlja/ mhgklj`h tkw`rs/ prkius` pkoyfbrke` h`fkrmtlkj mjh ktb`r i`mtur`s

ki tb` ikookwlja ma` ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* Ms e`jtlkj`h `mrol`r/ `mfb slh` ki tb` tked“s arkujh iokkr

bms akt tbr`` omra` jlfb`s/ f`jtrmo kj` ls mj mrfbwmy prkvlhlja mj mff`ss tk mxlmo ikr`bmoo kj `mfb slh`/

wblo` tb` ktb`r twk jlfb`s kj tb` slh`s mr` r`f`ss`h mjh foks`h dy sfr``js prkvlhlja hòlfmt` ljt`rlkr

looueljmtlkj* Mhhltlkjmooy/ `mfb f`jtrmo mrfbwmy ls iomjc`h wltb twk sfr``j`h kp`jljas semoo`r lj slz`*

Mffkrhlja tk Lsomelf trmhltlkj mjh krtbkhkxy olabt ki tb` Vuj sbkuoh mowmys d` m pr`s`jt òè`jt lj

ròlalkus Lsomelf mrfblt`ftur` ikr lts rmys mr` smlh tk fo`mjs` irke slj* Xb` h`slaj mjh frmitsemjsblp ki

tb`s` sfr``j`h jlfb`s fkeekjoy cjkwj lj Ljhlm ms gmols ls pur` i`mtur` ki hòlfmt` iokrmo mjh a`ke`trlf

pmtt`rjs/ sclooiuoj`ss mekja tb` ilj`st lj tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* Xb` fkrj`rs ki tb` struftur` mr`

64L sbmoo mhhr`ss lj pmrtlfuomr tb` emtt`r ki tb` tked“s Vkutb wmoo mjh lts sp`flilf i`mtur`s mt o`jatb omt`r/ ikr lt emy bòp us

ujh`rstmjh lj h`ptb tb` tked fkjstruftlkj mjh lts hlstljaulsb`h prkarmes*



6<

iomjc`h dy `jama`h omra` kftmakjmo tkw`rs "Ila*=2,/ mosk lj wblt` emrdo` wltb pl`trm hurm wkrc wltb m

clksc olc` iljlsbljas* Xb` dkhy ki tkw`rs ls hlvlh`h dy fbmrmft`rlstlf `mv`s ljtk tbr`` v`rtlfmo mrfblt`fturmo

mjh h`fkrmtlv` s`ftlkjs* Xb`s` `mv`s mr` mrfblt`fturmo òè`jt mosk cjkwj ms fbmggm lj Euabmo

mrfblt`ftur` mjh tb`y mosk mpp`mr mokja tb` tkp ki tked imámh` vlsumooy hlvlhlja arkujh iokkr mjh tkp

iokkr* A`j`rmooy/ fbmggms mr` prkg`ftlja `mv`s/ rmtb`r iujftlkjmo tbmj e`r` h`fkrmtlv` òè`jt emh` ki

stkj` kr emrdo` somds ilx`h dòkw tb` rkki ki m dulohlja mjh h`slaj`h ikr pr`v`jtlja tb` suj rmys irke

imoolja kj tb` wljhkws mjh prkt`ftlja tb` wmoos irke tb` ekjskkj rmlj* Xb` tkw`rs ki tb` tked mr`

kftmakjmo lj tb` arkujh o`vò/ dut lj tb` b`labt mt tb` o`vò ki tb` upp`r iokkr tb` tkw`rs fbmja` tb`lr

sbmp` ljtk m flrfuomr ikre* @mfb tkw`r bms m stmlrfms` mff`ssldo` irke tb` upp`r iokkr* Xb` tkp

fkepksltlkj ki tb` `mfb tkw`r fkjslsts ki `labt hòlfmtòy iljlsb`h ploomrs fkv`r`h wltb clkscs "fbbmtrls,

mjh tkpp`h wltb pljjmfo`s lj tb` ikre ki upslh`%hkwj oktus iokw`r* Lj tb` Bljhu trmhltlkj/ upslh`%hkwj

oktus iokw`r syedkolz`s skrrkw mjh arlì* Ekr` lepkrtmjtoy/ kj` fmj dmròy jktlf` b`r` tb` strkjarìo`xlkj ki tb` Lsomelf pmrmhlslmfmo fkjf`pt hu` tk `labt clksc ploomrs* Jmeòy/ lj Lsomelf vlslkj ki

^mrmhls` `labt ploomrs "pr`suemdoy mjaòs, suppkrt Xbrkj` ki Akh*66 Motbkuab tb` tked ls fkjslh`r`h

hkeò`ss/ tb` tkp iokkr ls fkepks`h ki ilv` sup`rstruftur` òè`jts%ikur tkp s`ftlkjs ki tb` tkw`rs mjh

ilitb olabt pmvlolkj ki `xqlulslt` h`slaj mjh d`muty* Xb` sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj "Ilas*=9%=1, elabt d` tb`

ekst hòlfmt` mjh imekus h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur` lj tb` vl`w ki tb` wbko` tked* Lt sup`rlepks`s tb` arkujh

struftur` mjh qult` òàmjtoy `jfoks`s tb` v`rtlfmo mxls ki tb` wbko` tked* Xb` pmvlolkj ls squmr`/ mpp*

1*0>e p+slh` mjh `jfoks`h irke moo slh`s wltb òmdkrmt`h omttlf`h emrdo` sfr``js ki rèmrcmdo` h`slaj*

Xb` pmtt`rj ki tb` sfr``js ls r`jkwj`h mjh ir`qu`jtoy qukt`h lj tb` Lsomelf mrts* Xb`r` mr` tbr`` omra`

sfr``js p`r `mfb slh` ki tb` pmvlolkj/ wblo` tb` f`jtrmo kj`s kj tb` V%J mxls prkvlh` twk mff`ss`s tk lts

ljt`rlkr* @mfb sfr``j ls tkpp`h wltb tb` ikre ki tyepmjue rlfboy h`fkrmt`h wltb òè`jts ki ^`rslmj

lfkjkarmpby wblfb L sbmoo mhhr`ss lj h`tmlo omt`r* Ljt`rlkr ki tb` pmvlolkj bms twk f`jktmpbs s`t lj V%J

mxls wltb omvlsb ljomlh emrdo` iokkr mutb`jtlfmooy r`sèdolja h`slajs ki Euabmo fmrp`ts* Qltb skktblja

mjh fmoelja ìi`ft tb` iokkrs w`r` ljsplr`h dy fmrp`ts mjh smfr`h spmf` ki tb` eksqu`* Motbkuab tb`

tked ls fkjslh`r`h hkeò`ss/ tb` pmvlolkj ls surekujt`h wltb fmjkpy%olc` iljlsblja wltb ikur upslh`%

hkwj oktus pljjmfo`s/ wòo cjkwj ektli lj Bljhu b`rltma`* Xb` hke` ls ki blaboy ujusumo h`slaj lj tb`

t`res ki Euabmo tked mrfblt`ftur`/ foksòy r`sèdolja tb` fkv`rlja ki Vuil tkeds/ dut mosk lt emy d`

lh`jtlil`h wltb D`jamol but ms ki furv`h rkki mjh okja%hrmwj `mv`s kr fbmu%fbmom "8%slh`h , vmuot`h rkki

prktruhlja kv`r tb` wmoos/ r`sèdolja fr`sf`jt ekkj kj lts slh`s mjh frkwj`h wltb tbr`` oktus iljlmos*68

66 Cur“mj Cmrle/ 9<7=1

68 Dmjaomp`hlm/ Jmtlkjmo @jfyfokp`hlm ki Dmjaomh`sb/ Fbmu%fbmom rkki



8>

Vup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj/ J%@ vl`w/ Ila* =9

^mvlolkj ljt`rlkr wltb twlj f`jktmpbs mjh iokkr ljomy/ ila*=1 Xkw`r tkp s`ftlkj fbmggms mjh ploomrs/ Ila* =2



8=

Vkutb Qmoo ls mekja tb` c`y i`mtur`s ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom L me mhhr`sslja lj tbls stuhy*

Mpmrt irke kds`rvlja lj h`ptb tb` ròlalkus ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme mokja wltb `stmdolsblja tb` `xmft hmt`

ki tb` tked fkjstruftlkj "tb` fkjtrkv`rsy tk d` hlsfuss`h omt`r lj tb` s`pmrmt` fbmpt`r, mjh qu`stlkjs

upkj pmtrkjsblp mjh `jhkwe`jt ki tb` tked/ tb` i`mtur`s mjh h`slaj ki tb` Vkutb wmoo h`s`rv` rmtb`r

ekr` mtt`jtlkj irke tb` vlfljlty* Xb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom s`ès tk d` pr`f`h`jt lj tb` Euabmo

tked mrfblt`ftur` lj tb` t`res ki trmhltlkj ki tb` tked amrh`js dulot lj Vkutb%Jkrtb mxls* Lj ktb`r

wkrhs/ wblo` ekst ki Euabmo lep`rlmo tked amrh`js "Buemyuj“s/ Mcdmr“s/ Vbmb Gmbmj“s/ Jur Gmbmj“s/

wltb tb` `xf`ptlkj ki Gmbmjalr“s, w`r` dulot lj tb` usumo Vkutb%Jkrtb mxls "emlj amt`/ emlj tked

`jtrmjf`/ emlj bmoo `jtrmjf` mjh f`jktmpb pksltlkjs lj tb` sme` molaje`jt,/ tb` fkjstruftlkj ki tb`

tked amrh`j ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom s`ès tk d` kut ki tbmt ràuomr emjj`r ki tb` Euabmo tked

mrfblt`ftur`* Ms w` kds`rv`h `mrol`r % `ltb`r ikr smc` ki pksltlkj ki tb` tked slt` "d`tw``j tb` mff`sslja

rkmh kj tb` @mst slh` mjh \meujm rlv`r kj tb` Q`st slh`, kr jkt % tb` tked amrh`j ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuomwms jkt dulot lj tbmt okja%rujjlja trmhltlkj/ jmeòy lj Vkutb%Jkrtb mxls* Xbus/ wblo` tb` emlj amt` mjh

tb` tked ltsòi ol` lj @mst%Q`st mxls "lj molaje`jt wltb rkmh mjh rlv`r,/ tb` `jtrmjf` tk tb` emlj tked

bmoo mjh twlj f`jktmpbs pksltlkj ol` lj trmhltlkjmo Vkutb%Jkrtb mxls* Vtloo/ tked hk`s rèmlj mff`ssldo`

Xked/ Q%V fkrj`r/ jktlf`mdo` hlii`r`jf`s lj wmoo jlfb`s h`slaj/ Ila* =<



84

Doljh jlfb` h`slaj wltb sèl%foks`h sfr``j/ Vkutb/ Ila*4> Tàuomr r`f`ss`h jlfb` h`slaj/ @%J%Q/ Ila* 4=

Mrfbwmy mf`ss tk mxlmo ikr`bmoo mjh emlj fbmed`r "mdkv`/ domjc ljsfrlptlkj pmjò,/ Vkutb/ Ila* 44



86

irke `ltb`r ki tb` slh`s tbrkuab tb` mxlmo ikr`bmoos tk lts meduomtkry ljt`rlkr/ dut lt ls tb` Vkutb slh` ki

tb` tked tbmt prkvlh`s tb` kjoy mjh hlr`ft mff`ss tk tb` emlj tked bmoo/ jmeòy tk tb` hlajltmrl`s“

f`jktmpbs "Ila*=8,* Xb` sme` sfbè` iljhs lts r`p`tltlkj lj tb` tked“s sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj ikr tb`

mff`ss tk lts ljt`rlkr mjh h`fkrmtlv` f`jktmpbs ol` ms wòo lj tb` Vkutb%Jkrtb mxls* Kdvlkusoy/ tb` tked ki

L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mit`r moo emy jkt dr`mc wltb tb` dulohlja trmhltlkj mffkrhlja tk Lsomelf krtbkhkxy rlt`s

ikr mff`ss tk tb` emlj tked ljt`rlkr rèmljs ujmot`r`h/ l*`* irke tb` Vkutb*

Vk tb`j wbmt òs` emc`s Vkutb slh` ki tb` tked hlstljft mjh hlii`r`jt tbmj mjy ktb`r mrfblt`fturmo kr

h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur` ki tb` tked mjh mt tb` sme` tle` lepkrtmjt tk kur cjkwo`ha` lj kur furr`jt tked

kds`rvmtlkjs; Lt ls tb` strkja iuj`rmry fbmrmft`r ki tbls slh` ki tb` tked wblfb ls pmrtlfuomroy `jbmjf`h

dy mikrè`jtlkj`h trmhltlkjmo mff`ss tk tb` s`puofb`r irke tb` Vkutb* Ekr`kv`r/ lj fkjtrldutlkj ki tbls

kds`rvmtlkj w` emy jktlf` mj mhhltlkjmo jued`r ki dktb mrfblt`fturmo mjh h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur`s mt tbls

slh` ki tb` tked lj suppkrt ki tbls jkt`wkrtby iljhlja* Mekja tb`s` i`mtur`s tb` ekst strlclja lshlii`r`jf` lj h`slaj d`tw``j tb` iomjclja jlfb`s kj Vkutb slh` mjh tb` iomjclja jlfb`s ki tb` ktb`r

slh`s* Xb` h`slaj ki Vkutb iomjclja jlfb`s b`r` ljvkov`s tb` hlii`r`jf`s lj dktb mrfblt`fturmo mjh

h`fkrmtlv` t`res* Ms w` mor`mhy kds`rv`h/ tb` iomjclja jlfb`s lj tb` tked“s mrfblt`fturmo vkfmduomry

w`r` h`slaj`h tk prkvlh` mj mhhltlkjmo looueljmtlkj tk tb` skktblja sbmh` ki tb` tked ljt`rlkr

fbmed`rs* Xb` jlfb`s mr` tbus s`t kj tb` slh`s ki `mfb ki ikur mff`sslja f`jtrmo mrfbwmys/ emtfblja

fkrj`r fbmed`rs ljslh`* Xb`y mr` r`f`ss`h mookwlja lj tbls wmy ekr` sujolabt tk p`j`trmt` tk tb` fkrj`r

fbmed`r f`jktmpbs tbrkuab tb`lr omttlf`h sfr``js "gmols, mjh tyepmjues* Bkw`v`r/ ujolc` tb` jlfb`s kj

tb` @mst/ Jkrtb mjh Q`st slh` ki tb` tked/ tb` Vkutb jlfb`s jkt kjoy mr` tb`y jkt r`f`ss`h/ dut tb`y mr`

doljh* Xb`lr omttlf`h sfr``js mr` r`huf`h tk tb` wmoo/ tbmt ls/ moekst d`lja lj tb` olj` wltb wmoo surimf` ms

li tb`y w`r` e`mjt tk r`strlft mj mhhltlkjmo olabt tk tbls pmrt ki tb` tked mjh `jbmjf` sked`r mjh

iuj`rmry mtekspb`r` ki tb` Vkutb slh` "Ila*=<,* Ikr m eke`jt w` emy alv` m tbkuabt ki tbls

mrfblt`fturmo i`mtur` d`lja pr`s`jt mt tb` tked gust ikr tb` purpks` ki pomlj h`slaj mjh bmvlja jktblja

tk hk `ltb`r wltb mjy fkjf`mo`h e`mjlja kr ljt`rlkr looueljmtlkj* Bkw`v`r/ li w` tmc` m s`fkjh okkc mt

tb`s` Vkutb jlfb`s w` emy jktlf` tbmt tb`y mr` sèl%foks`h/ jmeòy jkt iuooy sfr``j`h ms kj tb` ktb`r

slh`s ki tb` tked* Lj ìi`ft/ b`r` tb` jlfb` tyepmjues mr` foks`h mjh fkv`r`h wltb mdstrmft h`slaj/

tbus r`huflja tb` sujolabt `v`j ekr` lj tb` Vkutb ljt`rlkr "Ila*4> mjh 41,* Mjktb`r h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur` lj

imvkur ki ey kds`rvmtlkjs upkj Vkutb wmoo ls tb` f`jtrmo ljsfrlptlkj pmjò mdkv` tb` Vkutb mrfbwmy ki

tb` tked "Ila*44,* Xb` pmjò stmjhs lj tb` olj` ki tb` irl`z` d`mrlja ròlalkus ljsfrlptlkjs mjh lt ls oìt

domjc/ y`t mamlj mffkrhlja tk tb` Lsomelf krtbkhkxy/ jmeòy hu` tk tb` blab r`v`r`jf` ki tb` Ck r“mjlf

v`rs`s kj tb` irl`z`* Lj ktb`r wkrhs/ lt ls d`fmus` tb` Lsomelf fustke h`t`relj`s tbmt tb` dkhl`s sbkuoh



88

d` durl`h lj tb` Vkutb%Jkrtb hlr`ftlkj/ b`mhs turj`h tkwmrh tb` Q`st "jmeòy Cm“mdm hlr`ftlkj lj Ljhlm,

wltb oàs tkwmrh tb` Vkutb* Xb`rìkr`/ tb` f`jtrmo pmjò wms ljt`jh`h tk d` oìt domjc lj krh`r tk

èpbmslz` r`v`r`jf` ki tb` Ckr“mjlf v`rs`s sljf` tb` pmjò mjh i``t ki tb` durl`h fkupo` w`r` lj tb`

sme` olj`* @v`jtumooy/ ms pr`suemdoy tb` ilj`st `vlh`jf` ki ey kds`rvmtlkj upkj tb` Vkutb wmoo stmjhs

tb` sò`ftlkj ki tb` e`jtlkj`h Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`r wblfb rujs rlabt pr`flsòy mfrkss tb` Vkutb slh` ki tb`

tked arkujh iokkr/ stmrtlja mt tb` Vkutb%@mst fkrj`r tkw`r mjh fokslja mt tb` Vkutb%Q`st fkrj`r tkw`r*

Lt ls Vurm Mo%Euzzmeelo / fbmpt`r Jk*16 ki Ckr“mj "Xb` @jsbrkuh`h, tbmt smys mdkut h`vkt`h jkfturjmo "-,

prmy`rs mjh wkrsblp/ ikr prmy`rs mt jlabt mr` v`ry lepkrtmjt lj tb` ròlalkus rlt`s ki tb` Eusole*

K tbku ikoh`h lj amre`jts-

Vtmjh "tk prmy`r, dy jlabt/ dut jkt moo jlabt/ Bmoi ki lt/ kr m oltto` o`ss/ Kr m oltto` ekr`3

mjh r`flt` tb` ]ur!mj lj sokw/ e`msur`h rbytbelf tkj`s* "…,60

Xbls Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`r ls mekja tb` `mrol`st "6rh, Hlvlj` r`vòmtlkjs hòlv`r`h tk tb` ^rkpb`t* Mpmrt irke

smylja mdkut h`vktlkjmo s`rvlf`s mt jlabt/ lt mosk rèljhs ki tb` Hmy ki Guhae`jt wblfb moekst f`rtmljoy

ljhlfmt`s tk tb` `jbmjf`h iuj`rmry fbmrmft`r ki tb` Vkutb slh` ki tb` tked ms wòo ms h`pmrtlja irke

`mrtboy oli` mjh r`surr`ftlkj ltsòi*

60 Ckr“mj Cmrle/ Mo%Euzzmeelo/ 167=%8



80

Lt ls jkt p`reltt`h tk tb` Vuj tk kv`rtmc` tb` Ekkj/

Jkr fmj tb` Jlabt kutstrlp tb` Hmy7

@mfb iokmts lj lts krdlt

mffkrhlja tk Omw

\m %Vlj 6978>



89

Iokrmo mjh mdstrmft h`fkrmtlkj ‖ Ljt`rmftlkj d`tw``j mrtboy mjh ktb`rwkrohoy syedkos

Xb` h`fkrmtlkj ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom ls dms`h kj m sclooiuooy h`slaj`h

pmtt`rj ki a`ke`try/ krjme`jt mjh fmoolarmpby* Xb` eutumo ljt`rpomy ki tb`s` vlsumo prkarmes prkhuf`s

rlfb mjh sueptukus ìi`fts mfrkss tb` wbko` tked“s surimf`* @mfb ki tb`s` i`mtur`s bms lts kwj okalf

mjh fkepksltlkj/ dut lj ujlty tb` prkarmes hk fk%ròmt` mekja `mfb ktb`r gust ms wòo* Lj tbls r`sp`ft/

w` emy smy tbmt tb` tked“s h`fkrmtlv` prkarme drlabtoy rìo`fts tb` prljflpo`s ki ujlty ki Lsomelf mrt mjh

tbus tb` ujlty ki tb` Pjlv`rs` ltsòi ms wòo* Jk emtt`r wb`r` tb` ljsplrmtlkj ikr tb` tked“s h`fkrmtlv`

prkarmes wms hrmwj irke/ `ltb`r irke tb` Pjlv`rs` kr tb` ljhlvlhumo/ tb`r` w`r` m emst`riuo tbkuabt/

hòlfmt` tkufb mjh pomyiuo ljsplrmtlkj `jama`h mt tb` sme` tle` lj fr`mtlkj ki tb` tked “s h`fkrmtlv`

prkarme* Dìkr` tmclja m foks`r mjh h`tmlo`h mpprkmfb tkwmrhs m iuoo`r ujh`rstmjhlja ki tb` hòlfmt`

h`fkrmtlv` prkarme ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom w` sbkuoh ilrst hìlj` lts emgkr tbè`s tbrkuabprljflpo` òè`jts ki Lsomelf h`slaj* Li w` fmrìuooy kds`rv` tb` emgkr tbè`s ki h`fkrmtlkj ki tb`

tked/ w` sbmoo r`molz` bkw tb`y drlabtoy rìo`ft tb` ilv` prljflpo` òè`jts ki Lsomelf h`slaj h`t`relj`h

p`remj`jtoy dy Koà Armdmr*69

Xb` ilrst mjh rmr`st fmtàkry pr`s`jts buemj mjh mjlemo i`mtur`s* Xb`y `xlst`h lj E`hlm`vmo Lsomelf

sfuoptur` wltb tb` `mrol`st `xmepo`s irke Lrmj tbmt jk okja`r `xlst* Buemjs mjh mjlemos hk mpp`mr

wltblj tb` ljt`rlkr h`fkrmtlv` prkarme ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Xb`y hk jkt mpp`mr `xpolfltoy/

y`t v`ry hòlfmtòy/ tbrkuab m emjj`r ms pmrts ki semoo`r h`fkrmtlv` prkarmes kj tb` imf`s ki fups/

hlsb`s/ ljt`romf`h wltb iokrmos kr irults* Xb` prkarmes wkuoh ekstoy ljfouh` ilsb/ dlrhs/ p`mfkfcs/ b`js/

hrmakjolc` fr`mtur`s/ s`rp`jts wltb dlrh d`mc/ `v`j olkjs wltb slobku`tt` ki tb` emj ujh`r tb`

dmohmfblj` pr`suemdoy mj lema` ki tb` h`f`ms`h wmzlr* \`t/ tbls ls jkt m okjòy h`plftlkj ki m buemj lj

tb` Euabmo mrt* ^rki`sskr Ckfb mosk ljhlfmt`h tb` buemj lema` mt tb` h`fkrmtlkj prkarme ki Hlwmj l%

‒Me bmoo lj Hòbl T`h Ikrt* B`r` lj tb` Iokr`jtlj` emjj`r/ Krpbùs ls pr`s`jt`h wltb d`msts/ dlrhs mjh

iokw`rs*61 Iurtb`rekr`/ mffkrhlja tk ^rki`sskr Msb`r tb` ljt`rlkr f`jktmpb fbmed`r ki tb` Mcdmr“s

tked/ dìkr` sèl%suff`ssiuo r`stkrmtlkj tkkc pomf`/ mosk r`pkrt`hoy bmh pmljtljas ki mjaòlf lema`s/

`v`j Fbrlstlmj sudg`fts ms tb` Ylralj Emry/ prkdmdoy rmtb`r m emtt`r ki imsblkj tbmj ki ròlalkus

fkjvlftlkjs*62 Lj tbls r`sp`ft/ lt ls jkt`wkrtby ikr us tb` wmy ^`rslmj sfbkomr mjh blstkrlmj Cbwmjhmelr

h`sfrld`h èp`rkr Buemyuj mjh bls foks` ròmtlkj tk tb` jmtur` mjh lts fr`mtur`s7

69ATMDMT/ Koà + BLOO/ H`r`c/ =<91/ Lsomelf Mrfblt`ftur` mjh Lts H`fkrmtlkj MH 2>>%=0>>/ Imd`r mjh Imd`r/ 28*p

61CKFB/ @ddm/ Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ 42*p

62MVB@T/ D* Fmtb`rlj`/ Mrfblt`ftur` ki Euabmo Ljhlm/ =>2*p



81

‟"…, ujh`r tb` prkt`ftlkj mjh sbòt`r ki bls gustlf`/

h``r so``p lj tb` omp ki pmjtb`rs/

mjh ilsb i`mro`ssoy tmc` r`st j`mr frkfkhlo`s3

pla`kjs d`fke` irl`jhs ki imofkjs

mjh spmrrkws fblrp i`mro`ssoy lj irkjt ki `mao`s "…,― 6<

Xb` buemj mjh mjlemo ektlis pmrtlfuomroy wb`j ikujh tka`tb`r mt tb` tked fr`mt` strkja mjh hlstljft

syedkolfs7 slo`jf` mjh h`vktlkj "ilsb,/ `t`rjlty mjh leekrtmolty "p`mfkfc,/ rkymoty mjh lep`rlmo hlajlty

"olkj,/ hlvljlty/ prkels`h hlvlj` bòp ikr h`f`ms`h/ olabtj`ss ki d`lja "dlrh,/ lep`rlmo e`tmpbkr/

d`j`vko`jf` mjh wkjh`r "hrmakj,*

Xb` s`fkjh fmtàkry ls mrfblt`fturmo mjh ls pr`s`jt`h tbrkuab f`rtmlj òè`jts ljt`jh`h tk d` strufturmo

dut iurtb`r trmjsikre`h tbèsòv`s iujftlkj ljtk h`fkrmtlv`* Lj tbls fmtàkry wbmt w` emy iljh mt tb`

tked ls rlfb pomst`r mjh stuffk wkrc lj tb` ikre ki stmomftlt` euqmrjms mjh f`loljas/ kr emrdo`

dmoustrmh` mjh prkg`ftlja `mv`s òè`jts "fbbmggms, r`sèdolja ò`pbmjt trujc mt tb` sup`rstruftur`prkarme mjh ktb`r ròmt`h òè`jts tbmt fr`mt` tbr``%hle`jslkjmo h`fkrmtlv` ìi`ft*

Xb` tblrh fmtàkry ls a`ke`try kr mdstrmft h`slaj ekstoy fr`mt`h mt tb` tked tbrkuab dmslf stmr kr

mrmd`squ` pmtt`rjs* M wbko` j`twkrc ki a`ke`trlf vmrl`ty ki tb` stmrs "ilv`%pkljt`h/ slx%pkljt`h/ `labt%

pkljt`h/ t`j%pkljt`h/ twòv`%pkljt`h, mjh pkoyakjs "p`jtmakjs/ b`xmakjs/ kftmakjs/ h`fmakjs, ls

systèmtlfmooy hlstrldut`h mfrkss tb` pmjòs ki wmoos/ tkw`rs mjh hmhks ki tb` tked* Lj a`j`rmo/ stmrs

w`r` pr`s`jt lj Lsomelf mrt `v`r sljf` mjh tb`lr lema` sblj`s kj tb` bkol`st pomf`s mjh kdg`fts*

E`tmpbkrlfmooy/ b`mv`joy stmrolabt aulh`s m Eusole pk`tlfmooy tbrkuab oli` wblfb mffkrhlja tk Krl`jtmo

syedkolse ls m gkurj`y mfrkss tb` h`s`rt/ lj `v`r arlì ikr tb` okss ki pmrmhls` tbmt fmj kjoy d` ràmlj`h

mit`r h`mtb* Ck“rmj ls y`t mjktb`r pomf` wb`r` tb` stmr fuot ls e`t* Ekr`kv`r m wbko` Vurm 06 Mo%Jmge ls

h`hlfmt`h tk lt*

‚Lt ls B` Qbk emc`tb tb` stmrs "ms d`mfkjs, ikr yku/

tbmt y` emy aulh` ykursòi wltb tb`lr bòp

tbrkuab tb` hmrc ki omjh mjh s`m‟ 8>

Kds`rvlja tb` stmr ektli mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom ms wòo ms kj ktb`r Euabmo ekjue`jts/

pmrtlfuomroy mt tb` tkeds ki Buemyuj mjh Mcdmr/ tb` stmr ls kdvlkusoy mjh ujhkudt`hoy m hkeljmjt

h`fkrmtlv` `xpr`sslkj ki tb` Euabmos mffkrhlja tk tb` ir`qu`jfy mjh mekujt ki lts r`p`tltlkj* Xbls

i`mtur` ls jkt dy mfflh`jt* Ilv`%pkljt`h/ slx%pkljt`h mjh t`j%pkljt`h stmrs mpp`mr ir`qu`jtoy kj emjy

Euabmo ekjue`jts/ usumooy pomf`h mt tb` `jtrmjf`s tk tb` dulohljas/ gust ms lt wms tb` fms` wltb stmr

6< OKQT\/ Ao`j Buemyuj“s Xked Ikre/ Iujftlkj mjh E`mjlja lj @mroy Euabmo Mrfblt`ftur`/ Ir``r Amoo`ry ki Mrt/ Veltbskjlmj

Ljstltutlkj/ =88*p3 wltb iurtb`r rì`r`jf`s 8>

Ckr“mj Cmrle/ Mo%!Mjnče/ 97<1



82

h`slajs mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Qblo` ilv`%pkljt`h mjh t`j%pkljt`h stmr pmtt`rjs mpp`mr kj tb`

@mst mjh Jkrtb wmoos/ fkrj`r tkw`rs mjh dmoustrmh` ki tb` tked/ slx%pkljt`h stmr pmtt`rj mpp`mr kj tb`

hmhks/ jlfb`s mjh ekst ki gmol sfr``js* Lt ls dòl`v`h tbmt tb` stmr ektli wms ilrst lh`jtlil`h wltb

Buemyuj mjh tb`j wltb tb` wbko` Euabmo hyjmsty "slx%pkljt`h stmr emtfb slx Euabmo èp`rkrs/ dy

mfflh`jt kr jkt, `ltb`r ikr tb`lr imsfljmtlkj wltb mstrkokay mjh mofbèy kr ske`tblja òs`* Mj `jho`ss

r`p`tltlkj ki tb` stmr pmtt`rj tbrkuab sbmp` mjh fkokur iurtb`r fr`mt`s tb` mrmd`squ` ektli wblfb ms

wòo ls kj` ki tb` `ss`jtlmo h`fkrmtlv` òè`jts ki tb` tked* Xb` mrmd`squ` wms fr`mt`h lj =>tb f`jtury

lj Lrmq mjh sljf` tb`j lt spr`mh mfrkss wbko` Lsomelf wkroh* D`lja pkpuomr ikr lts ljiljlt` mjh io`xldlo`

vlsumo `xpr`sslkj tb` mrmd`squ` fkuoh d` us`h lj vlrtumooy moo sltumtlkjs/ irke mrfblt`fturmo fkjt`xt tk

looustrmtlja tb` Ck“rmj* B`r` mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom stmr mjh mrmd`squ` pmtt`rjs fr`mt` kj` ki

tb` ilj`st mjh ekst prkius` krjme`jtmtlkjs lj wbko` ki tb` Lsomelf mrt `x`fut`h lj pkoyfbrke` sèl%

pr`flkus ‒“pl`trm hurm““ ljomy dktb kj tb` `xt`rlkr mjh ljt`rlkr* \`t slelomr `xqulslt` h`slaj pmtt`rjs fkuohd` mosk s``j mt tb` tked“s pr`h`f`sskrs mjh suff`sskrs/ l*`* mt Mcdmr“s tked mjh Xmg Embmo "Ila*46%40,*

^l`trm hurm/ Mcdmr“s tked/ Ila* 46 ^l`trm hurm/ L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s/ Ila*48 ^l`trm hurm/ Xmg Embmo/ Ila* 40

Xb` ikurtb fmtàkry mffkrhlja tk Armdmr hlspomy`h mt h`fkrmtlv` prkarme ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%

Hmuom ls wrltlja* H`vls`h tbrkuab pmssma`s ki tbr`` blaboy syedkolf Ckr“mjlf surmbs/ tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo

prkarme ki tb` tked ls moekst m`tb`rlf lj lts pr`s`jf` mjh r`qulr`s tk d` hlsfuss`h lj pmrtlfuomr lj tb`

ikookwlja fbmpt`r ki tbls stuhy* Vfrlpts kj tb` Lsomelf ekjue`jts wkuoh ske`tle`s d`mr blaboy

syedkolf e`mjlja `ltb`r tbrkuab sò`ftlkj ki Ckr“mjlf pmssma`s/ ùokal`s tk duloh`rs/ plkus eèkrl`s kr

`jhkwe`jts mjh tbus emy d`fke` mj Lsomelf ekjue`jt ikr ltsòi*



8<

Xb` ilitb mjh omst fmtàkry ràmrhs và`tmo òè`jts* Ms w` cjkw Euabmos w`r` tru` h`vkt``s ki tb`

jmtur` mjh tb`lr pmsslkj wms èdkhl`h lj tb` mrt mjh mrfblt`ftur` ki tb`lr èplr`* Xb`y bmh d``j

pmrtlfuomroy ljt`r`st`h lj dktmjy mjh tbmt wms wòo hkfue`jt`h hurlja tb` r`laj ki Gmbmjalr ikr bls fblì

fkurt mrtlst Pst`h Emjsur r`fkrh`h kv`r bujhr`h iokw`rs jmtlv` tk Euabmo omjhs mjh lj pmrtlfuomr

Cmsbelr* Mosk/ Euabmo mjh ^`rslmj sfbkomrs mjh @urkp`mj vlsltkrs tkk w`r` drljalja dktmjlfmo dkkcs mjh

b`rdmos tk tb` Euabmo fkurt* Gmbmjalr blesòi kwj`h mj mhelrmdo` fkoo`ftlkj ki `xqulslt` eljlmtur`

pmljtljas mjh tka`tb`r wltb bls fkjskrt Jur Gmbmj fkjstruft`h d`mutliuo amrh`j mfrkss Euabmo èplr`*

Xb` tru` slajlilfmjf` ki Euabmo và`tmo mjh iokrmo h`fkrmtlkj ol`s lj lts strlcljaoy olvòy mjh mutb`jtlf

h`plftlkj3 tb`y w`r` j`v`r st`rlo` kr stloo/ dut lj fkjstmjt ekvè`jt mjh iokw/ `ltb`r h`plft`h

ljhlvlhumooy kr lj iokw`rd`hs/ pmljt`h/ ljomy`h kr lj ròlì*

Iokw`rs mr` hkeljmjtoy hlspomy`h pmljt`h kr ljomy`h lj tb` ljt`rlkr ki tb` tked "ms stè/ ms dkuqu`ts lj

vms`s/ ms iokkr h`slaj,/ dut tb`y mr` mosk ikujh kj tb` `xt`rlkr ms tb` pmrt ki mdstrmft a`ke`trlf

prkarmes lj vmrl`ty ki t`fbjlqu`s olc` pl`trm hurm lj sèl%pr`flkus stkj`s/ ljfls`h kr okw ròlì*

H`p`jhlja kj tb` pomfè`jt/ `ltb`r lj tb` ljt`rlkr kr tb` `xt`rlkr/ iokw`rs fbmja` lj sò`ftlkj/ fkokur

mjh kdvlkusoy lj syedkolfs* Kj tb` ljslh` ki tb` tked iokw`rs mjh irults ljfouh` lrls`s "b`r` h`mtb/

wlshke/ mhelrmtlkj,/ pkppl`s "h`mtb/ r`st/ fkjskomtlkj/ trmjqulolty ,/ tuolps "splrltumo mwmr`j`ss/

r`surr`ftlkj mjh h`t`reljmtlkj,/ bkj`ysufco` "dkjhs ki okv` mjh a`j`rkslty ,/ vlko`ts " imltbiuoj`ss/

buelolty mjh fbmstlty ,/ olol`s "splrltumolty/ ujlkjs/ pmrtj`rsblps/ r`j`wmo/ imltb,/ jmrflssus`s "b`r` so``p/

r`dlrtb/ s`huftlkj,/ emrlakohs "‟b`rd ki tb` Vuj―/ okv` fbmre,/ bymfljjtb`s " ikralv`j`ss/ rà`j`rmtlkj/

fkjstmjfy ,/ pmjsl`s "rèèd`rmjf`/ ujlkj mjh eèkrlmo emrc`rs ikr tb` h`f`ms`h dòkv`h kj`s,/

fkouedlj`s "ljkf`jf`, mjh hmjhòlkjs " imltbiuooj`ss, wltb pke`jarmjmt`s "`t`rjmo oli`/ r`dlrtb/ i`rtlolty/

mdujhmjf` mjh prksp`rlty ,/ ilas "h`slr`/ `jolabte`jt lj Ljhlm,/ armp`s mjh vlj` o`mv`s "wlshke/

leekrtmolty ,/ fkurt tr``s "wlsb%iuoilolja/ hlr`ft pmtb irke @mrtb tk B`mv`j, mjh typlfmo ki tb` p`rlkh

‟fbljl cbmjm― "semoo jlfb`s lj tb` wmoos wltb h`plftlkjs ki iokw`r vms`s, mjh ‟fbl― ektlis "ekvlja splrlt

ki jmtur` mjh moo olvlja tbljas, * Xb` fkokurs ki tb` ljt`rlkr mr` ekstoy hmrc wltb r`h d`lja hkeljmjt mjh

syedklolzlja ekurjlja mjh skrrkw* Kj tb` kutslh` ki tb` tked h`fkrmtlv` prkarme ljfouh`s emljoy

wblt` vlvlh iokw`rs olc` hmlsl`s "purlty/ ljjkf`jf`/ okymo okv` mjh slepolflty,/ gmselj`s "Bljhu syedko ikr

okv` mjh purlty,/ emrlakohs mjh fypr`ss`s "b`r` emo` prljflpo`/ skrrkw/ h`mtb, wltb pke`jarmjmt`s/

armp`s/ mdstrmft swlrolja và`tmos "ièmo` prljflpo`, mjh mutb`jtlf ^`rslmj ektlis ms ldrlqs+guas

"purlilfmtlkj,/ iokw`r vms`s/ irult dmsc`ts "prksp`rlty,/ rks` wmt`r iomscs/ ljf`js` dkx`s* @mfb ilaur` tbus

drkuabt lj lts kwj syedkolf lj fr`mtlkj ki tb` tked“s ujlqu` vlsumo lema`* Kdvlkusoy/ hìljlja



0>

h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur`s ki tb` tked wkuoh jkt emc` eufb s`js` wltbkut ljt`rpr`tlja tb`lr `xkt`rlf mjh

`skt`rlf msp`fts* Wmblr "`xkt`rlf/ r`v`mo`h e`mjlja, mjh Dmtlj "`skt`rlf/ fkjf`mo`h e`mjlja,

ljt`rpr`tmtlkjs mr` tbus c`y pkljts tk mjy tbkuabtiuo kds`rvlja mjh ujh`rstmjhlja ki tb` Lsomelf

ekjue`jt ms wòo ms ki tb` blaboy syedkolf h`fkrmtlv` prkarme ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh Hmuom*

Lj tbls r`sp`ft/ w` fmj fkjfouh` tb` fkjstruftkr ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom h`vls`h s`pmrmtòy twk

hlstljft mjh òmdkrmt` h`fkrmtlv` prkarmes/ kj` kj tb` ljt`rlkr mjh ktb`r kj tb` `xt`rlkr/ `xpr`ss`h

tbrkuab syedkolse ki jmtur`/ lfkjkarmpby mjh eystlfmo pk`try ki ^`rslm mjh Ljhlm* Kdvlkusoy tb`s`

vlsumooy pkw`riuo b`rltma`s emtfb`h lj bmrekjlkus ljt`rpomy wltb mrfblt`fturmo s`ttlja/ motbkuab

`jho`ssoy rbytbelfmooy r`p`mt`h* Qblo` kj tb` `xt`rlkr tb` pkoyfbrke` h`slajs `jbmjf`h dy wblt`

emrdo` dms` ljtrkhuf` m iuoo dokke ki jmtur` mjh Pjlv`rs`/ mjh fò`drmtlkj ki `mrtboy olvlja hlstrldut`h

`qumooy kj tb` moo `xt`rlkr s`ftlkjs "wmoos/ hmhks/ fkrj`r tkw`rs mjh sup`rstruftur`,/ tb` ljt`rlkrprkarme e`mjwblo` ls rmtb`r skktblja/ sked`r mjh r`huf`h lj fkokur/ `xpr`sslja ktb`rwkrohoy

mtekspb`r` mjh trmjsf`jhlja ki `mrtboy oli`* Qblo` wmoo h`fkrmtlkj fbmja`s irke hmhks/ jlfb`s tk upp`r

wmoo surimf`s h`p`jhlja kj tb` ò`vmtlkj/ tkw`r h`fkrmtlkj fbmja`s dy v`rtlfmo s`ftlkjs lj rbytbelfmo

r`p`tltlkj ki tbr`` pmtt`rjs mt tb` arkujh iokkr s`ftlkj/ tbr`` pmtt`rjs mt tb` sup`rstruftur` s`ftlkj tk

tb` styolz`h fbbmttrl clksc tkps* Gust ms wòo/ tb` sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj h`fkrmtlkj fbmja`s dy v`rtlfmo

s`ftlkjs irke omttlf`h gmlo sfr``js tk ^`rslm ljsplr`h tyepmjues mjh Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkj emrdo`

fmrtkufb`s* Xb` blaboy krjme`jtmo arkujh iokkr ljt`rlkr mosk hlspomys m olvòy iokwlja fbmja` ki iokrmo mjh

a`ke`trlf ektlis irke hmhks mjh ‟fbljl cbmjm― wmoos tk ljtrlfmt` stmomftlt` f`loljas* ^koyfbrke`

`xpr`sslkj wms kit`j fkjslh`r`h mt tb` Euabmos tk d` m r`mftlkj mamljst tb` ekjktkjkus mjh pomlj

jmturmo `jvlrkje`jt ki Bljhustmj ki wblfb Dmdur kjf` spkc` dy frltlflzlja hust mjh b`mt ki Ljhlm* @mfb

fkokur bmh lts kwj syedkolse mjh e`mjlja tk tb` Euabmos* T`h mjh wblt` w`r` pmrtlfuomroy cjkwj ms

tb`lr trmhèmrc/ jmeòy fkokurs ki Euabmo èplr` mjh rkymo hlajlty* Mffkrhlja tk Cbwmjhmelr

e`hlm`vmo ^`rslmj sfbkomr mjh blstkrlmj/ Buemyuj wms wòo%cjkwj hurlja bls r`laj ikr sò`ftlja tb`

fkokr ki bls rkymo hr`ss `v`ry hmy mffkrhlja tk tb` fkokr ki tb` pomj`t tbmt wms dòl`v`h tk ruo` tbmt hmy

ki tb` w``c* Xbus/ Vmturhmy wms dòl`v`h tk d` tb` hmy ki Vmturj/ sk tb` èp`rkr wkuoh fbkks` tk w`mr

domfc kj Vmturhmys ikr lt ls tb` fkokr ki Vmturj* Kj Vujhmys/ Buemyuj wkuoh hr`ss blesòi lj yòokw

sljf` tbls hmy wms mttrldut`h tk tb` Vuj/ `tf*8= @v`jtumooy/ fkokur mjh jmtur` w`r` emgkr skurf`s ki

ljsplrmtlkj lj tb` Euabmo oàmfy `ltb`r w` kds`rv` hyjmstlf mrfblt`ftur`/ h`fkrmtlkj kr eljlmtur`

pmljtlja/ ikr tb`r` mr` mj kdvlkus jued`r ki sustmljlja r`mskjs ikr tbmt*

8= OKQT\/ Ao`j H/ Buemyuj“s Xked Ikre/ Iujftlkj mjh E`mjlja lj @mroy Euabmo Mrfblt`ftur`/ =86*p



0=

Arkujh iokkr wmoo hmhk ‖ 9 pkljt`h stmr/ ràuomr b`xmakj`/ hmlsy mjh gmselj`

Arkujh iokkr tkw`r hmhk ‖ 2 pkljt`h stmr/ ràuomr squmr` mjh hmlsy

Arkujh iokkr jlfb` hmhk ‖ 9 pkljt`h stmr mjh ràuomr b`xmakj`



04

Arkujh iokkr mrfbwmy irkjt hmhk ‖ =4 pkljt`h stmr/ b`xmakj`/ `qulomt`rmo trlmjao` mjh y`ookw jmrflssus

Arkujh iokkr wmoo V%J/ mrfbwmy hmhk V%J%@%Q ‖ 0 pkljt`h mjh => pkljt`h stmr mjh h`fmakj

Arkujh iokkr V%Q wmoo ‖ => pkljt`h stmr/ h`fmakj mjh emrlakoh



06

Xkw`r pmjò/ arkujh iokkr s`ftlkj ‖ B`xmakjs kv`rompplja mjh hmlsy

Xkw`r pmjò/ arkujh iokkr s`ftlkj ‖ 9 pkljt`h stmr/ b`xmakj` mjh emrlakoh

Xkw`r pmjò/ arkujh iokkr s`ftlkj ‖ =4 pkljt`h stmr/ b`xmakj` mjh emrlakoh



08

Xkw`r pmjò tkp s`ftlkj ‖ => pkljt`h rks`ttm/ 0 pkljt`h stmr mjh h`fmakj`

Xkw`r pmjò tkp s`ftlkj ‖ 9 pkljt`h stmr mjh hmlsy

Xkw`r pmjò tkp s`ftlkj ‖ 0 pkljt`h mjh => pkljt`h stmr mjh h`fmakj`



00

Gmol sfr``j/ arkujh iokkr iomjclja jlfb`/ Vkutb

Gmol sfr``j/ arkujh iokkr @%J%Q/ sup`rstruftur` @%J%Q%V

Gmol sfr``j/ arkujh iokkr doljh jlfb` Vkutb/ iomjclja jlfb` @%J%Q



09

Xyepmjue/ @%J%Q/ arkujh iokkr `xt`rlkr/ Ila* 49

Xyepmjue/ Vkutb/ arkujh iokkr `xt`rlkr/ Ila* 41

Xyepmjue/ @%J%Q%V/ sup`rstruftur` ljt`rlkr+`xt`rlkr/ Ila* 42



01

Mrfbwmy ljomy h`slaj/ V%J%@%Q/ arkujh iokkr/ Ila/ 4<

Jlfb` ljomy h`slaj/ V%J%@%Q/ arkujh iokkr/ Ila* 6>



02

Fbljl cbmjm ljt`rlkr h`fkrmtlkj

Hmiikhlos/ lrls`s/ pmjsl`s/ wlj` iomscs/ ljf`js` dkx`s/ fbl ^kppl`s/ fbrysmjtbèue/ ilsb`s/ pke`jarmjmt`s/ Jku

Lrls`s/ pkppl`s/ r`v`rs`h tuolps ^kppl`s/ fkouedlj`s/ hmjhòlkjs/ ljf`js` dkx`s/ rmt/ Jku

Vtyolz`h iokw`rs wltb buemj lema` ‖ JkuÔMX@ ‖ Lrls`s/ fbrysmjtbèue/ armp`s/ fbl



0<

Lrls`s Bymfljtb wltb Fbl Emrlakoh

Fypr`ss wltb swlrolja doksske Qlj` iomsc/ fups wltb buemj lema` ^kppl`s/ ^OMX@



9>

‟ Ey p`j wkrcs elrmfo`s-

Mjh rlabtoy `jkuab ls tb` ikre ki ey wkrhs

prkuh ki lts sup`rlkrlty kv`r e`mjlja*

Xk `mfb ki tb` furv`s ki ey o`tt`rs

tb` b`mv`joy vmuot fkji`ss`s lts dkjhma` lj somv`ry/

Mjh tb` vmou` ki `mfb ki ey strkc`s

ls `t`rjlty lts`oi―

mtt* tk Elr‒Mol Bmrmvl



9=

6* Ljsfrlptlkjs ‖ Ljt`rpr`tmtlkj

E`r` h`fkrmtlkj kr Hlvlj` i`mtur`;

Xbls fbmpt`r pr`s`jts m emlj ikfus ki ey stuhy ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ jmeòy

lts `plarmpblf prkarme* Lt fkjf`rjs ròlalkus ljsfrlptlkjs ki tbr`` Ckr“mjlf Vurmbs ms wòo ms blstkrlfmo

ljsfrlptlkjs/ l*`* hmt`s mjh slajmtur`s ki tb`lr fr`mtkr* B`r` L sbmoo mosk tr`mt tb` qu`stlkjs fkjf`rjlja

tb` pmtrkjsblp mjh `jhkwe`jt ki tb` tked/ sljf` tb`r` mr` jk kiilflmo r`fkrhs ki tb`s` pr`s`jt mt tb`

tked* Lt bms d``j ki m pmrtlfuomr emtt`r tk e` tk kds`rv` mjh ljt`rpr`t bkw tb` h`fkrmtlv` prkarme mjh

ljsfrlptlkjs i`mtur`h tka`tb`r kj tb` wmoos mjh lj wblfb emt`rlmo mjh styo` tb` fmoolarmpby ròlì ls hkj`*

M sp`flmo èpbmsls L put kj tb` fkjt`jt ki sò`ft`h Vurmbs/ tb`lr e`mjlja ljhlvlhumooy mjh lj wbko`/

`ltb`r tb`lr e`ssma` wms `mrtboy kr ktb`rwkrohoy/ ljt`jh`h tk tb` durl`h kr tb` vlsltkrs* Ki sp`flmo vmou`mjh ljt`r`st ikr kur iutur` cjkwo`ha` ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh Euabmo ljsfrlptlkjs lj

a`j`rmo emy d` tb` r`ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` hmt`s ki fkjstruftlkj+ljsfrlptlkjs L sbmoo pr`s`jt b`r`* L

dòl`v` tb` trustwkrtblj`ss mjh mffurmt`j`ss ki tb`s` blstkrlfmo c`y imfts ki tb` tked mr` y`t tk d`

`stmdolsb`h mt pr`s`jt* Motbkuab d`lja m sudstmjtlmo pmrt ki tb` tked“s rèmrcmdo` h`fkrmtlkj prkarme/

lj tbls r`sp`ft lt ls lepkrtmjt tk d` rèljh`h tbmt tb` ljsfrlptlkjs ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom bmv` j`v`r d``j

prkp`roy stuhl`h kr systèmtlfmooy mjmoyz`h sk imr* Xbus tb` tked ljsfrlptlkjs bmv` j`v`r r`f`lv`h tb`

mtt`jtlkj tb`y h`s`rv`/ wltb tb` `xf`ptlkj ki i`w sbkrtoy ljtrkhuftlkjs emh` ms m fkepoè`jtmry tk

ekr` sp`flilf stuhl`s ki Euabmo mrt mjh mrfblt`ftur`/ `*a* ms ^rki`sskr T* Jmtb emh` m drlì ljtrkhuftlkj

kj L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s lj bls mrtlfo` lj tb` surv`y ki Gmbmjalrl mrfblt`ftur`84* Kj tb` ktb`r bmjh/ ^rki`sskr

Dào`y mjh ^rki`sskr H`sml/ plkj``rs lj sfbkomroy mpprkmfb mjh stuhylja ki tb` Euabmo ljsfrlptlkjs/

w`r` tb` ilrst sfbkomrs tk r`fkrh mjh ljt`rpr`t tb` ekjue`jtmo Xmg Embmo Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme

wltb s`v`rmo ktb`r ekjue`jtmo ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmes ki tb` Euabmo @eplr`* \`t tb`s` sfbkomrs utt`roy

lajkr`h tb` `xlst`jf` ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjs ki tb` L‒tlemh uh%Hmuom“s* Ms w` mor`mhy cjkw/ tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo

prkarmes ki twk tkeds "L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh Xmg Embmo, mr` d`lja ujhkudt`hoy ujlqu` lj tb`lr fr`mtlkj

sljf` tb`y w`r` tb` kjoy Euabmo ekjue`jts wbks` `plarmpblf prkarmes w`r` h`vls`h lj Mrmdlf % m

blab`st h`fkrmtlv` vlsumo r`v`r`jf` tk mhkrj mj Lsomelf ekjue`jt kj @mrtb sljf` kjoy tb` ^mrmhlslmfmo

dulohljas mr` smlh tk d` h`fkrmt`h wltb tb` olj`s ki tb` Hlvlj` omjauma` ki tb` Moelabty* Ekr`kv`r/ tb`

ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmes ki twk tkeds mr` slelomr lj fkjt`jt mjh fkepksltlkj ms wòo* \`t mdkv` moo/ tb`

prkarmes w`r` fr`mt`h lee`hlmt oy kj` mit`r mjktb`r* B`r` L mosk put ey ìikrts tk iljh mjh pr`s`jt

84Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* 6/ Xb` Xrmjsltlkjmo ^bms` ki Fkokur mjh H`slaj7 G`bmjalr =9>0%=902/ p* 8=2%84=



94

tb` r`mskj ikr tb` mppmr`jt kelsslkj ki kv`rokkclja tb` pr`f`hlja mjh jk o`ss lepkrtmjt ekjue`jt* Lj

mhhltlkj tk tbls/ w` mr` ekst f`rtmljoy imelolmr wltb tb` imft tbmt wmzlr L“tlemh uh%Hmuom wms jkt rkymo%

dokkh`h mjh tbus bls r`stlja pomf` motbkuab `xp`jslv` mjh sueptukus lj fr`mtlkj/ fkuoh jkt bmv` bmh

mj murm mjh tked wkrtby ki m rkymoty* Xbls drljas us tk tb` mssueptlkj tbmt L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s

ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme emy jkt bmv` d``j `xmelj`h mjh stuhl`h dy Dào`y mjh H`sml ikr tb` tked wms

jkt tb` lep`rlmo tked/ l*`* hyjmstlf ekjue`jt*

Bkw`v`r/ tb` ljsfrlptlkjs ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom w`r` imr d`ykjh gust m e`r` h`fkrmtlkj mt kj` ki emjy

Euabmo tkeds* Motbkuab d`lja v`ry ljtrlfmtòy fkepks`h mjh okw%prkilo` i`mtur`h/ msclja pmtl`jf` tk

d` jktlf`h/ r`mh mjh ujh`rstkkh/ ms mjy ktb`r Lsomelf ljsfrlptlkjs dìkr` tb`y w`r` e`mjt tk alv` m

sp`flilf e`mjlja tk tb` tked kr tb` dulohlja* Lt wms ^rki`sskr Hkhh tbmt ilrst `stmdolsb`h tbls tb`kry*86 M

e`ssma` ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjs/ dktb vlsumo mjh ròlalkus wms ljt`jh`h tk tbks` mdo` tk ujh`rstmjh tb`s`fmoolarmpblf wrltljas* Mffkrhlja tk Lsomelf t`mfbljas/ fmoolarmpby ls dòl`v`h tk d` tb` èdkhle`jt ki tb`

smfr`h wkrh gust ms Moomb wms dòl`v`h tk d` tb` ilrst fmoolarmpb`r lj tb` Pjlv`rs` ikr B` fr`mt`h

"r`v`mo`h, tb` bkoy wkrhs mjh pmss`h tbè tk tb` ^rkpb`t tbrkuab tb` mjaò Amdrlò* Mffkrhljoay/ lt ls

mosk suaa`st`h tbmt tb` ‟Hlvlj` ^`j―" Mo%]mome, mjh tb` ‟Aumrh`h Xmdo`t―"Omwb Mo%Embiuz, w`r` tb`

ilrst kdg`fts Moomb fr`mt`h ikr blesòi sk tbmt b` fkuoh wrlt` hkwj tb` h`stljy ki tb` wkroh mjh wkrhs tk

d` r`v`mo`h lj tb` Ckr“mj* Lj tbls r`sp`ft/ moo tb` Eusole s`puofb`rs trmhltlkjmooy kj tb`lr tkp bmv`

r`pr`s`jtmtlkjs ki tb`s` kdg`fts % emo` kj`s d`mr tb` ‟Hlvlj` ^`j― mhkrje`jt mjh ièmo` kj`s d`mr tb`

‟Aumrh`h Xmdo`t― mhkrje`jt % ms syedkos ki h`t`relj`h h`stljy fmrv`h kut dìkr` tb`y h`pmrt`h* Lj

tb` p`rf`ptlkj ki m Eusole fmoolarmpby bms d``j m wmy ki hlsflpoljlja bls kwj skuo* Hrmwlja olj`s ki tb`

o`tt`rs irke rlabt tk bls oìt/ Eusole ls ekvlja bls kwj d`lja mjh fkurs` ki tbljclja tk tb` b`mrt "wblfb

bmpp`js tk d` okfmt`h ms wòo lj tb` oìt slh` ki tb` dkhy,/ mjh wblo` fkjf`jtrmtlja upkj wrltlja/ b` ls

drljalja dmfc bls skuo tk tb` f`jt`r ki bls d`lja*

Vbmbmhm/ ^rki`sslkj ki imltb % Xbuoutb % Xb`r` ls jk Akh ktb`r tbmj Moomb mjh Eubmeemh ls m E`ssma`j`r ki Moomb88

86HKHH F*@rlfm/ Xb` Lema` ki tb` Qkrh7 Jkt`s kj tb` Tòlalkus Lfkjkarmpby ki Lsome

88 Ckr“mj Cmrle/ Mo%Lermj/ 67=2



96

Lj Lsomelf omjhs fmoolarmpby syedkolz`s `v`r sljf` tb` omstlja ròmtlkj d`tw``j fbmja` mjh p`remj`jf`

tbmt èdkhl`s fr`mtlkj ltsòi* Qblo` tb` bkrlzkjtmo ekv`s ki tb` sfrlpt r`pr`s`jt fbmja`/ tb` v`rtlfmo

ekv`s r`pr`s`jt p`remj`jf` ki tb` Hlvlj` `ss`jf`* Xbus `mfb o`tt`r ls d`lja alv`j lts kwj p`rskjmolty

mjh uotlemtòy oljc`h wltb Moomb* Ekr`kv`r/ `mfb ki 42 Mrmdlf o`tt`rs "=8 o`tt`rs ki tb` Vuj mjh =8 o`tt`rs

ki tb` Ekkj, ls dòl`v`h tk krlaljmt` irke tb` v`ry ilrst "mjh ikrèkst, o`tt`r ki Mrmdlf sfrlpt % tb` o`tt`r

“Moli“* Lt ls tb` syedko ki kj` mjh kjoy Akh/ ujfkeprkels`h Pjlty "Xmwb``h, mjh tb` Hlvlj` `ss`jf` lj

tb` fò`stlmo e`tm%v`rslkj ki Mrmdlf/ mjh tbus syedko ki Lsomelf ekjktb`lse lj lts strlft`st t`res*

Fkjstmjt mjh euotlikre r`sbmplja ki ‒Moli“ fr`mt`s iurtb`r moo ktb`r o`tt`rs ki Mrmdlf sfrlpt* Lj lts ljh`jt`h

syedkolfs mjh sèmjtlfs ‒Moli“ ls gust d`ykjh m e`r` o`tt`r ki Mrmdlf sfrlpt+mopbmd`t*

Moli r`sbmp`h ms wkrh Eubmeemh Moli ms sljao` o`tt`r Moli r`sbmp`h ms wkrh Moomb

Lj lts fmoolarmpblf kr a`j`rmooy mrtlstlf t`res ki sp`mclja/ ‒Moli“ r`pr`s`jts tb` syedko ki fò`stlmo%`mrtboy

krlalj ki tb` Bkoy sfrlpt* Xbus mpmrt irke tb` vlsldo` % ‒V``j Moli“ w` s`` lj m sfrlpt/ lt ls dòl`v`h tb`r` ls

mosk mjktb`r ‒Moli “/ ljvlsldo` tk kur `y`s % ‒Pjs``j Moli“/ lts fò`stlmo fkujt`rpmrt mjh splrltumo twlj r`stlja

lj tb` krh`r ki tb` mikrè`jtlkj`h e`tm%omjauma`/ jmeòy tb` Hlvlj` Mrmdlf spkc`j lj ^mrmhls`*

Bkw`v`r/ lj lts b`re`jùtlfmo t`res ki sp`mclja ‒Moli“ ls tb` syedko ki twk%domh`h swkrh/ sljf` lts vlsumo

fmoolarmpblf `xpr`sslkj ujhkudt`hoy r`sèdo`s m swkrh* Xb`rìkr`/ lj lts strkja e`tmpbkrlfmo s`js` tbls

pkw`riuo twk%domh`h swkrh pmv`s m pmtb tk kur dòlìs mjh fkurs` ki tbkuabts kj kur wmy tk tb` kv`rmoo

splrltumo mjh fkepr`b`jslv` sòi%mwmclja* Lj tb` olabt ki tbls cjkwo`ha`/ wb`j w` kds`rv` tb` Bkoy

sfrlpt ki tb` Ckr“mjlf T`vòmtlkj lj lts krlaljmo stmt`/ vlsumooy tb` t`xt fke`s tk kur p`rf`ptlkj ms li lt wms

p`ri`ftoy spolt fut bkrlzkjtmooy dy jk ktb`r e`mjs dut tb` ‒Moli“ o`tt`r ltsòi* Lj ktb`r wkrhs/ tb` sfrlpt w`s`` fkjf`lvljaoy omfcs tb` upp`r ràlst`r ki sfrlpt/ tb` ‟Pjs``j pmrt― ki tb` sfrlpt* Xbmt ljvlsldo`/

‟Pjs``j― pmrt ki tb` sfrlpt ls `xmftoy tb` e`tm%omjauma`/ fò`stlmo Mrmdlf ujhkj` lj `mrtboy fr`mtlkj/ tb`

ujwrltt`j kj`/ tb` omjauma` w` fmjjkt fkjf`lv` mjh fkeeujlfmt` ujo`ss w` mr` Hlvlj` fr`mtur`s

r`slhlja lj ^mrmhls`* Kjoy p`rf`lv`h olc` tbls/ blaboy m`tb`rlf styolz`h Mrmdlf sfrlpt fmj prkvlh` us tb` c`y

tk ujh`rstmjhlja Lsomelf t`xt `ltb`r ki tb` dkkc kr tb` ekjue`jt/ ms wòo ms tk Lsomelf splrltumolty ltsòi*



98

Xb` us` ki ljsfrlptlkjs pr`s`jts kj` ki tb` prljflpmo òè`jts ki tb` Lsomelf h`fkrmtlkj mokja wltb

iokrmo+và`tmo ektlis/ ròlalkus syedkos mjh mrfblt`fturmo s`ttlja* Qbmt ls hlii`r`jt mdkut Lsomelf mrt ls

tbmt wrltlja ls tb` emlj/ li jkt ske`tle`s tb` kjoy/ òè`jt ki h`fkrmtlkj*80 ^rki`sskr Hkhh `stmdolsb`h

tbmt tb` wkrh mftumooy d`mrs m f`jtrmo rko` lj `xpr`sslkj ki dktb Lsome mjh Lsomelf mrt/ wb`r`ms tb`

Ckr“mj ls tb` imltbiuo r`prkhuftlkj ki tb` krlaljmo sfrlptur` lj b`mv`j/ jmeòy tb` wkrhs r`v`mo`h tk tb`

^rkpb`t* Xbus/ tb` wrltt`j kr r`flt`h Ckr“mj ls lh`jtlfmo lj d`lja mjh lj r`molty wltb tb` ujfr`mt`h mjh

`t`rjmo wkrh ki Akh*89 Xb` ilrst wkrhs tbmt Moomb r`v`mo`h tk tb` ^rkpb`t w`r` tb` v`rs`s ki Vurm <9/

fbmpt`r Mo %nMomq/ Xb` Fokt* Xb`s` v`rs`s syedkolz` tb` f`jtrmo rko` ki wrltlja lj Lsomelf mrt mjh fuotur`7

‟T`mh7 Lj tb` jme` tb` jme` ki tby Okrh wbk fr`mt`tb/

Fr`mt`tb emj irke fokt*

T`mh7 Mjh tby Okrh ls tb` ekst Dkujt`kus/

Qbk t`mfb`tb dy tb` p`j/

X`mfb`tb emj tbmt wblfb d` cj`w jkt*― 81

/

Lj krh`r tk mpprkmfb mjh stuhy Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjs `ltb`r kj dulohljas kr kdg`fts/ w` j``h tk

ujh`rstmjh ilrst tb` struftur` ki tb` Ckr“mj mjh mrrmjaè`jt ki lts ==8 fbmpt`rs* Qb`j Ckr“mj sfrlptsmr` r`mh olt`rmooy lt ls `msy tk mrrlv` mt tb` wrkja fkjfouslkj mjh tbus hlstrmft kr hlsfkurma` kursòv`s

irke r`mfblja tb` prkp`r ljvl`ws ljtk ekr` mdstrmft prljflpo`s/ jmeòy tbks` kj ujlv`rsmolty mjh `t`rjmo

trutb* Xb` RLLtb f`jtury Lsomelf sfbkomr Mo”Abmzmol stmt`h tbmt lj krh`r tk ujh`rstmjh tb` e`mjlja ki tb`

Lsomelf sfrlpts w` j``h tk cjkw tb` e`mjlja ki tb` omjauma`/ wblfb ls fkepks`h wltb m purpks` mjh

us`h ikr fkeeujlfmtlkj lj skfl`ty* Xbls fmj d` hkj` `ltb`r dy trylja tk ujh`rstmjh tb` sfrlpts tb` wmy

tb`y mr` kr rì`rrlja tk ktb`r fkepmrmdo` t`xts* Mosk w` fmj us` kur okalf mjh ikookw ljhlfmtlkjs irke

tb` fkjt`xt/ sufb ms slajs/ syedkos/ `tf*82 Xb` Ckr“mjlf v`rs`s w`r` fkepks`h lj twk hlii`r`jt skflk%

blstkrlf p`rlkhs/ cjkwj ms Emcclymb "E`ffmj p`rlkh, mjh Emhmjlyymb "Emhljmb p`rlkh,* Xb` Emcclymb

v`rs`s w`r` r`v`mo`h mjh fkeeujlfmt`h wblo` tb` ^rkpb`t wms stloo lj E`ffm/ kr dìkr` bls Blgrmj

80DOMLT/ Vb`lom/ 4>>9/ Lsomelf fmoolarmpby/ @hljdurab Pjlv`rslty ^r`ss/ p* 8%0

89HKHH F* @rlfm/ Xb` Lema` ki tb` Qkrh/ 89*p

81 Ckr“mj Cmrle/ Mo%‒Momq/ <97=%0

82MO%ABMWMOL/ Mdu Bmelh/ Mo%Eustmsim elj ‒LLe Mo%Psuo/ Emctmdmb mo%Gujhl3 "J*H*, p* 492*



90

trmjsltlkj tk E`hljm/ wblo` tb` ikookwlja arkup wms fkeeujlfmt`h mit`r tb` ^rkpb`t mjh bls ikookw`rs

ekv`h tk E`hljm* Bmvlja lh`jtlil`h tb` Vurmb mjh v`rs` lj tb` `xmelj`h ljsfrlptlkj/ lt ls lepkrtmjt tk

iljh kut wby m pmrtlfuomr v`rs` ls kj kj` pmrtlfuomr dulohlja kr pomf`* H`p`jhlja kj tb` ljsfrlptlkj d`lja

ir`qu`jtoy kr rmròy us`h/ w` mr` iurtb`r mdo` tk r`fkajlz` kr jkt lts syedkolfs mjh e`mjlja* Ekr`

ir`qu`jt tb` ljsfrlptlkj ls/ w` fmj d`tt`r ujh`rstmjh lts e`ssma` kj dulohlja kr kdg`ft* Vke` Ckr“mjlf

v`rs`s bmv` d``j pkpuomroy us`h ikr ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmes `v`r sljf` ikr tb`y r`pr`s`jt lepkrtmjt

msp`fts ki tb` Lsomelf imltb* Qblo` ske` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmes w`r` usumooy h`vls`h kj eksqu`s/ ske`

w`r` kj tkeds dy jk pmrtlfuomr prì`r`jf` kr trmhltlkjmooy `stmdolsb`h krh`r* Xb` ekst ir`qu`jtoy flt`h

pmssma` ki Ckr“mj ls irke Vurmb Mo%Dmqmrm/ Mymt Mo%Cursl "47400, kr tb` sk%fmoo`h Xbrkj` Y`rs`* Mosk v`ry

pkpuomr mjh r`v`r`jh ls tb` Olabt Y`rs` "48760, ki Vurmb 48 Mj%Jur* Vurmb 82 Mo%Imtb mosk `jgkys m sb``r

r`v`r`jf` mekja Eusoles mjh ls blaboy ràmrh`h ms m fbmre mjh skrt ki tmolsemj* Lt d`mrs h``poy

ròlalkus v`rs`s prkelslja tb` vlftkry tk tb` dòl`v`rs/ dktb lj tbls wkroh mjh d`ykjh mjh tbus v`ry kit`jls qukt`h lj ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme ki tb` ekst r`v`r`jh Eusole sbrlj`s ms lj Hke` ki tb` Tkfc lj

G`rusmoè/ Vuotmj Bmssmj eksqu` lj Fmlrk/ dut mosk lj Xmg Embmo mjh tked ki L“tlemh uh %Hmuom* Lj =<tb

f`jtury @aypt m dkkc kr sfrkoo wltb s`v`j surmbs ‖ pmrtlfuomroy 9/ =2/ 69/ 88/ 00/ 91/ mjh 12 ‖ wms

fkjslh`r`h m fbmre*8< ^`rbmps tb` ekst ime`h v`rs` ki tb` Ckr“mj ls sk%fmoo`h Vbmbmhm irke Vurmb Mo%

Lermj "67=2,/ jmeòy tb` prki`sslkj ki imltb/ v`ry kit`joy qukt`h tbrkuabkut tb` Lsomelf wkroh* Y`rs`

67=20 ki tbls tkufblja Vurmb ls mekja tb` sò`ftlkj ki pmssma`s tbmt mhkrj tb` f`jktmpb ki Euetmz

Embmo lj Xmg Embmo* \`t tb` ekst aomekrkus mjh ekst wkrsblpp`h pomf` h`fkrmt`h wltb tb` pmssma`s ki

Vurm Mo%Lermj ls tb` Clswm fkv`r ki Cm“mdm sbrlj` lj E`ffm/ Vmuhl Mrmdlm* @edrklh`r`h lj m 91>cas ki

emsslv` domfc sloc/ tb`r` mr` kv`r =9ca ki pur` skolh akoh tbr`mhs/ slxty tbr`` eloolkj hkoomrs `st`è`h/

`jsfrldlja tb` pmssma`s ki tbls Vurmb moo kv`r tb` fkv`r ki tb` bkol`st Eusole sbrlj` kj @mrtb* @v`ry y`mr/

kj` ekjtb prlkr tk tb` Bmgg/ m j`woy bmjh%emh` Clswm fkv`r ls f`rèkjlmooy pomf`h kj tb` Bkus` ki

Cm“mdm stkj` wb`r` lt rèmljs ujtlo tb` j`xt Bmgg* Mpmrt irke tb` v`rs`s ki Mo%Lermj/ tb`r` mr` mosk

v`rs`s ki Vurmbs Mo%Xmwdm/ \m%Vlj/ Mo%Euoc/ Mo%Cmbi mjh Xm%Bm èdrklh`r`h kj tb` Clswm fkv`r*

Dmsemoomb/ hlvlj` ljvkfmtlkj % Xbuoutb % Xb` ekst usumo r`v`r`jh kp`jlja lj Lsomelf ljsfrlptlkjs

8<DOMLT/ Vb`lom/ =<<2/ Lsomelf Ljsfrlptlkj/ @hljdurab Pjlv`rslty ^r`ss/ p*4=03 wltb iurtb`r rì`r`jf`s



99

!Fr`mtlkj lts`oi ls tb` hlvlj` fmoolarmpby wltb wblfb Akh fkv`r`h tb` pma`s ki fbmjalja Xle`/

wltb tb` domfc mjh wblt` h`slaj

ki jlabt d`fkelja hmys/ mjh

hmys d`fkelja jlabt ! ]mhl Mbe`h



91

Xb` Xked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ Ljsfrlptlkj irl`z` pmj`o/ Marm/ Ila* 6=

Cm“mdm sbrlj`/ ]lswm fkv`r ljsfrlptlkj/ E`ffm/ Ila*64

Xmg Embmo/ Mrfbwmy ljsfrlptlkj/ Marm/ Ila* 66

Xb` Hke` ki tb` Tkfc/ @xt`rlkr irl`z` ljsfrlptlkj/ G`rusmo`e/ Ila*68



92

Qmzlr Cbmj eksqu`/ Emlj pkrtmo ljsfrlptlkj/ Ombkr`/ Ila* 60

Vbmb eksqu`/ ^krtmo ljsfrlptlkj/ Lsimbmj/ Ila* 69

Mcdmr“s tked/ Emlj amt` mrfbwmy ljsfrlptlkj/ Vlcmjhrm/ Ila* 61

Dku Ljmjlm Emhrmsm/ Fkurtymrh ljsfrlptlkj/ I`z/ Ila* 62

Okhbl pmrc wmoo/ Blab r`ol`i ljsfrlptlkj/ Ila* 6<



9<

Ljt`rmftlkj d`tw``j tb` ljsfrlptlkjs mjh tb` mrfblt`fturmo+h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur`s

Mffkrhlja tk ^rki`sskr Domlr wbk hìlj`h tb` typ`s mjh purpks`s ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjs/ lt s`ès pkssldo` tk

fomssliy tb` ljsfrlptlkjs ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom `ltb`r ms `jhkwe`jt kr iuj`rmry ljsfrlptlkjs/ mt

o`mst mffkrhlja tk tb` dulohlja“s purpks`* Kj tb` ktb`r bmjh/ w` emy mosk jktlf` mt tb` sme` tle` tb`

ljsfrlptlkjs dòkja tk j`ltb`r ki tb`s` typ`s/ ikr tb`r` mr` jk sfrlpts lj tb` ikre ki ùokal`s mt tb` tked

slt` prmlslja `ltb`r tb` duloh`r kr tb` h`f`ms`h hlaljltmry* Xk d` `v`j ekr` fkjsplfukus/ tb` tked bms

jk `xlstlja kiilflmo r`fkrhs ki mjy typ` "mt o`mst jkt tbmt L bmv` r`mh ki, tk wltj`ss mdkut tked“s

`jhkwe`jt/ h`hlfmtkry kr `v`j pr`sue`h durlmos tbèsòv`s* \`t/ lt fke`s okalfmo tbmt tb` pr`s`jf` ki

ùokal`s b`r` wkuoh d` mpprkprlmt` emjj`r ikr tb`y fomrliy tk us tb` hmt` ki tked fkjstruftlkj mjh

p`rbmps `v`j ekr` lepkrtmjtoy/ wbk krh`r`h kr iujh`h tb` dulohlja* Ms w` cjkw/ `jhkwe`jt

ljsfrlptlkjs w`r` usumooy èpoky`h mt ròlalkus dulohljas sufb ms m eksqu`/ emhrmsm/ tked/ plkusikujhmtlkj kr slelomr cljh ki dulohlja* Xb`y mr` usumooy lh`jtlil`h dy twk hlii`r`jt v`rds us`h7 ‒tk `jhkw“

"wmqmim, mjh ‒tk tl` up ljmol`jmdoy“ "bmddmsm,*0> Bkw`v`r/ j`ltb`r ki tbls twk v`rd emrcs fmj d` ikujh lj

tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Kj tb` ktb`r bmjh/ w` emy prkdmdoy wmjt tk

lh`jtliy `ltb`r tb` durl`h hlajltmry kr tb` tked ljsfrlptlkjs tbèsòv`s mffkrhlja tk tb` ^rki`sskr Domlr“s

hìljltlkj ki tb` iuj`rmry kr fkeeèkrmtlv` ljsfrlptlkjs* Xb` ilrst kj`s w`r` ljt`jh`h tk sbkw ikr

wbke m tked wms fkjstruft`h mjh tb`y mowmys fkjtmlj tb` jme` ki tb` p`rskj durl`h tb`r`* Xbls ls

usumooy hkj` dy ljtrkhuflja tb` jme` ki tb` h`f`ms`h wltb tb` ikookwlja pbrms` ‒tbls ls tb` tked ki“

"bmhmbm qmdr kr bmhmbm emqdmrm,/ tb` pbrms` kit`j us`h kj tkedstkj`s*0= Xb` s`fkjh kj`s wkuoh

kit`j fkjtmlj m ròlalkus ikreuom/ usumooy tb` Dmsemoom "p*90, kr Vbmbmhm ljvkfmtlkjs "p*94,*04 Xru`/ tb`

ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom hk`s jkt fkjtmlj moekst mjy ki tb`s` ms wòo/

j`ltb`r tb` jme`s ki tb` durl`h hlajltmrl`s kr usumo ljtrkhuflja iuj`rmry pbrms`* \`t tb` Dmsemoom

ljvkfmtlkj hk`s mpp`mr tbr`` tle`s mt tb` tked/ kp`jlja `mfb ki tbr`` Ckr“mjlf Vurmbs ki tb` prkarme*

Qblo` stuhylja tb` tked“s ljsfrlptlkjs mjh `stmdolsblja tb` emtt`riuo dkhy ki blstkrlfmo imfts tbmt wkuoh

suppkrt ey iurtb`r mjmoysls kj tb` tked/ lt wms ki m ar`mt msslstmjf` tk r`mh ^rki`sskr Dào`y“s stuhy kj

tb` syedkolf rko` ki fmoolarmpby kj tbr`` lep`rlmo eksqu`s ki Vbmb Gmbmj* B`r` Dào`y mpprkmfb`h mjh

hlsfuss`h imftumo/ pkoltlfmo mjh ròlalkus ljstmjf`s ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjs ki tbr`` rkymo eksqu`s7 Gmel “

Emsglh "=982, mjh Ektl Emsglh "=906, lj Marm mjh Gmel“ Emsglh "=909, lj Hòbl* Xb`s` mr` tb` omra`st mjh

0> Lhè/ p*86

0=Lhè/ p*80

04 Lhè/ p*81



1>

ekst lepkrtmjt ròlalkus struftur`s dulot dy tbls ekst prkolilf Euabmo èp`rkr* Lj moo tbr`` fms`s/ tb`s`

lep`rlmo eksqu`s w`r` s`èljaoy ròlalkus lj tb`lr dmslf iujftlkj/ y`t `jbmjf`h wltb pmrtlfuomr

ljsfrlptlkjmo ùokal`s prmlslja tb` duolh`r mjh bls cljasblp % tb` dulohljas w`r` mftumooy s`fuomr lj tb`lr

tru` `ss`jf`* Xb` lep`rlmo eksqu`s tbus hlspomy`h tb` pkoltlfmo strlvljas mjh pursults ki ròlalkj lj

fr`mtlja m pmrtlfuomr pudolf lema` ki tb` sòi%mdskrd`h èp`rkr tbmt wkuoh kv`rwbòe medmssmhkrs/

hlpokemts mjh hlajlil`h vlsltkrs irke mdrkmh/ dut bls sudg`fts gust ms wòo* 06 @v`j ekr` `xèpoliylja mjh

fo`mrliylja ikr tb` pr`s`jt stuhy ki tb` blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkjs ki tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s emy d` tb`

kds`rvmtlkj irke mjktb`r stuhy ki Dào`y“s ‟Memjmt Cbmj mjh tb` Fmoolarmpby kj tb` Xm g Embmo―* B`r`

tb` mutbkr/ mekja ktb`r/ `xmeljlja Gmel“ Emsglh "=982, lj Marm mjh lts ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme % tb`

lep`rlmo eksqu` prljf`ss Gmbmjmrm dulot kj d`bmoi ki b`r imtb`r tb` èp`rkr Vbmb Gmbmj % `stmdolsb`s

wb`tb`r tb` ujslaj`h ljsfrlptlkjs w`r` ljh``h h`slaj`h mjh `x`fut`h dy Memjmt Cbmj* Iurtb`r mjh

ekr` lepkrtmjtoy ikr us/ Dào`y b`r` fo`mroy str`ss`s kut tbmt motbkuab oìt ujslaj`h tb` fkjt`jt ki tb`ljsfrlptlkjs ùokalz` dktb Gmbmjmrm mjh % mt m v`ry iomtt`rlja tkj` % Vbmb Gmbmj/ lj ìi`ft/ tb` duloh`r mjh

tb` `jhkw`h*08 Xb` `xmepo` ki tbls kiilflmo lep`rlmo eksqu` `jhkwe`jt wblfb prljf`ss jkdoy tr`mt`h

b`r imtb`r wltb emy s`rv` qult` wòo ms mj moekst hlr`ft rìo`xlkj ki tb` sueptukus tked èpr`ss Jur

Gmbmj tr`mt`h b`r omt` imtb`r L“tlemh uh%Hmuom wltb* Xb`rìkr`/ w` bmv` b`r` twk ljiou`jtlmo rkymo

hmuabt`rs/ kj` dy dlrtb mjh tb` ktb`r dy emrrlma`/ mjh tb`lr a`j`rkus tr`mts tk tb`lr pkw`riuo imtb`rs/

kj` dy bls b`lrsblp mjh rkymo ljb`rltmjf` mjh tb` ktb`r dy bls rkymo mppkljte`jt* Xbus/ lt fke`s okalfmo

tbmt dktb dulohljas/ tb` eksqu` mjh tb` tked/ fkjslh`rlja tb` ròmtlkjs ki tb` duloh`rs mjh tb`

`jhkw`h/ elabt "sbkuoh, bmv` bmh mt o`mst slelomroy h`vls`h ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmes* Kdvlkusoy/ dktb

hmuabt`rs okv`h tb`lr imtb`rs mjh bòh tbè lj tb` ar`mt `st`è* Vk wblo` Gmel“ Emsglh ls kdvlkulsoy mj

kiilflmooy `jhkw`h dulohlja/ tb` strlclja mds`jf` ki mjy ùokal`s/ h`hlfmtkry kr `jhkwe`jt ljsfrlptlkjs

lj r`sp`ft tk tb` wmzlr/ l*`* tb` èpr`ss“ imtb`r mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom o`mv`s us m rkke ikr

sp`fuomtlkjs wb`tb`r tb` tked wms fkjstruft`h dy mdus`h iujhs ki tb` lep`rlmo Xr`msury mt tb` tle` ki

Gmbmjalr“s r`laj*

Pjhkudt`hoy/ bmvlja r`mh Dào`y“s stuhl`s kj tbr`` lep`rlmo eksqu`s lt d`fke`s fo`mr tk us tbmt lj

fkepmrlskj wltb mikrè`jtlkj`h Vbmbgmbmjl eksqu`s/ tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ motbkuab w`motby

mjh styolsb lj fkjstruftlkj mjh kv`rmoo h`slaj/ mokja wltb h``poy ròlalkus sò`ftlkj ki Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`rs/

wms jkt e`mjt ikr sbkw kii/ mw`%ljsplrlja mjh muhl`jf`* Ms w` gust kds`rv`h/ L“tlemh uh Hmuom“s d`mrs

06D@AO@\/ Qmyj`/ Xb` Vyedkolf Tko` ki Fmoolarmpby kj Xbr`` Lep`rlmo Eksqu`s ki Vbmb Gmbmj/ p*2

08D@AO@\/ Qmyj`/ =<12%1</ Memjmt Cbmj mjh tb` Fmoolarmpby kj tb` Xmg Embmo/ Cujst h`s Krl`jts =4/ =%4/ p* =<%4>



1=

jk `vlh`jf` mjh prmls` `ltb`r ki tb` duloh`r kr tb` `jhkw`h mjh wltb fmrìuooy sò`ft`h ròlalkus sfrlpt

mjh domjc ujtlto`h f`jktmpbs tb` tked ltsòi wms kdvlkusoy mjh ekst olcòy fr`mt`h ms m rmtb`r prlvmt`/

ljtlemt`/ imeloy r`stlja pomf`* \`t/ w` emy wkjh`r wby tb` fr`mtkr ki tb` tked/ pr`suemdoy tb`

èpr`ss Jur Gmbmj/ h`vls`h tb` h`slaj ki tb` tked wltb tb`s` `vlh`jt okw%c`y i`mtur`s; Emy lt d` ikr

tb` smc` ki prlvmfy mjh s`r`jlty ki b`r dòkv`h imeloy iljmo r`stlja pomf`* Kr…emy lt d` ikr tb` jktkrl`ty/

utt`r `xtrmvmamjf` mjh kds`sslkj wltb pkw`r ^`rslmj imeloy eèd`rs w`r` wòo%cjkwj mjh dome`h ikr

wblfb tbkuabtiuo hmuabt`r kdvlkusoy amv` ìikrts tk r`h`è lj tbls wmy* Bkw`v`r/ d`lja mj ljiou`jtlmo

kv`rpkw`rlja èpr`ss prkvlh`s mj ujkdstruft`h mff`ss tk moo tb` tkkos ki lep`rlmo pkw`r mjh sk tk tb`

lep`rlmo Xr`msury ltsòi wblfb mdus` ki lep`rlmo iujhs emc`s rmtb`r okalfmo* Lj tb` olabt ki tb`s` mjh

pr`vlkus kds`rvljas/ tb`r` ls m f`rtmljty tbmt tb` tked ki tb` Euabmo ^rle` Eljlst`r mjh blab`st rmjclja

hlajltmry L“tlemh uh%Hmuom wms ljh``h iujh`h dy mdus`h e`mjs ki tb` lep`rlmo Xr`msury mjh tbus utt`roy

ujmff`ptmdo` mjh pkt`jtlmooy rlsciuo `ltb`r ikr kiilflmo stmt` r`fkrhs kr mjy `jhkwe`jt+d`stkwe`jtljsfrlptlkj kj tb` ekjue`jt* @v`j li w` hk jkt pmy mtt`jtlkj bkw `xtrmvmamjt mjh hòlfmt` mt tb` sme`

tle` tb` frmitsemjsblp ki tb` tked wms/ w` mor`mhy fkjfouh`h tbmt/ mt tb` `jh ki tb` hmy/ L“tlemh uh%

Hmuom wms ilrstoy m dòkv`h imtb`r ki tb` èpr`ss "wbke b` `jhkw`h sk eufb lj bls oli`tle`, mjh tb`j

s`fkjhoy/ tb` ^rle` Eljlst`r/ Qmzlr mjh imtb`r lj omw ki tb` furr`jt Euabmo èp`rkr* Kdvlkusoy/ tbls

drljas us tk tb` fkjfouslkj tbmt tb` h`vkt`h hmuabt`r hlh put b`r d`st ìikrts lj krh`r tk smv` b`r

imtb`r“s hlajlty/ r`putmtlkj mjh r`v`r`jf`/ dktb lj tbls wkroh mjh tb` kj` d`ykjh `v`j li tbmt

fkjslh`r`h fr`mtlja bls armv` sueptukus/ y`t ‟jmeò`ss―* Mdkv` moo/ ràmrho`ss ki tb` wmzlr“s fkurt mjh

dokkh ròmtlkjs/ mjh hkudtiuo mds`jf` ki lepkrtmjt blstkrlfmo r`fkrhs mt tb` tked/ blaboy syedkolf

ròlalkus ljsfrlptlkjs lj tb` tked“s h`fkrmtlv` prkarme wloo bòp us ujfkv`r skkj tbmt `v`jtumooy lt wms

Jur Gmbmj d`lja ekst olcòy tb` hrlvlja ikrf` lj tb` tktmo fr`mtlkj ki tbls rèmrcmdo` tked* L sbmoo

mhhr`ss tbls kds`rvmtlkj iurtb`r hurlja ey ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` tked“s Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjs "p* 22,*



14

Arkujh iokkr ljsfrlptlkj r`alst`r pomj/ Ila* 8=

Ppp`r iokkr ljsfrlptlkj r`alst`r pomj/ Ila* 84



16

Xb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ sbkuoh d` tr`mt`h olc` mjy ktb`r

sfbkomroy stuhl`h Lsomelf t`xt/ jmeòy ms mj Lsomelf ekjue`jt ltsòi % irke tb` `xp`rtls` mjh h`sfrlptlkj

ki tb` fkepksltlkj/ t`fbjlqu` mjh styo` tk tb` ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` ròlalkus t`xt ltsòi* D`mrlja lj eljh

tb` armjt`h trust mjh fkjilh`jf` ey e`jtkr ^rki`sskr Ckfb mjh tb` Mrfbm`kokalfmo Vurv`y ki Ljhlm

kiilflmos bmh put lj e` mjh ey wkrc/ L mpprkmfb`h tb` tked lj Guoy 4>=> mjh kds`rvljaoy tkkc ilrst

kiilflmo pbktk hkfue`jtmtlkj ki tb` tked“s ljsfrlptlkjs* Xb` prkarme L tkkc r`fkrh ki ls fkjslst`h ki

e`mjljaiuo ròlalkus t`xt/ jmeòy tbr`` iuoo ujljt`rrupt`h Ckr“mjlf surmbs `x`fut`h lj tb` twk hlii`r`jt

ràlst`rs/ kj` lj tb` arkujh iokkr `xt`rlkr mjh ktb`r lj tb` sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj ljt`rlkr* Xb` arkujh

iokkr sfrlpt ls `x`fut`h dy fmrvlja lj wblt` emrdo` pmjòs ki hlii`r`jt o`jatb "slz`, wblfb w`r` kdvlkusoy

mttmfb`h mit`rwmrhs kjtk tb` dulohlja surimf`* ^mjòs w`r` iurtb`r pomf`h kj tb` fkjslh`rmdo` b`labt ki

tb` `xt`rlkr/ mt wmoos mjh fkrj`r tkw`rs mffkrhlja tk tb`lr slz`/ l*`* fkrr`spkjhlja tk tb` fkepksltlkj

mjh slz` ki tb` `xt`rlkr mrfblt`fturmo òè`jts dòkw "emljoy tb` imámh` kp`jljas,* Xb` fkepksltlkjtbus fr`mt`s m d`mutliuo ekjkfbrke` irl`z` mrkujh tb` wbko` tked lj tb` hlr`ftlkj Q`st % Jkrtb % @mst

% Vkutb/ kp`jlja irke imr rlabt kj tb` arkujh iokkr Q`st slh` ki tb` tked mjh fokslja kj tb` Vkutb %

Q`st tkw`r rlabt j`xt tk tb` kp`jlja pmjò kj tb` Q`st slh` "Ila*8=,* Pjolc` tb` arkujh iokkr/ tb`

sup`rstruftur` ljt`rlkr sfrlpt s`ès tk d` `x`fut`h hlr`ftoy kj tb` emrdo` wmoo surimf`s/ irme`h lj okja

r`ftmjauomr fmrtkufb`s rlabt mdkv` tb` bua` gmol emrdo` sfr``js/ rujjlja lj tb` hlr`ftlkj kppkslt` irke

arkujh iokkr ràlst`r "sljf` h`vls`h kj tb` ljslh`, Q`st % Vkutb % @mst % Jkrtb/ kp`jlja irke imr rlabt kj

tb` Q`st slh` "Ila*84,*

Xb` sfrlpt ki tb` tked“s ljsfrlptlkjs wms Xbuoutb mjh lt wms us`h ràuomroy lj Ljhlm mjh ^`rslm* Xbuoutb

wms kit`j fkjslh`r`h tb` ekst pkw`riuo mjh v`rsmtlo` sfrlpt ikr fmoolarmpblf h`fkrmtlkjs* Lt ls smlh tbmt

yku mr` jkt m fmoolarmpb`r ujtlo yku fmj wrlt` Xbuoutb* Lt ls m omra` mjh òàmjt/ furslv` sfrlpt/ us`h lj

e`hlm`vmo tle`s pmrtlfuomry ikr tlto`s mjh mrfblt`fturmo ljsfrlptlkjs/ ekstoy kj eksqu`s* Xb` sfrlpt wms

h`vòkp`h lj =>tb f`jtury M*H/ tb`j iurtb`r òmdkrmt`h lj tb` =0tb f`jtury M*H* mjh lt ls stloo d`lja lj us`

jkwmhmys* Xb` sfrlpt jme` Xbuoutb h`rlv`s irke tb` Mrmdlf wkrh ‟tbuoutb― " , e`mjlja $kj` tblrh$/

sljf` kj`%tblrh ki `mfb o`tt`r sokp`s* Euabmos us`h tb` sfrlpt pmrtlfuomroy ikr tb` eksqu`s mjh tkedsmjh tbus lt mpp`mrs mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Bkw`v`r/ tb` ekst imekus `xmepo`s ki Xbuoutb/

mjh ljh``h ske` ki tb` ekst emg`stlf Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjs `v`r wrltt`j/ w`r` tbks` h`slaj`h ikr tb`

Xmg Embmo* Xb` hlstljftlv` fbmrmft`rlstlfs ki Xbuoutb mr` v`rtlfmo strkc`s wltb m oìtwmrh somjt/ bkrlzkjtmos

wltb m h``p furv`/ iljlsbljas ki ekst h`sf`jhlja o`tt`rs mpp`mr wltb mj òàmjt furv`h bkkc/ tb` o`tt`rs

kit`j ljt`romf`/ mjh emjy mot`rjmt` o`tt`r ikres emy mpp`mr lj tbls sfrlpt* Qb`j lt fke`s tk tb` Xbuoutb



18

^mj`o slz`s mjh omykuts % Vtyo` mjh t`fbjlqu` ki fmoolarmpblf fmrvlja % Omykut ki kp`jlja ) fokslja v`rs`/ ^omt` 6



10

sfrlpt mt tb` tked prkarme/ lts fkurs` mjh omykut ki v`rs`s tbrkuabkut tb` pmjòs ki dktb ràlst`r

solabtoy fbmja` p`rlkhlfmooy lj tb` t`res ki hyjmelfs mjh h`jslty ki tb` sfrlpt* Vemoo`r tb` pmjò % ekr`

oàldo` mjh fo`mr`r tb` v`rs` kutokkc* Omra`r tb` pmjò % ekr` t`js`h mjh h`js` tb` v`rs`s“ kutokkc* Xb`

upp`r ràlst`r ls wmy ekr` ljt`js` mjh ljtrlfmt` ikr r`mhlja/ `v`j wmtfblja* Xb` tblrty o`jatby v`rs`s ki

tb` Vurmb Mo%Euoc mr` h`vls`h kj kjoy ò`v`j okja r`ftmjauomr fmrtkufb`s mdkv` gmlos* Xb`lr o`tt`rs

fkjstmjtoy ljt`rtwlj` mjh kv`romp mekja `mfb ktb`r/ `v`j io`xldoy fbmjalja mt tle`s tbrkuabkut tb`

wbko` upp`r ràlst`r* Y`ry kit`j/ ràmrho`ss ki tb` slz` "o`jatb, ki tb` pmjòs/ v`rs`s ruj mot`rjmtòy lj

kj` kr twk rkws mt tb` sme` tle`/ `*a* wblo` lj tb` okw`r rkw pr`vlkus v`rs` ls fkelja tk lts `jh/ tb`

ikookwlja v`rs` mor`mhy rujs lj tb` tkp rkw* V`èljaoy/ dktb prkarmes okkc olc` mj `jho`ss iokw ki

mdstrmft èdrklh`ry wkrc kj tb` emrdo`/ y`t sp`flmo emjj`rlstlf i`mtur`s `jama`h lj tb` fmoolarmpblf

fmrvlja olc` iokw`r doksske "❍,/ somjt`h fkeem%olc` strkc`s/ hòlfmt` h`sf`jhlja o`tt`r furv`s/ blaboy

òkjamt`h o`tt`rs olc` \m " , kr Il " , "ômt` 6, fkjgkljlja ske` v`rs`s kr s`ftlkjs ki tb` sfrlpt

fkepksltlkj/ `tf* emc` lt mff`ssldo` tk tb` r`mh`r* Vke` ki tb`s` i`mtur`s olc` òkjamt`h o`tt`rs mjh

fkeem%olc` strkc`s mpp`mr mt tb` Xmg prkarme ms wòo/ dut lt ls rmtb`r m emtt`r ki tb`j imsblkjmdo`

Xbuoutb emjj`r tbmj m fkjf`ptumo foks`j`ss ki tb` ekjue`jts* Mokja wltb tb`s` sp`flilf i`mtur`s/

fbmpt`rs mr` s`pmrmt`h dy hlvlj` ljvkfmtlkjs/ jmeòy/ `mfb ki tbr`` fbmpt`rs ki tb` ròlalkus prkarme

kp`js wltb Dmsemoomb hlvlj` ljvkfmtlkj "p*90,* Lj tbls wmy/ bmvlja tb`s` i`mtur`s ljfkrpkrmt`h tb` sfrlpt

d`fke`s d`tt`r fkepks`h/ oàldo` mjh pomyiuo* Xb` iokw`r doksske emrc "ômt`6, ls v`ry fbmrmft`rlstlf

i`mtur` motbkuab jkt pmrtlfuomroy mppmr`jt lj tb` prkarme/ ikr lt emy d` elstmc`j ikr kj` ki sbkrt

vkwòs wblfb mr` mosk v`ry mtt`jtlvòy fmrv`h kut tbrkuabkut tb` pmjòs* \`t/ tb` iokw`r doksske emrcs

mr` rmtb`r bòpiuo mjh jkt jàolaldo` mt moo lj tb` sfrlpt/ ikr tb`y imfloltmt` tb` r`mhlja mjh

fkepr`b`jslkj ki tb` r`v`r`h t`xt* Xb` emrc ls tbus d`lja pomf`h mit`r `mfb v`rs` lj krh`r tk s`pmrmt`

tbè/ jmeòy/ lt emrcs tb` `jh ki kj` mjh tb` dàljjlja ki tb` ktb`r v`rs`* Mosk/ tb` doksske emrc

mpp`mrs ms wòo mit`r `mfb ki tbr`` Dmsemoomb ljvkfmtlkjs* Vke`tle`s dut sòhke/ tb` sfrlpt ls sk h`js`

sk tb` emrc hk`s jkt mpp`mr/ tbmt ls/ tb` fmoolarmpb`r kdvlkusoy hlh jkt bmv` `jkuab spmf` ikr lts

fmrvlja* Mosk/ kjf` lj tb` `jtlr` fkepksltlkj tb` doksske emrc ls hkudo`h "ômt`6,mt tb` pmjò Jk*8> kj

tb` @mst slh`* hkudo` s`pmrmt`s omra`r sfrlpt ujlts/ l*`* emrcs tb` `jh ki ilrst surmb mjh tb` dàljjlja ki tb` s`fkjh surmb lj tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r* Bkw`v`r/tb` wbko` prkarme ls moekst p`ri`ftoy pr`s`rv`h

kj tb` ekjkfbrke` emrdo` pmjòs wltb dmròy i`w hmema`s lj tb` ikre ki frmfcoljas kr drkc`j o`tt`rs

mjh tbus mjy sfbkomr wltb prkilfl`jt r`mhlja scloos lj Mrmdlf ljsfrlptlkjs emy r`mh lt wòo* Ylsldo` kjoy mt

tb` s`fkjh okkc/ tb` ljsfrlptlkj fmrvljas mpp`mrs m`tb`rlf ms m bmok/ ms li tb` fr`mtkr fkjsflkusoy

èpoky`h mikrè`jtlkj`h fbmrmft`rlstlfs lj krh`r tk `jbmjf` tb` ktb`rwkrohoy lepr`sslkj ki tb` sfrlpt*



19

X`fbjlfmo prkpkrtlkjs ki tb` Xbuoutb fmoolarmpblf sfrlpt/ Ila* 84

Lt fke`s blaboy furlkus mjh ljt`r`stlja tk kds`rv` mt tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s tb` ilj`

ljt`rmftlkj d`tw``j mrfblt`fturmo/ h`fkrmtlv` mjh ròlalkus prkarme ki tb` tked3 tk d` pr`fls`/ tb`

fkrr`spkjh`jf` d`tw``j mrfblt`fturmo òè`jts ki tb` tked/ tb` ikur fmrhljmo hlr`ftlkjs mjh

fkepksltlkj ki tb` ròlalkus sfrlpt mfrkss tb` pmjòs* Ms w` kds`rv`h `mrol`r/ pmjòs ki tb` okw`r ràlst`r

w`r` pomf`h lj dmomjf`h krh`r kjtk tb` wmoo mjh tkw`r surimf`s ki tb` `xt`rlkr* Jmeòy/ tb` pmjòs mr`

pomf`h mffkrhlja tk tb`lr slz` fkrr`spkjhlja tk tb` fkepksltlkj mjh slz` ki tb` `xt`rlkr mrfblt`fturmo

òè`jts/ `*a* omra`r ljsfrlptlkj pmjòs surekujtlja tb` mrfbwmys mjh r`f`ss`h jlfb`s3 semoo`r

ljsfrlptlkj pmjòs mt tb` tkw`rs mjh kv`r tb` doljh jlfb`s* T`mhlja tb` sfrlpt irke tb` wmoos lt d`fke`s

kdvlkus tbmt tb` fkurs` mjh pomfè`jt ki Ckr“mjlf pmssma`s "mymts, ki surmbs mfrkss tb` pmjòs w`r` jkt

fkepks`h dìlttljaoy mffkrhlja tk tb` slz` mjh o`jatb ki tb` emrdo` pmjòs* Bkw`v`r/ gust m e`r`

wmtfblja ki tb` sfrlpt moekst fkjvljfljaoy alv`s us mj lepr`sslkj tbmt tb` sfrlpt fkepksltlkj rujs blaboy

dmomjf`h/ emst`riuooy dìlttlja tb` pmjòs/ l*`* ms li tb` o`jatb ki `mfb mymt iltt`h tb` slz` "o`jatb, ki `mfb

pmjò* Kr/ tk put lt lj slepo`r t`res/ o`jatb ki mymts hk`s jkt j`f`ssmrloy ilt tb` o`jatb ki pmjòs3 tbus tb`

mymts ruj ujljt`rrupt`hoy irke kj` pmjò tk mjktb`r mrkujh tb` dulohlja/ ske`tle`s `jhlja lj tb`

elhho` ki kj` mjh ske`tle`s `jhlja dìlttljaoy mt tb` `jh ki mjktb`r* E`mjwblo`/ tb` sfbè` lj tb`

upp`r ràlst`r ls rmtb`r ujlikre mjh r`p`mt`h sljf` `mfb ki =4 pmjòs ki tb` prkarme ls ki sme` slz` mjh

fkrr`spkjhs tk tb` fkepksltlkj mjh ujlikre slz` ki omra` emrdo` omttlf`h sfr``js tb`y surekujt* Pjolc`

tb` okw`r ràlst`r sfrlpt/ ms e`jtlkj`h dìkr`/ tb` upp`r ràlst`r sfrlpt ls d`lja qult` h`jsòy fmrv`h

kut/ blaboy ljtrlfmtòy styolz`h mjh moekst lepkssldo` tk ikookw mt ske` pkljts/ wltb wkrhs mjh mymts ki

surmb fkjstmjtoy ljt`rtwljlja mjh kv`rompplja/ tbus drljalja `v`j ekr` hrmemtlf i`ò tk tb` mor`mhy

strlclja Vurmb Mo%Euoc tbmt mhkrjs tb` upp`r ràlst`r* Kdvlkusoy/ tb` ljt`jslty ki tb` upp`r ràlst`r



11

fmoolarmpby t`xtur` ls ekst f`rtmljoy hu` tk tb` pomfè`jt ki tbls o`jatby surmb wltblj tb` olelt`h wmoo

spmf` ki tb` sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj* Lj m vl`w bkw emst`riuo mjh rìlj`h mrtlst“s fmoolarmpblf scloos w`r`

lj fr`mtlkj ki tb` hèmjhlja upp`r ràlst`r ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s lj sfmo` mjh mtekspb`r` rmtb`r

ljtlemt` sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj/ lt sbkuoh d` skoòy stmt`h b`r` tbmt tb` sme` Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`r wms

`x`fut`h lj Xmg Embmo dy fmoolarmpb`r Memjmt Cbmj/ tbmt ls/ lj tb` imr ekr` ekjue`jtmo okw`r hke`

hrue "=2*00e lj hlme`t`r, ki tb` tked fbmed`r00* Iurtb`rekr`/ ràmrhlja tb` ljt`rmftlkj ki tb`

prkarmes ki tb` tked/ w` bmv` mor`mhy fkjtèpomt`h dìkr` tb` èpokye`jt ki tb` ikur fmrhljmo

hlr`ftlkjs lj tb` pomf e`jt ki pmrtlfuomr r olalkus sfrlpt kj pmrtlfuomr pomf` kj tb` tked* Hurlja ey

`mrol`r mjh furr`jt kds`rvmtlkjs upkj tb` ljsfrlptlkjs ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ lj tbls emtt`r L

wms emljoy ljsplr`h wltb ^rki`sskr Dào`y“s mpprkmfb lj bls prkikujh stuhy kj Fmoolarmpby ki Xmg Embmo

mjh lts fblì fmoolarmpb`r Memjmt Cbmj“s wkrc* Xb`r` Dào`y ljhlfmt`h/ mekja ktb`r/ tbmt tb` e`mjlja

ki tb` Ckr“mjlf ljsfrlptlkjs ls mii`ft`h dy tb`lr pomfè`jt kj m pmrtlfuomr pmrt ki tb` mrfblt`fturmoprkarme mjh tbus tb` ljsfrlptlkjs eust d` fkjtèpomt`h kj emjy hlii`r`jt o`vòs*09

Lj tb` olabt ki tbls cjkwo`ha`/ w` emy r`turj tk tb` fkjsplfukus Vkutb slh` ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%

Hmuom mjh ekr` `msloy try fkepr`b`jhlja tb` r`mskjs ki syedkolf pomfè`jt ki tb` Vurmb Mo%

Euzzmeelo mfrkss tbls slh` ki tb` tked* Ms w` cjkw irke dìkr`/ tb` emlj tked fbmed`r wltb

f`jktmpbs ki wmzlr mjh bls fkjskrt ls `xfouslvòy mff`ss`h irke tb` Vkutb lj mffkrhmjf` tk wòo%cjkwj

mjh ràuomroy mppol`h Lsomelf iuj`rmo rlt`* Xbus/ `jt`rlja tb` fbmed`r irke tb` Vkutb mjh mpprkmfblja

tb` f`jktmpbs w` o`mv` kj` wkroh mjh trmjsf`jh tk mjktb`r/ tbmt ls/ w` o`mv` tb` `mrtboy olabt ki tbls

wkroh lj tb` amrh`j d`bljh mjh èdrmf` tb` aokke mjh r`stlja p`mf` ki tbks` wbks` f`jktmpbs w` mr`

vlsltlja* Iurtb`rekr`/ ms w` kds`rv`h `mrol`r/ tb` Vkutb slh` ki tb` tked ls mosk d`lja tb` slh` wb`r`

`xfouslvòy mjh ujolc` lj tb` ktb`r slh`s "fkljflh`jtmooy;, tb` ràuomr r`f`ss`h sfr``j`h jlfb`s tbmt iomjc

tb` f`jtrmo mrfbwmys ki tb` tked mr` r`pomf`h wltb ujlqu` sèl%foks`h doljh jlfb`s "Ila*4>%4=,* Xb`s`

twk iomjclja jlfb`s d`lja sèl%foks`h r`huf` tb` sujolabt kj tbls slh` mjh mhhltlkjmooy emc` tb` ljt`rlkr

sf`j` ekr` sked`r/ ekurjiuo mjh r`sèdolja h`mtb* Xbus/ emtfblja tbls mrfblt`fturmo i`mtur` kj tb`

Vkutb slh` wltb Vurm Mo%Euzzmeelo/ wbks` fkjt`jt ls mdkut tb` Hmy ki Guhae`jt mjh s`rvlf`s mjh

h`vkt`h prmy`rs kii`r`h tbrkuabkut tb` jlabt/ mhhltlkjmooy mjh strkjaoy `jbmjf`s tb` aokke mjh

eòmjfbkoy ki tbls slh` ki tb` tked wblo` mosk ljhlfmtlja tb` h`pmrtlja irke tbls `mrtboy oli` "dy `jt`rlja

tb` tked, mjh r`surr`ftlkj ltsòi*

00 lhè p* 40<

09 D@AO@\/ Qmyj`/ Memjmt Cbmj mjh tb` Fmoolarmpby kj tb` Xmg Embmo/ p* 1%2



12

Dktb ljsfrlptlkjmo ràlst`rs/ arkujh iokkr mjh upp`r iokkr/ mr` iljlsb`h wltb blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkjs fmrv`h

kut lj tb` omst emrdo` pmjò ki fokslja surmb ki tb` `mfb ràlst`r/ tbmt ls/ lj tb` arkujh iokkr mt tb` omst

pmjò ki tb` V%Q fkrj`r tkw`r/ lj tb` upp`r iokkr mt tb` omst "=4tb, fmrtkufb` ki tb` Jkrtb wmoo* @mfb

blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkj fkjtmlj tb` y`mr ki fkepo`tlkj ki `mfb ràlst`r wltb tb` jme` ki tb`lr fr`mtkr

wltblj tb` ràuomr ljsfrlptlkjmo ikre ―Qrltt`j dy―"Cmtldubu,* Xb` y`mrs ki fkepo`tlkj ki `mfb ràlst`r

mr` hlii`r`jt mjh ikr twk r`mskjs7 tb` ilrst r`mskj fke`s rmtb`r okalfmo % kj` ràlst`r wms hkj` mit`r

mjktb`r/ tbmt ls/ mffkrhlja tk kiilflmo r`fkrhs mjh ljt`rpr`tmtlkj tb` upp`r ràlst`r wms fkepo`t`h ilrst lj

=>69 M*B* "=949+41 M*H*,/ wblo` tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r wms fkepo`t`h lj =>61 M*B* "=941+42 M*H*,*

Xb` s`fkjh r`mskj ls tbmt tb` y`mr ki tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r ls mddr`vlmt`h "y`mr mjh h`fmh`, % 61/

wblo` tb` upp`r ràlst`r y`mr ls ràuomroy fmrv`h kut wltb ikur jue`rmos "y`mr/ h`fmh` mj eloo`jjlue, %

=>69* B`r` rèmljs ujcjkwj wbk wms krlaljmooy r`spkjsldo` ikr `stmdolsblja tb`s` hmt`s ki tb`

ljsfrlptlkjs "kr tked, fkepo`tlkj mjh wb`tb`r tb` ljt`rpr`tmtlkjs w`r` trustwkrtby/ dut wbmt stmjhsikr f`rtmlj ls tbmt tb`s` c`y ljsfrlptlkjs ki tb` prkarme mr` ekst olcòy elsljt`rpr`t`h*01

Qb`j lt fke`s tk tb` fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur` lt mpp`mrs twlf`/ jmeòy/ kj` slajmtur` ls mt tb` `jh ki

`mfb ràlst`r mjh tb`y mr` lh`jtlfmo lj styo`* Lj ktb`r wkrhs/ dktb ljsfrlptlkj ràlst`rs w`r` fr`mt`h mjh

slaj`h dy Mdh Mo%Jmdl Mo%]ur`ysbl* Dktb Mo%]ur`ysbl“s slajmtur`s mjh tb` y`mrs ki fkepo`tlkj mr`

wrltt`j tka`tb`r/ y`t s`pmrmt`h irke tb` r`st ki tb` sfrlpt tbus fr`mtlja m hlstljft ljsfrlptlkjmo ujlt ki lts

kwj* Jmeòy/ lj tb` arkujh iokkr tb` fmoolarmpb`r fkepks`h tb` sfrlpt sk tbmt mt tb` omst pmjò ki tb`

ràlst`r lt foks`s wltb bls slajmtur` mjh tb` y`mr/ wblo` lj tb` upp`r iokkr/ hu` tk tb` olelt`h spmf` ki

wrltlja mjh o`jatb ki tb` sò`ft`h surmb/ y`mr ki tb` fkepo`tlkj ki tb` upp`r ràlst`r wms ljsfrld`h

v`rtlfmooy "Ilas* 89%81,/ tbmt ls/ kppkslt` ki bkrlzkjtmo fkurs` ki tb` sfrlpt wblo` tb` fmoolarmpb`r“s

s`lajmtur` rèmljs molaj`h wltb tb` t`xt* Kdvlkusoy/ tb` fmoolarmpb`r wms wòo%r`sp`ft`h mjh bòh lj m

ar`mt `st`è mffkrhlja tk tb` imsblkj ki bls slajmtur` mjh sljf` b` wms mookw`h tk slaj bls fr`mtlkjs*

Qbk`v`r b` wms/ w` fmjjkt mss`rt wltb fkjilh`jf` wb`tb`r Mo%]ur`ysbl wms `ltb`r fkurt%`stmdolsb`h

mrtlst kr ròmt`h lj mjy wmy tk tb` wkrcsbkps ki wòo%cjkwj fmoolarmpb`rs mt tb` tle` olc` Memjmt Cbmj

ki tb` Vbmbgmbmjl fkurt kr Elr Mdh“ Moomb ki Gmbmjalrl fkurt* Bkw`v`r/ f`rtmlj p`fuolmrlty strkjaoy hrmws

tb` mtt`jtlkj wblo` kds`rvlja tb` fokslja pmjò ki tb` arkujh iokkr* Mpmrt irke tb` fmoolarmpb`r“s

slajmtur` mjh tb` y`mr ki fkepo`tlkj/ tb` pmjò mosk fkjtmljs twk omst wkrhs ki tb` blaboy ròlalkus

Vurmb Mo%Euzzmeelo tbmt foks`s tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r* Kj` a`ts tb` lepr`sslkj b`r` tbmt hrkpplja

tb` omst twk wkrhs kut ki tb`lr fkjt`xt irke tb` pr`vlkus pmjò emy s`è ms mj mfflh`jtmo kelsslkj*

01 Xb` ljsfrlptlkj hmt`s fkjtrkv`rsy wloo d` tr`mt`h s`pmrmtòy/ lj h`tmlo lj tb` `jh ki tbls fbmpt`r



1<

Bkw`v`r/ tb`s` twk fokslja wkrhs mr` jkt gust mjy wkrhs ki tb` fbmpt`r mjh tbus tb`y emy bmv` m

rmtb`r syedkolf slajlilfmjf` tk kur cjkwo`ha` fkjslh`rlja tb`lr sp`flmo pomfè`jt/ tbmt ls/ lee`hlmtòy

foks` tk tb` fmoolarmpb`r“s jme`* Lj ìi`ft/ tb` ljsfrlptlkj pmjò "Jk*96, dìkr` tb` omst kj` "Jk*98/ wltb

Mo%]ur`ysbl“s jme` mjh y`mr , fkjtmljs tb` omst twk mymts "v`rs`s, ki tb` Vurmb Mo%Euzzmeelo smylja

‟ Mjh msc ikralv`j`ss ki Moomb* Ljh``h/ Moomb ls…―* Bkw`v`r/ tb` rèmljlja bmoi ki tb` omst mymt

‟…Ikralvlja mjh E`rfliuo ― fkjtlju`s kjtk tb` fokslja pmjò wb`r` tb` fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur` mjh y`mr

ki fkepo`tlkj mr` wrltt`j "Ilas*86,* Xbus/ tk mjy eljhiuo `plarmpblf r`mh`r m j`w fkjf`mo`h

syjtb`tlfmooy fr`mt`h ljsfrlptlkj wloo è`ra` kj tb` omst pmjò/ ms li lt wms e`mjt tk d` r`mh s`pmrmtòy ms

‟Ikralv`j mjh E`rfliuo Mdh Mo%Jmdl Mo%]ur`ysbl ―*

Fokslja pmjòs ki tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r "ar``j, wltb fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur` mjh y`mr "yòokw, mjh syjtb`tlf v`rs` "ar``j+r`h,

Ila* 86 Ila* 88

❍ 02

Mjh msc ikralv`j`ss ki Moomb* Ljh``h/ Moomb "ls, … Ikralvlja mjh E`rfliuo "Qrltt`j dy, Mdh M%Jmdl Mo%]ur`ysbl 61

Xb` fr`mtlkj kdvlkusoy fkedlj`h wltb omst wkrhs ki tb` fokslja mymt " tbmt mr` foksòy mttrldut`h tk Moomb

dktb lj tb` pr`s`jt `plarmpblf fkjt`xt mjh tbmt ki tb` hlvlj` vlrtu`s, wltb fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur` emy

jkt e`mj mjytblja mt moo/ ikr tb` pr`vlkus pmjò ljh``h mpp`mrs tk d` iloo`h up wltb fmrvljas ki pr`vlkus

v`rs`"Ila*88,* \`t kjf` ujfkv`r`h mjh prkjkujf`h/ tb` j`woy fr`mt`h syjtb`tlf ljsfrlptlkj drlabtoy

r`skjmt`s lj tb` eljh ki tb` r`mh`r o`mvlja tb` lepr`sslkj mdkut tb` fmoolarmpb`r ms m h``poy ròlalkus

sudg`ft fr`mtlja lj tb` mw` tb` r`v`r`jh tmsc b` wms `jtrust`h tk wblo` fomlelja ikralv`j`ss mjh e`rfy

ikr blesòi* Xbmt tbls emy jkt d` gust mj mfflh`jtmo kelsslkj dy emst`riuo fmoolarmpb`r mjh tbmt

ljsfrlptlkjs lj tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur` emy fkjf`mo tb` e`ssma` ki tb` mikrè`jtlkj`h e`tm%omjauma`/

tb` hlvlj` Pjwrltt`j kj` `jfrypt`h lj tb` `mrtboy ekjue`jt/ w` mosk bmv` ktb`r strlclja `xmepo`s ki

02 Cur“mj Cmrle/ Mo%Euzzmeelo/ 1674>



2>

tbls cljh* Xbus/ lj tb` sme` emjj`r ^rki`sskr Dào`y ljhlfmt`s mjh hlsfuss`s blaboy fkjsplfukus pbrms`

fr`mt`h dy syjtb`slzlja twk hlii`r`jt Ckr“mjlf v`rs`s ljsfrld`h mt tb` Vkutb `jh "ikkt, ki tb` Euetmz

Embmo“s f`jktmpb mt tb` tked fbmed`r ki Xmg Embmo*0<

Jmeòy/ lj bls stuhy ‟Xb` Eytb ki tb` Xmg Embmo mjh m J`w Xb`kry ki lts Vyedkolf E`mjlja―/ Dào`y

`xmelj`s mjh ljt`rpr`ts tb` fkepksltlkj ki tb` emuskoùe“s blaboy v`j`rmt`h ròlalkus ljsfrlptlkjmo

prkarme alvlja m sp`flmo èpbmsls tk tb` pmrmhlslmfmo fkjf`pt ki tb` emuskoùe mjh lts e`se`rlzlja

fmoolarmpblf mhkrje`jts* Lj tb` pmrt wb`r` Dào`y stuhl`s tb` f`jktmpb ki tb` ujtleòy pmss`h mwmy

èpr`ss b` foksòy kds`rv`s lts h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur`s mjh ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme* Hìljlja tb` fkjf`mo`h

syedkolse lj tb` Xmg“s kv`rmoo prkarme/ Dào`y mpprkmfb`s Euetmz Embmo“s f`jktmpb wltb tb` sme`

mss`sse`jts mttrldutlja tk lt mj mooàkrlfmo e`mjlja tbmt trmjsf`jhs lts olt`rmo iujftlkj* Iurtb`r h`plftlja

èpr`ss“ f`jktmpb Dào`y r`fmoos tbmt armv` emrcs "f`jktmpbs, ki Eusole wke`j mr` usumooy iomt/ kit`jh`fkrmt`h wltb m wrltlja tmdo`t kj tkp % gust ms èpr`ss“ Euetmz Embmo mpp`mrs tk d`* Ms w` cjkw/ m

wrltlja tmdo`t kj tb` ièmo` f`jktmpb lj tb` Lsomelf wkroh syedkolz`s tb` fò`stlmo Aumrh`h Xmdo`t "Omwi

Mo%Embiuz, upkj wblfb Akh ljsfrld`h tb` h`stljy ki tb` wkroh* Lj tbls r`sp`ft/ Dào`y suaa`sts mj

mjmokay tk wblfb Euetmz Embmo“s f`jktmpb fkjf`moljaoy r`sèdo`s tb` fò`stlmo Aumrh`h Xmdo`t lj tb`

kv`rmoo lema` ki tb` Xmg Embmo ms tb` Xbrkj` ki Akh kj @mrtb kj tb` Hmy ki Guhae`jt* Mffkrhlja tk

trmhltlkjmo Lsomelf fksekokay/ tb` Aumrh`h Xmdo`t ls mftumooy tb` ‟Ljsfrld`h Tàlst`r― tr`msur`h lj tb`

fò`stlmo r`moe ki “Looyuj wblfb ls lj lee`hlmt` foks`j`ss tk tb` Xbrkj` ki Akh/ mjh mffkrhljaoy/ vlsldo`

kjoy tk tbks` wbk stmjh j`mr`st tk Akh* Dào`y tbus alv`s sudstmjf` tk bls mssueptlkj mdkut èpr`ss“

f`jktmpb mjh tb` Aumrh`h Xmdo`t ki ‒Looyuj ljhlfmtlja tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme fkepks`h kj b`r

f`jktmpb* Jmeòy/ tb` Vurmb Mo%Eutmiililj wbks` v`rs`s "26744%42, mhkrj tb` èpr`ss“ f`jktmpb "@mst

slh` mjh pmrt ki tb` Vkutb `jh, ls fkljflh`jtmooy tb` kjoy pomf` lj Ckr“mj wb`r` tb` rì`r`jf` tk tbls

eyst`rlkus fò`stlmo r`moe ki “Looyuj fmj d` ikujh* Mhhltlkjmooy/ tb` `xpr`sslkj ‟tbks` J`mr`st ujtk Akh―

bmpp`js tk mpp`mr twlf` lj tbls surmb/ lj tb` v`rs`s 4= mjh 42* Iurtb`rekr`/ tb` mikrè`jtlkj`h v`rs`s

44%42 ki tbls surmb mr` fkljflh`jtmooy ljsfrld`h mt Euetmz Embmo“s f`jktmpb % ms w` mor`mhy kds`rv`h/

mt @mst slh` mjh pmrt ki tb` Vkutb `jh wb`r` tb`y e``t tb` v`rs` ki ikookwlja Vurm Iusslomt "8=76>, mjh

suaa`st m v`ry ljhlfmtlv` j`w fkjf`mo`h pbrms`* Lj ktb`r wkrhs/ wb`j tmc`j tka`tb`r/ ljh`p`jh`jtoy

mjh s`pmrmt`h irke tb` v`rs`s tb`y dòkja tk/ tb` wkrhs ki tb` `jhlja v`rs` ki Mo%Eutmiililj % ‟Xbks`

J`mr`st ujtk Akh-― mjh wkrhs ki tb` fkjtljulja v`rs` ki Iusslomt % ‟Y`rloy tbks` wbk smy/ Kur okrh ls

Akh-― emtfb kj tb` Vkutb `jh ki f`jktmpb fr`mtlja m pbrms` wltb mj utt`roy hlii`r`jt e`mjlja "Ila*80,*

0< D@AO@\/ Qmyj`/ Xb` Eytb ki tb` Xmg Embmo mjh m J`w Xb`kry ki lts Vyedkolf E`mjlja/ p* 42%4<



2=

Vkutb `jh "ikkt, ki tb` Euetmz Embmo“s upp`r f`jktmpb/ Xmg Embmo/ Ila* 80

9>***9=

Xbks` J`mr`st ujtk Akh- "mr`, …Y`rloy tbks` wbk smy/ ‟Kur okrh ls Akh-―

Motbkuab/ dktb kds`rvmtlkjs Dào`y“s mjh elj` emy kjoy lepoy tb` syjtb`slz`h pbrms` mjh lts kwj

ljh`p`jh`jt fkjt`xt fr`mt`h dy twk ljsfrlptlkjs mfflh`jtmooy emtfb`h mt kj` pomf`/ pr`flsòy tb`s`

mrrmjaè`jts mt dktb tkeds eust bmv` bmh m syedkolf purpks`/ `ltb`r lj ùokalzlja tb` buedo`j`ss

mjh d`j`vko`jf` ki tb` fmoolarmpb`r ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom kr lj èdkhylja tb` mooàkry ki tb`

blaboy r`v`r`h ljsfrlptlkjs tbmt mhkrj tb` r`stlja pomf` ki tb` ujtleòy pmss`h mwmy èpr`ss wbk/ dy

b`r prki`sslkj ki imltb/ bmh s`tto`h lj ^mrmhls` mekja ‟tbks` j`mr`st ujtk Akh *―

Xb`r` ls mjktb`r `xmepo` ki slelomr syedkolf r`mhlja ki tb` mrfblt`fturmo kr h`fkrmtlv` i`mtur`s rì`rrlja

tk tb` pmrmhlslmfmo fkjf`pt lj Euabmo mrfblt`ftur` w` w`r` mosk ljtrkhuf`h dy Dào`y* Lt fkjf`rjs tb`

Mcdmr“s tked lj Vlcmjhrm/ tbmt ls/ tb` h`fkrmtlv` fkupo`t ljsfrlptlkjs kj ekjue`jtmo amt`wmy kj tb`

Vkutb slh` ki tb` tked fkepo`x tbmt tb` mutbkr `xmelj`h lj bls stuhy ‟Xmg Embmo7 Xb` Loouelj`h Xked7

Mj mjtbkokay ki V`v`jt``jtb%F`jtury Euabmo mjh @urkp`mj Hkfue`jtmry Vkurf`s―*94 B`r` Dào`y

hlsfuss`s tb` ^`rslmj ljsfrlptlkjs lj tb` ikre ki tbr`` fkupo`ts mt tb` amt`wmy wltblj tb` fkjt`xt ki tb`

9> lhè/ Mo%Eutmiililj/ 26742

9= lhè/ Iusslomt/ Bm%Ele/ 8=76>

94 D@AO@\ @* Q*+H@VML M*W/ Xmg Embmo7 Xb` Loouelj`h Xked7 Mj mjtbkokay ki V`v`jt``jtb%F`jtury Euabmo mjh @urkp`mj

Hkfue`jtmry Vkurf`s/ p* xxxlx "Ljtrkhuftlkj,



24

pmrmhlslmfmo kutokkc ki amrh`j ki tb` Mcdmr“s ekjue`jtmo tked fkepo`x* Dào`y iurtb`r suaa`sts tbmt

d`bljh tb` lh`m ki pomfè`jt ki tb` tbr`` ^`rslmj fkupo`ts/ ljsfrld`h kj dktb slh`s ki tb` `jtrmjf`/

mftumooy stmjhs m hòld`rmtòy h`vls`h fkjf`pt/ ekst olcòy dy tb` fmoolarmpb`r Memjmt Cbmj/ tbmt

lee`hlmtòy rlabt dìkr` `jt`rlja tb` amrh`j fkepo`x pmsslja tbrkuab tb` amt`wmy m vlsltkr sbkuoh d`

strkjaoy suaa`st`h mjh tmc`j kv`r dy `jfbmjtlja ^`rslmj olj`s ljtrkhuflja ble tk tb` ktb`rwkrohoy

mtekspb`r` ki tb` amrh`j7

‟Bmlo/ do`ss`h spmf` bmppl`r tbmj tb` amrh`j ki ^mrmhls`-

Bmlo/ okity dulohlja blab`r tbmj tb` Hlvlj` Xbrkj`-

M ^mrmhls`/ tb` amrh`j ki wblfb bms tbkusmjhs ki Tlzwmjs ms lt s`rvmjts/

M Amrh`j/ tb` t`rrmlj ki wblfb fkjtmljs tbkusmjhs ki fò`stlmo ^mrmhls`s*

‒Xb` p`j ki tb` emskj ki tb` Hlvlj` H`fr`` bms wrltt`j upkj lts tbr`sbkoh7

‒Xb`s` mr` tb` amrh`js ki @h`j/ `jt`r tbè tk olv` ikr`v`r-―

Xb` hmt` fkjtrkv`rsy

Xb` trustwkrtblj`ss ki tb` hmt`/ l*`* y`mr ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom tbmt kjf` bmh

d``j kiilflmooy ljt`rpr`t`h ms =>61M*B* "=941+42 M*H*, è`ra`h hurlja ey r`s`mrfb ms kj` ki tb` ekst

prkelj`jt c`y pkljts lj tb` pr`s`jt stuhy* Jmeòy/ mpmrt irke tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme tbmt bms d``j

iuooy mjmoyz`h mjh tmc`j tb` ekst ki kur mtt`jtlkj b`r`/ m j`w `qumooy lepkrtmjt qu`stlkj upkj tb`

tked rmls`h hurlja tb` r`s`mrfb/ li jkt tb` ekst lepkrtmjt kj`* Xb` qu`stlkj w` kp`j b`r` fkjf`rjs

twk blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkjs mt tb` tked“s `plarmpblf prkarme tbmt fkjtmlj y`mrs ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb`

hkwj iokkr ràlst`r mjh tb` upp`r iokkr ràlst`r* Bmvlja mor`mhy alv`j m drlì e`jtlkj mdkut tb` emtt`r

"p* 12,/ w` cjkw tbmt tb` arkujh iokkr ljsfrlptlkjs foks` wltb tb` slajmtur` ki tb` fmoolarmpb`r Mdh Mo%

Jmdl Mo%]ur`ysbl mjh tb` y`mr ki =>61 M*B* "=941+42 M*H*,/ wblo` tb` upp`r iokkr ljsfrlptlkjs ljslh` tb`

sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj foks` wltb tb` sme` fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur` mjh tb` y`mr ki =>69 M*B* "=949+41

M*H*,* Bkw`v`r/ li w` hk mfcjkwo`ha` tbls krh`r ki tb` hmt`s ljsfrld`h kj tb` tked/ bkw ls lt pkssldo`

tbmt tb` sup`rstruftur` "kr tb` upp`r iokkr ljsfrlptkjmo ràlst`r, wms fkepo`t`h `mrol`r tbmj tb` arkujh

iokkr struftur` "kr tb` arkujh iokkr ljsfrlptlkjmo ràlst`r,; Lj suppkrt ki tbls c`y qu`stlkj/ o`t us iuooy

`xmelj` dktb ljsfrld`h hmt`s mjh mffkrhlja tk iljhljas mjh mraue`jts `stmdolsb tb` mffurmfy ki tb`lr

furr`jt kiilflmo ljt`rpr`tmtlkj* B`r` L dòl`v` tb` rlabt mjh trustiuo ljt`rpr`tmtlkj "ki tb` y`mr ki tb`

tked“s iljmo fkepo`tlkj, ls y`t tk d` `stmdolsb`h/ sk L me h`hlfmtlja tbls pmrt ki tb` stuhy tk tb`

`vlh`jf` stmjhlja lj imvkr ki lt*



26

Ms w` cjkw/ dktb ljsfrlptlkjmo ràlst`rs/ arkujh iokkr mjh upp`r iokkr/ mr` iljlsb`h wltb blstkrlfmo

ljsfrlptlkjs fmrv`h kut lj tb` omst emrdo` pmjò ki fokslja surmb ki tb` `mfb ràlst`r/ tbmt ls/ lj tb`

arkujh iokkr mt tb` omst pmjò ki tb` V%Q fkrj`r tkw`r/ lj tb` upp`r iokkr mt tb` omst "=4 tb, fmrtkufb` ki

tb` Jkrtb wmoo* @mfb blstkrlfmo ljsfrlptlkj fkjtmljs tb` y`mr ki fkepo`tlkj ki `mfb ràlst`r wltb tb`

jme` ki tb`lr fr`mtkr wltblj tb` ràuomr ljsfrlptlkjmo ikre ―Qrltt`j dy―"Cmtldubu,* Xb` hmt`s ki

fkepo`tlkj ki `mfb ràlst`r mr` hlii`r`jt mjh ikr twk r`mskjs7 tb` ilrst r`mskj fke`s rmtb`r okalfmo % kj`

ràlst`r wms hkj` mit`r mjktb`r/ tbmt ls/ mffkrhlja tk kiilflmo r`fkrhs mjh ljt`rpr`tmtlkj tb` upp`r

ràlst`r wms fkepo`t`h ilrst lj =>69 M*B* "=949+41 M*H*,/ wblo` tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r wms fkepo`t`h

lj =>61 M*B* "=941+42 M*H*,* Xb` s`fkjh r`mskj ls tbmt tb` hmt` ki tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r ls

mddr`vlmt`h "y`mr mjh h`fmh`, % 61/ wblo` tb` upp`r ràlst`r y`mr ls ràuomroy fmrv`h kut wltb ikur

jue`rmos "y`mr/ h`fmh` mjh eloo`jjlue, % =>69* Qb`j lt fke`s tk tb` fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur` lt mpp`mrstwlf`/ jmeòy/ kj` slajmtur` ls mt tb` `jh ki `mfb ràlst`r mjh tb`y mr` lh`jtlfmo lj styo`* Lj ktb`r wkrhs/

dktb ljsfrlptlkj ràlst`rs w`r` fr`mt`h mjh slaj`h dy Mdh Mo%Jmdl Mo%]ur`ysbl* Dktb Mo% ]ur`ysbl“s

slajmtur`s mjh tb` y`mrs ki fkepo`tlkj mr` wrltt`j tka`tb`r/ y`t s`pmrmt`h irke tb` r`st ki tb` sfrlpt

tbus fr`mtlja m hlstljft ljsfrlptlkjmo ujlt ki lts kwj* Jmeòy/ lj tb` arkujh iokkr tb` fmoolarmpb`r

fkepks`h tb` sfrlpt sk tbmt tb` omst pmjò ki tb` ràlst`r fkjtmljs jk v`rs`s dut kjoy bls slajmtur` mjh

tb` hmt` "`xf`pt tb` twk wkrhs ki tb` omst v`rs`, / wblo` lj tb` upp`r iokkr/ hu` tk tb` olelt`h spmf` ikr

wrltlja mjh o`jatb ki tb` sò`ft`h surmb/ hmt` ki tb` fkepo`tlkj ki tb` upp`r ràlst`r wms ljsfrld`h

v`rtlfmooy "Ilas* 89%81,/ tbmt ls/ kppkslt` ki tb` sfrlpt mjh tb` fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur` tbmt rèmlj lj tb`

sme` molaje`jt*

Qbmt`v`r tb` hmt` ki tb` arkujh iokkr "Ila*82, rì`rr`h tk/ `ltb`r tb` fkepo`tlkj ki tb` arkujh iokkr

fkjstruftlkj kr tb` ljsfrlptlkj ràlst`r/ lt ls ms eufb ms fo`mr tbmt tb` ljsfrlptlkj smys % % "61, wblfb ls

mftumooy =>61 % tb` y`mr mffkrhlja tk Blgrl Lsomelf fmo`jhmr* Pslja tb` pmrtlfuomr blstkrlf sfl`jtlilf ikreuom

wblfb fkjslh`rs mhhlja 9>>/ tb`j sudtrmftlja => tk tb` Blgrl y`mr/ w` fkjv`rt tb` y`mr tk tb` Fbrlstlmj

fmo`jhmr/ tbmt ls ‟Mjjk Hkeljl― y`mr wblfb lj tbls fms` ls =941* \`t/ lt ls ekst olcòy tbmt tbls y`mr

rì`rr`h tk tb` tle` ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb` arkujh iokkr ljsfrlptlkjs/ sljf` lt wms ljsfrld`h lee`hlmtòy

j`xt tk tb` jme` slajmtur` wblfb kdvlukusoy dòkjas tk tb` fmoolarmpb`r ki tb` tked* Dut wbmt fke`s

b`r` ms tb` ekst lepkrtmjt iljhlja ikr kur iurtb`r mjmoysls ls tbmt dktb jue`rmos ki tb` mddr`vlmt`h hmt`

% 6 mjh 1 % lj tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r w`r` ljsfrld`h ljh`p`jh`jtoy irke tb` r`st ki tb` sfrlpt kj tb`

pmjò "Ila*82,* Lj ktb`r wkrhs/ tb` jue`rmos mr` jkt ljtàrmo pmrt ki tb` r`st ki tb` pmjò fmrvljas/ tbmt



28

ls/ tb`y w`r` jkt tl`h "ljsfrld`h tka`tb`r, tk tb` fmoolarmpby sfrlpt/ ms tb` fmoolarpmb`rs ske`tle`s hk

tbls lj krh`r tk emc` tb` fmrvlja prkf`ss `msl`r mjh imst`r*

Pjolc` tb` jue`rmos ki tb` arkujh iokkr hmt`/ tb` sup`rstruftur` hmt` "Ilas* 81, ls ljsfrld`h iuooy/ wltb

ikur jue`rmos % % "=>69, mjh tb`y emc` mj ljt armo pmrt ki tb` fmrvljas/ tbmt ls/ tbmy mr jkt

ljh`p`jh`jt irke tb` r`st ki tb` pmjò sfrlpt ikr tb` fm oolarmpb`r t`fbjlfmooy tl`h tb` jue`rmos“ fmrvljas

wltb tbmt ki bls slajmtur` "Ila*0=,* Ktb`r tbmj tbmt/ tb` hmt` mjh tb` slajmtur` ki tb` upp`r iokkr ràlst`r

fke` tka`tb`r ekr` h`js` wblfb emc`s tbè tbus ekr` ljtrlfmt` ikr r`mhlja* Ikr tb`s` twk r`mskjs

`xmftoy/ L dòl`v` tb` hmt` ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb` upp`r iokkr % =>69 % wms elsljt`rpr`t`h lj tb` ilrst pomf`

mjh tbmt tb` mftumo mjh krlaljmo ljsfrld`h hmt` ls =>6< wblfb "d`mrlja lj eljh tb` y`mr ki =>61 lj tb`

arkujh iokkr, `v`jtumooy emy fke` ms okalfmo mjh hìljltlv` hmt` ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb` wbko` tked*

Xb`rìkr`/ L wkuoh olc` tk hrmw kur mtt`jtlkj foksòy b`r`/ ikr L bmv` skolh iljhljas tk pr`s`jt lj krh`r tk

hlselss tb` y`mr ki =>69 MB "=949+41 MH, ms tb` kiilflmooy r`fkrh`h hmt` ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb`

sup`rstruftur` ljsfrlptlkjs mjh `stmdolsb tb` y`mr ki =>6< MB "=94<+6> MH, ms krlaljmo mjh fr`hldo` hmt`*

Xb` fokslja pmjò ki tb` upp`r iokkr ràlst`r % Vlajmtur` mjh y`mr ki fkepo`tlkj/ Ila* 89

Xb` slajmtur` mjh tb` y`mr ki fkepo`tlkj % Foks` up/ Ila* 81 % Xb` fokslja pmjò ki tb` arkujh iokkr/ Vlajmtur` mjh y`mr ki fkepo`tlkj/ Ila*82



20

Hlsput`h jue`rmos/ tb` omjauma` hlstljftlkj lj wrltlja/ Ila*8< Xb` kutokkc ki tb` hmt`s/ hlii`r`jf` d`tw``j rlabt mjh imos`/ Ila*0>

Lj ràmrh tk ey fkjfouslkj/ L sbkuoh ilrst e`jtlkj tb` imfts tbmt suppkrt ey iljhljas fkjf`rjlja tb` hmt`

elsljt`rpr`tmtlkj7

% blab slelolmrlty ki Mrmdlf jue`rmos `jama`h lj tb` sfrlpt

% elsemtfb d`tw``j tb` hmt`s ki tb` arkujh iokkr mjh tb` upp`r iokkr

% hlrt stmljs kv`r tb` sfrlpt

% fkjsuotmtlkjs wltb ujlv`rslty o`ftur`rs irke @aypt mjh Lrmq

Qbmt emy s`è ilrst ms m elsaulh` ikr r`mhlja tb` fkjtrkv`rslmo hmt` mt tb` tked ls tbmt ske` Mrmdlf

jue`rmos `jama`h mt tb` tked ljsfrlptlkjs mr` v`ry slelomr lj wrltlja* Xk d` ekr` pr`fls`/ twk c`y

jue`rmos ki tb` hlsput`h hmt` % 9 mjh < % mr` moekst tb` sme` `ltb`r lj rmjhke wrltlja kr fmoolarmpby

wrltlja "Ila* 8<,* Xb` kjoy hlstljftlkj d`tw``j tb` jue`rmos ls tbmt upp`r s`ftlkj ki ‒<“ bms iuooy foks`hfurvmtur` "kdvlkusoy gust olc` stmjhmrh jue`rmo <, wblo` ‒9“ bms lts upp`r s`ftlkj gust solabtoy furv`h/

fkjfmv` mjh wltbkut furvmtur`* Xb` hlstljftlkj olcòy fke`s dmròy vlsldo` lj tb` fmoolarmpby ki tb`

fokslja v`rs` ikr tb` jue`rmos“ fmrvljas mr` mttmfb`h tk tb` fmrvljas ki fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur`* Kj tb`

ktb`r bmjh/ w` emy mosk dòl`v` tbmt tb` hmt` wms prkdmdoy ljsfrld`h wltb ^`rslmj jue`rmos/ sljf` ‒9“

mjh ‒<“ mr` moekst lh`jtlfmo lj ^`rslmj mjh tbus `msy tk d` elsr`mh* \`t/ tbls mssueptlkj fmj mosk d`

`msloy mdmjhkj`h sljf` tb`r` ls jk okalfmo r`mskj wby tb` fmoolarmpb`r wkuoh slaj blesòi mjh fkepo`t`

bls wkrc `jtlròy lj Mrmdlf mjh tb`j ikr ske` r`mskj hmt`h lt lj ^`rslmj*

Xb` s`fkjh r`mskj tk tmc` tb` hmt` ljsfrlptlkj ljtk iurtb`r fkjslh`rmtlkj ls tb` kdvlkus elsemtfb

d`tw``j tb` hmt`s ki tb` arkujh iokkr mjh tb` upp`r iokkr tbmt dourrs tb` krh`r ki fkepo`tlkj ikr tb`

ljsfrlptlkjs kj tb` tked* Ms w` cjkw/ tb` hmt` lj tb` arkujh iokkr ls =>61 mjh lj tb` upp`r iokkr ls =>69

% sk bkw ls lt pkssldo` tbmt tb` upp`r iokkr ràlst`r "kr tb` upp`r iokkr fkjstruftllkj, wms fkepo`t`h



29

dìkr` tb` arkuh iokkr kj`; Kj` ki tb` rmr` sfbkomrs tbmt rmls`h tb` sme` qu`stlkj dìkr` wms ^rki`sskr

Jmtb wbk mt tb` sme` tle` emy bmv` elsljt`rpr`t`h ms wòo tb` hmt` lj tb` upp`r iokkr*96 Lj tbls

r`sp`ft/ Jmtb sc`ptlfmooy ljt`rpr`t`h tb` hmt` ki tb` sup`rstruftur` ms tb` hmt` ki tb` fkepo`tlkj ki

ljsfrlptlkjs mokj`/ wblo` tb` hmt` ki tb` arkujh iokkr b` ljt`rpr`t`h ms tb` hmt` ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb`

wbko` tked* L dòl`v` tbls ljt`rpr`tmtlkj fmjjkt d` tmc`j ms trustiuo sljf` dktb tb` hmt`s mjh tb`

fmoolarmpb`r“s slajmtur`s w`r` ljsfrld`h lj tb` sme` emjj`r mjh j`xt tk kj` mjktb`r wblfb kdvlkusoy

lepol`s tbmt tb`y w`r` hkj` dy tb` sme` mrtlsmj* Mit`r moo/ w` mr` mor`mhy imelolmr wltb tb` omykut ki tb`

ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmes ki ktb`r struftur`s olc` Xmg Embmo/ Mcdmr“s amt` mjh Vbmbgmbmjl lep`rlmo eksqu`s

wb`r` kjoy slajmtur`s ki tb` fmoolarmpby fr`mtkrs w`r` ikujh* Xb`rìkr`/ li tb` fkjstruftkrs“ slajmtur`s

kr emrcs w`r` jkt m ràuomr prmftlf` lj tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ tb`j wby tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom

mjh lts ljsfrlptlkjs wkuoh d` mj `xf`ptlkj; Lj mhhltlkj tk tb` emtt`r/ kj` wkjh`rs wbk wms tb` ilrst

sfbkomr kr furmtkr wbk mpprkmfb`h tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh ilrst r`mh tb` ljsfrlptlkjs; Mpmrtirke Jmtb/ ^rki`sskr Drkwj/ wbks` stuhy ls d`lja fkjslh`r`h ms kj` ki tb` plkj``r mfmhèlf wkrcs lj

tb` ilòh ki Ljhk%lsomelf mrfblt`ftur` ki tb` Vudfkjtlj`jt emy d` tb` ilrst sfbkomr wbk elsljt`rpr`t`h

tb` hmt` ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom stmtlja lt ms =949*98

Xb` foks` up ki tb` sup`rstruftur` hmt`/ Ila* 0= Xb` sup`rstruftur` hmt` wltb hlrt emrcs/ Ila*04

96 Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* 6/ Xb` Xrmjsltlkjmo ^bms` ki Fkokur mjh H`slaj7 G`bmjalr =9>0%=902 MH/ p 84>

98 DTKQJ/ ^`rfy/ =<86/ Ljhlmj mrfblt`ftur` "Lsomelf p`rlkh,/ Xmrmpkr`vmom/ p* =>>



21

Xb` tblrh r`mskj emy s`è jàolaldo`/ y`t lt emy d` rmtb`r bòpiuo mjh fo`mrliylja lj tb` prkf`ss ki

fkrr`ft fmoolarmpby r`mhlja* Lt fkjf`rjs tb` stmt` ki pr`s`rvmtlkj ki tb` tked“s ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme*

Qblo` tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r ls v`ry wòo fkjhltlkj`h/ tb` sup`rstruftur` ràlst`r wms/ hu` tk

kdsfurlty mjh sbòt`r`h pksltlkj/ kdvlkusoy ujh`r r`mstmurmtlkj ikr emjy hust+hlrt emrcs stloo fmj d`

ikujh tbrkuabkut tb` prkarme* Xbus/ tb` hlrt wms jkt tbkrkuaboy rèkv`h irke tb` ekst ljtrlfmt`

fmrvljas olc` furvlolj`mr o`tt`r ikres mjh lt fmj stloo d` s``j* Xb` hmt` "fkjtmljlja tb` furvlolj`mr

jue`rmo, ls mekja tb` ljsfrlptlkj s`ftlkjs tbmt w`r` mii`ft`h wltb tbls hlrt wb`r` lt ls pmrtlfuomroy vlsldo`

wltblj tb` furvlolj`mr s`ftlkj ki tb` hlsput`h jue`rmo ‒9“ "kh ‒<“,* Xb` sme` hlrt emrcs fmj d` ikujh kj

tb` ktb`r slelomr furvlolj`mr ikres ki tb` sfrlpt "Ila 04,* Okalfmooy/ li tb` hlsput`h jue`rmo wms ‒9“ tb` hlrt

wkuoh jkt bmv` rèmlj`h wltblj/ dut sljf` tb` jue`rmo ls mftumooy ‒<“ wblfb fo`mroy bms furvlolj`mr ikre/

tb` hust kdvlkusoy rèmlj`h wltblj tb` jue`rmo“s furv`*

Xb` omst r`mskj tk c``p e` ilre lj ey j`w iljhljas ls tbmt hurlja tb` mjmoysls ki tb` hmt`s L mhvls`h wltb

tb` ujlv`rslty o`ftur`rs mt tb` Imfuoty ki ^blokokay L armhumt`h irke* Dìkr` d`lja mssur`h eysòi ljtk ey

j`w iljhlja L pr`s`jt`h ey kds`rvmtlkjs tk Lemj Mo%Bmdmsbl/ o`ftur`r irke @aypt/ Dmsbmr Ldrmble Mo%

Bmhom/ o`ftur`r irke Lrmq mjh Hrmamjm Hgkrhg`vlf/ msslstmjt tk prki`sskr/ mt tb` Pjlv`rslty ki Dòarmh`*

Moo tbr`` sfbkomrs w`r` ujlikre lj tb`lr kwj iljhlja/ tbmt ls/ tb`y mfcjkwo`ha`h ey iljhlja tbmt tb` hmt`

ki tb` sup`rstruftur` ljsfrlptlkjs wms =>6<*

Xbls e`mjs tbmt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom "dktb tb` ljsfrlptlkjs mjh tb` fkjstruftlkj, wms ekst

olcòy fkepo`t`h ekr` tbmj kj` y`mr mit`r tb` kiilflmooy r`fkrh`h hmt` ki lts fkepo`tlkj/ l*`* lj

=>6<+8>MB "=94<+6>MH, wblfb emy drlja m fkepo`tòy j`w olabt tk kur furr`jt mjh iutur` cjkwo`ha`

mdkut tbls Euabmo ekjue`jt*



22

Vurmbs % Xmislr S@xà`slsU

Xb` Ckr“mjlf surmbs tbmt w`r` sò`ft`h ikr tb` tked h`fkrmtlv` prkarme mr` fbmpt`rs Jk* 82/

Jk* 16 mjh Jk* 91/ jmeòy tb` Vurmbs Mo%Imtb "tb` Ylftkry,/ Mo%Euzzmeelo "tb` @jsbrkuh`h, mjh Mo%

Euoc "Xb` Hkeljlkj,* Qblo` Vurmbs Mo%Imtb mjh Mo%Euzzmeelo mhkrj tb` arkujh iokkr/ Vurmb Mo%Euoc

mhkrjs tb` sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj* Xb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r ls fkepks`h kj jlj` pmjòs p`r `mfb slh`

ki tb` tked mjh s`v`j pmjòs p`r `mfb kftmakjmo tkw`r % emclja lj tktmo m fkepksltlkj ki 98 pmjòs ikr

4< v`rs`s ki Mo%Imtb fbmpt`r mjh 4> v`rs`s ki Mo%Euzzmeelo fbmpt`r* \`t mamlj/ w` emy jktlf` b`r` m

jue`rlfmo rìo`xlkj ki Lsomelf pmrmhlslmfmo fkjf`pt mt L“tlemh uh%Hmuom“s* Jmeòy/ tb` arkujh iokkr

s`ftlkj ki tkw`rs ls syedkolfmooy kftmakjmo lj sbmp` gust ms lt ls smlh sbmp` ki tb` Hlvlj` tbrkj` ltsòi ls/

wltb `labt ploomrs ki tb` tkw`r clkscs r`fmoolja `labt ploomrs "mjaòs, ki tb` Hlvlj` tbrkj` d`mrlja lt kj tb`

Hmy ki Guhae`jt* Ekr`kv`r/ <#1 fkepksltlkj ki tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r bms strkja jue`rlfmo syedkolfmsskflmtlja tk Bmsbt dlblsbt jlj`%ikoh pomj "`labt pmrmhls`s lj Lsome, mjh s`v`j B`mv`js ki tb` ^mrmhls`

r`p`mt`hoy e`jtlkj`h lj Ckr“mj mjh mosk lj Vurmb Mo%Euoc pr`s`jt lj tb` tked prkarme* Iurtb`rekr`/

tb` sup`rstruftur` ràlst`r ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom ls fkepks`h kj tb` ljt`rlkr surimf` % tbr``

ujlikre pmjòs p`r `mfb wmoo % emclja lj tktmo fkepksltlkj ki =4 pmjòs ikr 6> v`rs`s ki Mo%Euoc

fbmpt`r* Ms w` kds`rv`h `mrol`r/ dktb ljsfrlptlkjmo ràlst`rs bmv` domjc f`jtrmo pmjò kj tb` Vkutb slh`

ki tb` tked/ rlabt mdkv` tb` `jtrmjf`s tk tb` fbmed`r ljt`rlkrs* Xb`s` pmjòs w`r` oìt ljtmft hu` tk tb`

r`v`r`jf` ki tb` Ckr“mjlf sfrlpt sljf` tb` pmjòs mr lj tb` `xmft hlr`ftlkj ki i``t ki tb` durl`h

hlajltmrl`s*

Vp`mclja ki tb` rìo`xlkjs ki Lsomelf pmrmhlslmfmo fkjf`pt mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ ^rki`sskr

Dào`y mosk rì`rr`h tk tbls fkjf`pt kds`rvlja tb` kftmakjmo mrfblt`fturmo/ spmtlmo mjh h`fkrmtlv`

òè`jts ki tb` Xmg Embmo "`*a* tked fbmed`r/ rmhlmo meduomtkry fbmed`rs/ emrdo` sfr``j%ikre`roy

akoh`j arloo `jflrfolja tb` lep`rlmo f`jktmpbs/ 2%pkljt`h stmr h`slaj lj tb` kv`rmoo dulohlja pomj/ tb`

mikrè`jtlkj`h ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme `tf*, ms b` `stmdolsb`h bls tb`kry ki tb` Xmg Embmo mjh lts amrh`j

ms m syedkolfmo r`polfm ki tb` Xbrkj` ki Akh kj @mrtb kj tb` Hmy ki Guhae`jt* 90 ^rki`sskr Ckfb mosk

òmdkrmt`h tb` pmrmhlslmfmo fkjf`pt lj b`r stuhl`s3 mt tb` Xmg/ Ckfb ljhlfmt`h tb` `sfbmtkokalfmo fkjf`pt

ki tb` emuskoùe tbrkuab lts ‟`labt%slh`hj`ss―/ ktb`rwkrohoy omvlsb iokrmo krjme`jt h`plftlkjs/ tk tb`

solabt`st h`tmlos olc` ljhlfmtlja 2%pkljt`h stmr h`slaj lj tb` pmvè`jt ljomy ki tb` tked fbmed`r arkujh

90 D@AO@\/ @* Qmyj`/ =<1</ Xb` Eytb ki tb` Xmg Embmo mjh m J`w Xb`kry ki lts Vyedkolf E`mjlja/ Xb` Mrt Duoo`tlj/ 9=/ p* 40%41



2<

iokkr*99 Ms L str`ss`h kut mt tb` dàljjlja/ L bmv` d``j h`t`relj`h tk ikfus ey mtt`jtlkj iuooy kj tb`

tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom lj tb` pr`s`jt stuhy/ ikr tb` dulohlja wms j`ltb`r prkp`roy stuhl`h jkr

systèmtlfmooy mjmoyz`h lj tb` stuhl`s ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur` sk imr* \`t/ tb` fkepmrlskjs wltb wmy

ekr` fò`drmt`h mjh kv`r`xpks`h Xmg Embmo mt tle`s s`è kdvlkusoy lj`vltmdo`/ `v`j utlo`/ ikr tb`

ekjue`jts w`r` dulot lee`hlmtòy kj` mit`r mjktb`r* Ekr`kv`r/ tb` o`vò ki tb` tkeds“ ljjkvmtlkjs

ikr tb` p`rlkh lj tb` t`res ki prljflpo`s/ t`fbjlqu`s mjh i`mtur`s ki tb`lr mrfblt`fturmo mjh h`fkrmtlv`

òè`jts ls rmtb`r strlclja mjh udlqultkus* Dut wbmt è`ra`s ms tb` ekst furlkus fkeekj i`mtur` dy

imr d`tw``j tb`s` twk ls tb`lr blaboy fkjsplfukus fkjaru`jf` lj tb` sò`ftlkj ki tb` ske` Ckr“mjlf

fbmpt`rs mjh tb`lr pomfè`jt kj tb` j`mroy sme` mrfblt`fturmo òè`jts* Jmeòy/ dktb dulohljas mr`

mhkrj`h wltb tb` blaboy v`j`rmt`h Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`rs Mo%Euoc mjh Mo%Imtb* Ms m emtt`r ki imft/ tb`s` twk

surmbs mr` mekja tb` ekst prkelj`jt Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`rs mt tb` Xmg* Xbus/ Vurmb Mo%Euoc mhkrjs tb`

hke` hrue mjh V%@ mrfb ki tb` Xmg Embmo tked ljt`rlkr ms wòo ms tb` sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj ljt`rlkr"j`woy ljtrkhuf`h Euabmo mot`rjmtlv` i`mtur` ikr tb` hke`, ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom*

E`mjwblo`/ Mo%Imtb mhkrjs tb` wmoos ki dktb struftur s* Xk d` pr`fls`/ tbls surmb rujs mrkujh V%@/ @/ J%

@/ J/ J%Q mjh Q ljt`rlkr mrfb`s "lj tbls krh`r, ki tb` Xmg emlj fbmed`r/ wblo` mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%

Hmuom lt rujs mrkujh moo ikur `xt`rlkr wmoos surekujtlja mrfbwmy mjh jlfb` kp`jljas/ lj tb` hlr`ftlkj Q%

J%@%V* Lt ls jkt pkssldo` tk smy pr`flsòy wb`tb`r tb` sò`ftlkj ki Ckr“mjlf pmssma`s mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh

uh%Hmuom tbmt w`r` fkepo`t`h gust i`w y`mrs dìkr` tb` Xmg Embmo fkjstruftlkj dàmj emy bmv`

ljiou`jf`h tbmt ki tb` Xmg Embmo* J`v`rtbò`ss/ ey fkepmrmtlv` r`mhlja ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarmes ki

tb`s` twk vlsumooy mjh foksòy ròmt`h tkeds elabt suaa`st tbmt/ y`t fbmpt`r Mo%Euoc mosk bmpp`js tk

mhkrj tb` v`stlduo` tk tb` emlj fbmed`r ki Mcdmr“s tked lj j`mr%dy Vlcmjhrm* Vk imr/ L bmv` jkt ikujh

wb`tb`r tb`r` wms mjy mrtlstlf kr skflmo ròmtlkj mjh ljiou`jf` d`tw``j tb` fmoolarmpb`rs wbk slaj`h

tb`lr mrtlstlf wkrcs % Mdh Mo%Jmdl Mo%]ur`ysbl lj fbmra` ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh mt tb` tle`

fò`drmt`h mjh wòo%`stmdolsb`h Memjmt Cbmj mjh bls wkrcsbkp lj fbmra` ki tb` Xmg Embmo/ kr `v`j Elr

Mdh Moomb Eusbclj ]mome/ tb` fblì fmoolarmpb`r ki Gmbmjalr“s fkurt hurlja wbks` r`laj tb` tked ki

L“tlemh uh%Hmuom wms fkjstruft`h*91 Lt ls ekr` olcòy tbmt tb` sò`ftlkj ki tb` Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`rs wms

rmtb`r m emtt`r ki h``poy r`sp`ft`h trmhltlkj ki iuj`rmo rlt`s/ ms wòo ms ki tb`lr r`v`r`jf` mjh

pkpuomrlty mekja okfmo p`kpo`*92

99 CKFB/ @ddm/ Xb` Fkepo`t` Xmg Embmo/ p* =02%=1>/ 4=0%448

91 MVB@T/ Fmtb`rlj`/ Xb` J`w Fmedrlha` Blstkry ki Ljhlm L+8/ p* =>8%=>0

92 L sbmoo mhhr`ss fkjt`jt mjh e`mjlja ki tbls mjh ktb`r twk Vurmbs ki tb` L“tlemh uh%Hmum“s prkarme lj h`tmlo lj tb` ikookwlja

fbmpt`r ki tb` stuhy



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Vurmb !Mo%Imtb! ‖ Fbmpt`r Jk* 82 ‖ Xb` Ylftkry

Lt wms lj E`hljm wb`r` tb` fkjt`jt ki tbls surmb wms pudolsb`h* Ilrst 41 v`rs`s "mymts, ki tbls

fbmpt`r w`r` pudolsb`h lj E`hljm* Xb` pudolsblja fkljflh`h wltb tb` ^rkpb`t Eubmeemh“s r`turj irke

E`ffm/ mjh tb` sme` y`mr wb`j tb` ar`mt dmtto` mt Bkuh`ydlym tkkc pomf`* Dy pudolsblja ki tbls ]ur “mj

fbmpt`r/ tb` ^rkpb`t wms/ lj imft/ pr`vlkusoy jktlil`h/ dy vlrtu` ki e`rry j`ws/ mdkut tb` skkj%tk%fke`

Aokrlkus Ylftkry* Xb` syedkolf fkjt`xt ki tb` Aokrlkus Ylftkry ls/ bkw`v`r/ eufb fkepr`b`jslv` tbmj ki

m sljao` blstkrlfmo dmtto`* Xb` Aokrlkus Ylftkry wms mftumooy m prkokau` ki tb` trluepb ki Lsome mt tb`

`jtlr` Mrmdlmj ^`jljsuom lj tb` j`mr iutur`* Dy r`fkajlzlja ki tb` e`rry j`ws kj tb` skkj%tk%fke`

Aokrlkus Ylftkry/ tb` ^rkpb`t bms mosk bmh tb` fo`mr ^rkpb`fy wblfb lj h`tmlo h`plfts m hìljlt` `jtry ki

tb` Eusoles tk E`ffm* Xb` fkjt`jt ki tbls fbmpt`r bmh prlemrloy pr`hlft`h tb` skkj s`ttolja ki tb`

prkf`ss ki m tbkrkuab ljj`r purlilfmtlkj ki Eusoles/ wbk bmv` mftumooy hwòt tb` y`mrs ki ljt`jslv`

fbmoo`ja`s mjh struaao`s* Xb` e`rry j`ws kj tb` skkj%tk%fke` Aokrlkus Ylftkry/ ljsfrld`h mt

Bkuh`ydlym/ r`jh`rs dktb tb` syedko ki fkeikrt mjh mhhltlkjmo sòi%`st`è lj t`res ki tb` fkrr`ft

fbklf` ki kj`“s kwj ròlalkus vl`ws3 tb` ilrst s`v`j v`rs`s fo`mroy ljhlfmt` tbls* Dy blabolabtlja/ mt twk

pkljts/ tb` imfts tbmt Moomb“s mrey ls tb` kj` ki tb` B`mv`j mjh tb` @mrtb/ wms m fo`mr slaj tbmt tb`

Eusole wmrrlkrs mr` armjt`h/ lj tbls kr lj ktb`r dmtto`/ tbls suppkrt ujs``j tdy buemj“s slabt/ dut sk

lepkrtmjt ikr tb` iljmo kutfke` ki tb` uotlemt` dmtto`* Xb` omst/ tw`jty jljtb v`rs`/ h`fomr`s tb`

oàltlemfy ki tb` ^rkpb`t“s bmv`j mjh tbus r`v`mos tb` `mrol`r/ mjfl`jt ^rkpb`fy kj tb` mrrlvmo ki tb`

^rkpb`t/ mjh tb` ikr`b`mhs ki lts ploarles mr` emrc`h dy sp`flmo slaj/ tb` slaj ki Vmgghm "tb` prkstrmtlkj,wblfb ls m slaj ki tbks`/ wbk dy ljfoljlja tb` imf`s tk tb` arkujh lj irkjt ki tb` Okrh/ wltj`ss tb`

a`j`rkus s`rvlf` tk Akh dy tb` pkw`r ki purlil`h/ kd`hl`jt mjh pruh`jt eljh* Xb` fkjt`jt ki tbls

fbmpt`r suaa`sts mamlj tk tb` ^rkpb`t tbmt B` ls m wltj`ss ikr moo tb` wkrhs ki Akh tbmt bmv`/ dìkr`

ble/ pkujh`h tbkuabt tb` wbkooy pmst* Xb` ^rkpb`t wms mosk suaa`st`h tbmt B` ls tb` kj` wbk drljas

tb` e`rry j`ws mt tb` trmf`s ki `mrol`r bkoy e`ss`ja`rs wbk bmv` d``j spr`mhlja tb` molc` j`ws tk

tb`lr p`kpo`* Iljmooy/ tb` ^rkpb`t ls d`lja suaa`st`h tbmt B` ls tb` @xbkrt`r "tb` Qmrj`r, ms tb` purpks`

ki bls elsslkj ls tk `xbkrt/ mjh tb` prlvloà` ki Akh ls tb` ljltlmo cjkwo`ha` kj wblfb sklo tb` wkrhs wloo

s`tto`/ mjh wbmt tb` kutfke` ki b`jf` `xtkrtlkj wloo d`*

Xb` ir`qu`jtoy us`h ljsfrlptlkjs ki tbls surmb lj tb` fmoolarmpblf h`fkrmtlkj mles mt armjtlja ikr tb`

iutur` `v`r%omstlja `xlst`jf` ki m h`sf`jh`h p`rskj wbk fbmja`s tb` ekh` ki `xlst`jf` mjh trmjsf`jhs

tk mj `tb`rlf/ ktb`rwkrohoy ikre/ wblfb ls m cljh ki m skpblstlfmt`h `jtlty/ tb` `jtlty ki mff`sslkj wblfb

ls uotlemtòy hlii`r`jt tk fkrruptldo` dkhy ki tbls wkroh* Vurmb 82 `jgkys m sb``r r`v`r`jf` mekja



<=

Eusoles mjh ls blaboy ràmrh`h ms m fbmre mjh skrt ki tmolsemj* Lts h``poy ròlalkus v`rs`s mhkrj tb`

ekst r`v`r`jh Eusole sbrlj`s ms Hke` ki tb` Tkfc lj G`rusmoè/ Vuotmj Bmssmj eksqu` lj Fmlrk/ ms wòo

ms Xmg Embmo mjh b`r` dy tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom* Xb` fkjt`jt ki tbls Vurm sò`ft`h tk mhkrj tb`

tked ki tb` blaboy `st`è`h jkdo` emj L“tlemh uh%Hmuom pr`s`jts tb` wmzlr "blesòi, ms m tru` ikookw`r

ki tb` ^rkpb`t ki Lsome/ mjh wbk ls mffkrhljaoy armjt`h moo tbks` splrltumo fr`hlts wblfb Akh prkels`s tk

lts tru` dòl`v`rs/ mjh tbks` fr`hlts mr` olst`h lj tb` fkjt`jt ki tbls fbmpt`r/ l*`* tked pmjòs* Bkw`v`r/

tb` lepkrtmjf` ki tb` fr`hlts `mrj`h dy tb` h`sf`jh`h wmzlr kj tb` @mrtb wloo d` `jikrf`h dy tb`lr

p`rskjlilfmtlkj lj `tb`rlf mit`roli` ms tb` imlr kr t`rrliylja fr`mtur`s wbk wkuoh us` tb`lr sudto` kr fruò

ròmtlkj tk tb`lr Fr`mtkr tk aumrmjt`` ikr mj `t`rjmo oli` ki tb` h`sf`jh`h/ lj fkjhèjmtlkj kr lj

b`mv`j* Xbus/ lt emy fke` okalfmo tk us tbmt Jur Gmbmj/ wmzlr“s hmuabt`r wms r`spkjsldo` ikr sò`ftlja

tb` surmbs ikr tb` tked prkarme/ sljf` tb` olj`s ki tbls fbmpt`r lj emjy wmys po`ha` ikr tb` r`hèptlkj

ki tb` h`sf`jh`h "tb` wmzlr,* Lt ls cjkwj tbmt dktb wmzlr mjh èpr`ss“ imeloy w`r` jktkrlkus ikr tb`lrfkurt ljiou`jf`s mjh miimlrs/ tbus/ bmvlja lj eljh moo tb` flrfuestmjf`s kr jkt/ tb` èpr`ss“ fbklf` ki

Ckr“mjlf olj`s "s`` dòkw, mt b`r imtb`r“s tked emy fo`mroy lepoy b`r kwj po`ha` tk Akh tk r`p`jt lj b`r

imtb`r“s jme` mjh tk r`h`è bls skuo tk hwòo lj p`mf` lj tb` mit`roli` dy èpokylja tb` v`rs`s ki tb`

blaboy r`v`r`h surmb wbks` `jamaè`jt ls dòl`v`h tk prkvlh` strmlabt mff`ss tk tb` B`mv`joy Mdkh`*

8274

"Xbmt Moomb emy ikralv` tb`` ki tby slj tbmt wblfb ls pmst mjh tbmt wblfb ls tk fke` ,

8278

"mjh Moomb ls Cjkwlja mjh Qls`,

827==

"Moomb ls `v`r Mwmr` ki wbmt y` hk,

82748

"Moomb ls V``r ki wbmt y` hk,

82749

"Moomb ls Mwmr` ki moo tbljas,

82742

"Moomb ls m Qltj`ss,

8274<

"Moomb bms prkels`h tbks` wbk dòl`v` mjh hk rlabt`kus h``hs mekja tbè ikralv`j`ss mjh m Ar`mt T`wmrh,



<4

Vurmb !Mo%Euzzmeelo! ‖ Fbmpt`r Jk* 16 ‖ Xb` @jsbrkuh`h

Xbls fbmpt`r ki Ckr“mj òmdkrmt`s m fbmrmft`rlstlf sltumtlkj tbmt tb` ^rkpb`t Eubmeemh

`xp`rl`jf`h* Iurtb`r tk ^rkpb`t“s r`f`ptlkj ki fbmpt`rh ki tb` T`vòmtlkj lj tb` h``p slo`jf` ki tb`

Byrm fmv`/ B` wms ilrst t`rrlil`h/ h`rmja`h mjh stufc* Vkkj upkj mrrlvmo bke` tk bls wli` Bmtlhg`/ B`msc`h b`r tk fkv`r ble wltb m foktb* Vuròy/ tb` ^rkpb`t“s i`mr hlh jkt mii`ft`h tb` p`ri`ftlkj ki bls

p`rskjmolty/ ikr B` wms m buemj d`lja mit`rmoo* Ms mjaò Amdlrò skkj mpp`mr`h mjh fkjtlju`h wltb tb`

T`vòmtlkj/ tb` ^rkpb`t fkjslh`r`h tb` fkelja `v`jts s`rlkusoy sk tbmt B` blesòi ls ruolja kv`r

Ljvlsldo`* Mjh ilabtlja Ljvlsldo` ls vmlj/ d` lt `v`j irke tb` ar`mt buemj i`mr kr fkjiuslkj* B`r` Amdrlò

t`mfb`s tb` ^rkpb`t kj tb` iutur` prktkfko mjh pr`pmr`s ble tk uotlemt` Kd`hl`jf`* B` wms ljstruft`h

tk m okja jlabt wmc`/ sk tbmt B`/ wblo` r`mhlja ]ur“mj/ b`mrs dut mosk tbljcs wòo mdkut `v`ry sljao`

wkrh/ ikr tb` wkrhs tk fke` w`r` w`labty ljh``h* Xb` ^rkpb`t“s syedkolf a`stur` ki ‟wrmpplja―

blesòi lj tb` foktb wms tk rèljh tbmt jk ktb`r fkv`r kr akwj ls akkh `jkuab ms m akkh ‒ akwj ki

H`vktlkj“ kr ‒tb` akwj ki c``plja tb` `t`rjmo ujlkj wltb Akh―* Xb` a`stur` wms mosk tk rèljh tbmt lt ls

hliilfuot tk emljtmlj kj`sòi lj r`molty li tb`r` ls jk h``p mjh ròlmdo` r`fkajltlkj ‖ tb` r`fkajltlkj tbmt

B` wms wmrj`h tk dy tb` wkrhs ki tb` T`vòmtlkj7

‟O`mrj/ r`mh lj tb` jme` ki ykur Emst`r***-―

Xb` ^rkpb`t wms pmrtlfuomroy wmrj`h dy Amdrlò“s wkrhs tbmt tb` ^rkpb`fy wloo d` fkepks`h ki ‒‒hliilfuot

wkrhs““ tbmt wloo r`qulr` okja jlabt wmc`s* Xbus/ cjkwo`ha` ls/ ujhkudt`hoy/ m sljao` tru` pkw`r tbmt

armjts tb` buemj d`lja tk ruo` kv`r mjh d` sòi%fkjilh`jt lj `v`ry sltumtlkj* Lts p`mros mr` sk pr`flkus

tbmt tb` ^rkpb`t blesòi wms mhvlslja Bls ikookw`rs tk s`mrfb ikr cjkwo`ha`/ jk emtt`r bkw imr tb`

gkurj`y tmc`s* Mjh wbmt sbmoo d`/ kj tb` tkp/ mdkut ljj`r/ ljltlmtlja/ mrfb%cjkwo`ha` " Mo%!Loe Mo%

Mcblrmwl ,; Xb` pkw`r ki tbls cjkwo`ha` `jbmjf`s tb` eljh/ b`mrt mjh skuo/ lt prkvlh`s us olabt `v`j lj

tb` h``p`st tked hmrcj`ss/ dut mosk tb` ljhlsp`jsmdo` skujhj`ss j`f`ssmry ikr mpprkmfblja ‟imf` tk

Imf`― tk Akh/ ske`wb`r` d`ykjh tb` stmrs*

Emyd` tbmt ls wby èpr`ss Jur Gmbmj/ olc` emjy sudg`fts ki Lsomelf imltb lj tb`lr imeloy“s iuj`rmo rlt`s lj

a`j`rmo/ pomf`h `xmftoy tbls fbmpt`r mt "v`ry pmrtlfuomr "Vkutb, slh` ki, b`r imtb`r“s tked* Bmvlja cjkwj

tbmt tb` Vkutb slh` ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom prkvlh`s tb` kjoy mff`ss tk tb` tked fbmed`r

wb`r` èpr`ss“ pmr`jts omy lj r`st/ w` emy lemalj` tb` v`rs`s ki Mo%Euoc syedkolfmooy mhkrjlja tb`

spkt "Vkutb slh` ki tb` tked, wb`r` tb` wmzlr mjh bls wli` "kr tb` vlsltkr, h`pmrt tb` t`rr`strlmo wkroh

`jt`rlja ljtk m trmjsf`jhlja ‟wrmpplja― hmrcj`ss ki tb` tked ljt`rlkr kj tb`lr wmy tk tb` ktb`rwkrohoy



<6

spb`r`s wb`r` lj tb` dolss ki tb`lr cjkwo`ha`/ wlshke/ buedo`j`ss mjh ‟ljhlsp`jhsmdo` skujhj`ss―

wloo e``t tb` imf` ki Akh* Lt ls strkjaoy dòl`v`h tbmt tbls fbmpt`r d`lja hòlv`r`h lj tb` iuj`rmo rlt`s

prkvlh`s m akkh wloo mjh blab `st`è tk tb` h`sf`jh`h upkj bls mrrlvmo tk tb` ^mrmhls`* Mosk/ tbls surmb

fmoos ikr tb` mdmjhkje`jt/ mhhr`sslja moo tb` sudg`fts wbk mr` lj pkss`sslkj ki moo cljhs ki akkh mjh

w`motb lj tbls oli`/ ktb`rwls` wloo f`rtmljoy imf` m v`ry trmalf `jhlja* Xbls emy d` y`t mjktb`r v`rs` lj tb`

tked“s prkarme ljhlfmtlja tb` hmuabt`r“s kdvlkus fkjf`rj kv`r b`r imtb`r“s `mrtboy ‟oàmfy―*

Q` bmv` mor`mhy mjmoyz`h tb` syedkolfmo sò`ftlkj ki tbls surmb mjh lts fkjsplfukus pomfè`jt kj tb`

Vkutb slh` ki tb` wmzlr“s tked "p* 8=%88,* Qòo fkepks`h mjh tbkuabtiuo dmomjf` d`tw``j tb` sò`ft`h

surmb wltb tb` tked“s mrfblt`fturmo mjh h`fkrmtlv` òè`jts kj tb` Vkutb slh` pkw`riuooy h`plfts tb`

h`vkt`h jkfturjmo prmy`rs mjh wkrsblp/ ikr prmy`rs mt jlabt mr` v`ry lepkrtmjt lj tb` ròlalkus rlt`s ki

tb` Eusole*

Vurm !Mo%Euoc! ‖ Fbmpt`r Jk* 91 ‖ Xb` Hkeljlkj

Vurmb Mo%Euoc ls mekja tb` ilrst tbr`` T`vòmtlkjs hòlv`r`h tk tb` ^rkpb`t* Xb` fkjt`jt ki

tbls fbmpt`r wms pudolsb`h lj E`ffm* ^rlemrloy/ lts fkjt`jt r`jh`rs m prkokau` tk Akh ms m sko` Bkoh`r ki

tb` Xru` ^kw`r tbmt fkv`rs moo tb` Pjlv`rs`s/ d`lja tb`y vlsldo` tk buemj“s slabt kr jkt* Ekr`kv`r/ lts

pkw`r spr`mhs kv`r tb` eyst`ry ki oli` mjh h`mtb tbmt w`r`/ ms alits/ alv`j kjoy ms fkkrhljmt`s tbmt sbmoo

oljc kur olv`s mjh hlsfkv`r tb` vmou`s ‖ vmou`s tbmt h`slaj kur olv`s mjh tb` ekh`s ki kur d`bmvlkurs sk

w` fmj wmoc `ltb`r lj tb` fkurs` ki kur fkjhèjmtlkj kr tk B`mv`j* Vk tk wltj`ss tbls uotlemt` pkw`r/

tb` Akh blesòi mttrmfts kur mtt`jtlkj tkwmrhs B`mv`js mjh/ dy e`mjs ki fbmoo`ja`s/ hèmjhs irke us

tk okkc ikr tb` hlsdmomjf`* V``clja ikr pkssldo` hlsdmomjf` sbmoo o`mh us `ltb`r tk mpkstmsy irke Akh ms

mdskout` Emst`r/ kr tk tb` `jolabt`je`jt dy p`ri`ft wmv`s ki d`muty mjh dmomjf` ki Bls fkjstruftlv`

pkw`r* Xb` `sfbmtkokalfmo lema`s ki tbls surmb mr` moekst iloelf* Lt ls Akh blesòi wbk str`ss`s kut tbmt

w` mr` wòo cjkwj tk Ble sk tbmt B` fmj r`mh kur eljhs dìkr` tb` tbkuabts tbèsòv`s mr` fkjf`lv`h

lj kur b`mrts/ sk jk ktb`r ljt`re`hlmry wltj`ss ls r`qulr`h/ jkt `v`j kur kwj wltj`sslja/ d`fmus` lt ls

s`fkjhmry tk Bls tru` ljslabt lj kur ljj`r stmt` ki d`lja* Iljmooy/ tb` qu`stlkjs tbmt Akh pmss`s tk `mfb

olvlja skuo/ ujtlo tb` `jh ki tbls Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`r/ r`mfb tb` mdsurh/ sk tbmt tb`y tbèsòv`s h`prlv` us

irke frmvlja ikr mjy mjsw`r*

Mdstrmftlja tb` iujhme`jtmo e`ssma` ki tbls Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`r/ lt sbkuoh d` jkt`h tbmt lts fkjt`jt spmrc

wltb r`fkajltlkj ki Akh ms m sljao` Xrutb/ m sljao` ujfkjhltlkjmo kwj`r ki tb` Dmtto`/ ki moo tb` pkw`r*

Iljmooy/ dy fkjf`lvlja m buemj wltb lts kwj Jme`s mjh Mttrldut`s/ tb` frkwj fr`mtur` lj tb` `jtlr`



<8

A`j`sls krh`r ls mftumooy d`lja pksltlkj`h ms lts kwj mpktb`ksls % tb` Mpktb`ksls wltb lee`msurmdo`

`xlst`jtlmo prkiujhlty/ mpktb`ksls ki tb` Hlvlj` elfrkfkseks*

Xbls surmb usumooy mhkrjs blaboy syedkolf mjh fkjsplfukus pomf`s lj tb` Lsomelf mrfblt`ftur`* Lt bms

mowmys d``j fkjslh`r`h m fbmre % r`flt`h/ ljsfrld`h kr alv`j e`jtlkj ki lj tb` Lsomelf t`xts* Mffkrhlja

tk Bmhltb tb` ^rkpb`t smlh tbmt Vurmb Mo%Euoc sbkuoh d` lj tb` b`mrt ki `v`ry Eusole mjh li d`lja

ràuomroy r`flt`h/ tb` r`flt`r sbmoo d` tb`j prkt`ft`h irke tb` tkrtur`s ki tb` armv` mjh msf`jh`h

strmlabt tk ^mrmhls`* Xbls fbmpt` ls usumooy ikujh ljsfrld`h ujh`r tb` hke`s kr blab`r s`ftlkjs ki tb`

pmrtlfuomr struftur`* Motbkuab lt emy d` strkja mjh wmrjlja lj lts `sfbmtkokalfmo tkj`/ lt emy mosk mhkrj

tb` armv` ms tb` sup`rstruftur` pmvlolkj ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom mjh mosk tb` ljt`rlkr ki tb` Xmg

Embmo hke`* Vljf` blab`r s`ftlkjs lj tb` mrfblt`ftur` usumooy èdkhy ktb`rwkrohy spb`r`s/ tb`

èpokye`jt ki Vurmb Mo%Euoc fke`s v`ry mpprkprlmt` sljf` lts v`rs`s smy mdkut tb` Poltemt` Hkeljlkj

ki Akh“s Cljahke* Xbus/ ske` ki lts v`rs`s mhhltlkjmooy jbmjf` tb` fò`stlmo fkjt`xt tb`lr pomfè`jt7

9176 "Qbk bmtb fr`mt`h s`v`j b`mv`js lj bmrekjy;,

9170

"Mjh v`rloy Q` bmv` d`mutlil`h tb` wkroh!s b`mv`j wltb omeps,

Qblo` ske` ki tb` v`rs`s kdvlkusoy qu`stlkj tb` sudg`ft“s "kr tbmt ki tb` h`sf`jh`h wmzlr, vlrtu`s7

9174

"B` wbk fr`mt`h h`mtb mjh oli` tk t`st yku wblfb ki yku ls d`st lj h``h,



<0

Xb` ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` Ckr!mj

ls mj ljt`rpr`tmtlkj tbmt ljfouh`s/ mpmrt irke tb` r`mh`r“s mutb`jtlf fkjf`ptlkj/ mj mttrldutlkj ki

`skt`rlf kr eystlf e`mjljas tbmt kj` fmj p`rf`lv` kjoy upkj tb` `xp`rl`jf`h mjh scloo`h/

tmuabt kr sòi%fkjfl`v`h fkjtèpomtlkjs ki tb` Bkoy sfrlpt*

Mpmrt irke tbmt/ dìkr` alvlja mj ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` Bkoy sfrlpt

lj tb` pmrtlfuomr blstkrlf/ mrfblt`fturmo mjh m`stb`tlf fkjt`xt/

kj` sbkuoh mowmys d`mr lj eljh tb` fkajltlv` hlii`r`jf`s wblfb ujhkudt`hoy è`ra`

d`tw``j tb` fkjf`ptlkj mjh ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` Ckr“mj

lj tb` fkjtèpkrmry fkjt`xt mjh tb` fkjt`xt ki tb` `rm wb`j tb` ljsfrlptlkjs w`r` fr`mt`h*

Xbls omst fbmpt`r wms strkjaoy ljsplr`h dy tb` fkjtèpomtlkjs L bmh bmh

wltb hlstljaulsb`h sfbkomrs lj Lsomelf tb`kokay/ pblokskpby mjh ^`rslmj omjauma`/

wbks` trmjsf`jhlja wlshke lj fkjtèpomtlja mjh ljt`rpr`tlja Ckr“mj w`r` ey sudstmjtlmo suppkrt/

wltbkut wbke ey mpprkmfb tk tb` tked“s ljsfrlptlkjs wkuoh jkt

bmv` d``j irultiuo mjh suff`ssiuooy fkepo`t`h*

Xb` fkjv`rsmtlkjs w`r` fkjhuft`h tbrkuabkut

ey r`s`mrfb lj Ljhlm mjh Dmocmjs

lj 4>=>+==*

Xbls ls ey sp`flmo e`jtlkj ki `jho`ss armtltuh` mjh ljh`dt`hj`ss ikr

Hr \ujus Gmii`ry/

r`tlr`h ^rki`sskr ki ^`rslmj omjauma` mt Pjlv`rslty ki Hòbl

Hr T`sblh Bmilzkvlfb/

^rki`sskr mt tb` Imfuoty ki Lsomelf Vfl`jf s lj Vmrmg`vk

Vuo`lemj Duamrl/

Leme ki tb` Qblt` eksqu` lj Vmrmg`vk

Hr @i`jhl%Eubme`h Gusuispmblf

Xb` Euity ki Dòarmh`



<9

LLL FKJFOPVLKJ

L“tlemh uh%Hmuom ki tb` V``j ) tb` Pjs``j

Okkclja mt tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ b`r`/ mt tb` fkjfouslkj ki tbls bkpìuooy

fkjtrldutlja stuhy/ L fmjjkt mdmjhkj tb` i`ò tbmt/ `v`jtumooy/ m gustlf` bms d``j hkj` tk tbls

rèmrcmdo` c`y ekjue`jt ki tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* Bmvlja d``j alv`j tb` prlvloà` mjh tb` trust dy

tb` Mrfbm`kokalfmo Vurv`y ki Ljhlm tk mpprkmfb mjh stuhy tb` tked eysòi/ L hlh jkt imlo tk jktlf` lts

pksltlkj/ moekst elspomf`h/ y`t `xtrmkrhljmlr`/ lj tb` tbr`mh ki Euabmo lep`rlmo tkeds/ motbkuab jktd`lja kj` ltsòi* Xb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom hìljltòy ls jkt gust mjktb`r Euabmo tked lj mjktb`r

Euabmo amrh`j* Lt ls m ekjue`jt lj lts kwj rlabt/ wltb moo lts ljjkvmtlkjs/ ljiou`jf`s/ mjh mdkv` moo/ lts

emc`kv`r lj tb` blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* Mhvlslja wltb ey e`jtkr/ prlkr tk ey ilòhwkrc lj Ljhlm/

L fkjslh`r`h tb` stuhy pomj fkjslst`h ki ilrst kiilflmo systèmtlf pbktk%hkfue`jtlja/ mjmoyzlja mjh

trmjsomtlja tb` tked“s `plarmpblf prkarme fkepks`h irke ròlalkus v`rs`s ki Ckr“mj* Potlemtòy/ tb`

tked“s `jfmptlvmtlja murm bmh e` tmclja tb` pbktkarmpbs ki lts `jtlr`ty/ jmeòy/ lts kutstmjhlja

h`fkrmtlv` mjh mrfblt`fturmo prkarme tbmt d`fme`/ tkk/ ljtàrmo pmrt ki ey r`s`mrfb mjh mtt`jtlkj* Mit`r

moo/ tbls tked hlh h`s`rv` m foks` `y` mit`r ma`s ki d`lja ujh`rrmt`h mjh sbmhkw`h dy tb` ktb`r Euabmo

ekjue`jts*

Lj ey ljtrkhuftlkj fbmpt`r/ L hr`w kur mtt`jtlkj tk mjh hlsfuss`h tb` jàola`jt sfbkomroy tr`mte`jt ki

tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ motbkuab lt r`pr`s`jts mj lee`hlmt` ikr`rujj`r tk tb` Xmg Embmo/ jkt gust

fbrkjkokalfmooy/ dut mosk lj tb` t`res ki strlclja uj`qulvkfmo slelolmrltl`s lj h`fkrmtlv` mjh mrfblt`fturmo

kutokkc* Xb` tked/ h`hlfmt`h tk tb` blab Lrmjlmj hlajltmry mjh Euabmo fkurtl`r ki tb` blab`st rmjcs lj

tb` èplr`/ tb` eljlst`r ki Xr`msury mjh prle` eljlst`r ki tb` Vtmt`/ Elrzm Ablyms Dà X`brmjl `jtlto`h

L“tlemh uh%Hmuom/ ls m c`ystkj` ki tb` trmjsltlkjmo pbms` lj tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur` mjh r`pr`s`jts m

plkj``r `xmepo` lj mdmjhkjlja trmhltlkjmo rkymooy mttrldut`h r`h smjhstkj` dulohlja ikr dulohlja lj

armfìuo rmhlmjt wblt` emrdo`* Xbls fruflmo mrfblt`fturmo pbms` mosk ljtrkhuf`h m wbkooy j`w stmtè`jt

lj tb` ekjue`jtmo h`fkrmtlkj/ tbmt ls/ `jamaè`jt ki sèl%pr`flkus stkj`s/ vldrmjt pmljtlja/ stuffk

mjh eksmlf wkrc kj tb` dulohljas/ strkjaoy ljsplr`h dy pmt`rjmo ^`rslmj b`rltma` ki tb` Euabmo



<1

èp`rkrs/ lj pmrtlfuomr èp`rkr Gmbmjalr“s h`vktlkj tk bls mjf`stkrs“ hurlja wbks` r`laj wms tb` tked

`r`ft`h* Mpmrt irke tbmt/ tb` j`woy ljtrkhuf`h i`mtur`s mosk ljfouh` tb` hkeò`ss dkhy/ mhgklj`h

tkw`rs mjh lj tb` Vudfkjtlj`jt/ v`ry rmròy `jama`h Mrmdlf sfrlpt lj tb` tked“s `plarmpblf prkarme*

Dut wbmt ls lt tbmt drljas tb` tked L“tlemh uh%Hmuom tk us lj m j`w olabt mjh cjkwo`ha` mit`r tbls stuhy ls

d`lja fkepo`t`h;

Bmvlja cjkwj moo tb` mikrè`jtlkj`h irke ktb`r fkjtèpkrmry skurf`s/ tb` pr`s`jt stuhy bkw`v`r

wms suppks`h tk drlja us mj utt`roy hlii`r`jt `xp`rl`jf` ki tb` tked/ j`w cjkwo`ha` mjh j`w

p`rf`ptlkj ki tb` V``j mjh tb` Pjs``j tked syedkos tbmt w`r` c`pt wmltlja ikr kur r`fkajltlkj ujtlo

jkw* Xbls stuhy drljas us ilrst kiilflmo ljtrkhuftlkj tk tb` tked“s ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme tbmt bms j`v`r

d``j kds`rv`h/ `xmelj`h mjh ljt`rpr`t`h sk imr* Bmvlja trmjsomt`h tb` plkus mjh hòlfmtòy fkepks`h

Ckr“mjlf pmssma`s tbmt ruj frkss tb` tked/ w` jkw emy fkjfouh` tbmt lt wms L“tlemh uh %Hmuom“s

hmuabt`r/ èpr`ss Jur Gmbmj tbmt wms ekst olcòy r`spkjsldo` ikr tb` sò`ftlkj ki tb` ròlalkus v`rs`s

fr`mt`h irke tb` fmoolarmpblf p`j ki tb` Mdh Mo%Jmdl Mo%]ur`ysbl* Lt wms tb` èpr`ss b`rsòi tbmt

fbkkslja mjh h`slajlja tbr`` blaboy r`v`r`h fbmpt`rs ki Ckr“mj ikr mhkrjlja b`r pmr`jts“ tked/ lj

leemfuomtòy wblt` emrdo` irl`z` mamljst tked“s vldrmjt pkoyfbrke` surimf`/ mftumooy fr`mt`h m bmok ki

r`hèptlkj mjh prkt`ftlkj bkv`rlja syedkolfmooy mdkv` tb` arkujh iokkr mrfblt`fturmo òè`jts mjh

suppks`h armv`s lj krh`r tk èdrmf` mjh smv` b`r dòkv`h imeloy lj tbls wkroh mjh d`ykjh* @epr`ss“

okv`/ imltb mjh h`vktlkj ikr b`r imeloy wms jkt kdvlkusoy hèkjstrmt`h kjoy lj sò`ftlkj mjh h`slaj ki

tb` h`fkrmtlv` ròlalkus v`rs`s/ dut mosk lj tb` wbko` ouxurlkus kutokkc ki tb` tked* D`lja mj èpr`ss/

ruolja ‟d`bljh tb` purhm― mjh d`ykjh tb` w`mc`j`h pkw`rs ki b`r busdmjh tb` èp`rkr/ ekst olcòy

prkvlh`h Jur Gmbmj moo tb` c`ys tk tb` lep`rlmo tr`msury sb` j``h`h ikr fkjstruftlja tb` tked ki tb`

tleò`ss armf` mjh sueptukusj`ss* Ls tbls wby tb`j kj tb` `jtlr` surimf` ki tb` tked/ wblfb wms

kdvlkusoy `jhkw`h dy tb` armtìuo h`vkt`h hmuabt`r/ w` fkuoh jkt iljh mjy `vlh`jf` ki tbls `xp`jslv`

`jhkwe`jt; Ekst olcòy y`s*

Iurtb`rekr`/ tb` pr`s`jt stuhy drljas us tk tb` iuoo`r ujh`rstmjhlja ki tb` tked“s mrfblt`fturmo mjh

h`fkrmtlv` vkfmduomry/ ujspkc`j mjh `jfrypt`h ljtk lts surimf` sk imr* Xk d` pr`fls`/ w` jkw bmv` tb`

mjsw`rs tk ske` fkjsplfukus mjh pmrmhlslmfmooy rìo`ft`h mrfblt`fturmo i`mtur`s ki tb` tked7 olc` wby

tb` mff`ss tk tb` tked fbmed`r wms kj tb` Vkutb slh` wblo` tb` emlj mxlmo `jtrmjf` tk tb` amrh`j mjh

tked fkepo`x ls s`t kj tb` @mst slh` ki tb` tked3 kr wby tb` mhgklj`h tkw`rs mr` kftmakjmo lj sbmp`

mjh tkpp`h wltb `labt ploomr`h fbbmttrls3 `v`j ekr`/ w` fmj jkw ujh`rstmjh wby tb` fkepksltlkj ki



<2

tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme ls h`vls`h kj < "p`r `mfb tked slh`, x 1 "p`r tkw`r, pmjòs* Mosk/ w` jkw

ìkrto`ssoy hk r`mhlja mjh ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` tked“s h`fkrmtlv` prkarme rlfb lj iokrmo/ a`ke`trlf mjh

mdstrmft pmtt`rjs `mfb kj` ki tbè strkja mjh syedkolfmo lj lts `xpr`sslkj*

Mdkv` moo/ wbmt emy rls` ms tb` ikfmo pkljt ki tbls stuhy ls tb` `stmdolsbe`jt ki krlaljmo hmt` ki tb` tked

fkepo`tlkj* Xb` trustwkrtblj`ss ki tb` hmt`/ jmeòy/ tb` y`mr ki fkepo`tlkj ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%

Hmuom tbmt ilrst bmh d``j kiilflmooy ljt`rpr`t`h ms =>61M*B* "=941+42 M*H*, è`ra`h hurlja tb` r`s`mrfb

ms kj` ki tb` ekst prkelj`jt c`y pkljts lj tb` pr`s`jt stuhy* B`r`/ mffkrhlja tk jued`r ki

mikrè`jtlkj`h iljhljas mjh mss`sse`jts ràmrhlja styo` ki tb` sfrlpt mjh t`fbjlqu` ki fmoolarmpby lj

tb` upp`r ràlst`r ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjs/ w` fme` tk fkjfouslkj tbmt tb` hmt` ki tb` hìljlt` fkepo`tlkj ki

tb` tked wms jkt =>69 M*B* "=949+41 M*H*,/ dut ekst olcòy =>6< MB "=94<+6> MH,* Xb` hmt`

elsljt`rpr`tmtlkj fme` irke s`v`rmo imftkrs "olc` blab slelolmrlty d`tw``j Mrmdlf jue`rmos `jama`h ljtb` sfrlpt/ elsemtfb d`tw``j tb` hmt`s ki tb` ljsfrlptlkj ràlst`rs/ hust hmema`s lj tb` sfrlpt, tbmt

ekst prkdmdoy emh` tb` `plarmpb`r elstmc`j lj bls krlaljmo iljhljas* Xbls emy mosk kp`j ske`

mhhltlkjmo qu`stlkjs lj kur iutur` r`s`mrfb lj tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ ràmrhlja tb` pr`s`rvmtlkj ki tb`

ekjue`jts ki tb` Euabmo Ljhlm/ ikr tb`y jkt wloo kjoy omst okja`r/ dut mosk tb`y wloo prkvlh`

Lj mhhltlkj tk tb` r`mhlja mjh tb` ljt`rpr`tmtlkj ki tb` tked“s `plarmpblf prkarme/ wbmt è`ra`h/ tk

ey kpljlkj/ ms m v`ry lepkrtmjt kds`rvmtlkj ikr tb` iutur` r`s`mrfb lj tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur` ls tb`

sfbkomroy j`f`sslty ki dktb trmjsomtlkj mjh trmjsfrlptlkj ki Mrmdlf mjh ^`rslmj sfrlpts lj tb` stuhy wkrc*^mrtlfuomroy/ wb`j lt fke`s tk tb` ròlalkus sfrlpts/ Ckr“mjlf fbmpt`rs/ `tf* tb` `plarmpblst ls pr`suemdoy

imelolmr wltb Mrmdlf kr ^`rslmj mopbmd`t/ li jkt wltb tb` omjauma`s tbèsòv`s/ sk mffkrhlja tk prljflpo`s

ki Lsomelf imltb/ `v`ry wkrh ki tb` Dkkc ki tb` Bkoy T`vòmtlkj ls fkjslh`r`h gust m e`r` trmjsomtlkj mjh

jkt tb` Bkoy Qkrh ltsòi li lt ls jkt wrltt`j lj Mrmdlf kr ^`rslmj omjauma`* Mpmrt irke tbmt/ `v`ry

`plarmpblf sfrlpt/ `ltb`r lj Mrmdlf kr ^`rslmj/ wb`j sfbkomroy `xmelj`h lj tb` stuhy sbkuoh d` mosk

pr`s`jt`h wltb lts trmjsfrlptlkj mvmlomdo` ikr iurtb`r r`mhlja* Motbkuab jkt ms slajlilfmjt mjh

ekjue`jtmo ms tb` lep`rlmo hyjmstlf Euabmo tkeds wb`r` tb` èp`rkrs mjh eèd`rs ki tb`lr imelol`s

w`r` omlh tk r`st/ tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom rèmljs tk hmt` ujlqu` mjh fruflmo struftur` lj tb`

blstkry ki tb` Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`* Kjoy wb`j p`rf`lv`h lee`hlmtòy tbrkuab lts tbr`` h`fkrmtlv`

prkarmes % iokrmo/ a`ke`trlfmo mjh fmoolarmpblf ‖ tb` tked ujikohs lj irkjt ki tb` vl`w`r wltb dktb lts

V``j mjh Pjs``j syedkos ki tbls wkroh mjh kj` d`ykjh* Pjolc` tb` Euabmos wblfb hurlja tb`lr slx

fkjs`qu`jt imeloy suff`sslkjs tk tb` tbrkj` hlh jkt `r`ft j`ltb`r m fkeekj hyjmstlf emuskoùe jkr



<<

w`r` durl`h lj tb` sme` flty/ tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom lj Marm ls smlh tk d` tb` iljmo r`stlja pomf` ki

moo ^`rslmj eèd`rs ki tb` Euabmo fkurt* D`lja ujlt`h/ ljiou`jtlmo mjh pkw`riuo mt tb` Euabmo fkurt

wb`r` tb`y hkeljmt`h d`bljh tb` furtmlj/ tb`y c`pt tb` sme` mttrldut`s r`stlja lj tbls tked/ tbmt ls lj

tb` wkroh d`ykjh* Motbkuab tb`y r`slh`h lj Ljhlm mjh rls`h tk tb` tkp ki tb` Euabmo èplr`/ L“tlemh uh%

Hmuom mjh eèd`rs ki bls ^`rslmj imeloy rèmlj`h h`vkt`h tk tbèsòv`s/ tb`lr imltb mjh tb`lr b`rltma`*

Xb` j`woy amlj`h `xp`rl`jf` mjh cjkwo`ha` tbrkuabkut r`s`mrfb mjh wkrc kj tbls

Euabmo ekjue`jt/ dms`h kj tb` arkujhs ki euotlhlsflpoljmry mpprkmfb tbrkuab mrt blstkry/

blstkrlkarmpby/ `plarmpby mjh pblokokay/ prkvlh`s ljfkepmrmdo` mjh kutstmjhlja pkssldlolty tk tb`

Blstkrlmj ki tb` Lsomelf mrt mjh mrfblt`ftur` mjh Krl`jtmo pblokokalst olc` eysòi tk d` `jfkurma`h mjh

prkikujhoy ljsplr`h dy furr`jt wkrc tk `xpokr` mjh stuhy iurtb`r lj tb` drkmh`r fkjt`xt ki Euabmo

mrfblt`ftur`*



=>>

LY BKXKATM^BLF HKFPE@JXMXLKJ

Lj tb` ikookwlja pma`s tb` fkepo`t` pbktkarmpblf hkfue`jtmtlkj/ trmjsfrlptlkjs mjh trmjsomtlkjs

ki tb` ljsfrlptlkjmo prkarme ki tb` tked ki L“tlemh uh%Hmuom lj Marm

mr` d`lja pr`s`jt`h ikr tb` ilrst tle`*

Xb` trmjsomtlkjs mr` omraòy fkepo`t`h dy Vmblb Ljt`rjmtlkjmo trmjsomtlkj mt www*qurmj*fke wltb

fkepoè`jtmry trmjsomtlkjs dy tbmt ki \usui Mol ràmrhlja ekr` rìlj`h ujh`rstmjhlja ki tb` sfrlpt*

Xb` Mrmdlf trmjsfrlptlkj ls fkepo`t`h dy Vtmjhmrh Mrmdlf wltb Xmsbc`ò "vkwò emrcs,*

Xb` pbktkarmpblf hkfue`jtmtlkj ljtrkhuf`s/ ilrstoy tb` arkujh iokkr ràlst`r

"Vurmb Mo%Imtb mjh Vurmb Mo%Euzzmeelo,/ s`fkjhoy

tb` upp`r iokkr ràlst`r "Mo%Euoc,*



=>=

Vurmb 82 Mo ‖ Imtb



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Vurmb 16 Mo ‖ Euzzmeelo



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Vurmb 91 Mo ‖ Euoc



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=24

=0* IMLTFBLOH/ T*H/ =<<1/ Buemyuj“s Xked mjh Amrh`j7 Xypkokay mjh Ylsumo Krh`r Lj Mttlolk

^`trufflkol/ Amrh`js lj tb` Xle` ki tb` Ar`mt Eusole @eplr`s7 Xb`kry mjh H`slaj* Vtuhl`s lj

Lsomelf Mrt mjh Mrfblt`ftur`7 Vuppoè`jts tk Euqmrjms YLL/ DTLOO

=9* I@TAPVVKJ/ =219/ Blstkry ki Ljhlmj mjh Lsomelf Mrfblt`ftur`/ Okjhkj

=1* ILJHO@\ D* @oolskj/ =<<6/ Jur Gmbmj7 @epr`ss ki Euabmo Ljhlm/ Kxikrh Pjlv`rslty ^r`ss

=2* ATMDMT/ Koà mjh BLOO/ H`r`c/ =<91/ Lsomelf Mrfblt`ftur` mjh Lts H`fkrmtlkj MH 2>>%=0>>/

Imd`r mjh Imd`r

=<* Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* 4/ Mcdmr "=009%=9>0,7 Xb` Ma` ki ^`rskjmolty Mrfblt`ftur`

"J`w Hòbl/ =<20,

4>* Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* 6/ Xb` Xrmjsltlkjmo ^bms` ki Fkokur mjh H`slaj7 G`bmjalr

=9>0%=902 MH/ "J`w Hòbl =<<8,

4=* Blstkry ki Euabmo mrfblt`ftur`/ vko* 8/ pt =/ Xb` Ma` ki Mrfblt`fturmo M`stb`tlflse/ Vbmb G`bmj

=942%=902 MH "J`w Hòbl 4>>0,

44* CMDDMJL/ Vbmycb Eubmeemh Blsbme/ 4>></ Xb` Jlj`%Ikoh Msf`jt/ Lsomelf Vuprè` Fkujflo ki

Me`rlfm

46* CKFB/ @ddm/ =<<=/ Euabmo Mrfblt`ftur`/ ^r`stò%Y`roma/ Eujlfb

48* CKFB/ @ddm/ 4>>9/ Xb` Fkepo`t` Xmg Embmo/ Xbme`s mjh Buhskj Oth/ Okjhkj

40* Ckr“mj Cmrle

49* OKQT\/ Ao`j Buemyuj“s Xked Ikre/ Iujftlkj mjh E`mjlja lj @mroy Euabmo Mrfblt`ftur`/ Ir``r

Amoo`ry ki Mrt/ Veltbskjlmj Ljstltutlkj

41* KCMHM/ Meljm mjh JKP/ G`mj%Okuls/ 4>>6/ Pj Gkymu h` o“Ljh` Ekabko`7 O` Emusko`` h“ Ltlemh

uh%Hmuomb/ Fljq Fkjtlj`jts



=26

YL OLVX ki LOOPVXTMXKJV

^ma`s 0= tk 00 ‖ armpblfs dy Drlmj Qlfbemjj mt www*pmtt`rjljlsomelfmrt*fke/ pbktk irmae`jts dy

Mo`csmjhmr Vtìmjkvlf

^ma`s 02 tk 0< ‖ pbktks dy Meljm Kcmhm mjh G`mj%Okuls Jku

ÔMX@ = ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 0

ÔMX@ 4 ‖ looustrmtlkj fkurt`sy ki M* Kcmhm mjh G*O* Jku/ wltb iurtb`r rì`r`jf`s/ p* 44

ÔMX@ 6 ‖ pbktks dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 18

Ilaur`s =m/ =d mjh =f ‖looustrmtlkjs mt www*r``p*kra*uc/ p* =2

Ilaur` 4m ‖ pomj fkurt`sy ki @ddm Ckfb/ p* 4>

Ilaur` 4d ‖ pomj dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 4>

Ilaur` 4f ‖ pomj dy Qlclp`hlm/ p* 4>

Ilaur` 6 ‖ looustrmtlkj fkurt`sy ki Ir``r Amoo`ry ki Mrt/ Veltbskjlmj Ljstltutlkj/ p* 48

Ilaur` 8 ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 42

Ilaur` 0 ‖ pomj fkurt`sy ki ^rki Hr @* Ckfb/ p* 6>

Ilaur` 9 ‖ pbktk dy Akkao` @mrtb p* 6>

Ilaur` 1 ‖ pbktk dy Embmvlr \mhmv/ p* 64

Ilaur` 2 ‖ pbktk dy Keprmcmsb Emurym/ p* 64

Ilaur` < ‖ pbktk mt www*tmgembmo*akv*lj/ p* 64

Ilaur` => ‖ pbktk mt www*krl`jtmomrfblt`ftur`*fke/ p* 64

Ilaur` == ‖ pbktk dy ^* Dudmok/ p* 68

Ilaur` =4 ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 68

Ilaur` =6 ‖ pbktk dy ^* Dudmok/ p* 60

Ilaur` =8 ‖ pomj dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 69



=28

Ilaur` =0 ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 62

Ilaur` =9 ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 8>

Ilaur` =1 ‖ pbktk mt tmg%embmo8u*dokaspkt*fke/ p* 8>

Ilaur` =2 ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 8>

Ilaur` =< ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 8=

Ilaur` 4> ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 84

Ilaur` 4= ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 84








Ilaur` 4< ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 01

Ilaur` 6> ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 01

Ilaur` 6= ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ 91

Ilaur` 64 ‖ pbktk dy Qlclp`hlm/ p* 91


Ilaur` 68 ‖ pbktk dy dy Qmyj` EfO`mj/ p* 91

Ilaur` 60 ‖ pbktk dy Qlclp`hlm/ p* 92

Ilaur` 69 ‖ pbktk dy Iolfcr/ p* 92


Ilaur` 62 ‖ pbktk dy Iolfcr/ p* 92

Ilaur` 6< ‖ pbktk dy Pjcjkwj skurf`/ p* 92



=20

Ilaur` 8> ‖ pomj dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 14

Ilaur` 8= ‖ pomj dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 14

Ilaur` 84 ‖ looustrmtlkj mt Mrmdlf omjauma` t`xtdkkc dy Dmsbmr Mo%Bmhom/ p* 19

Ilaur` 86 ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 1<

Ilaur` 88 ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 1<

Ilaur` 80 ‖ pbktk dy D`st ki Tkd/ Iolfcr/ p* 2=




Ilaur` 8< ‖ looustrmtlkj dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 20

Ilaur` 0> ‖ looustrmtlkj dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 20

Ilaur` 0= ‖ pbktk dy M* Vtìmjkvlf/ p* 29


Ilaur` 06 ‖ pbktk Vmeuò Dkurj`/ p* =29

the tomb of i'timad ud-daula - aleksandar stefanovic

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