the thirty years war yes it was actually 30 years unlike the 100 years war, which was actually 116...
TRANSCRIPT
The Thirty Years War
• Yes it was actually 30 years• Unlike the 100 Years War, which was actually 116 years (1337-1453)
• Often misunderstood in terms of its devastation
P&T Review
• Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
• Concordat of Bologna• French Henrys• Catherine de Medici• Huguenots• Saint Bart’s. Massacre• Politiques• Edict of Nantes
• 30 YW• Defenestration of
Prague• Wallenstein• Gustavus Adolphus• Protestant Union• Catholic League• Peace of Westphalia
Essay Prompt
• Evaluate the relative importance of the religious rivalries and dynastic ambitions that shaped the course of the Thirty Years War.– Religious Rivalries• Catholics vs. Protestants (Calvinists)
– Dynastic Ambitions• Habsburgs, French, Spanish (Major players)• Sweden, Denmark, Dutch, H.R.E., German Princes,
England
Peasants Uprising in Germany
• Crop failures in 1523-24• German lords seize land• Raise taxes on peasants• Return to feudal
practices• What was Luther’s
response?• 75,000 killed
Religious Violence
• Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis– Ends Habs.-Valois Wars
• Dutch violence– Duke of Alva and Charles V– Council of Blood– Result???
• Peace of Augsburg– 1555 Princes choose
religion– Failure
Church reform: Catholic Ref. or Counter Ref.
• Pope Paul III– How did he reform?– Abolished slavery and called
the C. of T.
• Council of Inquisition– 1542 eradication of heresy– Index of Prohibited Books
• Council of Trent– 1545-1563– Was it a success?
• New Religious Orders– Purpose?– Teresa of Avila– Ignatius Loyola
French chaos
• Concordat of Bologna– 1516
• St. Bart’s Day massacre– Catherine de Medici– 1572 (15 yr civil war)
• Henry IV (War of the 3 Henrys)– “Paris is worth the mass”
• Huguenots• Politiques • Edict of Nantes
Opening Phase – “Bohemia” (1618-25)• Catholic League– King Max. of Bavaria
• Ferdinand of Styria– Ardent Catholic– Habsburg– Later becomes HRE 1619– 1617 King of Bohemia– Freaks out the Calvinists
• Protestant Union• May 1618 throw
Ferdinand’s officials out the window – start of armed conflict
• Defen. Of Prague• Declare Frederick V new
King of Bohemia
First phase ends w/Catholic victory
Map
Danish Phase (1625-1629)
• King Christian IV of Denmark intervenes to support Protestants against Ferdinand– Prince of the HRE (Holstein)
• Ferdinand allies with Wallenstein– Raise an army of 50,000
• Treaty of Lubeck 1629 – Christian out; promises not
to intervene
• Catholic forces prevail
Swedish Phase (1630-35)• Catholic victories alarm
Protestants and the French. Why would the French care?
• Gustavus Adolphus comes to the rescue
• France signs alliance and joins against Habsburgs??? WTHeck
• Back and forth fighting – ultimately G.A. and Wallenstein die in battle
• Treaty of Prague 1635– All parties exhausted– Left Hab. Slightly stronger
French Period (1635-48)• Richelieu wants Alsace
and to weaken the Haps. • Fighting goes back and
forth until Spain is defeated– France commits fully to
war
• HRE dies, Richelieu dies, slow negotiation for peace
Peace or Treaty of Westphalia 1648
• Winners – France BIG TIME– Sweden– Brandenburg– Dutch Republic
recognized– Switzerland recognized– Germany can make
treaties and alliances– Expands P.of Augsburg
• More religious freedom
• Losers– H.R.E.– Catholics– Hapsburg Spain isolated
Results of the 30 YW
• Massive destruction of Germany– Mercenaries, foreign armies,
battle
• Huge population losses• Disruption in all facets of
life– Farming, trade, economies,
families, politics…
• Germany was a wasteland for generations trying to recover
Population loss
The New HRE
• Villagers ambushed
• Caravans looted
Pod thesis
• Write your thesis including all components – – Evaluate the relative importance of the religious
rivalries and dynastic ambitions that shaped the course of the Thirty Years War.
– What is your claim? (Where on the spectrum)– What is your evidence? (Keep it tight) – What is your warrant? (So What – To what effect)