the status and outlook for the photovoltaics industry€¦ · the status and outlook for the...
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David E. CarlsonMarch 14, 2006
The Status and Outlook for the Photovoltaics Industry
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Outline of the Talk
The PV Market
The Major Players
Different Types of Solar Cells
Field Installations
Performance and Cost
Projections for the Future of Photovoltaics
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Historical Average Selling Price and Volume
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PV Shipments for Different Technologies
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The Major Players
SharpKyoceraBP SolarQ-CellsMitsubishiSolarWorldSanyoSchott SolarIsofotonMotechSuntech
United SolarKanekaFuji ElectricSharpMitsubisihiSchott Solar
Shell SolarShowa ShellWurth SolarDayStar
First SolarAntec Solar
Crystalline Si Amorphous Si CIGS CdTe
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Operation of a Solar Cell
Photons are absorbed in the semiconductor resulting in the creation of electron-hole pairs
The photo-generated electron-hole pairs are physically separated at the p/n junction
The photogenerated carriers are collected by the contacts on the front and rear of the cell
The photocurrent can be delivered to an external load at an applied voltage to perform useful work
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Operation of a Solar Cell
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Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Buriedcontact
Back contact
n+
n++ P
The BP Solar Saturn solar cell utilizes a laser-grooved, buried front contact
The aluminum back contact is heated to form a back surface field, which reduces surface recombination
Best lab efficiency = 20.1%
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Sanyo HIT Solar Cell
The HIT cell utilizes amorphous Si intrinsic layers (~ 5 nm) as super-passivation layers. The cell is symmetric except for the a-Si p+ emitter layer (~ 10 nm) on the front and the a-Si n+ contact layer (~ 15 nm) on the rear. The transparent electrodes are sputter-deposited indium-tin-oxide (ITO)
Best lab efficiency = 21.6% (open-circuit voltages > 700 mV)
Screen-printed Ag collection grids
Textured n-type CZ Si (200 μm thick)
Screen-printed Ag collection grids
Textured n-type CZ Si (200 μm thick)
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SunPower Back Contact Solar Cell
The SunPower cell has all its electrical contacts on the rear surface of the cell
The diffusion lengths > twice the cell thickness
Best lab efficiency = 21.6%
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Amorphous Silicon Triple-Junction Cell
United Solar OvonicUnited Solar Ovonic
United Solar has demonstrated a stable efficiency of 13% in the lab
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Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells
The CdS/CdTe heterojunction solar cell is typically formed by using a chemical bath technique to deposit the CdS and close space vacuum sublimation to deposit the CdTe
Toxicity of Cd is perceived by some to be an issue
Best lab efficiency = 16.5%
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Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide Cell
NREL has obtained an efficiency of 19.5% in the lab
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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Dye-sensitized solar cells utilize a few monolayers of ruthenium-based dye molecules on titanium oxide particles in an electrolyte
Best lab efficiency = 11%
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Spectrolab’s Triple-Junction Solar Cell
In July 2005, Spectrolab reported the highest efficiency solar cell to date, a 39.0% triple-junction cell operating at 236 suns
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Conversion Efficiencies vs. Time (NREL)Ef
ficien
cy (%
)
Universityof Maine
Boeing
Boeing
Boeing
BoeingARCO
NREL
Boeing
Euro-CIS
200019951990198519801975
NREL/Spectrolab
NRELNREL
JapanEnergy
Spire
No. CarolinaState University
Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized)Emerging PVDye cells Organic cells(various technologies)
Varian
RCA
Solarex
UNSW
UNSW
ARCO
UNSWUNSW
UNSWSpire Stanford
Westing-house
UNSWGeorgia TechGeorgia Tech Sharp NREL
Spectrolab
NREL
Matsushita
Monosolar Kodak
Kodak
AMETEK Photon Energy
UniversitySo. Florida
NREL
NREL
NRELCu(In,Ga)Se2
14x concentration
NREL
United Solar
United Solar
RCA
RCARCA
RCA RCARCA
Spectrolab
Solarex12
8
4
0
16
20
24
28
32
36
University ofLausanne
University ofLausanne
Siemens
2005
Kodak* UCSB*Cambridge*
Groningen
University LinzBerkeley*
Princeton*
UniversityLinz*
NREL
*Not NREL-confirmed
40NREL
NREL
Effic
iency
(%)
Universityof Maine
Boeing
Boeing
Boeing
BoeingARCO
NREL
Boeing
Euro-CIS
200019951990198519801975
NREL/Spectrolab
NRELNREL
JapanEnergy
Spire
No. CarolinaState University
Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized)Emerging PVDye cells Organic cells(various technologies)
Varian
RCA
Solarex
UNSW
UNSW
ARCO
UNSWUNSW
UNSWSpire Stanford
Westing-house
UNSWGeorgia TechGeorgia Tech Sharp NREL
Spectrolab
NREL
Matsushita
Monosolar Kodak
Kodak
AMETEK Photon Energy
UniversitySo. Florida
NREL
NREL
NRELCu(In,Ga)Se2
14x concentration
NREL
United Solar
United Solar
RCA
RCARCA
RCA RCARCA
Spectrolab
Solarex12
8
4
0
16
20
24
28
32
36
University ofLausanne
University ofLausanne
Siemens
2005
Kodak* UCSB*Cambridge*
Groningen
University LinzBerkeley*
Princeton*
UniversityLinz*
NREL
*Not NREL-confirmed
40NREL
NREL
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PV Module Conversion Efficiencies
Modules Lab
Dye-sensitized solar cells 3 – 5% 11%
Amorphous silicon (multijunction) 6 - 8% 13.2%
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) thin film 8 - 10% 16.5%
Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) 9 - 11% 19.5%
Multicrystalline or polycrystalline silicon 12 - 15% 20.3%
Monocrystalline silicon 14 - 16% 21.6%
High performance monocrystalline silicon 16 - 18% 24.7%
Triple-junction (GaInP/GaAs/Ge) cell (236 suns) - 39.0%
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Paths to Ultra-High Conversion Efficiencies
Multijunction solar cells
Multiple absorption path solar cells (impact ionization, multiple exciton generation )
Multiple energy level solar cells (localized levels or intermediate bands)
Multiple spectrum solar cells (up and down conversion of photons)
Multiple temperature solar cells (utilization of hot carriers)
All these approaches have theoretical efficiency limits > 60%.
The theoretical efficiency limit is > 80% for multijunction cells utilizing other high efficiency approaches.
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Remote Telecommunication Site
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Remote Application: Village Power
Philippines Village
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PV Concentrator System
A concentrator system using Fresnel lenses (Amonix)
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Roof-Mounted PV Arrays
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United Solar – Coca Cola Bottling Plant (LA)
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BP Solar Roof-Mounted PV Array
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Building-Integrated PV
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Building PV Curtain Wall
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Georgetown UniversityGeorgetown University
Building-Integrated PV
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Building-Integrated PV
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BIPV and Plug-Power Hybrids
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DOE Targets for PV System Costs
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PV Electricity Costs in Europe
PV electricity is close to being competitive in Spain today
PV electricity is also close to grid parity today in Japan
In the next few decades PV should become cost competitive in many parts of the world
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PV Module Price Experience Curve
At current growth rates, PV module prices should fall below $1/Wp by 2027
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Forecast for PV Electricity Production
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Solar Energy – the Long-Term Solution?
Source: German Advisory Council on Global Change
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Projections for the Future of PV
Module efficiencies are likely to exceed 20% in the next decade
The levelized cost of PV electricity may be about 6 ¢/kWh by 2020
Disruptive technologies with theoretical limits of >60% may emerge in the next few decades
At current growth rates, the cumulative PV production would be ~36 GWp by 2020 and 4 TWp by 2040
3 TWp of solar electricity will reduce carbon emissions by about 1 Gton per year (7 Gtons of carbon were emitted as CO2 in 2000)
Thus, by about 2035 PV could be producing about 10% of the world’s electricity and start to play a major role in reducing CO2 emissions