the state of internationalization in higher education a...
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The State of Internationalization in
Higher Education
A German perspective
Assessing the Quality of Internationalization
February 26, 2015
Paris
1
Ulrich Grothus Deputy Secretary General of DAAD
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The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) is …
2
A self-governing organisation
of German universities:
239 member universities
121 student bodies
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Goals and tasks of the DAAD
3
EXPERTISE FOR
ACADEMIC
COLLABORATION
STRUCTURES FOR
INTERNATIONALISATION
SCHOLARSHIPS FOR
THE BEST
Three strategic areas of activity
Grant scholarships to the best
so that the professionals and leaders
of tomorrow can gain qualifications at
the best locations, prepare for positions
of responsibility and cultivate contacts
throughout the world.
Create structures that promote
internationalisation
so that higher education
institutions can improve the
quality of research and
instruction and address the
challenges of the future with
strong partners.
so that more people can cross
borders and achieve success in
study and research.
so that German remains an
important language of culture
and scholarship.
so that higher education
institutions may contribute to
development and build bridges
to surmount conflicts.
Offer expertise for academic
collaboration
so that academic and political leaders
are able to make well-informed policy
decisions.
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Budget 2014
4
Federal Ministry for Economic
Cooperation and Development (BMZ):
€ 41 million = 9 %
European Union (EU):
€ 65 million = 15 %
Other funding bodies:
€ 55 million = 13 %
Federal Foreign Office (AA):
€ 177 million = 40 %
Federal Ministry of Education and
Research (BMBF):
€ 103 million = 23 %
€ 441
million
*Figures: 2014
Other
EU
BMZ BMBF
AA
Total:
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DAAD Total Budget 1950 - 2014
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Mill
ion
Eu
ro
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Definitions of „Internationalization“
6
„Internationalization of higher education is the process of integrating an international, intercultural or global dimension into the purpose, functions or delivery of post-secondary education.“
Jane KNIGHT, 2003
... all the policies and activities of governments and higher education institutions aimed at making higher education more responsive to the challenges of Europeanisation, internationalisation, and globalisation.
J. HUISMAN / M. v.d. WENDE, 2004
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Mobility to and from (West) Germany
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Internationalstudents (%)
Internationalstudents (10,000)
Graduates withstudy abroad (%)
Graduates withstudy abroad(10,000)
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Drivers of Internationalization
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Academic
- improve quality of teaching and research
- prepare students for a globalized world
- enhance reputation
Economic
- income generation (fees)
- skilled immigration
Political
- „soft diplomacy“
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Challenges Ahead
9
Tackle global issues
Cooperation vs. competition: global markets for higher
education
New media
Europe
Equity and access
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A Changing Global Landscape of Research
10
Quelle: Monitoringbericht 2013 Pakt für Forschung und Innovation
Science Citation Index Expanded / Social Science Citation Index
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What is a Strategy?
“Strategy is the use of the engagement for the purpose of
the war. The strategist must therefore define an aim for
the entire operational side of the war that will be in
accordance with its purpose. . . . The aim will determine
the series of actions intended to achieve it.“
Carl von Clausewitz, On War, III. 1.
(Howard / Paret translation, Princeton UP 1976, p. 177)
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A Host of Strategies
12
DAAD 2020 (Feb. 2013)
The joint strategy of federal and Länder ministers of
higher education (April 2013)
The coalition agreement (November 2013)
Similar objectives:
- 350,000 international students by 2020
- 50% of domestic graduates having study abroad
- internationalization of curricula and faculty
and then: universities have their own strategies
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2.1m
2000
3.0 m
2005
4.1 m
2010
4.3 m
2011
Quelle: OECD Education Online
International Students
Number of internationally mobile students
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And Numbers Will Continue to Increase
Prognosen der Entwicklung internationaler Studierender
bis 2025 (OECD)
6,4 Mio.
2025
5,6 Mio.
4,5 Mio.
3,7 Mio
Quelle: Prognose OECD (2009): Higher Education to 2030, Volume 2:
Globalisation.
.
.
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International Students in Major Host Countries
15 Quelle: OECD
709.565
559.948
203.823
D: 272.797
F: 268.212
A: 262.597
0
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.000
700.000
800.000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
USA
UK
Germany
France
Australia
Canada
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350,000 International Students by 2020
16
Hold „market share“
Reform access in order to attract the best students
from around the world
Increase graduation rates
Immigration through study abroad
… and who is going to pay?
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Participation Rates in Study Abroad:
Is There a Glass Ceiling?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
D
USA
NL
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Going Forward to 50 per cent?
The Main Challenges
18
Reach out to underrepresented fields and social
groups
Make study abroad fit better into the domestic
curriculum („mobility windows“ / recognition)
Funding? Student aid is already portable.
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19
From the Mobility of People to the Mobility of Programs:
Transnational Education
19
Strengthen the international reputation of
higher education institutions.
Promote the academic principles and
structures of the German system of
higher education.
Contribute to competence-building in
developing and emerging countries.
With transnational education
projects, the DAAD aims to:
EXPERTISE FOR
ACADEMIC
COLLABORATION
STRUCTURES FOR
INTERNATIONALISATION
SCHOLARSHIPS
FOR
THE BEST
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TNE Projects of German higher education institutions
with DAAD funding
20
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Internationalization@home
21
Changing curricula
Joint programs and degrees
Language policies
Impact of virtualization
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International Faculty
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Int'l Professors
Int'l Academic Staff
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Share of International Staff Slowly Increasing
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Int'l Professors (%)
Total Int'l Academic Staff(%)
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The Networks of Scientific Collaboration
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25
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
USA GBR GER FRA ITA BRA IND CHN RUS
"mobile"
"stationary"
Mobility and Scientific Impact M
edia
n journ
al sourc
e-n
orm
alis
ed
impact fa
cto
r per
paper
(1996
-2011)
Source: OECD (2013), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard
2013, based on OECD calculations applied to Scopus Custum Data, Elsevier,
version 5.2012, and SNIP2 database, www.journalmetrics.com, Elsevier,
Scimago and University of Leiden, May 2013
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Benchmarking Internationalization
Student Mobility
26
12,1
14,3 14,1
Int'l Students
Erasmus OutErasmus In
HUZ
Big Universities
"Excellence Universities"
Highest Value for Big Uni
Zahlenbeschriftungen beziehen sich jeweils auf die fett gedruckte Kategorie.
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Research and Academic Staff
27
12,6
9,2
5,9 15,3
16,8
IntStaff
IntProf
AvH FellowsDAAD Fellows
Intl DoctoratesHUZ
Big Univ
Best Big Univ
Excel. Univ.
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The Rôle of a National Agency:
Scholarships for the Best
28
The DAAD wants to:
Ensure that candidates are selected
through a rigorous and fair competitive
process.
Enable scholarship holders to study and
conduct research successfully.
Cultivate a new generation of university
lecturers and the leaders of tomorrow.
EXPERTISE FOR
ACADEMIC
COLLABORATION
STRUCTURES FOR
INTERNATIONALISATION
SCHOLARSHIPS
FOR THE BEST
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Competitive Funding for Institutions
The DAAD aims to:
Support higher education institutions as they
implement their own internationalisation
strategies.
Better integrate higher education institutions
of applied sciences/work-study programmes
into international cooperation.
Promote and use forms of virtual learning to
reach new target groups.
Adapt funding measures and
internationalisation structures to incorporate
diversity and life-long learning.
EXPERTISE FOR
ACADEMIC
COLLABORATION
STRUCTURES FOR
INTERNATIONALISATION
SCHOLARSHIPS
FOR
THE BEST
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Competitive Funding for Institutions (continued)
30
Institution-based exchange programs
- short term mobility
- Erasmus type mobility
Institutional projects, e.g.:
- International degree programs
- joint/double degree programs
- strategic partnerships
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Higher Education and Research Marketing
31
GATE Germany: a national consortium of universities
Fairs, websites, brochures, social media
A network of 70 Branch Offices and Information
Centers
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Expertise for Academic Collaboration
32
The DAAD wants to:
Enable institutions in education, science
and culture to make informed, strategic
decisions.
Offer comprehensive professional and
regional expertise on academic systems
and collaborations in higher education to
institutions of higher education, national
and international bodies in a more
systematic fashion.
EXPERTISE FOR
ACADEMIC
COLLABORATION
STRUCTURES FOR
INTERNATIONALISATION
SCHOLARSHIPS FOR
THE BEST
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Expertise for Academic Cooperation (continued)
33
Knowledge Management
Continuing Education: International DAAD Academy
Advice to policy makers and institutions
Setting the internationalization agenda
Internationalization mainstreaming: What will internat
professionals be needed for in the future.
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Thank you for your attention!
© M
ichael Jord
an