The Spread of Calvinism

Huldrych Zwingli 1484-1531 Born in Upper Toggenburg on New Year’s Day (Wildhaus) 7 weeks after the birth of Luther Zwingli attended school at Basel and Bern. He entered the University of Vienna from 1498-9 then again 1501-2. (G.R. Potter pg 1)Zwingli studied the classics and music (He played 6 instruments) where he excelled in Humanism and the Violin.

Huldrych ZwingliConversion P. Schaff pg 27 says it was gradual but probably around 1516Zwingli, becomes a priest at Glarus (which he purchased) in 1506, here he becomes a chaplain for the Swiss troops of the Papacy and participates in battles at Novara (1513) and Marignano (1515)

Huldrych ZwingliDue to his increasing stand against RCC abuses he is forced out and takes a priesthood at Einsiedeln 1516-1518

Huldrych ZwingliWhile Zwingli was at Einsiedeln he continued to study Humanism and wrote many letters to Erasmus even visiting him at Basel.

At Einsiedeln he started attacking Papal abuses and formulated his early doctrine of predestination although original sin was softened due to his exchanges with Erasmus (P. Scaff pg 25)

Zwingli in Zurich 1519-1531

Being called to Zurich by Oswalt Myconius and Heindrich Utinger Zwingli found a people of like precious faith. By the time he gets to Zurich he is in fundamental agreement with Luther on most issues.Preaching at Zurich was straightforward Bible exposition. Zurich had about 7000 people. Zwingli was the preacher at the largest church “The Great Minister” (G.R. Potter pg 13)

Zwingli in Zurich 1519-1531

Zwingli while at Zurich preached against:Fasting (Lent)Private ConfessionThe Mass (He saw the Lord’s Supper as a

memorial)Monasticism and Celibacy (He married in 1522)Use of Pictures and Music in the Church

ServicePurgatory, Intercession of the Saints, the

Tithing System of the RCC (Taxation)Sale of Indulgences(Jim Stitzinger, class notes pg 160)

Zwingli eats Sausages at Lent (His Break with Rome)

1522 Zwingli secretly married Anna Reinhart Meyer but did not admit to it until 1524Due to Public Defiance (publicly eating sausages at Lent) the town council organizes a Disputation, i.e. debate.Zwingli diligently prepares and issues the 67 Thesis or “Conclusions”. Over 600 attend the Disputation. Zwingli wins easily due to his total command of Scripture. The town council then declares that teaching Zwingli’s way can continue.

Relief of Zwingli preaching at the

pulpit

Zwingli eats Sausages at LentThe nunnery at Oetenbach was emptied and priests took wives.

2nd Disputation October 26, 1523 was called to dispute the Mass and Images. Many big name future Anabaptists were in attendance. This time over 900 in attendance for the 3 day event including 350 Bishops and 10 Doctors of Theology.

Oetenbach?

Zwingli eats Sausages at Lent

Although the Disputation was renounced by the Bishop of Constance, everything still went smoothly and the town council approved:

All images removed including pictures, statues, crucifixes, candles

Decorated walls were whitewashedBones of Saints were buriedAlters replaced by tablesOrgans in churches were dismantledSinging by choirs was abolished (but later in

the century added back)Gold and silver from crucifixes were melted

down

Zwingli eats Sausages at Lent

Monasteries and nunneries were emptied and converted into homes for homeless children and school buildings

Because Zwingli had so tightly linked the state to the church he was bound to the city council for his theology. The city council functioned as Bishop.

Birth of the Anabaptist Because Zwingli took so long to enact real changes (4 years from his start at Zurich to the abolition of the Mass) many of his students became disgruntled and formed their own churchesPreachers emerged like: Conrad Grebel, Hubaier, Mantz, and Simon Stumpf. These men were to be the core of the Anabaptist movement

Conrad Grebel

Birth of the Anabaptist

These future Anabaptists were saying, “He taught us and now he has betrayed us. He sacrificed the Word of God on the alter of Human Expediency” Estep pg 12 (The Anabaptist Story)

Zwingli grew in his opposition to Anabaptist for the rest of his short life.

The Kappel Wars and the Death of Zwingli The first Kappel was a result of a Protestant Pastor Jacob Kaiser being burned in a Catholic Canton. Zwingli declares war and marches 4000 troops to Zug where they meet at Kappel

Zug, Switzerland

The Kappel Wars and the Death of Zwingli

A treaty was hammered out before the hostilities began so when the troops did meet they made “milk soup” at the border. Protestants bought the milk and the Catholics brought the bread—milk toast Yuck!

The Kappel Wars and the Death of Zwingli

The Second Kappel War was 2 years later mostly because the agreement reached at the 1st war was not too slick for the Catholics. (The other reason for the second was that the stipulations of the truce called for the Catholics breaking their alliance with Ferdinand of Austria –Hapsburg- allowing Zwingli to take lands from the Catholics without fear of reprisal.)

Ferdinand of Austria

The Kappel Wars and the Death of Zwingli

In response the Catholic Cantons sent 8000 troops to Kappel then Zurich in 1531. The Surprise attack caught Zurich by surprise. Zwingli along with many other pastors were killed in Battle 1531. Zwingli was hacked up then burnt.Zwingli had his faults but he did give us a simple church with nothing to detract from clear expository teaching—and he gave us the Lord’s Supper as a memorial and not a sacrament.

Reformation in England 1509-1603 The Reformation in England began as a political movement.Various forerunners such as William of Occam, John Wycliffe, Erasmus, the works of Luther & William Tyndale’s New Testament in English made little progress and were met with Roman defenseThe first real break with Rome came when Henry VIII separated with the English (RCC) church over a personal matter. Pope Clement VII refused to give Henry a divorce form Catherine of Aragon in order to marry Anne Boleyn.

Reformation in England 1509-1603 In 1532 Henry VIII appointed Thomas Cranmer ( a Protestant) as Prime Minister (1532-1540) he also appointed Thomas Cranmer as First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532.

These appointments were designed to push public feeling against the RCC’s influence and were political in intent. However, Henry underestimated the spiritual implications.

Reformation in England 1509-1603

Henry VIII broke with Rome in 1534 with the Act of Supremacy. Cranmer and others continued the reform efforts beyond this point over Henry’s objections passing the 13 Articles of 1538.Under Edward VI (1547-53) Henry’s successor, Protestant ideas were accepted. 1549—1st book of Common Prayer 1553—The 42 Articles Later 39 Articles these were thoroughly Protestant.

Reformation in England 1509-1603

Under Mary Tudor (1553-1558) also known as “Bloody Mary” great efforts were made to bring England back to Romanism. This lead to many bloody persecutions against Protestantism including the death of Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer, who died at Oxford.Later, under Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) the Church of England took its final form—halfway between Roman Catholic and Protestant positions in both doctrine and style of worship.

Early Anglican Church Leaders Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)

After an active private life, Cromwell entered the Henry VIII’s service as a strong supporter of Protestantism in 1529.He became the King’s Chief Religious Advisor by 1535. He served as an intermediary between Henry and the Reformation Parliament.

Early Anglican Church LeadersThomas Cromwell (1485-1540)

He allied England with the Protestant forces in Germany and arranged a marriage for Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The King did not like the marriage and then had no further use for Cromwell. This led to Cromwell’s arrest, sentencing for treason and beheading in 1540.

Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556)

Thomas Cranmer was ordained in 1523. He was active in Henry VIII’s divorce procedure. Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532. Became king Henry’s chief instrument against Papal rule in England. He married and divorced Henry from Anne Boleyn following his own convictions. 

Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556)Cranmer was tried for heresy under Mary Tudor (1553) in which he recanted but died at the stake in March 1556. Cranmer pushed for Protestant views going so far as to invite Martin Bucer to England. Supported the destruction of images. Book of Common Prayer of 1549 and in 1542 the 42 Articles.

Matthew Parker 1504-1575 Matthew Parker identified with the more moderate reformers. Queen Elizabeth I chose him as Archbishop of Canterbury 1559.Parker took part in the issue of the 39 Articles the Bishop’s Bible and many other publications.He was said to be wise and tolerant preferred scholarship to controversy. A large number of manuscripts bear his name, he also published several editions of the medieval chroniclers

The Legacy of the English Reform Out of the Church of England came a number of significant movements and denominations.These include the Puritans with names like John Fox, Miles Coverdale, Thomas Wilcox and Robert Brown.Other denominations include the Presbyterians, Methodist, Baptist, Congregationalist, and Separatist.

Miles Coverdale

A Brief Look at the Puritans

Was a movement within the Church of England during Elizabeth I. 

The general aim was to implement a full Calvinist Reformation in England

Puritanism: Later became characterized as a way of life with an emphasis on individual regeneration, sanctification, prayer, and strict morality within a Calvinist context. Bible reading and Biblical preaching were central.

A Brief Look at the Puritans

Early Puritans

William Ames 1576-1633 Strong Calvinist

William Perkins 1558-1602 Preacher of Repentance

William Ames

A Brief Look at the Puritans

Separatists PuritansRobert Brown 1550-1633

John Greenwood died 1593Congregationalist Puritans

Thomas Goodwin 1600-1680 supported Cromwell

John Owen 1616-1683

Richard Baxter 1615-1691

John Owen

A Brief Look at the Puritans

Presbyterian Puritans

Samuel Rutherford 1600-1661 was at the Westminster Assembly

George Gillespie 1613-1649 Scottish Minister

Robert Baillie 1599-1662

Samuel Rutherford

A Brief Look at the Puritans

Puritanism in America

Thomas Hooker 1586-1647

Cotton Mather 1663-1728

Roger Williams 1603-1683

Cotton Mather

A Brief Look at the PuritansLaymen Puritans

Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658

John Bunyan 1628-1688 wrote Pilgrim’s Progress

William Bradford 1589-1657 Governor of PlymouthTwo Good works on the Puritans

History of the Puritans by Daniel Neal 3 volumes

Worldly Saints by Philip Ryken John Bunyan