The Second World War The Second World War 1939-1945.1939-1945.

““The great turning points in history have been The great turning points in history have been provided by these provided by these hegemonic struggleshegemonic struggles among among

political rivals; these periodic conflicts have reordered political rivals; these periodic conflicts have reordered the international system and propelled history in new the international system and propelled history in new and uncharted directions. They resolve the question and uncharted directions. They resolve the question

of which state will govern the system, as well as what of which state will govern the system, as well as what ideas and values will predominate, thereby ideas and values will predominate, thereby

determining the ethos of succeeding ages. The determining the ethos of succeeding ages. The outcomes of these wars affect the economic social, outcomes of these wars affect the economic social, and ideological structures of individual societies as and ideological structures of individual societies as

well as the structure of the larger international well as the structure of the larger international system.system.

-Robert Giplin, 1981.-Robert Giplin, 1981.

Just War TheoryJust War Theory

Ancient Christian Theological question.Ancient Christian Theological question. Answered by St. AugustineAnswered by St. Augustine War is permissible if the cause is War is permissible if the cause is JUSTJUST.. This was a moral rather than a legal code.This was a moral rather than a legal code. Traditional Criteria: Traditional Criteria: Defense warDefense war, or war in , or war in

response to aggression.response to aggression. Aggression: Aggression: Choosing warChoosing war, in contrast to having , in contrast to having

war thrust upon one.war thrust upon one. Essence: The issue of the justifiability of Essence: The issue of the justifiability of

engagement in a war turns, not on whether one engagement in a war turns, not on whether one has chosen to fight in pursuit of some goal, but has chosen to fight in pursuit of some goal, but whether the goal is a just or an unjust one.whether the goal is a just or an unjust one.

The UmpireThe Umpire

League of Nations: Multi-state SystemLeague of Nations: Multi-state System Collective Security: Coalition building strategy in Collective Security: Coalition building strategy in

which a group of nations agree not to attack each which a group of nations agree not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others. “An attack against one is from one of the others. “An attack against one is an attack against all.”an attack against all.”

““Multilateral organs are assigned the responsibility Multilateral organs are assigned the responsibility of judging the rights and wrongs of engagements of judging the rights and wrongs of engagements in belligerence and of mobilizing collective in belligerence and of mobilizing collective pressures and actions to prevent the success of pressures and actions to prevent the success of those who resort to unjust war or to promote the those who resort to unjust war or to promote the victory of those who engage in just war.”victory of those who engage in just war.”

World Moving Towards World Moving Towards PEACE.PEACE.

WWI, 37 MILLION CASALTIES, Cost $196.5 billion.WWI, 37 MILLION CASALTIES, Cost $196.5 billion. Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928: Renunciation of war as an : Renunciation of war as an

instrument of national policy, ratified by U.S. Senate and signed by instrument of national policy, ratified by U.S. Senate and signed by President Herbert Hoover January 17, 1929.President Herbert Hoover January 17, 1929.

Aim to unite the Aim to unite the civilizedcivilized nations of the world in a common nations of the world in a common renunciation of war as an instrument of their national policy.renunciation of war as an instrument of their national policy.

Settle disputes by pacific means only. Settle disputes by pacific means only. Signatories: United States of America, Belgium, France, Great Signatories: United States of America, Belgium, France, Great

Britain, Ireland, India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Britain, Ireland, India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Italy, Japan, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Germany. Africa, Italy, Japan, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Germany.

Washington Naval Treaty, 1922Washington Naval Treaty, 1922: Naval Limitations treaty : Naval Limitations treaty designed to create a balance of power and future arms races.designed to create a balance of power and future arms races.

Unprecedented action international naval powers voluntarily Unprecedented action international naval powers voluntarily reduced their navies (U.S. 26, U.K. 24, Japan 16).reduced their navies (U.S. 26, U.K. 24, Japan 16).

Signatories: Great Britain, United States, Japan, France , and Italy.Signatories: Great Britain, United States, Japan, France , and Italy.

Seeds of Conflict in the Seeds of Conflict in the PacificPacific Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny: Puritan : Puritan

ideal of being the renovator of ideal of being the renovator of the World.the World.

ImperialismImperialism: generally refers : generally refers to the period between 1880-to the period between 1880-1918, during which 1918, during which industrialized nations, with few industrialized nations, with few exceptions sought out new exceptions sought out new grounds to occupy, quickly grounds to occupy, quickly filling the map with their flags, filling the map with their flags, establishing their control over establishing their control over African and Asian countries in African and Asian countries in order to gain the most order to gain the most advantageous position in their advantageous position in their dealings with other powers. dealings with other powers.

American version of American version of “I”mperialism“I”mperialism primarily primarily controlling foreign markets and controlling foreign markets and not territory. not territory.

Essence: “a splendid Essence: “a splendid combination of economic combination of economic opportunity and moral opportunity and moral obligation.”obligation.”

John Hawkins “The commerce of John Hawkins “The commerce of the world… is the Empire of the the world… is the Empire of the World.World.

Seeds of Conflict in the Seeds of Conflict in the PacificPacific

Key to American International Expansion: Immense Key to American International Expansion: Immense increase in industrial surplus.increase in industrial surplus.

Bogey of SurplusBogey of Surplus: A decay in industrial capacity induced : A decay in industrial capacity induced by the reducing prices of a market filled to the top with by the reducing prices of a market filled to the top with goods. Seeking out new markets, then was a natural goods. Seeking out new markets, then was a natural reaction to the situation.reaction to the situation.

Open Door Policy, 1898Open Door Policy, 1898: Establishment of equal trading : Establishment of equal trading rights to all nations in parts of China and for recognition of rights to all nations in parts of China and for recognition of Chinese territorial integrity. The impact of the policy would Chinese territorial integrity. The impact of the policy would be to put the imperial nations on an equal footing and be to put the imperial nations on an equal footing and minimize the power of those with existing spheres of minimize the power of those with existing spheres of influence.influence.

Gold, Oil, Coal, Iron Ore, Tin, Copper, Rubber, and Gold, Oil, Coal, Iron Ore, Tin, Copper, Rubber, and Manganese Ore.Manganese Ore.

Seeds of Conflict in the Seeds of Conflict in the PacificPacific

1934 Japan pulls out of the 1934 Japan pulls out of the Washington Treaty.Washington Treaty.

Japan begins a aggressive Japan begins a aggressive campaign of expansion in campaign of expansion in Manchuria and South East Manchuria and South East Asia, and countless Asia, and countless resource rich Pacific resource rich Pacific Island’s.Island’s.

Japanese Objective Japanese Objective Establish: Greater East Asia Establish: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Co-Prosperity Sphere, under Japanese Hegemony. under Japanese Hegemony.

Use Use military forcemilitary force to set up to set up Asian Empire. Asian Empire.

Seeds of Conflict in the Seeds of Conflict in the PacificPacific

Japanese strategy fight a Japanese strategy fight a “Limited War.”“Limited War.”

11STST destroy U.S. striking power destroy U.S. striking power in the Pacific (Pearl Harbor, in the Pacific (Pearl Harbor, Philippines).Philippines).

22ndnd move south occupying move south occupying Malaya, Dutch East Indies, the Malaya, Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, Wake Island, Philippines, Wake Island, Guam, the Gilbert Islands, Guam, the Gilbert Islands, Thailand, and Burma.Thailand, and Burma.

33rdrd set up defensive perimeter set up defensive perimeter stretching from the Kurile stretching from the Kurile Islands south through wake, Islands south through wake, the Marianas, the Carolines, the Marianas, the Carolines, and the Marshalls and Gilberts and the Marshalls and Gilberts to Rabaul on New Britain.to Rabaul on New Britain.

44thth Japanese believed Allies Japanese believed Allies would wear themselves out by would wear themselves out by repeated frontal assaults repeated frontal assaults against the perimeter and against the perimeter and ultimately settle for a ultimately settle for a negotiated peace.negotiated peace.

Seeds of Conflict in the Seeds of Conflict in the PacificPacific

Dec.-Feb. 1938: Dec.-Feb. 1938: Japanese attack Japanese attack and capture and capture Nanking, the Nanking, the capital of the capital of the Republic of China.Republic of China.

300,000 Killed, 300,000 Killed, 20,000 Raped.20,000 Raped.

Seeds of Conflict in the Seeds of Conflict in the PacificPacific

In response to Japanese aggression In response to Japanese aggression (Invasion of French Indo-China, July 1940) (Invasion of French Indo-China, July 1940) and atrocities Roosevelt Administration, and atrocities Roosevelt Administration, British and Dutch followed suite.British and Dutch followed suite.

Freezes Japanese financial assets in Freezes Japanese financial assets in America, forbade Japanese passage through America, forbade Japanese passage through the Panama Canal, embargoed high grade the Panama Canal, embargoed high grade aviation fuel, and August 1940 guaranteed aviation fuel, and August 1940 guaranteed war, Complete oil embargo of Japan.war, Complete oil embargo of Japan.

America primary provider of Japanese oil.America primary provider of Japanese oil. June 7, 1941?June 7, 1941?

Seeds of Conflict in Europe: Seeds of Conflict in Europe: Great DepressionGreat Depression

Stock market crash October 29, 1929, market lost $32 billion in one day (only 2.5% of Stock market crash October 29, 1929, market lost $32 billion in one day (only 2.5% of population owned stock).population owned stock).

Banks: most small, independent, and grossly undercapitalized. Only 1/3 of American Banks: most small, independent, and grossly undercapitalized. Only 1/3 of American banks were members of the Federal Reserve System.banks were members of the Federal Reserve System.

Beginning in 1930 American depositors and foreign investors worried about the Beginning in 1930 American depositors and foreign investors worried about the economy and spooked by Wall Street, began withdrawing funds. Caught with huge economy and spooked by Wall Street, began withdrawing funds. Caught with huge outstanding liabilities and dwindling deposits, banks called in mortgage and loan outstanding liabilities and dwindling deposits, banks called in mortgage and loan repayments. When people could not come up with the cash, the banks foreclosed on repayments. When people could not come up with the cash, the banks foreclosed on homes and property before going under themselves, leaving investors empty handed homes and property before going under themselves, leaving investors empty handed (Public Confidence Destroyed).(Public Confidence Destroyed).

In 1930 with many Americans shaken by the events on Wall Street and concerned In 1930 with many Americans shaken by the events on Wall Street and concerned about their jobs and bank accounts, consumer spending dropped by 10%. Driving about their jobs and bank accounts, consumer spending dropped by 10%. Driving down sales of new cars, homes, and household items. This in turn caused companies down sales of new cars, homes, and household items. This in turn caused companies to cut production (drive up price of commodity) and lay off workers.to cut production (drive up price of commodity) and lay off workers.

By 1931, 56,000 American businesses failed.By 1931, 56,000 American businesses failed. 1933, 1 in 4 Americans were without work.1933, 1 in 4 Americans were without work. 1933, 600,000 homeowners lost their property.1933, 600,000 homeowners lost their property. 1933, 1 in 2 African Americans were unemployed. Thought of as “Surplus Labor” Last 1933, 1 in 2 African Americans were unemployed. Thought of as “Surplus Labor” Last

to be hired, first to be fired. Unemployed Caucasians shouted “No jobs for Niggers to be hired, first to be fired. Unemployed Caucasians shouted “No jobs for Niggers until every white man has a job.”until every white man has a job.”

Seeds of Conflict in EuropeSeeds of Conflict in Europe

By 1932 the Depression By 1932 the Depression made the Nazis the made the Nazis the strongest political party in strongest political party in Germany.Germany.

1933 German Enabling Act 1933 German Enabling Act gave legitimacy to Adolph gave legitimacy to Adolph Hitler's Military Dictatorship.Hitler's Military Dictatorship.

1935 Germany defies 1935 Germany defies Versailles Treaty Versailles Treaty introducing conscription, as introducing conscription, as well as rebuilding Navy and well as rebuilding Navy and Air Force.Air Force.

Withdraws from the League Withdraws from the League of Nationsof Nations

Seeds of Conflict in EuropeSeeds of Conflict in Europe

March 1936 invades the March 1936 invades the Rhineland.Rhineland.

February 1938 demands February 1938 demands union (Anschluss) of Austria union (Anschluss) of Austria and Germanyand Germany

September 1938 moves into September 1938 moves into the Sudetenland (defensive the Sudetenland (defensive perimeter of Czech.).perimeter of Czech.).

March 1939 invades the March 1939 invades the remainder of remainder of Czechoslovakia.Czechoslovakia.

September 1, 1939, Poland September 1, 1939, Poland invaded Britain and France invaded Britain and France declare war on Germany.declare war on Germany.

Seeds of Conflict in EuropeSeeds of Conflict in Europe

Final Solution 1942-Final Solution 1942-1945 18 million Jews 1945 18 million Jews sent to extermination sent to extermination camps. Historians camps. Historians estimate that 11 estimate that 11 million were killed.million were killed.

Soviet POW’s 5.17 Soviet POW’s 5.17 million Soviet soldiers million Soviet soldiers became prisoners, became prisoners, 1.053 million survived 1.053 million survived Nazi prison camps.Nazi prison camps.

Total WarTotal War

Total War: the complete Total War: the complete mobilization of all mobilization of all resources, including resources, including policy and social policy and social systems.systems.

Mobilization not only of Mobilization not only of armed forces but also of armed forces but also of whole populations. The whole populations. The most crucial most crucial determinant is the determinant is the widespread, widespread, indiscriminate, and indiscriminate, and deliberate inclusion of deliberate inclusion of civilians as legitimate civilians as legitimate military targets.military targets.

Total WarTotal War

Inclusion of Civilians: Kill Inclusion of Civilians: Kill enough civilians factories enough civilians factories could not function. could not function.

Secondly if you kill enough Secondly if you kill enough civilians theoretically that civilians theoretically that particular population would particular population would loose the desire to continue loose the desire to continue hostilities. hostilities.

Includes the assumption that Includes the assumption that total victory or total defeat total victory or total defeat were the only options were the only options (Unconditional Surrender (Unconditional Surrender center piece of Allied center piece of Allied strategy).strategy).

Allied Strategic Bombing Allied Strategic Bombing Campaign: Dresden, Campaign: Dresden, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki.Hiroshima, and Nagasaki.

Total WarTotal War

USSR: 20.6 Million.USSR: 20.6 Million. China: 10 Million.China: 10 Million. Germany: 6.85 Million.Germany: 6.85 Million. Japan: 2 Million.Japan: 2 Million. U.S.: 500,000.U.S.: 500,000. Total 55 Million Killed.Total 55 Million Killed. U.S. Spent $341 billion.U.S. Spent $341 billion. Japan Spent $562 Japan Spent $562

billion.billion. Germany Spent $272 Germany Spent $272

billion.billion.

Just War?Just War?

Japanese and German Japanese and German Hegemony: Attempting Hegemony: Attempting to transform the world to transform the world into an Empire (Third into an Empire (Third Reich).Reich).

Atrocities.Atrocities. Military AggressionMilitary Aggression Black and White: Black and White:

“Rather subtle shades “Rather subtle shades of Grey”. (Strategic of Grey”. (Strategic Bombing, Japanese Bombing, Japanese Internment,).Internment,).

OutcomeOutcome

Giplin: “Men seldom Giplin: “Men seldom determine or even determine or even anticipate the consequences anticipate the consequences of hegemonic war, that they of hegemonic war, that they do not get the war they do not get the war they want or expect, and that want or expect, and that they fail to recognize the they fail to recognize the pent-up forces they are pent-up forces they are unleashing or the larger unleashing or the larger historical significance of the historical significance of the decisions they are making.”decisions they are making.”

Chase-Dunn concurs that Chase-Dunn concurs that “the real issue is not “the real issue is not intentions but the structural intentions but the structural consequences of the war.”consequences of the war.”

OutcomeOutcome

Third World War: Edward Heath, “The Third World War: Edward Heath, “The dying will envy the dead.”dying will envy the dead.”