The Science of CloningA PowerPoint Presentation created by: Austin, Tanner, Jason, and Jordan

Definition of Cloning

Cloning – to make an identical copy of a DNA sequence or organism

Please listen to our Scientist as he explains DNA Cloning.

What is Cloning?

•Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another

How is cloning done?

• There are two ways cloning can be done.

1. Artificial Embryo Twinning

2. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Artificial Embryo Twinning

• Known as a Low-tech version of cloning.• Technology mimics the natural process of

creating identical twins.• Occurs in a Petri dish instead of in the mother’s

body.

Steps for Artificial Embryo Twinning

1. Manually separate a very early embryo into individual cells.

2. Allow each cell to divide and develop on its own.

3. The embryos will be placed into a mother where they are carried to term and delivered.

4. Since all the embryos come from the same zygote they are genetically identical.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

• Nucleus of a somatic (body) cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg (an egg that has had its own nucleus removed.)

• Once inside the egg, the somatic nucleus is re-programmed by egg cytoplasmic factors to become a zygote nucleus.

• The egg is allowed to develop to the blastocyst stage, at which point a culture of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be created from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

• Although mouse and monkey ESCs have been made using SCNT, human ESCs, which have valuable applications in both medicine and research, they have not been generated with this technique.

Two types of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

• Roslyn Technique• Honolulu Technique

The Roslyn Technique

• Produced Dolly the Sheep• Process is where the somatic

cells, with the nuclei, are allowed to expand and are poor of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended stage.

• The egg cell that had its nucleus removed is placed right beside a somatic cell and they are fussed together with a electrical shock.

• The cell then forms a embryo and put into a surrogate.

Dolly the Sheep

• Dolly was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell.

• The process took place from July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003.• She was cloned in Midlothian, Scotland at the Roslyn Institute

until she died at the age of six.• She was originally code-named 6LL3.• A stockmen named her after Dolly Parton because that was a

mammary cell that was cloned.• Dolly was put down Friday February 14, 2003 because she

developed lung disease.• She can be found in the National Museum of Scotland in

Edinburgh where she is on display.

The Honolulu Technique

• The technique was developed by Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama.

• The Process is where the nucleus of a egg and somatic cell are removed and the somatic cell’s nucleus is injected into the egg cell.

• The egg cell is then soaked in a chemical solution and then refined.

• The embryo is then put into a surrogate.

Dr. Teruhiko Wakayama

• He developed the Honolulu Technique.

• He cloned frozen mice whose cells had burst.

• He is trying to bring back endangered species.

Laws about cloning

• California: Prohibits reproductive cloning. They prohibit the purchase or sale of ovum, zygote, embryo, or fetus for the purpose of cloning human beings. Civil penalties will be given out if these laws aren’t followed.

• Connecticut: Prohibits reproductive cloning, permits cloning for research; punishments are not more than one hundred thousand dollars and/or put in prison for no more than ten years.

State laws for cloning

• Michigan: Prohibits human cloning for any purpose and prohibits the use of state funds for human cloning; Civil and criminal penalties are given out if laws aren’t followed.

• Missouri: Bans use of state funds for human cloning research which seek to develop embryos into a newborn child.

State laws for cloning

• New Jersey: Permits cloning for research; prohibits reproductive cloning which is punishable as a crime in the first degree; prohibits sale or purchase, but not donation, or embryonic or fetal tissue, which is punishable as a crime in the third degree and a fine of up to $50,000.

• Arizona: Prohibits people doing reproductive or therapeutic cloning for money.

Weighing the pros and cons of cloning?

Cloning is a bad thing?• Cloning can be a very bad thing! It can lead to over

populating the world. When there’s too many people everyone starts to want more and more. This leads to wars, and nuclear damage to nature and that leads to pollution.

• Another reason cloning is a bad idea is that people get hungry. If we clone living organisms every living thing will want to eat. Thus, taken away food quicker, and could eventually lead to world hunger.

Cloning is a Good thing?• Cloning can also be a good thing! Cloning is good for medical

reasons to save people, and endangered species could be saved.• If Organ donors are cloned then doctors could use the clones Organs

to put in people. The process would continue and the more Organ donors are cloned the more organs doctors could use. This makes the Organs Transplants cheaper.

• Another medical reason is researchers could clone diseased animals and learn more about the disease such as there behavior when diseased.

• Another great reason cloning is good is that endangered species could be saved. By cloning endangered species the animal race would be saved!

DNA Cloning Videos

• Follow Link: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whatiscloning/

End DNA Cloning Project

• 1.Ask any questions.

• 2.Take Survey (Found of Website)

• The Conclusion of DNA Cloning Project