The Roman RepublicChapter 6:1

Vocabulary Republic: Form of gov. were power is in the hands

of Representatives Patrician: Member of wealthy, privileged upper

class Plebian: Common farmer, artisans, merchants Tribune: Official elected by the plebeians to

protect their rights Consuls: 1 of 2 powerful officials elected each year

to command the army/direct the government

Vocabulary Senate: Supreme governing body, originally made

up of only aristocrats Dictator: A political leader given absolute power of

laws/army for a short period of time Legions: Military Unit: 5,000 soldiers and horsemen Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage (3); Rome finally

beat Carthage and control of area Hannibal: Leader of Carthage. Attacked Rome from

Europe (Elephants)

The Origins of Rome Founded in 753 B.C. by Romulus and Remus

Twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess Abandoned and raised by a she-wolf

Picked Rome due to the fertile soil and strategic location

Geography “Seven Rolling hills” Middle of Italian Peninsula Middle of Mediterranean Sea

The First Romans Latins, Greeks and the Etruscans 750 B.C. established trading

outposts/communities in Southern Italy and Sicily

Closer contact with Greek civilizations Etruscans were native to Northern Italy System of writing/alphabet, architecture and

use of the arch

The Early Republic Various small kings/kingdoms

grow in Rome Monarchy rule

The Forum The heart of Roman political

life Last King: Tarquin the Proud

Replaced with a Republic Citizens

Free-born male citizens

To have….Or not to have….

Two Groups Patricians: Wealthy land owners with most of the

power

Plebeians: common farmers, merchants Plebeians were barred by law from holding

important gov. positions Elected Representatives

Tribunes protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials

Twelve Tables Twelve Tables: Written code

of laws Displayed in the Forum

Established the idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law

Page 157 (textbook) **Connection with the

United States**

Government under the Republic

Consuls 2, ruled like presidents, 1 year term (10 yr. wait), veto other consuls

decision, control of the army and the gov. Senate

300 members chosen by upper class Later plebeians were allowed in

Dictator A leader who and absolute power to make laws and command the

army Power lasted 4-6 months Chosen by the consuls and approved by the senate

The Roman Army All citizens who owned

land were required to serve 10 year military service

Legions 5,000 Foot soldiers (infantry) Horseback (cavalry) Divided into groups of 80

(century)

Organized military was key to success

Rome Spreads its Power

Sought to expand its power through trade and conquest

Romans conquer the north and south of Italy Different categories for conquered citizens (3 levels) Lenient/Tolerant policy toward defeated enemies

Geographic Location Center of the Med. Sea Trade

Wine and Olive Oil for food and manufactured goods from other lands

Punic War Carthage vs.

Rome Over trade routes

264 B.C.-146 B.C.

Hannibal: Carthaginian General 50k infantry 9k cavalry 60 elephants Attach from

Europe Elephants

crossing the Alps Mts.

Rome Beats CarthageRoman General

Scipio Attacked Carthage Burned Carthage 50k sold into slavery

Rome was now the most powerful empire in the western world!

Main Ideas What limits were on the Roman Consuls? What was the significance of the twelve

tables? What was different about Hannibal's attack on

Rome? CCC Video? CCC Video

5:2

The Roman Empire

VocabularyJulius Caesar

Roman General who eventually took sole possession of the Roman Empire

Augustus“Exalted One” Caesar’s adopted son Octavian. Fought

Mark Antony for control of Rome

Pax RomanaGreat Roman Peace. Period of great prosperity and

exceptional growth

The Republic CollapsesIncreasing boundaries cause problems

Discontent (upset) among lower classes of society/breakdown in military

1/3 of Roman population at one point was slaves (working on Patrician estates)

Poor farmers forced to sell land to rich PatriciansTiberius and Gaius and Gracchus

Tribunes: Tried to make reforms for the plebeiansKilledCreated Civil War!

Breakdown of the MilitaryOffered land/money for service

Julius CaesarWealthy classMilitary General:

Won victories in Gaul (France)

Became popular in Rome (Everyone likes a winner!!)

Chased his rival Pompey out of Rome

Named himself DictatorLater named himself

“Dictator for Life”End of the Roman

Republic

Caesar’s ReformsGoverned as an absolute rulerGranted Roman citizenship to people in the

“Provenances”Created jobs

New Public buildings/projects

Nobles and Senators feared Caesar’s PowerMarch 15, 44 B.C. Assassination of Caesar

Senate ChamberMarcus Brutus (23x’s)“Et tu, Brute?”

Beginning of the EmpireAfter Caesar’s Death

Civil War BrokeOctavian

Stepson of CaesarOctavian formed army to

crush those that assassinated CaesarFormed alliance with

Mark Antony

Turned on Mark AntonyTold Rome that Mark

Antony would move “Rome” to Egypt

Defeated Mark Antony + Cleopatra and conquered EgyptBoth committed

suicideChanged name to

Augustus Caesar

A Vast and Powerful EmpirePax Romana!!

207 years of peace “Roman Peace”3 Million square miles60-80 Million people/1 Million in Rome“All roads lead to Rome”

Sound GovernmentCivil Service for government jobStabilized the boardersStrong efficient Government/Military (knew the system)

An Economy Based on Agriculture and TradeTraded with China and India along the Silk RoadLed to cultural diffusion between Europe and Asia

The Roman World Values

Strength, Power, Usefulness

FarmersSlaves (1/3rd Population)

Completely ownedGods and Goddesses

Adopted/Renamed Greek Gods/Goddesses

JupiterJunoMinerva

Society and CultureLarge gap between rich

and poorSports/Games

Distract peopleSpectacles“Bread and Circuses”

Gladiators

Gladiator Games

Main IdeasWhat factors contributed to the fall of the

Roman Republic?

What were the main reasons for the Romans’ success in controlling such a large empire?

What measures did the government take to distract and control the masses of Rome?

The Rise of ChristianityChapter

6:3

Vocabulary• Jesus: A Jew who did many good things, viewed as a

prophet. Emphasized God’s personal relationship to each person. Crucified on the cross for Humans Sins.

• Apostle: One of the followers of Jesus who preached and spread his teaching

• Paul: An apostle who spread the teachings of Christ after Jesus' death.

• Diaspora: The dispersal of the Jews from their homeland in Palestine, especially during the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the Romans’ destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D.

Vocabulary• Constantine: Roman Emperor who credited praying to

“God” for his victory over his enemies. Ended the persecution of Christians in 313 A.D.

• Bishop: A high ranking Christian official who supervise a number of local churches

• Peter: Apostle of Jesus, who is credited with the creation of the Christian Church

• Pope: The Bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church

The Life and Teachings of Jesus

• Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea• Birth of Jesus Birth of Jesus II• Raised in Nazareth in Northern Palestine• Age 30 Began public “Ministry”• 3 years of Miracles • Stressed

• God’s Personal Relationship with Everyone!• Establishment of Eternal Kingdom after death (Good) (Bad:

Hell)• Repent for sins

A Growing Movement•Few other historical books

mention Jesus other than the Bible (Gospels)

•Gospels: First four books of New Testament

•12 Apostles: Followers of Jesus•Preached town to town: Poor

People• “Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the

earth.”

Jesus’ Death• Growing Concerns

from Jewish and Roman Officials • Jewish Priests denied

that Jesus was the “Messiah”

• Blasphemy• Roman Governor

Pontius Pilate arrested Jesus• Sentenced to death

and was crucified

• Body Placed in Tomb• 3 Days later Body

was Gone• Living Jesus

appeared to his followers• Jesus Christ “Greek”• “Christos” means

saviors

Christianity Spreads through the Empire

• First followers were “Jews”• Eventually teachings featured a more “Jesus” oriented

approach to religion (Christianity) • Apostle Paul had a “Vision” of Jesus

• Helped Spread Religion across Roman Empire• Paul Stressed

• “Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins”

Christianity spreadsJewish Rebellion Against Rome

• 66 A.D. large Jewish rebellion against Rome

• 70 A.D. Romans destroyed Jerusalem and Temple complex

• Western Wall Remains

• Jews Driven from their Homelands

• No Jewish state for over 1,800 years

• Diaspora of Jews

Western Wall Today

Persecution of the Christians

•Refused to worship Roman Gods•Seen as opposition against Roman Rule•Blamed for economic hardships of Roman

Empire•Romans exiled, imprisoned or executed

Christians who did not worship Roman Gods

•Crucified, burned, killed by wild animals•Martyrs

• People willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of a beliefs or cause

A World Religion

•Christianity spread for a variety of reasons!!

• Embraced all people: Men, Women, Rich, Poor, Nobles, Peasants

• Hope to the Powerless• Personal Relationship with God• Promised Life after death• Appealed to people “disgusted” with the

Roman Culture

World Religion• Roman Emperor

Constantine 312 A.D.• Fighting Battles against

Enemies• Vision told him to put the

“Christian” cross on shields• Victorious

• 313 A.D. ended Christian persecution

• Emperor Theodosius (380 A.D.) made Christianity the official religion

• Apostle Peter set up the Christian Church

• Priest: Local Priest• Bishops: Priest

Supervised Several Churches

• Pope: The head of the Christian Church

• Rome: Center of Empire and Center of Christianity

World Religion• Christianity Grew• Disagreements on “Basic Teachings” lead to

Heresy• Church tried to set a single official standard of

Beliefs• Compiled in the New Testament: 4 Gospels and

other Documents• 325 A.D. Constantine called for a conference in

Nicene in Anatolia• They wrote the Basic beliefs of the Church:

Uniform!!• “Nicene Creed”

Assessment Questions•What did Jesus emphasize in his early

teachings?

•Why did the early Christians face persecution from the Romans?

•What was the importance of the Nicene Creed?

The Fall of the Roman Empire

Chapter 6:4

Vocabulary Inflation

A drastic drop in the value of money with a rise in prices Mercenary

Foreign, paid solders who would fight in the Military. Not Loyal

Diocletian Roman Emperor, stabilized Rome. Divided Roman Empire

into east and west Constantinople

Capital of Eastern Roman Empire. On Bosporus Straight Attila the Hun

Germanic leader who attacked the Roman Empire. Biggest threat.

A Century of Crisis Weak Economy

Bad harvests, No new sources of Gold/Money, raised taxes,

Inflation More coins less gold/silver = Inflation

Military and Political Turmoil Soldiers less loyal, discipline, trained Allegiance to Generals over Emperor Used Mercenaries Loss of Patriotism, Love of Rome!

Emperors Attempt Reform

End of Pax Romana!!!

Diocletian (284 A.D.) Military Leader, Ruled with an Iron-Fist Doubled Army, Controlled rising prices

Division of Roman Empire East: Greece, Anatolia, Syria and Egypt West: Italy, Gaul, Britain and Spain Diocletian: ruled over the East (Appointed a Co-Ruler)

Emperor Constantine

Continued the reforms of Diocletian In 330 A.D. Constantine moved the capital to

Byzantium (Bosporus Straight) Power shifted from Rome to the East

Renamed Constantinople

The Western Empire Crumbles

Internal Problems Too large, Corruption, Bad Leaders

Germanic Invasions Nomadic “Barbarians” Over ran Rome in 410 A.D. Attila: Hun leader, 100,000 soldiers, 70 cities (Pushed other

tribes out of home lands, forced them to move to Roman lands)

Constant warfare 476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire Renamed: The Byzantine Empire Last another 1,000 years Preserved Greek and Roman Heritage

Main Ideas What were the main causes of the decline of the

Roman Empire?

What were some of Diocletian’s reforms?

Why did so many Germanic tribes begin invading the Roman Empire?

Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

6:5

VocabularyGreco-Roman

The mixing of elements of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman culture

PompeiiRoman city that was covered with ash when

Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 A.D. 2,000 people died. Preserved Roman Art/culture.

AqueductWater bridges that brought water in from

mountains. Perfected arches.

The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

A New Culture EmergesRomans adopt aspects of Greek and Hellenistic CultureResults in Greco-Roman culture or the “classical

civilization”

Roman Fine ArtsRomans developed bas-reliefs sculptures to tell

storiesArtists skilled in creating mosaics, painting

frescoes Pompeii-Roman town; ash volcano eruption

A.D. 79 preserves art

Lets Play a GameIs this a…….

Mosaic

Bas-Relief

Frescoes

The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

Learning and LiteratureRomans borrow from Greek philosophy and

literaturePoet Virgil writes epic Aeneid modeled after

Homer’s Greek epicsRoman historian Tacitus excels in writing

factually accurate historyAnnals and Histories provide comprehensive

look at Roman life

The Legacy of Rome The Latin Language

Latin was official language of Roman Catholic Church until 1900s

Develops into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian

More than half the words in English stem LatinMaster Builders

Romans pioneer use arch; also used domes and concrete

Create aqueducts-structures to bring water into cities, towns

The Legacy of RomeRoman System of Law

Principles of Roman law form basis of modern legal systems

Rome’s Enduring InfluenceBy preserving and adding to Greek civilization, Rome

strengthened the Western cultural trading

Main IdeaWhat influence did Latin have on the development of Western Languages?