“The Rise of Dictators in Europe”

Chapter 19 Section 4 and 5

I.) Benito Mussolini

A. Background:1. socialist newspaper editor & nationalist politician2. great orator (public speaker)3. organizes new party in 1919: Fascist Party

B. Fascism: militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and to its leader

1. opposed communism & democracy2. control people through force & censorship3. appealed to upper & middle class (keep existing social classes)4. private property rights remain

C. Why did Fascism and the Fascist Party spread in Italy?1. many frustrated over Treaty of Versailles2. high inflation, unemployment, & social unrest3. fear over spread of Communism4. ineffective Italian government

D. Mussolini’s Appeals to the Italian people1. promised to restore & protect the Italian economy2. stressed Italian pride3. pledged to return Italy to military glory of the Roman Empire

E. Rise to Power1. Criticized Italian govt. & used Black Shirt Army (secret police)2. Oct. 1922: 30,000 Fascists march on Rome Outcome: King Victor Emmanuel III appoints him “Premier of Italy”

3. Election of 1924: Fascists win control of parliamentOutcome: Mussolini made “head of govt.” & called “IL Duce” (leader)

F. Mussolini Extends Fascist Control1. abolish all political parties except Fascism2. secret police 3. limited civil liberties4. outlawed strikes & controlled unions

II.) Adolph Hitler

A. Born in Austria in 18891. Failed at being an artist and fought in World War I (won Iron Cross)2. Joined National Socialist German Workers Party in 1920 (Nazi Party)

B. Nazism: political system based on strong nationalism which believed in racial superiority and state control of industry1. German version of Fascism2. supported by people in middle and lower class3. opposed Communism

C. Why did Nazism and the Nazi Party spread in Germany?1. depression hits and German economy collapsed2. factories stopped and banks closed3. high unemployment (30% in 1932)4. German people upset w/ Weimar Republic (German govt. created 1919)

D. Hitler’s Rise to Power:1. chosen as Nazi Party leader (given the title “der Fuhrer”)2. 1923 led “Brownshirts” (Nazi militia) in attempt to seize power 3. arrested; given 5 years in prison; serves 9 months; released 19244. writes “Mein Kampf”: set forth beliefs and goals for Germany

5. By 1932: Nazi Party largest in Germany6. Jan. 1933: Hitler named “Chancellor” by President Hindenburg7. 1933 Enabling Act: Hitler assumes absolute power

a. Black Shirts (S.S.) & Gestapo (Secret Police) used against enemies8. Called his rule “The Third Reich”

E. Hitler increases his control over Germany:1. turns press, radio, literature, painting, film into propaganda tools2. burned books and govt. controls churches3. school children join “Hitler Youth” or “League of German Girls”4. enemies placed in “concentration camps” & Jews into “Ghettos”

III.) Joseph Stalin

A. Lenin dies in 1924

B. Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin fight for control of Soviet Union

1. Trotsky= worldwide communism revolution

2. Stalin= focus on Russian development

C. Stalin Seizes Power:1. 1922- General Secretary of

Communist Party2. 1924- places his supporters

in key positions3. 1928- Total control of

Communist Party

D. Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy1. Command Economy: govt. makes all economic decisions

a. Five Year Plan: Stalin’s economic plan for rapid industrial growth & for the

strengthening of national defenseb. Collective Farms: Stalin’s agricultural plan in which hundreds of

families work on these farms & produce food for the state

E. Stalin’s Takes Control of Every Aspect of Life:1. Secret Police: arrest & execute traitors

a. Great Purge (1934-39): Stalin’s campaign to eliminate anyone who threatened his power

2. Indoctrination: govt. instruction to people about communism & Soviet beliefs3. Propaganda: spread information to persuade communist & Soviet beliefs4. Censorship: govt. controls press, radio, art, music5. Persecution: discouraged religious worship & destroyed/seized church property

F. Soviet Government Under Stalin1. 1936 new Soviet Constitution

a. Supreme Soviet (parliament)b. Council of Ministers (executive & administrative power)c. Politburo (Political Bureau): had control over Soviet Union;

Stalin in charge