Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 13.1 – 13.30

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 13

The Respiratory System

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Organs of the Respiratory system

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________

Pharynx

Larynx

________

Bronchi

_______- ________

Figure 13.1

Function of the Respiratory System

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Oversees ______ _____________between the blood and external environment

Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the _______________

Passageways to the lungs _______, ______________, and ________________ the incoming air

The Nose

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The only externally visible part of the respiratory system

Air enters the nose through the __________ __________ (nostrils)

The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal _____________

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Figure 13.2

Upper Respiratory Tract

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

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_______________ _________are located in the mucosa on the superior surface

The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa

Moistens air

Traps incoming foreign particles

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

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Lateral walls have projections called ________________

Increases surface area

Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate

Anterior hard ___________ (bone)

Posterior ____________ palate (muscle)

Paranasal ______________

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______________ within bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Maxillary bone

Paranasal Sinuses

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____________ of the sinuses

____________ the skull

Act as _____________ chambers for speech

Produce _________________ that drains into the nasal cavity

__________________ (Throat)

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Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

Three regions of the pharynx

__________________ – superior region behind nasal cavity

Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth

Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to larynx

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are ______________passageways for air and food

Structures of the Pharynx

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___________________ tubes enter the nasopharynx

_______________ of the pharynx

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx

Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx

Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

_________________ (Voice Box)

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Routes air and food into proper channels

Plays a role in speech

Made of eight rigid hyaline _________________and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (____________________)

Structures of the Larynx

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______________ cartilage

Largest hyaline cartilage

Protrudes anteriorly (_________ _________)

_________________

Superior opening of the larynx

Routes ____________ to the larynx and ___________toward the trachea

Structures of the Larynx

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__________ __________(vocal folds)

Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)

Glottis – opening between vocal cords

______________ (Windpipe)

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Connects _________ with ______________

Lined with ciliated mucosa

Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air

Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris __________ from lungs

Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

Primary _____________

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Formed by division of the trachea

Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression)

Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left

Bronchi _______________ into smaller and smaller branches

_______________

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Occupy most of the ______________ cavity

Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)

Base rests on the _____________ (inferior portion)

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures

Left lung – ______ lobes

Right lung – ______ lobes

Lungs

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Figure 13.4b

Coverings of the Lungs

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______________ (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface

______________ pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

____________ __________fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

Respiratory Tree Divisions

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____________ bronchi

Secondary bronchi

Tertiary bronchi

________________

Terminal bronchioli

Bronchioles

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Figure 13.5a

____________ branches of the bronchi

Bronchioles

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Figure 13.5a

All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage

Bronchioles

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Terminal bronchioles end in _____________

Figure 13.5a

Respiratory Zone

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Structures

Respiratory bronchioli

Alveolar duct

Alveoli

Site of gas exchange

Alveoli

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Structure of alveoli

Alveolar duct

Alveolar sac

Alveolus

Gas exchange takes place within the ____________in the respiratory membrane

Respiratory Membrane

(Air-Blood Barrier)

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Thin squamous epithelial layer lining

alveolar walls

Pulmonary capillaries cover external

surfaces of alveoli

Respiratory Membrane

(Air-Blood Barrier)

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Figure 13.6

Gas Exchange

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Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by ______________

Oxygen ______________ the blood

__________ ____________enters the alveoli

Macrophages add protection

Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

Events of _________________

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____________ ______________– moving air in and out of the lungs

External respiration – gas exchange between __________ _____________and alveoli

Events of Respiration

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Respiratory gas transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

_______________ ____________– gas exchange ___________ blood and ______________ cells in systemic capillaries

Mechanics of Breathing

(___________ ______________)

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Completely ________________ process

Depends on _________ ____________in the thoracic cavity

Volume changes lead to _____________changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure

Mechanics of Breathing

(Pulmonary Ventilation)

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Two phases

__________ – flow of air into lung

____________ – air leaving lung

Inspiration

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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles _________________

The size of the thoracic cavity ______________

External air is _______ ______the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume

Inspiration

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Figure 13.7a

Exhalation

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Largely a ______________ process which depends on natural lung elasticity

As muscles __________, air is pushed _________ of the lungs

Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

Exhalation

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Figure 13.7b

Pressure Differences in the

Thoracic Cavity

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Normal pressure within the pleural space is always negative (intrapleural pressure)

Differences in lung and pleural space pressures keep lungs from collapsing

Nonrespiratory Air Movements

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Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

Examples

___________ __________– clears lungs of debris

Laughing

___________

Yawn

____________

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

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Normal breathing moves about __________ ml of air with each breath (________ ___________[TV])

Many factors that affect respiratory capacity

A person’s ______

___________

__________

___________ ____________

Residual volume of air – after exhalation, about __________ ml of air remains in the lungs

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

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_________ ____________ ______(IRV)

Amount of air that can be taken in ___________ over the tidal volume

Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml

_____________ reserve volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be __________ exhaled

Approximately 1200 ml

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

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________ ___________

Air remaining in lung after expiration

About 1200 ml

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

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__________ ____________

The total amount of _____________ air

Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV

Dead space volume

Air that remains in conducting zone and ___________ reaches alveoli

About 150 ml

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

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Functional volume

Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

Usually about ____________ ml

Respiratory capacities are measured with a ______________

Respiratory Capacities

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Figure 13.9