The Reproductive SystemsThe Reproductive SystemsA. Male reproductive systemA. Male reproductive system 1. Scrotum1. Scrotum 2. Testes2. Testes a. Spermatogenesisa. Spermatogenesis b. Spermatozoab. Spermatozoa c. Hormones of the brain-c. Hormones of the brain-testicular axistesticular axis 3. Ducts3. Ducts a. Ducts of the testisa. Ducts of the testis b. Epididymisb. Epididymis c. Ductus (vas) deferensc. Ductus (vas) deferens d. Ejaculatory ductsd. Ejaculatory ducts e. Urethrae. Urethra 4. Accessory sex glands4. Accessory sex glands 5. Semen5. Semen 6. Penis6. Penis

B. Female reproductive systemB. Female reproductive system 1. Ovaries1. Ovaries a. Oogenesisa. Oogenesis 2. Uterine (fallopian) tubes2. Uterine (fallopian) tubes 3. Uterus3. Uterus 4. Vagina4. Vagina 5. Vulva5. Vulva 6. Perineum6. Perineum 7. Mammary glands7. Mammary glandsC. Female reproductive cycleC. Female reproductive cycle 1. Hormonal regulation1. Hormonal regulation 2. Phases of the female 2. Phases of the female

reproductive cyclereproductive cycle a. Menstrual phase a. Menstrual phase (menstruation)(menstruation) b. Preovulatory phaseb. Preovulatory phase c. Ovulationc. Ovulation d. Postovulatory phased. Postovulatory phaseD. Physiology of sexual intercourseD. Physiology of sexual intercourse

What is reproduction?What is reproduction?

What is the essential difference What is the essential difference between mitosis and meiosis?between mitosis and meiosis?

How are the organs of reproduction How are the organs of reproduction grouped according to function?grouped according to function?

1. gonads1. gonads

2. ducts2. ducts

3. accessory glands 3. accessory glands

Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

ScrotumScrotum

1. Dartos' fascia1. Dartos' fascia

2. cremaster muscle2. cremaster muscle

3. temperature regulation3. temperature regulation

4. cremaster reflex4. cremaster reflex

Other Male StructuresOther Male Structures1. descent of the testes1. descent of the testes

2. spermatic cord2. spermatic cord

3. inguinal canal3. inguinal canal

4. deep inguinal ring4. deep inguinal ring

5. superficial inguinal ring5. superficial inguinal ring

TestesTestes1. inguinal canals1. inguinal canals

2. tunica vaginalis2. tunica vaginalis

3. tunica albuginea3. tunica albuginea

4. 200 - 300 lobules4. 200 - 300 lobules

5. seminiferous tubules5. seminiferous tubules

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spermatogenesisspermatogenesis

SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis

1. spermatogonium (2n)1. spermatogonium (2n) a. mitosisa. mitosis b. meiosisb. meiosis 2. 1° spermatocyte2. 1° spermatocyte (2n4c)(2n4c) 3. 2 2° spermatocytes3. 2 2° spermatocytes (1n2c)(1n2c) 4. 4 spermatids (1n1c)4. 4 spermatids (1n1c)

spermatogonia

1o spermatocyte

2o spermatocyte

spermatids

spermatozoa

SpermatozoaSpermatozoa1. spermiogenesis (Sertoli cell)1. spermiogenesis (Sertoli cell)

a. nourishmenta. nourishment

b. protectionb. protection

c. anatomical maturationc. anatomical maturation

(head, midpiece, tail)(head, midpiece, tail)

2. 300 million/day2. 300 million/day

3. life expectancy =72 hrs3. life expectancy =72 hrs

(up to 6 days)(up to 6 days)

Male Sex HormonesMale Sex Hormones1. Gn-RF1. Gn-RF

2. FSH and LH2. FSH and LH

3. Sertoli cells =inhibin3. Sertoli cells =inhibin

4. interstitial endocrinocytes4. interstitial endocrinocytes

(Leydig cells) = testosterone(Leydig cells) = testosterone

Hormonal Control of Male ReproductionHormonal Control of Male Reproductionhypothalamic Gn-RF

anterior pituitary gland

follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone

testes

sustentacular cells spermatogonia interstitial cells

prepares for spermiogenesis

inhibin secretion

enter spermatogenesis testosterone secretion

development of primary male sex characteristics(before birth)

development of secondary male sex characteristics (beginning at puberty)

1.enlargement of sex organs2.activation of accessory organs3.beginning of sexual behavior4.increased protein anabolism5.required for spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

negative feedback

negative feedback

Male DuctsMale Ducts1. straight tubules -->1. straight tubules --> rete testis -->rete testis --> efferent ductules -->efferent ductules -->2. ductus epididymis2. ductus epididymis a. functional maturationa. functional maturation b. storage (40-60 days)b. storage (40-60 days) c. resorptionc. resorption3. ductus (vas) deferens3. ductus (vas) deferens a. path in the bodya. path in the body b. ampulla of the vasb. ampulla of the vas

Male Ducts, Con’tMale Ducts, Con’t

4. ejaculatory ducts4. ejaculatory ducts

5. urethra5. urethra

a. prostatica. prostatic

b. membranousb. membranous

c. penilec. penile

Accessory Sex GlandsAccessory Sex Glands1. seminal vesicles1. seminal vesicles

2. prostate gland2. prostate gland

3. bulbourethral glands3. bulbourethral glands

Accessory Gland Fluid ComponentsAccessory Gland Fluid Components

1. seminal vesicle fluid (60% of semen)1. seminal vesicle fluid (60% of semen) a. Fructose, citratea. Fructose, citrate b. prostaglandinsb. prostaglandins c. proseminogelinc. proseminogelin2. prostatic fluid (30% of semen)2. prostatic fluid (30% of semen) a. Calcium, citrate, phosphatea. Calcium, citrate, phosphate b. clotting enzymesb. clotting enzymes c. Serine protease (PSA)c. Serine protease (PSA)3. bulbourethral fluid (trace)3. bulbourethral fluid (trace) a. mucousa. mucous b. buffersb. buffers

Semen (seminal fluid) = sperm + accessory gland Semen (seminal fluid) = sperm + accessory gland secretionssecretions

Semen (sperm + seminal fluid)Semen (sperm + seminal fluid)Sperm (10%) + accessory gland secretions (90%)

2 – 5 ml per ejaculate with 50 – 120 million sperm per ml

What happens at ejaculation?

1. Prostatic fluid and seminal vesicle fluids mixed at emissionproseminogelin seminogelin by prostatic clotting enzymes

semen becomes stickyentangles sperm, sticks semen to vaginal and cervical surfacesprevents semen from draining out of vagina

2. Prostatic serine protease breaks down seminogelin after 20-30 minsemen liquifiessperm become very activeprostaglandins help to thin cervical mucus plug and may stimulate uterine

contractions, helping sperm into uterine cavity3. Two requirements for sperm motility are met

vaginal pH (3.5 – 4.0) brought to 7.5fructose and other sugars provide substrate for sperm ATP production

PenisPenis

1. root (bulb and crura)1. root (bulb and crura)

2. body2. body

(a) corpora cavernosa(a) corpora cavernosa

(b) corpus spongiosum(b) corpus spongiosum

3. glans (prepuce)3. glans (prepuce)

______________________________________________

erectionerection

Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System

Organs include:Organs include: 2 ovaries2 ovaries 2 uterine tubes 2 uterine tubes

(oviducts/Fallopian tubes)(oviducts/Fallopian tubes) 1 uterus1 uterus 1 vagina1 vagina external genitaliaexternal genitalia

________________________________________________ mammary glandsmammary glands

OvariesOvaries1. development1. development

2. location2. location

3. germinal epithelium3. germinal epithelium

4. tunica albuginea4. tunica albuginea

5. stroma5. stroma

6. follicles6. follicles

OogenesisOogenesis1. mitosis in fetal life1. mitosis in fetal life2. arrested meiosis2. arrested meiosis3. 7 million at 5th month --> 3. 7 million at 5th month --> 2 million at birth -->2 million at birth --> 40,000 at puberty40,000 at puberty

(~480 ovulations = (~480 ovulations = ~13/yr = ~37 yr)~13/yr = ~37 yr)

4. Gn-RF4. Gn-RF5. FSH5. FSH6. LH6. LH7. estrogen7. estrogen

2n4c

1n2cArrested in metaphase II

Arrested in prophase I

Ovarian FolliclesOvarian Follicles( immature oocyte + follicular cells)( immature oocyte + follicular cells)

Ovarian cycle (6 Stages)Ovarian cycle (6 Stages)1. primordial follicle- 1. primordial follicle- primary oocyte arrested in prophase I, thin layer of primary oocyte arrested in prophase I, thin layer of follicular cellsfollicular cells

2. primary follicle- 2. primary follicle- meiosis resumes, consists of primary oocyte and one meiosis resumes, consists of primary oocyte and one to several layers of follicular cellsto several layers of follicular cells

3. secondary follicle- 3. secondary follicle- consists of secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis II. consists of secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis II. (metaphase II) Contains antrum- fluid filled pools or small cavity(metaphase II) Contains antrum- fluid filled pools or small cavity

4. tertiary follicle- 4. tertiary follicle- consists of secondary oocyte with very large antrum. consists of secondary oocyte with very large antrum.

(mature graafian follicle)(mature graafian follicle)

5. corpus luteum-5. corpus luteum- remants of follicle after ovulationremants of follicle after ovulation

6. corpus albicans- 6. corpus albicans- scarred over folliclescarred over follicle

Ovarian CycleOvarian Cycle1. Primordial follicle1. Primordial follicle

2. Primary follicle2. Primary follicle

3. Secondary follicle3. Secondary follicle

4. Tertiary follicle4. Tertiary follicle

5. Corpus Luteum5. Corpus Luteum

6. Corpus Albicans6. Corpus Albicans

Uterine TubesUterine Tubes1. location1. location

2. sections2. sections

a. fimbriaea. fimbriae

b. infundibulumb. infundibulum

c. ampullac. ampulla

d. isthmusd. isthmus

3. histology3. histology

Ciliated simplecolumnar

UterusUterus1. location1. location

2. sections2. sections

a. fundusa. fundus

b. corpus (body)b. corpus (body)

c. cervix c. cervix

(mucous plug)(mucous plug)

3. anteverted3. anteverted

Uterus ContinuedUterus Continued4. rectouterine pouch4. rectouterine pouch vesicouterine pouchvesicouterine pouch5. blood supply5. blood supply a. uterine arteriesa. uterine arteries b. spiral arteriolesb. spiral arterioles

Uterus HistologyUterus Histology6. histology6. histology

a. perimetriuma. perimetrium

b. myometriumb. myometrium

c. endometriumc. endometrium

(1) stratum basalis(1) stratum basalis

(2) stratum functionalis(2) stratum functionalis

VaginaVagina

1. anatomy1. anatomy2. fornix2. fornix3. rugae3. rugae4. introitus4. introitus5. hymen5. hymen6. mucosa6. mucosa a. glycogena. glycogen b. no glandsb. no glands

VulvaVulva

1. mons pubis1. mons pubis2. labia majora2. labia majora3. labia minora3. labia minora4. clitoris (prepuce)4. clitoris (prepuce)5. vestibule5. vestibule a. urethral orificea. urethral orifice b. vaginal introitusb. vaginal introitus c. vestibular glandsc. vestibular glands6. bulb of the vestibule6. bulb of the vestibule

PerineumPerineum-urogenital triangle-urogenital triangle-anal triangle-anal triangle

Mammary GlandsMammary Glands

1. location1. location

2. 15 - 20 lobes2. 15 - 20 lobes

3. ducts3. ducts

4. nipple4. nipple

5. areola5. areola

6. development6. development

7. lactation7. lactation

Female Reproductive CycleFemale Reproductive Cycle

1. ovarian cycle1. ovarian cycle

2. uterine (menstrual) cycle2. uterine (menstrual) cycle

Hormonal RegulationHormonal Regulation

1. Gn-RF1. Gn-RF

2. FSH2. FSH

3. LH3. LH

4. estrogen4. estrogen

5. progesterone5. progesterone

6. inhibin6. inhibin

7. relaxin7. relaxin

hypothalamic Gn-RF

anterior pituitary gland

FSH LH

ovaries

follicle development ovulation corpus luteum

relaxininhibin

progesteroneestrogen

estrogen

relaxin -- relaxes pubic symphysis/cervical dilation

inhibin -- inhibits Gn-RF and FSH

progesterone -- stimulates secretory endometrium prepares mammary glands for milk synthesis

estrogen -- primary sex characteristics (before birth) secondary sex characteristics (at puberty)

enlargement of sex organs female sexual behavior (with testosterone) endometrial proliferation increased proteins anabolism aids in fluid and electrolyte balance

Control of Ovulation by Hormones of the Control of Ovulation by Hormones of the Pituitary-Ovarian AxisPituitary-Ovarian Axis

Estrogen (EST) secretion and its controlEstrogen (EST) secretion and its control

1. EST is secreted by follicular cells prior to ovulation 1. EST is secreted by follicular cells prior to ovulation and by the corpus luteum after ovulation.and by the corpus luteum after ovulation.

2. Moderate levels of EST inhibit Gn-RF secretion and 2. Moderate levels of EST inhibit Gn-RF secretion and thus inhibit secretion of FSH and LH.thus inhibit secretion of FSH and LH.

3. Low levels of EST allow Gn-RF secretion and prime 3. Low levels of EST allow Gn-RF secretion and prime the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH, which the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH, which stimulates follicular development at the beginning of a stimulates follicular development at the beginning of a new cycle.new cycle.

4. High levels of EST allow Gn-RF secretion and prime 4. High levels of EST allow Gn-RF secretion and prime the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH, which the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH, which stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.

Female Cycle PhasesFemale Cycle Phases1. menses (days 1 - 5)1. menses (days 1 - 5)

2. preovulatory2. preovulatory

(days 6 - 13)(days 6 - 13)

3. ovulation (day 14)3. ovulation (day 14)

4. postovulatory4. postovulatory

(days 15 - 26)(days 15 - 26) 5. ischemic5. ischemic

(days 26-28)(days 26-28)

ovulationovulation

||

||

||

1 5 14 26 281 5 14 26 28

<--------> <---------------> <---------------> <--------><--------> <---------------> <---------------> <-------->

menses proliferative secretory ischemicmenses proliferative secretory ischemic

<---------------------------> <----------------------------><---------------------------> <---------------------------->

preovulatory postovulatorypreovulatory postovulatory

(follicular) (luteal)(follicular) (luteal)

Ovarian cycle: pinkUterine cycle: green

Female Cycle Phase DescriptionsFemale Cycle Phase Descriptions1. menses (days 1 - 5)1. menses (days 1 - 5)

greatly diminished blood estrogen and progesterone levels; stratum functionalis dead and shedding; low estrogen stimulates Gn-RF + FSH

2. preovulatory(days 6 - 13)2. preovulatory(days 6 - 13)new follicles developing and secreting estrogen; rising blood estrogen causes mitosis of stratum basalis and rebuilding of stratum functionalis

3. ovulation (day 14)3. ovulation (day 14)high estrogen stimulates Gn-RF + LH, thus stimulating ovulation; as a result corpus luteum is formed

4. postovulatory (days 15 - 26)4. postovulatory (days 15 - 26)corpus luteum produces estrogen + progesterone; stratum functionalis becomes secretory: 1. retains water 2. uterine glands secrete glycogen 3. spiral arterioles rapidly develop

5. ischemic (days 26-28)5. ischemic (days 26-28)corpus luteum dying; blood estrogen and progesterone levels dropping; spiral arterioles vasoconstrict for 6 hours at a time; stratum functionalis begins to die

The Female Reproductive CycleThe Female Reproductive Cycle

Endometrial Changes through Endometrial Changes through the Menstrual Cyclethe Menstrual Cycle

Sexual ResponsesSexual Responses

MaleMale

1. excitement1. excitement -- erection-- erection -- lubrication-- lubrication2. orgasm -- emission2. orgasm -- emission orgasm -- expulsion orgasm -- expulsion (both)(both)3. resolution3. resolution -- detumescence-- detumescence -- refractory period-- refractory period

FemaleFemale

1. excitement and plateau1. excitement and plateau -- vaginal transudate-- vaginal transudate -- lubrication from glands-- lubrication from glands -- orgasmic platform-- orgasmic platform -- tenting effect-- tenting effect2. orgasm2. orgasm3. resolution3. resolution -- detumescence-- detumescence

parasympatheticparasympathetic//sympatheticsympathetic

Stages of Male Sexual ResponseStages of Male Sexual Response

Stages of Female Sexual Stages of Female Sexual ResponseResponse