the representation of kurds in the islamic state׳s media: ׳dabiq׳ … · 2018-05-29 ·...

1 From the publication series of KCCRC

The Representation of Kurds in the Islamic State׳s Media: ׳Dabiq׳ Magazine as an example

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Kurdistan conflict and Crisis Research Center


From the publication series of KCCRC

This article is an edited translation of the original in Kurdish. Translated by (Shkow Sherzad).

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All Rights Reserved for:

May 2018

Kurdistan Conflict and Crisis Research Center

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Qaraman Ali

IntroductionThe media has played an influential role in political rivalries and has had a significant impact on the nature of political disputes. The introduction of the media into the political sphere has also had a substantial effect on the political sides themselves. Moreover, in modern warfare, the press is used as a tool to break down the psychological defensive walls at the heart of the enemy׳s defensive strategy and as a result, military victories over enemy forces can be achieved without the use of a conventional military force. The Islamic State for its part has understood the importance of the media in modern warfare and thus has relied heavily upon it to wage war in the Middle East. In so doing, the Islamic State uses the media as a weapon to attack its enemy psychologically. In modernising and developing the effectiveness of its media wing, the Islamic State relies heavily on the expertise of Europeans and Americans who have their home states to join the Islamic State. Since its founding, the Islamic State has released numerous publications of which ׳Dabiq׳ is perhaps most famous and holds fifteen issues. Therefore, this paper will analyse all

15 issues of the Islamic States ׳Dabiq׳ magazine to answer the following question: ׳How has the Islamic State represented the Kurds in its ׳Dabiq׳ magazine?׳׳The importance of this paper is that it aids readers of this paper to some extent understand the linguistic style used by the Islamic State in their media outlets. Moreover, the paper acts as a bridge to assist speakers of Kurdish to understand their portrayal in Islamic State propaganda independently.

Islamic State and the ׳Dabiq׳ MagazineIn achieving their aim of establishing an ׳Islamic Caliphate׳, the Islamic State felt it was not enough to use military force alone and therefore also weaponised the media against their enemies and used it as a useful propaganda tool. Following on from the Islamic State capture of the Iraqi city of Mosul and its announcement of the establishment of their Caliphate in June 2014 the Islamic State published 15 issues of ׳Dabiq׳ magazine between 2014 and 2016 via the ׳Al-Hayat׳ Media Centre. In their desire to ensure that their message would spread far they published the magazine in Arabic, English, Russian, French and German.


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While the Islamic State used the magazine to share news of their caliphates progress and battleground information the Islamic State also used the magazine as an avenue way to spread their message to the western world, namely Europe and the United States. The Islamic States׳ aim in this regard was to use the magazine and a new and distinct propaganda strategy to increase membership of its organization by targeted Muslims living in western countries. What is more, the Islamic State aimed to use the magazine as a tool to define itself and present its message to the different European communities by publishing the magazine in multiple languages.

The Islamic State and the Media When relied on the Media can be a reliable and useful tool for any cause. With the passing of time, the effectiveness of the media has become more apparent to observers. Technological advancement, the development of the internet and the accessibility of both have led many scholars to define the current state of global order as a ׳׳small village.׳׳ Moreover, as international access to the internet and media technology is increasing on a daily basis, this ׳global village׳ is likely to become even smaller. The world is moving into a phase where political movements around the globe are beginning to understand of the importance and effectiveness of the media and given the accessibility of its tools these political movements

are utilising the technology for the spreading of their long-held ideologies and messages. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the Media is a two-sided tool. The media can impact receivers both positively and negatively. In some regions, political groups or individuals use the media to spread the liberal message of advancing the cause of freedom, developing democracy, and enforcing human rights. However, it is also possible to use the media to the opposite effect and use it to degrade humanity and violate human rights. Furthermore, the media can be used to extremist groups like the Islamic State to promote their extremist ideologies.(1)Before the founding of the Islamic State, its predecessor organizations like ׳Al-Qaida׳ also relied on the use of the media. These groups focused particularly on ׳online media׳ to spread their ideology and recruit new members. However, what separates the Islamic State׳s use of the media from that of its predecessors is that the Islamic State also uses its media outlets to spur its western supporters to work with it by using their unique skills to distribute the Islamic States propaganda further and in a new and modern format. (2)The Islamic State understood that its enemies were utilising the media as a useful weapon in their war against them and by consequence, the Islamic State learned from its enemies and developed and employed its the same tool to counter the efforts of its enemies. (3) The Islamic states utilisation of the

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media became so advanced that it was able to use it to destroy the spirit and will of its enemies to fight on the battlefield long before the firing of a single shot in combat. It was this successful use of the media that was responsible for the mass desertion of the Iraqi Army in 2014 as the Islamic State invaded the north of Iraq. Following on from the Islamic State׳s takeover of Mosul city (4) the Islamic state via its leader Abu-Bakir Baghdadi announced the establishment of its caliphate on the first day of the holy month of Ramadan in June of 2014. Furthermore, the Islamic state chose also to use the occasion to change its name from the original ׳the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham׳ to just ׳Islamic State׳, where the significance of this move was to demonstrate that the organization did not recognise the states of Iraq and Syria. (5) From this announcement onwards ׳׳the Islamic State conducted its affairs as a state actor and saw itself as a new state in the region. They believed that as a separate state they must also have their own media arm׳׳ 6)) as was the case with most states in the world. This logic was a fundamental reason why the Islamic State placed great significance on the presence of its media on the international stage. It established visual channels (e.g. Al-Amaq agency), radio networks (e.g. Al-Bayan radio), and published media (e.g. Dabiq Magazine). Furthermore, the Islamic State established numerous other media networks and opened offices for them in Raqqa in Iraq׳s Nineveh Province. Of these networks

is considered the most ׳Al-Hayat׳important outlet for the Islamic State. Using this network, the Islamic State paraded its battleground victories and activities. It also used the channel to export its propaganda across the world. Ross Steve explains that the Islamic State has two aims when it uses its media outlets; First, to recruit new members from outside the Middle East. (7) The Islamic State uses the channels to promote the migration (׳Hijrat׳) of western Muslims to the Caliphate to become soldiers and defenders of it. Second, the Islamic State aims to use its media as a tool to fill its enemies with fear by waging a psychological media war against them.

The weight of Magazines in the Islamic States MediaThe Islamic State is not the only Jihadist group to have placed significance on the media and published magazines promoting its cause in multiple languages. Before the Islamic State Al-Qaeda, in particular, Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, placed great importance on the use of the Media and regularly published propaganda magazines. Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula first published a magazine called ׳Inspire׳ in the English language in 2010. (8) Moreover, nine months after the publication of this magazine the Islamic State published another English language magazine called ׳Al-Shamikha9) .׳) Al-Qaeda targetted this magazine at women and used it to preach the Islamic regulations for females to

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follow in their beauty regimes, while at the same time teaching the Jihadist doctrine to its readership. What is more, To publish ׳Inspire׳ magazine in English Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula was able to take advantage of its western jihadists members. Samirkhan who was a United States citizen played a fundamental role in the publishing of ׳Inspire׳ as he was the editor of the magazine until he was killed by a United States drone strike in Yemen in September 2011. (10)Owing to the ideological similarity of the Islamic State to Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula it was able to take advantage of Al Qaeda׳s experience its publishing activities and replicate its methods. As Al-Qaeda had done previously, the Islamic State also utilised its western members who were proficient it writing and publication. In between June 2014 and October 2016 it published numerous magazines in popular foreign languages, releasing its first magazine in English under the name ׳The Islamic State Report׳׳ on 1st June 2014. This magazine was a weekly publication distributed via its ׳Al-Hayat׳ agency in English. (11) On 5th July 2014, the Islamic State published another magazine in English called ׳Dabiq׳. The first Issue of ׳Dabiq׳ was very similar to Al-Qaeda׳s ׳Inspire׳ magazine regarding design and content. (12) Moreover, on the 23rd December 2014, the Islamic State published a magazine in French called ׳Dar-al-Islam׳ and aimed it at the activities of France׳s radicalised

Muslim population. (13) In May 2015 the Islamic State added ׳Istok׳, an Islamic State publication in Russian, to its magazine collection. Observers believe qualified Islamic State members who were under the command of Abu Omar al-Shishani published this magazine. (14) And a month later, in June 2015, the Islamic State announced a further magazine this time in Turkish called ׳׳Konstantiniyye׳׳. This Turkish publication aimed to counter the efforts of the Kurdistan Workers Party and the Peoples׳ Democratic Party which are two Kurdish parties of Turkish Kurdistan. However, in a surprise, the Magazine used its second issue (17 July 2015) to also launch an attack on the Turkish President RecepTayyipErdogan. (15) Lastly, on the 6th September 2016, the Islamic State published a final magazine titled in numerous languages ׳Rumayah׳among them English.

Dabiq MagazineIn July 2014 the Islamic State׳s ׳Al Hayat׳ media center began publication of its monthly Digital magazine title s founding goal׳The magazine .׳Dabiq׳was to act as a bridge between the Islamic State and Muslims residing in the western world. To achieve this goal, the Islamic State ensured the publication was available in multiple languages including English, French, German, Russian, and Arabic. While the Islamic State did have a previous publication in English titled ׳The Islamic State Report׳, they believed

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that following the establishment of the Caliphate and its change of name on the 29th June 2014 the organization needed a more visible calling card. Hence, they decided to place greater importance on the organization׳s media wing by increasing their media output. On page three of the first issue of ׳Dabiq׳ magazine (5th July 2014) that was published by the Islamic State׳s ׳Al Hayat׳ media center, the organization explained the reasons for the magazine׳s publication. After viewing and analysing some of׳׳the comments and recommendations that were received following the publication of the first issue of ׳Islamic State News׳ and ׳The Islamic State Report,׳ the ׳Al Hayat׳ media center decided to increase its efforts by publishing a new monthly magazine based on the following topics; unitarianism, truth-seeking, migration, holy war and community.׳׳ (Dabiq Magazine, Issue Number 1, Page 3) Borrowed from the name of a Syrian town; the name of the magazine ׳Dabiq׳ demonstrates the importance of that city to the Islamic State Psyche. Dabiq is the name of a Syrian town that falls to the North of the City of Aleppo. The reason that the Islamic State chose this name was that Dabiq carries religious symbolism and has immense weight in the Islamic States ideology. In the first issue of the magazine the writer explain their reasoning for choosing the name ׳Dabiq׳ stating, ׳׳In regards to the name of the magazine, this name was borrowed from a region called ׳Dabiq׳. ׳Dabiq׳ is located to the

north of Aleppo in Syria. The Prophet Mohammed famously mentioned the region when telling of the foretold events. He prophesied that the most crucial battle between the Muslims and the Christians in the future would take place around Dabiq.׳׳ (Dabiq Magazine, Issue 1, Page 4) The Islamic State highly regards the location of the foretold battle because it is this battle that the Prophet Muhammad stated would lead to the End of days. Moreover, the prophecy explains that the fight would bring victory for the Muslims over the Christians.Within the Islamic State, there is a strong desire for the battle in ׳Dabiq׳ as is foretold in the Prophet Mohammed׳s teachings to take place. During the establishment of the Islamic State׳s Caliphate in 2014, the Islamic State tried to provoke western nations by beheading numerous of its citizens. Moreover, they called on their host countries to send their armies to face the Islamic fighters in Syria so that the Islamic State could meet them in the town of Dabiq and raise the end of days. One such example was when the British member of the Islamic State Mohammed Emwazi, also referred to as Jihadi John, beheaded the United States citizen Peter Kassig in 2014. Captured on video for propaganda purposes the footage purposefully showed the town of Dabiq clearly in the background. In the film, Mohammed Emwazi states; We are here, busy with burying the׳׳first American Christian in Dabiq, We are very much looking forward to the arrival of your armies.16) ׳׳) However,

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what transpired in Dabiq was not what the Islamic State desired. Instead, the Islamic State faced other Islamist militias backed by Turkish tanks and armed vehicles as part of ׳Turkey׳s Euphrates׳ Shield operation׳׳. As part of the action, the town of Dabiq was besieged for 24 hours until the Turkish backed militias forced the Islamic State fighters to retreat from the city and according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, the Turkish backed forces ׳׳were able to enter and control Dabiq on the 16th October 201617) ׳׳)From 5th July 2014 to 31st July 2016 the Islamic State only published 15 issues of the ׳Dabiq׳ magazine in English. To put it differently, on average the Islamic state was able to release a new issue of the magazine every 50 days. The ׳Al-Hayat׳ media center published every edition of the magazine with varying page counts and under different titles. The table below

shows the release dates of each of the magazines and their page counts. It is not clear who the writer of ׳Dabiq׳ is because the magazine does not publish the name of its writers next to their articles. Other than then the names of some of the ׳special׳ contributors of the magazine the editors keep the names of the majority of its authors secret. For example, the magazine is keen to name and show the pictures of journalists John Cantley and James Foley who were contributors to the magazines. It is also important to note that these men were western Islamic State prisoners and thus most likely made their contributions under duress. Experts believe that two key reasons lie behind the magazine׳s decision to leave the majority of its authors unknown. First, Nick Robins-Early believes the Islamic State hides the names of the author׳s for the protection of their security, to not lose the expertise of its writers. In

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this regard, the Islamic State has taken a lesson from the experience of Al-Qaeda׳s ׳Inspire׳ magazine which lost a number of its editors to United States drone strikes. (18) Second, DrHaroro Ingram, a research fellow at Australian National University studying extremist propaganda, believes that ׳׳by not attributing its articles, and by relying heavily on excerpts from Islamic texts, Dabiq is trying to present itself as a legitimate religious authority19) (׳׳. Moreover, instead of focussing on the individual writers the magazine works on a more community basis and presents the magazine as the official magazine of the Islamic State instead of a magazine with the personal opinions. Concerning design ׳Dabiq׳ magazine hosts a professional, modern and sleek look. Furthermore, it contains high-quality pictures leaving readers with the impression that highly experienced media and graphic design professionals are behind the production of the magazine. Regarding its contents, ׳Dabiq׳ magazine is structured so that it can act as a propaganda tool for the Islamic State. The organisation uses the magazine to justify all of the actions it takes against its enemies. For example in the fourth issue of the magazine, it uses religious text to explain the enslavement of Yezidi females. It writes, ׳׳Enslaving the families of the kuffar [infidels] and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Koran

and the narrations of the Prophet … and thereby apostatizing from Islam.׳׳ (Dabiq Magazine, Issue 4, Page 17)The Islamic State relied on Dabiq for two key reasons; first, for Propaganda purposes. By using the magazine, the Islamic state was able to showcase its military achievements and successes. What is more, a section of the magazine is entitled ׳In their words׳ and left to for the Islamic State to gloat about themselves. And second, to attract new members. The Islamic State uses numerous strategies in the magazine to draw new members, in particular from the community of western Muslims around the world. For example, the magazine portrays life in its Caliphate as peaceful and enjoyable, presents to these foreign Muslims as a ׳Jihad׳required religious duty and explains the importance of migration to the future of the Islamic State׳s Caliphate. Therefore, ׳Dabiq׳ magazine can be viewed as a mechanism that is used for the attraction of western Muslims for them to become soldiers and servants of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi׳s Caliphate.

Research MethodThis paper aims to answer the question; How has the Islamic State represented׳the Kurds in its ׳Dabiq׳ magazine?׳׳. The reason for choosing ׳Dabiq׳ Magazine for this research is two-fold. Firstly, the paper used ׳Dabiq׳ magazine as its reference due to the importance of the magazine to the Islamic State. The magazine acts as the official statement of the organization and furthermore the Islamic State

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uses it as a tool to get their point of view across to the world. Secondly, the paper selected ׳Dabiq׳ magazine because of a number if significant conflicts broke out between the Islamic State and the Kurds in the period that the magazine was in publication. Most notably the fall of Shingal (Sinjar) and the battle for Kobane in both Iraq and Syria. Therefore, the magazine would have covered the battles with the Kurds in great detail. Furthermore, by consequence, the Islamic State would have used the magazine to put its views across about the Kurds in ׳Dabiq׳ magazine.

MethodologyTo reach a reliable and scientific conclusion to the paper׳s proposed question ׳ How has the Islamic State׳׳ represented the Kurds in its ׳Dabiq׳ magazine?׳׳ this research utilises on the content analysis method. Moreover, using quantitative analysis, the paper has analysed all fifteen issues of ׳Dabiq׳ magazine. By ׳content analysis method׳ the paper refers the ׳׳research technique that uses a systematic and subjective approach in textual analysis to determine the characteristics of the text.20)׳׳) This method has become commonplace in modern research in particular research concerning the Media Studies. In general terms the ׳content analysis method׳ is used by researchers to identify specific words, phrases and ideas present in a given text that further the public understanding in the study of the media.

Data CollectionThe paper aims to use ׳content analysis method׳ to analyse the contents of fifteen issues of ׳Dabiq׳ magazine to reach a sound conclusion to the paper׳s proposed question ׳ How׳׳ has the Islamic State represented the Kurds in its ׳Dabiq׳ magazine?׳׳. In achieving this, the paper will analyse issues number׳s 1 through fifteen of magazine, which is made up of ׳Dabiq׳a total of 971 pages. The publication of all fifteen issues of the magazine date between 5th July 2014 to 31st July 2016 and was published by the Islamic State׳s ׳Al-Hayat׳ media agency.Islamic State׳s ׳Al-Hayat׳ media center published ׳Dabiq׳ magazine in English, Arabic, French, Russian, and German. For this study, the paper relies on the English version of the magazine. Moreover, all fifteen issues of the magazine were received for free in PDF format via the internet. The file size of the magazine is small and can be downloaded quickly from their host sites. After the collection of all fifteen issues of ׳Dabiq׳ magazine in digital format the paper embarked on the research into the question ׳׳How has the Islamic State represented the Kurds in its In doing this, the .׳׳?magazine ׳Dabiq׳paper used digital tools to search for the terms ׳Kurd׳ ׳Kurdistan׳, ׳,PKK׳, ׳PYD׳ ׳PUK׳, ׳KDP׳, ׳,Peshmerga׳׳, .Talabani, Barzani in the texts ,׳Yazidi׳

Results AnalysisFollowing the search for the mentioned

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Key terms in the Digital format of the English versions of ׳Dabiq׳ magazine, the results showed that within the fifteen issues of the magazine there were 391 references to the Kurds. In magazine the Islamic State has ׳Dabiq׳used the terms as follows:

;times ׳ Kurd93׳ ;times ׳ Kurdistan19׳;times ׳ PKK151׳ ;times ׳ PYD8׳ ;times ׳ PUK14׳ ;times ׳׳ KDP18׳ ;times ׳ Peshmerga37׳ ;times ׳ Yazidi14׳Talabani 5 times;

Barzani 19 times; ;times ׳ Ali Bapir3׳ ;time ׳ KIG1׳.times ׳ Abdulla Ocalan3׳

Islamic State׳s use of ׳Dabiq׳ magazine to refer to the Kurds in between July 2014 to July 2016 was because the organisation in this period was engaging heavily with the Kurds on the battlefields of Syria and Iraq. Moreover, the magazine׳s references to more specific terms relating to the Kurds such as, ׳PKK׳ ׳PYD׳, ׳,PYG׳, was due ,׳Peshmerga׳ and ׳PUK׳, ׳KDP׳to the fact that these Kurdish forces were obstructing the Islamic State in

The table below shows the results in a percentage format.

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taking over the Kurdish regions of the Middle East. To understand how the Islamic State represented the Kurds or these groups which constituted the Kurds politically and militarily in ׳Dabiq׳ magazine the paper gathered further information regarding the adjectives used by the magazine to describe the parties above. In all the Islamic state uses 14 identifiers to define the Kurds and their associated parties. The results are as follows; D׳abiq׳ magazine describes the Kurds as; ׳secular11 ׳ times; ׳devil worshippers7 ׳ times; and ׳nationalists׳ 2 times; ׳mercenaries2 times; and ׳ once. Moreover, the ׳Christians׳magazine describes the Peshmerga as times. It describes the ׳ a militia force3׳ once. It also refers to ׳terrorists׳ as ׳PKK׳the Syrian Kurds as ׳thugs3 ׳ times. The Kurdish forces, in general, are referred to by the magazine as ׳unbelievers13 ׳ times. In the table below demonstrates the use of these adjectives by ׳Dabiq׳ magazine to describe the Kurds in a percentage format. In the 15 issues of ׳Dabiq׳ Magazine, the Islamic State uses the 14 separate terms demonstrated in the table above when describing the Kurds a total of 96 times. ׳Table 3׳ above shows in percentage format the use of these adjectives by the Islamic State to describe the Kurds. According to the paper׳s findings, magazine uses favourable ׳Dabiq׳terms to describe the Kurds 13.54% of the time. The Islamic State in the most part reserves these favourable terms for those Kurds who are Sunni Muslim

and that have joined the Islamic State and become ׳soldiers of Caliphate׳. More plainly ׳Dabiq׳ magazine refers to those Kurds positively that are on the front lines and serving the Islamic State׳s war against the Kurds of the Middle East. Further to the above result the findings of the paper also concluded that ׳Dabiq׳ magazine uses unfavourable terms to describe the Kurds 86.46% of the time.Following the presentation of the results of the research the paper can answer the original question ׳׳How has the Islamic State represented the Kurds in its ׳Dabiq׳ magazine?׳׳ in the following way. The Islamic State׳s representation of the Kurds and their associated organizations in ׳Dabiq׳ magazine is mostly hostile, and in the most part, the magazine describes them unfavourably. For example, in the magazine, the Islamic State refers to the Kurds as ׳unbelievers׳ ׳,apostates׳, .׳Christians׳ and ,׳devil worshippers׳

Framing the Kurdish community that is outside of the Islamic State׳s Caliphate in these terms in ׳Dabiq׳ magazine and other Islamic State publications may go some way in helping to develop an understanding of the reasoning behind Islamic State׳s ׳inhumane׳ treatment of civilians. In particular, in some of the territories that it captured from the Kurds, such as Shingal (Sinjar).

Qaraman Ali is a research fellow at the Kurdistan Conflict Crisis Research Center

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ConclusionThe media, when used as a political tool, is held in high regard by leading Islamic State members. Furthermore, the organization views the press as a powerful weapon that can assist on the battlefield. Broadly the Islamic State uses the media for two reasons. First, it uses the media as a propaganda tool to build a bridge between itself and Muslims living in the western world. In this, it aims to use its media output to attract these foreign Muslims to the Islamic State. Second, the Islamic State uses its publications, in particular, its English language output to send its message to the outside world. What is more, it attempts to use this avenue to communicate to English speaking

communities globally the reasons ׳why the Islamic States hates them׳ and ׳what the Islamic State wants of them׳. In its publications, in particular, its ׳Dabiq׳ Magazine the Islamic States refers to the Kurds of the Middle Eastunfavourably, and their representation of the Kurds is mostly hostile. This reference and representation is expressly the case when the Islamic State refers to those Kurds that live outside of the Islamic State׳s Caliphate. Furthermore, in the English language versions of magazine that is published by ׳Dabiq׳the Islamic State׳s ׳Al-Hayat׳ media agency the Kurds are for the most part described as ׳unbelievers׳ ׳,apostates׳, .׳Christians׳ and ,׳devil worshippers׳

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branch inspired to launch English magazine. Retrieved from http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2F (9) Cavendish, J. (2011), Al-Qa׳ida glossy advises women to cover up and marry a Martyr. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/al-qaida-glossy-advises- women-to-cover-up-and-marry-a-martyr-2240992.html (10) Goodman, J., D. (2011). The Lede - The New York Times News Blog Search The Lede SEARCH American Who Waged ‘Media Jihad’ Is Said to Be Killed in Awlaki Strike. Retrieved from http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/201130/09//american-who-waged-media-jihad-is-said-to-be-killed-in-awlaki-strike/?_r=0(11) Hall, J. (2014). ISIS militants produce slick weekly magazine packed with English language Islamist propaganda designed to recruit and radicalise would-be extremists in the West. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2668912/ISIS-militants-produce-slick-weekly-magazine-packed-English-language-Islamist-propaganda-designed-recruit-radicalise-extremists-West.html(12) ADL. (2014). Hashtag Terror: How ISIS Manipulates Social Media. Retrieved from http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/international-extremism- terrorism/c/isis-islamic-state-social-media.html? (13) Heneghan, T. (2016). Foreign and domestic policies make France Retrieved .׳most threatened country׳from http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-europe-attacks-nice-france-

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i dUKKCN0ZV1XM(14) Paraszczuk, J. (2015). IS Militants׳ Russian Magazine: New, Slick, And Terribly Dull. Retrieved from http://www.rferl.org/a/islamic-states-new-russian-magazine-slick-dull/27046126.html (15) Hurriyet Daily News. (2015). ISIL’s magazine slams Erdoğan, Turkey for first time. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/isils-magazine-slams-erdogan-turkey-for-first time.aspx?pageID=238&nID=85754&NewsCatID=338(16) BBC Monitoring. (2016). Dabiq: Why is Syrian town so important for IS? Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30083303(17) Syrian Observatory for Human

Rights. (2016). After 24 of Siege, the IS pulls back from Dabeq strategic town. Retrieved from http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=52474 (18) Robins-Early, E. (2016). 4 Things To Know About Dabiq, ISIS’ Slick Propaganda Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/isis-dabiq-magazine_us_56a7e6cfe4b04936c0e8938a(19) Ingram, H., J. (2016). An analysis of Islamic State’s Dabiq magazine.Australian Journal of Political Science, DOI: 10.108010361146.2016.1174188/(20) Beaulieu, Daniel Ryan, ׳׳A Framing Analysis: The NBA׳s ׳׳One-And-Done׳׳Rule2012) Graduate .(׳׳ Theses and Dissertations.http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4288

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