The ReformationThe Reformation

14.2-314.2-3

The Setup…The Setup…

Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism (1377)Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism (1377) The Renaissance—rebirth of…The Renaissance—rebirth of… Humanism—emphasis on classical learning Humanism—emphasis on classical learning

How do you reconcile classical philosophy How do you reconcile classical philosophy with the teachings of the Church?with the teachings of the Church?

Christian HumanismChristian Humanism

ErasmusErasmus Wanted to:Wanted to:

• Spread the philosophy Spread the philosophy of Christof Christ

• Provide education in Provide education in works of Christianityworks of Christianity

• Criticize the abuses in Criticize the abuses in the Churchthe Church

The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly• Used humor to point Used humor to point

out needed reformsout needed reforms

“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”

Needs reform AGAIN?Needs reform AGAIN?

Corruption in the Catholic ChurchCorruption in the Catholic Church Pope’s more interested in politics than leading Pope’s more interested in politics than leading

the Western world in spiritual mattersthe Western world in spiritual matters

Parish priests Parish priests ignorant of their spiritual dutiesignorant of their spiritual duties• UneducatedUneducated

Church leaders using position to increase their Church leaders using position to increase their wealthwealth at the expense of their parishioners at the expense of their parishioners • IndulgencesIndulgences

Martin LutherMartin Luther

German monkGerman monk A Bible teacherA Bible teacher

Catholic doctrine—Catholic doctrine—stressed faith stressed faith andand good good worksworks

Luther’s study—Luther’s study—Human Human beings were powerless in beings were powerless in the sight of an almighty the sight of an almighty God and could never do God and could never do enough good works to enough good works to earnearn salvation salvation

What Luther sawWhat Luther saw

1.1. Chief teachingChief teaching Justification by faith aloneJustification by faith alone The Bible is the only source of religious truthThe Bible is the only source of religious truth

2.2. 95-Theses95-Theses Attack on the abuses of indulgencesAttack on the abuses of indulgences Role of Gutenberg printing pressRole of Gutenberg printing press

3.3. 7 sacraments down to 2 7 sacraments down to 2 Baptism and CommunionBaptism and Communion

4. 4. Celibate clergy to Celibate clergy to married clergymarried clergy

5.5. Faith alone brings Faith alone brings salvationsalvation

Results:Results: Luther is Luther is

excommunicatedexcommunicated Called to appear Called to appear

before the before the Imperial DietImperial Diet

Edict of Worms—Edict of Worms—Luther declared an Luther declared an outlaw! (1521)outlaw! (1521)

ProtestantismProtestantism LutheranismLutheranism

Luther was protected by the Elector of SaxonyLuther was protected by the Elector of Saxony• While in Saxony he translated the Bible into While in Saxony he translated the Bible into

GermanGerman• Luther began his own church servicesLuther began his own church services

Peace of Augsburg (1555)Peace of Augsburg (1555) each prince could choose between the two faiths for his own each prince could choose between the two faiths for his own

land. land. officially recognized the Lutheran Church and the right of people officially recognized the Lutheran Church and the right of people

to worship as Protestants.to worship as Protestants.

The Reformation spreads The Reformation spreads To SwitzerlandTo Switzerland

CalvinismCalvinism John Calvin, a Frenchman, forced to flee John Calvin, a Frenchman, forced to flee

upon conversion to Protestantismupon conversion to Protestantism Agreed with much of Agreed with much of Luther’s doctrineLuther’s doctrine But in addition:But in addition:

• PredestinationPredestination• Missionary mindedMissionary minded

Created a powerful theocracy Created a powerful theocracy in Genevain Geneva

Anglicanism—English ReformationAnglicanism—English Reformation Political NOT ReligiousPolitical NOT Religious Henry VIII had been titled by the Pope “Defender Henry VIII had been titled by the Pope “Defender

of the Faith”of the Faith” Henry wanted an annulmentHenry wanted an annulment

• 11stst wife—Catherine of Aragon wife—Catherine of Aragon (Spain) (Spain) *Mary*Mary• 22ndnd wife—Anne Boleyn wife—Anne Boleyn *Elizabeth*Elizabeth• Etc, Etc, (total count 6 wives)(total count 6 wives)

Pope refused Pope refused (Catherine’s nephew, Charles V, H.R.E. (Catherine’s nephew, Charles V, H.R.E. had an army ready to go at Rome)had an army ready to go at Rome)

Henry withdrew England from the Catholic Henry withdrew England from the Catholic Church and Parliament created the Church of Church and Parliament created the Church of England with Henry at its headEngland with Henry at its head

SIDE NOTE:SIDE NOTE:

Edward VIEdward VI to to Mary IMary I to to Elizabeth IElizabeth I

Edward VI

Elizabeth I

Mary I

The Church TreeThe Church Tree1054

1555

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation JesuitsJesuits

Absolute obedience to the popeAbsolute obedience to the pope Many were missionaries restoring Catholicism in parts Many were missionaries restoring Catholicism in parts

of Europeof Europe Stressed educationStressed education

Papal ReformPapal Reform Protestant Reformation jolted the Catholic Church & Protestant Reformation jolted the Catholic Church &

saw the corruption esp. of the Popessaw the corruption esp. of the Popes Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

1.1. Both good works and faith necessary for salvationBoth good works and faith necessary for salvation2.2. Maintained the 7 sacramentsMaintained the 7 sacraments3.3. Clerical celibacyClerical celibacy4.4. PurgatoryPurgatory5.5. Indulgences—but could no longer be soldIndulgences—but could no longer be sold

Results of Religious UpheavalResults of Religious Upheaval

Emerged many different churchesEmerged many different churches CatholicCatholic

• Italy, Southern and Eastern Europe, Ireland Italy, Southern and Eastern Europe, Ireland • France and Netherlands (with large #s of Protestants)France and Netherlands (with large #s of Protestants)

ProtestantProtestant• Switzerland, northern Germany, England, Scotland, Norway, Switzerland, northern Germany, England, Scotland, Norway,

Denmark, and SwedenDenmark, and Sweden

EducationEducation Universities based on humanist teachingUniversities based on humanist teaching Reading became importantReading became important (Bible-study people could find (Bible-study people could find

their way to Christian faith)their way to Christian faith)

Increased Government Power, decreased Increased Government Power, decreased Pope’sPope’s