the problem of indian administration. report of a survey made at
TRANSCRIPT
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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 087 573 RC 003 590
AUTHOR Meriam, Lewis, Comp..; And OthersTITLE The Problem of Indian Administration. Report of a
Survey Made at the Request of Honorable Hubert Work,Secretary of the Interior, and Submitted to Him,February 21, 1928.
INSTITUTION Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.SPONS AGENCY Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.PUB DATE 28NOTE 891p.
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$29.61DESCRIPTORS *Administrative Policy; Administrative Problems;
*American Indians; Education; *Federal Programs;*Government Role; Health; Income; *Investigations;Legal Problems; Migrants; Reservations (Indian);Socioeconomic Background; Treaties; Tribes
IDENTIFIERS *Meriam Report
ABSTRACTThe report, generally known as the Meriam Report, is
a survey of the economic and social conditions of the AmericanIndians during the 1920's. Data was collected by field work forapproximately 7 months. One or more members of the investigatingstaff visited 95 different jurisdictions, either reservations, Indianagencies, hospitals, or schools and also communities where Indianshave migrated. Practically all western states with any considerableIndian population were included in the field work. Because of thediversity and complexity of Indian affairs this document isnecessarily voluminous. The detailed report contains the followingsections: (1) a general policy for Indian Affairs, (2) health, (3)education, (4) general economic conditions, (5) family and communitylife and the activities of women, (6) migrated Indians, (7) legalaspects of the Indian problem, and (8) missionary activities amongIndians. Findings and recommendations are listed in detail in thefront of this report. Findings cover such areas as health, livingconditions, the causes of poverty, and the work of the government inbehalf of the Indians. Recommendations include adequate statisticsand records, better living and working conditions, and improvinggeneral economic conditions. (FF)
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Inst
itute
for
Gov
ernm
ent R
esea
rch
in a
ccor
-
danc
e w
ith y
our
requ
est o
f Ju
ne 1
2,19
26.
Thi
s su
rvey
has
bee
n m
ade
unde
rth
e im
med
iate
dir
ectio
nof
Mr.
Lew
is M
eria
m o
f th
e re
gula
rst
aff
of th
e In
stitu
te in
coo
pera
-tio
n w
ith n
ine
spec
ialis
ts s
elec
ted
for
this
par
ticul
ar p
roje
ct b
y th
e
Inst
itute
for
Gov
ernm
ent R
esea
rch.
The
ess
entia
l fac
ts r
egar
ding
the
trai
ning
and
exp
erie
nce
ofth
ese
spec
ialis
ts th
at le
d to
thei
r
sele
ctio
n ar
e gi
ven,
in w
hat I
trus
tw
ill p
rove
suf
fici
ent d
etai
l,in
the
fore
wor
d to
the
mai
n re
port
.T
his
fore
wor
d de
scri
bes
the
orig
in o
f th
e su
rvey
, its
sta
ff, i
ts s
cope
,an
d th
e m
etho
ds p
ursu
ed.
To
repe
at in
this
lette
r of
tran
smitt
al w
hat i
s se
t for
th in
the
fore
wor
d se
ems
unne
cess
ary,
but
I sh
ould
per
haps
say
that
Mr.
Mer
iam
has
wor
ked
cont
inuo
usly
011
this
pro
ject
fro
m th
e re
ceip
t
of y
our
lette
r of
Jun
e 12
,19
26, t
o da
te. T
he s
peci
al s
taff
bega
n
asse
mbl
ing
earl
y in
Oct
ober
, 192
6.O
n N
ovem
ber
12, 1
926,
fiv
e
of th
em le
ft f
or th
e fi
eld
and
wer
ela
ter
join
ed b
y th
e ot
hers
.Fi
eld
wor
k co
ntin
ued
alm
ost w
ithou
tin
terr
uptio
n fo
r se
ven
mon
ths.
One
or m
ore
mem
bers
of th
e sp
ecia
l sta
ff v
isite
dni
nety
-fiv
e di
ffer
ent
juri
sdic
tions
, eith
er r
eser
vatio
ns, a
genc
ies,
hosp
itals
, or
scho
ols,
and
also
man
y co
mm
uniti
es to
whi
chIn
dian
s ha
ve m
igra
ted.
Pra
cti-
cally
all
Wes
tern
sta
tes
with
any
cons
ider
able
Ind
ian
popu
latio
n
wer
e in
clud
ed in
the.
fie
ld w
ork.
The
tim
e si
nce
June
12,
192
7,ha
s be
en s
pent
in th
epr
epar
atio
n
of th
e re
port
. Bee
rlus
e of
the
dive
rsity
and
com
plex
ity o
f In
dian
affa
irs
this
rep
ort i
s ne
cess
arily
volu
min
ous.
The
mai
n de
taile
d
repo
rt c
onta
ins
the
follo
win
g.se
ctio
ns: (
I) A
Gen
eral
Polic
y fo
r
Indi
an A
ffai
rs, (
2) H
ealth
, (3)
Edu
catio
n, (
4). G
ener
al E
cono
mic
Con
ditio
ns, (
5) F
amily
and
Com
mun
ity L
ife
and
the
Act
iviti
esof
Wom
en, (
6) T
he M
igra
ted
Indi
ans,
(7)
The
Leg
al A
spec
tsof
the
Indi
an P
robl
em, a
nd(8
) T
he M
issi
onar
y A
ctiv
ities
am
ong
the
Indi
ans.
vii
-
LE
TT
ER
OF
TR
AN
SMIT
TA
L.
App
reci
atin
g th
e fa
ct th
at m
any
pers
ons
deep
ly in
tere
sted
inth
e br
oade
r as
pect
s of
the
Indi
an p
robl
em c
anno
t giv
e th
e tim
ere
quir
ed f
or a
con
side
ratio
n of
the
deta
ils, w
e ha
ve p
repa
red
asu
mm
ary
whi
ch w
ill im
med
iate
ly f
ollo
w th
is le
tter
of tr
ansm
ittal
.Y
ou w
ill a
ppre
ciat
e th
at in
the
prep
arat
ion
of a
rep
ort o
f th
isch
arac
ter
a ch
oice
has
to b
e m
ade
as to
the
crite
rion
to b
e us
ed in
mea
suri
ng p
rogr
ess.
One
alte
rnat
ive
is to
com
pare
con
ditio
nsex
istin
g to
-da
y w
ith c
ondi
tions
exi
stin
g w
hen
the
vari
ous
activ
ities
unde
rtak
en in
beh
alf
of th
e In
dian
s w
ere
firs
t beg
un. T
he o
ther
is to
com
pare
the
activ
ities
as
at p
rese
nt c
ondu
cted
with
the
wor
kof
oth
er a
genc
ies,
bot
h pu
blic
and
pri
vate
, eng
aged
in c
ompa
rabl
eac
tiviti
es f
or th
e ge
nera
l pop
ulat
ion
or f
or o
ther
spe
cial
gro
ups.
Thi
s se
cond
met
hod,
in o
ther
wor
ds, m
ay b
e de
scri
bed
as c
ompa
ring
pres
ent c
ondi
tions
with
the
prac
ticab
le id
eal.
flad
the
Inst
itute
for
Gov
ernm
ent R
esea
rch
cons
ider
ed it
s pr
i-m
ary
func
tion
to b
e to
pas
s up
on th
e co
mpe
tenc
y an
d ef
fici
ency
of
the
offi
cers
and
em
ploy
ees
of th
e In
dian
Ser
vice
, it w
ould
pro
perl
yha
ve a
dopt
ed a
s its
cri
teri
on th
e pr
ogre
ss m
ade
in th
e se
vera
lac
tiviti
es; i
t wou
ld h
ave
take
n th
e co
nditi
ons
at th
e be
ginn
ing
asth
e ba
se li
ne a
nd w
ould
hav
e gi
ven
due
cons
ider
atio
n to
the
limita
-tio
ns im
pose
d by
app
ropr
iatio
ns. S
uch
a m
easu
re is
the
only
fai
ron
e to
app
ly in
atte
mpt
ing
the
diff
icul
t tas
k of
eva
luat
ing
the
ser-
vice
s of
indi
vidu
al e
mpl
oyee
s of
an
orga
niza
tion.
The
Ins
titut
e, h
owev
er, d
id n
ot r
egar
d th
is a
ppro
ach
to th
esu
bjec
t as
suff
icie
ntly
fun
dam
enta
l and
con
stru
ctiv
e. T
he o
bjec
tof
the
Inst
itute
was
not
to s
ay w
heth
er th
e In
dian
Ser
vice
has
done
wel
l with
the
fund
s at
its
disp
osal
but
rat
her
to lo
ok to
the
futu
re a
nd in
sofa
r as
pos
sibl
e to
indi
cate
wha
t rem
ains
to b
e do
neto
adj
ust t
he I
ndia
ns to
the
prev
ailin
g ci
viliz
atio
n so
that
they
may
mai
ntai
n th
emse
lves
in th
e pr
esen
ce o
f th
at c
ivili
zatio
n ac
cord
ing
at le
ast t
o a
min
imum
sta
ndar
d of
hea
lth a
nd d
ecen
cy.
Thi
s us
e of
the
prac
ticab
le id
eal a
s th
e st
anda
rd f
or d
iscu
ssio
nfr
eque
ntly
mak
es it
nec
essa
ry to
cri
ticiz
e ad
vers
ely
the
pres
ent
activ
ities
of
the
Indi
an S
ervi
ce. F
air-
min
ded
read
ers
will
app
reci
ate
that
suc
h cr
itici
sm is
not
nec
essa
rily
a r
efle
ctio
n on
the
offi
cers
and
empl
oyee
s of
the
Indi
an S
ervi
ce.
Lim
ited
appr
opri
atio
ns h
ave
ofte
n ne
cess
itate
d th
e em
ploy
men
t of
pers
ons
not p
osse
ssed
of
the
ipta
litic
atio
ns r
equi
site
for
the
effi
cien
t per
form
ance
of
the
dutie
s
LE
TT
ER
OF
TR
AN
SMIT
TA
Lix
of th
eir
posi
tions
, but
the
empl
oyee
s ge
nera
lly a
re a
sgo
od a
s co
uld
be e
xpec
ted
for
the
sala
ries
pai
d.Fr
eque
ntly
the
num
ber
ofpo
sitio
ns is
too
smal
l for
the
wor
k to
be
done
. The
sur
vey
staf
f
estim
ates
rou
ghly
that
it w
ould
take
alm
ost t
wic
e th
e pr
esen
tap
prop
riat
ions
for
the
Indi
an S
ervi
ce if
eac
h of
its
maj
orac
tiviti
es
wer
e br
ough
t abr
east
of
the
bette
rif
not
the
best
pra
ctic
e of
oth
eror
gani
zatio
ns d
oing
like
wor
k fo
r th
e ge
nera
l pop
niat
ion.
In m
any,
if n
ot m
ost c
ases
, the
sur
vey
is n
ot r
evea
ling
tore
spon
sibl
e of
fice
rs
and
empl
oyee
s co
nditi
ons
they
do
not a
lrea
dykn
ow. T
h-si
r ad
min
is-
trat
ive
task
is to
do
the
best
they
can
with
suc
h fu
nds
asth
ey a
re
able
to s
ecur
e. T
he f
unct
ion
of th
e In
stitu
te w
asco
ncei
ved
to b
e
to c
ompa
re th
eir
achi
evem
ents
with
the
prac
ticab
le id
eal.
In th
e re
port
the
effo
rt h
as b
een
mad
e to
expl
ain
the
diff
icul
ties
unde
r w
hich
the
Indi
an S
ervi
ce h
as la
bore
d. T
hese
expl
anat
ions
are
give
n no
t in
an a
ttem
pt to
eval
uate
the
pers
onne
l but
to s
how
wha
t cha
nges
mus
t be
mad
e if
the
Serv
ice
is to
be
rais
ed to
the
plan
e of
eff
icie
ncy
nece
ssar
y to
acc
eler
ate
the
prog
ress
of
the
Indi
ans.
The
mem
bers
of
the
surv
ey s
taff
wis
h m
e to
say
cle
arly
in th
isle
tter
that
in a
lmos
t eve
ry a
ctiv
ity o
f th
e In
dian
Ser
vice
they
foun
dw
ide
vari
atio
n be
twee
n th
e be
st a
nd th
e w
orst
. The
bes
t at
times
appr
oach
es th
e id
eal ;
fre
quen
tly th
e su
rvey
sta
ffha
s be
en a
ble
to
take
as
thei
r st
anda
rd f
or c
ompa
riso
n th
e at
tain
men
tsof
the
Indi
anSe
rvic
e its
elf.
The
wor
st o
ften
fal
ls f
ar b
elow
the
norm
al.
Inev
itabl
y w
here
the
vari
atio
ns b
etw
een
the
best
and
the
wor
st
are
wid
e, il
lust
rativ
e ex
ampl
es c
anno
tbe
inte
rpre
ted
as a
pplic
able
to th
e Se
rvic
e as
a w
hole
. Illu
stra
tions
have
bee
n gi
ven
both
fro
m
the
bette
r an
d th
e po
orer
juri
sdic
tions
, and
the
effo
rt h
as g
ener
ally
been
mad
e to
giv
e so
me
indi
catio
n as
to w
hich
the
exam
ple
refe
rs.
It f
ollo
ws,
ther
efor
e, th
at n
o fa
ir-m
inde
d pe
rson
will
sel
ect t
he
best
in a
n ef
fort
to c
omm
end
the
Indi
an S
ervi
ce o
rth
e po
ores
t in
an e
ffor
t to
cond
emn
it. T
heob
ject
of
the
surv
ey h
as b
een
not t
ota
ke s
ides
for
or
agai
nst t
he I
ndia
n O
ffic
e,bu
t to
ende
avor
thro
ugh
cons
truc
tive
criti
cism
to a
id in
sofa
r. a
s po
ssib
le in
poin
ting
the
way
tow
ard
mar
ked
impr
ovem
ent i
n th
is im
port
ant
activ
ity o
f th
ena
tiona
l gov
ernm
ent.
Tha
t was
our
und
erst
andi
ngof
you
r re
ques
t.W
e ho
pe th
at o
ur w
ork
may
be
of s
ervi
ce to
you
in th
e di
ffic
ult
-
51.
FTIF
R O
F T
RA
NSM
ITT
AL
adm
inis
trat
ive
task
whi
ch c
onfr
onts
you
and
you
r as
soci
ates
who
are
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
wel
fare
. of
the
Indi
an w
ards
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
In a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
actic
e of
the
Inst
itute
for
Gov
ernm
ent
Res
earc
h th
e re
port
, in
prel
imin
ary
form
, was
sub
mitt
ed to
adm
inis
-tr
ativ
e of
fice
rs o
f th
e Se
rvic
e to
aff
ord
them
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
call
to o
ur a
ttent
ion
mat
ters
whi
ch th
ey b
elie
ved
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
cons
ider
atio
n in
the
fina
l rev
isio
n.In
con
clud
ing,
I w
ish
to e
xpre
ss o
ur a
ppre
ciat
ion
of th
e sp
irit
show
n by
the
offi
cers
and
em
ploy
ees
of y
our
Dep
artm
ent.
The
yha
ve r
ecog
nize
d th
at th
e su
rvey
sho
uld
be in
depe
nden
t and
im-
part
ial,
and
they
hav
e no
t sou
ght t
o in
flue
nce
our
deci
sion
reg
ardi
ngth
e st
aff,
the
met
hods
and
the
scop
e of
the
surv
ey, o
r ou
r fi
ndin
gsan
d re
com
men
datio
ns. T
hey
have
, mor
eove
r, e
xten
ded
to u
s ev
ery
poss
ible
cou
rtes
y an
d ha
ve s
uppl
ied
its w
ith a
ll th
e av
aila
ble
info
r-m
atio
n fo
r w
hich
we
have
ask
ed.
Ver
y re
spec
tful
ly,
W. F
. Wit.
t.ouo
intv
,D
irec
tor,
Ins
titut
e fo
r G
over
nmen
t Res
earc
hH
ON
. I I
unr
.wr
Wou
,Fe
brua
ry 2
1, 1
928
Secr
etar
y of
the
Inte
rior
CO
NT
E%
1'S
IIAP
TE
R
LE
rrE
a O
F T
RA
NSM
IT
T
YA
,F
PAR
T I
.G
F.N
ER
AI-
I. G
EN
ER
AL
SU
MM
AR
Y O
F FI
ND
ING
S A
ND
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TIO
NS.
The
Con
ditio
nsei
Con
ditio
ns a
mon
g th
e In
dian
s
Liv
ing
cond
ition
sE
cono
mic
con
ditio
nsSu
lTc5
-ing
and
dis
cont
ent
The
cau
ses
of p
over
tyT
he W
ork
of th
e G
over
nmen
t in
Beh
alf
of th
e In
dian
s .
Abs
ence
of
wel
l con
side
red.
bro
ad e
duca
tiona
l pro
gram
9
Wor
k fo
r th
e pr
omot
ion
of h
ealth
Form
al e
duca
tion
of I
ndia
n ch
ildre
nII
Eco
nom
ic e
duca
tion
and
deve
lopm
ent o
n th
ere
serv
atio
ns.
Fatn
i!y
and
conu
mm
ity d
evel
opm
ent
Leg
al p
rote
ctio
n an
d ad
vanc
emen
tId
Failu
re to
dev
elop
coo
pera
tive
rela
tions
hips
ly
Rec
omm
enda
tions
Plan
ning
and
dev
elop
men
t pro
gram
Ade
quat
e st
atis
tics
and
reco
rds
Stre
ngth
enin
g of
per
sonn
el in
imm
edia
te c
onta
ctw
ith th
eIn
dian
sA
dequ
ate
sala
ries
Bet
ter
livin
g an
d w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
Ret
irem
ent
Em
ploy
men
t of
a qu
alif
ied
pers
onne
l off
icer
Max
imum
dec
entr
aliz
atio
n of
ope
ratio
nM
edic
al s
ervi
ceSc
hool
sys
tem
Impr
ovin
g ge
nera
l eco
nom
ic c
ondi
tions
Tax
atio
n of
pro
pert
y of
Ind
ians
Impr
ovin
g fa
mily
and
com
mun
ity li
feM
aint
enan
ce o
f or
der
and
adm
inis
trat
ion
of ju
stic
ePr
otec
tion
of th
e pr
oper
ty r
ight
s of
Ind
ians
The
set
tlem
ent o
f cl
aim
sC
itize
nshi
pM
issi
onar
y ac
tiviti
esT
he e
cono
my
of e
ffic
ienc
y
3 3 3 3 6 6 23 27 27 27 28 28
29 29 32 37 43 44 46 47 48 48 48 ;f:0
II. R
EC
OM
ME
ND
AT
ION
S FO
R I
MM
ED
IAT
EA
CT
ION
xi
-
xii
CO
NT
EN
TS
Ill.
FOR
K W
OR
D T
O V
IE i
/1--
-rA
tt.E
n R
titsu
rr ..
Ori
gin
of th
e Su
rvey
The
sur
vey
priv
atel
y fi
nanc
ed56
thro
ugh
the
Inst
itute
58T
he s
urve
y st
aff
The
Are
a C
over
ed59
The
Met
hods
of
the
Surv
eyG
o66
..PA
CE
.56
Stud
y of
exi
stin
g m
ater
ial
66C
on in
dice
s w
ith s
uper
inte
nden
ts67
Exa
min
ing
and
chec
king
- st
atis
tics
Exa
min
ing
heal
th a
ctiv
ities
..
Vis
iting
sch
ools
farm
s.
Vis
iting
hom
es a
nd s
choo
ls to
obs
erve
wor
k w
ith g
irls
and
fam
ily li
fe.
...
Wor
k to
det
erm
ine
gene
ral e
cono
mic
con
ditio
n...
..T
he w
ork
of th
e le
gal s
peci
alis
tT
he w
ork
of th
e In
dian
adv
iser
Indi
an c
ounc
ilsIn
terv
iew
s w
ith m
issi
onar
ies
.
inte
rvie
ws
with
indi
an tr
ader
sC
onta
ct w
ith o
ffic
e; s
of
stat
e an
d lo
cal g
over
nmen
tsR
elat
ions
with
fri
ends
of
the
Indi
ans
..
..
Tec
hnic
al a
id a
nd a
dvic
e1
low
the
Rep
ort \
Vas
Pre
pare
d ...
....
The
Sur
vey
Staf
f
IV. A
GE
NE
RA
!. P
OL
ICY
OR
IN
DIA
N A
PP A
IRS
The
Obj
ect o
f W
ork
with
or
for
the
Indi
ans
The
Pro
babl
e D
urat
ion
of S
peci
al W
ork
.....
Serv
ices
Whi
ch M
ust B
e R
ende
red
Wha
t Age
ncie
s Sh
all R
ende
r th
e N
eede
d Se
rvic
eT
he Q
uest
ion
of T
axat
ion
The
Pro
blem
bef
ore
the
Nat
ion
and
the
Stat
esT
he P
ositi
on T
aken
with
Res
pect
to D
ivis
ion
of R
espo
nsib
ility
betw
een
the
Nat
ion
and
the
Stat
esT
he I
ssua
nce
of F
ee P
aten
tsT
he F
unct
ion
of th
e In
dian
Edu
catio
n Se
rvic
eT
he Q
uest
ion
of C
ost
.
V. O
RG
AN
IZA
TIO
N O
F T
II
/: FE
DE
RA
L I
NM
AN
WO
RK
.A
Pro
fess
iona
l and
Sci
entif
icD
ivis
ion
of P
lann
ing
and
De-
velo
pmen
t "O
rgan
izat
ion
and
Proc
edur
ePo
sitio
ns in
the
Div
isio
nhe
alth
..
Edu
c-tti
onE
cono
mic
Dev
elop
men
tA
gric
ultu
ral e
cono
mis
tC
attle
and
she
t-p
spec
ialis
tsA
gric
ultu
ral d
emon
stra
tor
.
Voc
atio
nal g
uida
nce
...N
ativ
e ar
ts a
nd in
dust
ries
68 68 69 70 71 71 72 72 75 75 76 77 77 78 79 86 86 Sg yo 93 94 97 98
100
105
105
113
113
118
119
121
122
123
123
124
124
124
125
(BA
P:Pk
CO
NT
EN
TS
Fam
ily a
nd C
omm
unity
Liie
Publ
ic h
ealth
nur
sing
Hom
e de
mon
stra
tion
wor
kSo
cial
ser
vice
Law
and
Ord
erC
lass
ific
atio
n of
Pos
ition
s,Sa
lari
es, A
ppro
pria
tions
. etc
..St
reng
then
ing
the
Scho
olan
d A
genc
y Fo
rces
in D
irec
t Con
tact
with
the
Indi
ans
Supe
rint
ende
nts'
Sal
arie
sSh
ould
Be
Incr
ease
d
Tra
nsfe
rs o
f Su
peri
nten
dent
sSh
ould
Be
Min
imiz
ed
Ret
irem
ent A
ges
Shou
ldB
e R
educ
ed
Ret
irem
ent A
llow
ance
sSh
ould
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Rev
ised
Hig
her
Qua
lific
atio
nsfo
r N
ew E
mpl
oyee
s
Rai
sing
Qua
lific
atic
nsfo
r E
mpl
oyee
s in
Dir
ect C
onta
ct
the
Indi
ans
Agr
icul
tura
l Dem
onst
ratio
nA
gent
s\V
orke
rs A
idin
g Fa
mili
esT
he E
stab
lishm
ent o
fD
istr
ict C
ente
rs w
ithin
Res
erva
tions
The
Nla
xiin
tini
Poss
ible
Dec
entr
aliz
atio
nof
Aut
hori
ty.
.
The
Nee
d fo
rD
ecen
tral
izat
ion
Tw
o Po
ssib
le S
teps
Obj
ectio
ns to
the
Dis
tric
tSy
stem
Adv
anta
ges
of in
crea
sed
Aut
hori
ty f
or L
ocal
Supe
rint
ende
nts
Rec
tmun
ende
d R
evis
ion
of R
ules
and
Reg
ulat
ions
Purc
hasi
ngA
utom
obile
sFo
rm o
f A
ppro
pria
tions
Con
fere
nces
of
Em
ploy
ees
PA..3
:
12f
12f)
126
127
127
129
12')
133
132
132
with
133
134
130
13S
140
141
142
143
14:z
I 12,
1
151
1:3
1
VI.
PE
RSO
NN
EL
AD
MIN
isT
RA
TIO
N
A L
ow S
alar
ySc
ale
The
Nee
d fo
rC
lass
ific
atio
n an
d R
igid
Qua
lific
atio
ns.
Indi
an E
mpl
oyee
sM
embe
rs o
f Fa
mily
as
Em
ploy
ees
Impo
rtan
ce o
f C
hara
cter
,Pe
rson
ality
, and
Abi
lity
toG
et A
long
with
Ind
ians
Sala
ry L
evel
sSh
ould
Be
Rai
sed
Con
ditio
ns o
f E
mpl
oym
ent
Ded
uctio
n fo
r Q
uart
ers
Ext
ra D
utie
s in
Con
nect
ion
Hou
rs o
f Se
rvic
ePr
ovis
ion
for
Rec
reat
ion
Vac
atio
nsC
onfe
renc
es o
f E
mpl
oyee
sR
emov
als
from
the
Serv
ice
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Nee
dsin
Fie
ld o
fN
eed
of C
hief
Per
sonn
elO
ffic
er
VII
. ST
AT
IST
ICS
AN
DR
FCO
RD
S
Popu
latio
n St
atis
tics
Bir
ths
and
Dea
ths
Stat
istic
s of
Eco
nom
icE
ffic
ienc
y
I; 1,6 1:9 1 Z9 Itio 161 162 163 164
164
165
165
166
167
167
with
Qua
rter
s
Pers
onne
l
170
170
172
172
-
1X
I'.
(lIA
TT
VI
CO
NT
EN
TS
1)at
a R
egar
ding
Ind
ians
Dec
lare
d C
ompe
tent
Con
stru
ctiV
eT
he N
eed
for
an E
xper
ienc
ed A
dmin
istr
ativ
eO
nalif
icat
ions
of
Stat
istic
ian
Dut
ies
of S
tatis
ticia
nim
prov
emen
t id
1Ias
ie F
ield
Rec
ords
Cas
e \V
ork
Rec
ords
Plan
ning
Tab
ulat
ions
Spec
ial S
tatis
tical
Pro
ject
s
PAG
E
174
176
Stat
istic
ian
176
176
177
177
179
180
181
PA R
T I
I.
I) E
TA
I L
EI)
RE
POR
T
VII
I. 1
1t.ii
iC
ondi
tions
of
Hea
lth a
nd D
isea
se a
mon
g In
dian
sB
irth
rat
esIn
fai
n m
orta
lity
Tot
al d
eath
s*I
tilie
rcub
)sis
dea
ths
Dea
ths
from
oth
er c
ause
sI'l
lher
eulo
sis
Tra
chom
aV
ener
eal d
isea
se27
6nh
oid
feve
r21
7O
ther
dis
ease
s.1
18
Cur
tain
gen
eral
a e
naf
fect
ing
Indi
an h
ealth
219
Spec
ial d
iffi
culti
es o
f th
e In
dian
hea
lth s
ituat
ion
222
Org
aniz
atio
n of
the
Med
ical
Ser
vice
224
Off
ice
of th
e ch
ief
med
ical
dir
ecto
r22
5
Dis
tric
t med
ical
dir
ecto
rs22
6Sp
ecia
l phy
sici
ans
Scho
ol, a
genc
y, a
nd h
ospi
tal p
hysi
cian
sC
ontr
act p
hysi
cian
sD
entis
tsN
ursi
ng s
ervi
ceN
T e
dica
l sup
plie
sR
ecom
men
datio
nsT
he P
ract
ice
of P
reve
ntiv
e M
edic
ine
and
Publ
ic H
ealth
in th
eIn
dian
Ser
vice
Lac
k of
pre
vent
ive
prog
ram
(ope
ratio
n w
ith o
ther
org
aniz
atio
nsV
ital s
tatis
tics
and
reco
rds
Fact
ors
affe
ctin
g he
alth
sta
tistic
sR
ecom
men
dat !
CM
SI
10s)
114
11 F
acili
ties
in th
e In
dian
Ser
vice
Ilos
pita
lsSa
nato
ria
Hia
wat
ha I
n sp
it ii
for
insa
ne I
ndia
nsR
ecim
unen
datio
nsIl
e:11
;11
Con
ditio
s il
l tht
Boa
rdin
g Sc
hool
sD
esig
n an
d ca
llaci
ty o
f do
rmito
ries
(Idl
er b
uild
ings
Wat
er s
uppl
ies
189
196
196
197
199
nit
203
2o4
208
229
239
21 242
251
253
259
259
262
266
268
270
274
274
287
304
308
374
314
322
324
yr.
CO
NT
EN
TS
CU
%PI
E.R
x
Sew
age
disp
osal
sys
tem
si
Rec
reat
iona
l fac
ilitie
sC
are
of th
e ch
ildq
Dai
ly a
ctiv
ities
ir
Clo
thin
g:M
edic
al c
are
of th
e ch
ild3
1;
R e
com
inem
lat i
ons
Nirs
i lie
- E
dnca
tion
in N
on-R
eser
vatio
n Sc
hool
sR
ecom
men
datio
ns3
:
IX.
Ent
-c.v
elos
:31
1,
Etu
zdaM
enta
l Nee
dsR
ecog
nitio
n of
the
indi
vidu
al31
0
A b
ette
r pe
rson
nel
Sala
ry s
ched
ules
317
The
que
stio
n of
cos
t32
7
Edu
catio
n an
d th
e In
dian
Pro
blcz
n as
aW
hole
Impo
rtan
ce o
f ho
me
and
fam
ily li
feM
ore
than
mer
e sc
hool
ing
nece
ssar
yA
dalts
in th
e ed
ucat
ion
prog
rmn
3:9
Civ
ic e
duca
tion
thro
ugh
dire
cted
expe
rien
ces
Edu
catio
n an
d ot
her
Indi
an "
busi
ness
"U
ndes
irab
le e
ffec
ts o
f ro
tnin
izat
ion
Can
the
Indi
an h
e "
Edu
cate
d"?
t
Evi
denc
e of
inte
llige
nce
test
s12
Exp
erie
nce
of te
ache
rs a
nd o
ther
szz
.2
Indi
an "
psyc
holo
gy"
:=5
The
Am
ount
of
Scho
olin
g35
4
Nee
d fo
r In
dian
sch
ool c
ensu
s25
3
Enr
ollm
ent b
elow
nor
mal
stil
l"
Ove
r-ag
e" c
hild
ren
and
atte
ndan
ce35
6
Illit
erac
y am
ong
Indi
ans
357
Hea
vy in
crea
ses
in e
nrol
lmen
tlik
ely
Bet
ter
atte
ndan
ce a
hom
e an
dsc
hool
pro
blem
3S8
The
FA
Inca
tiona
l Per
sonn
el o
f th
eIn
dian
Ser
vice
3-zO
Am
ount
of
trai
ning
for
teac
hers
359
Sala
ries
abn
orm
ally
low
360
Mat
rons
and
"di
scip
linar
ians
"36
1
Prof
essi
onal
qua
lific
atio
ns n
eces
sary
362
Met
hods
of
appo
intm
ent
363
Chi
ef c
hang
es n
eede
d in
per
sonn
elpr
ovis
ions
304
-% N
ew e
duca
tiona
l pos
ition
sne
eded
368
The
Cou
rse
of S
tudy
for
Ind
ian
Scho
ols
370
Sugg
estio
n ra
ther
than
pre
scri
ptio
n37
1
Prog
ram
ver
sus
actu
ality
371
A s
peci
al c
urri
culu
mop
port
unity
372
The
rea
l obj
ectiv
es o
f ed
ucat
ion
373
Tim
elin
ess
of c
urri
culu
m r
evis
ion
374
Scho
ol O
rgan
izat
ion
in th
e In
dian
Serv
ice
374
I la
lf-t
ime
plan
not
fea
sibl
e fo
ral
l chi
ldre
n37
5
A f
ull-
day,
edu
catio
nal p
n.gr
amne
eded
376
The
pla
toon
pla
n37
7
The
per
sonn
el p
robl
em a
gain
378
-
Ixv
i
I IIA
P r
ut
CO
NT
EN
TS
PAG
E
Tea
chin
g M
etho
ds in
Ind
ian
Scho
ols
378
Nee
d fo
r kn
owle
dge
of m
oder
n m
etho
ds37
8St
udy
of th
e in
divi
dual
chi
ld38
0U
sing
test
s in
the
" R
egul
ar S
ubje
cts"
380
Em
otio
nal b
ehav
ior
and
teac
hing
met
hod.
;38
1M
etho
ds d
epen
d 11
1011
per
sonn
el38
'In
dust
rial
and
Agr
icul
tura
l Edu
catio
n38
2N
eed
for
indu
stri
al s
urve
y38
3T
ypes
of
trai
ning
in th
e sc
hool
s38
4V
ocat
iona
lm
id a
gric
ultu
re38
4V
tteat
iona
l tra
inin
g fo
r gi
rls
386
Var
iety
of
occu
patio
ns n
eces
sary
387
I I
al -
time
and
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g38
8T
he o
utin
g sy
stem
389
Voc
atio
nal g
uida
nce,
pla
cem
ent,
and
Edu
catio
n an
d ec
onom
ic w
ealth
'Il
ealth
Edu
catio
nIl
ealth
con
ditio
ns a
t the
sch
ools
Wha
t sho
uld
be in
clud
ed in
a h
ealth
edu
catio
n pr
ogra
mPh
ysic
al e
duca
tion
and
recr
eatio
nR
elig
ious
Edu
catio
nT
ypes
of
relig
ions
edu
catio
nM
issi
ons
and
a so
cial
vie
wpo
int
Adu
lt E
duca
tion
Elit
nina
tion
of il
liter
tcy
Oth
er f
orm
s of
adu
lt ed
ucat
ion
Con
umm
ity p
artic
ipat
ion
The
Non
-Res
erva
tion
Boa
rdin
g Sc
hool
Plac
e of
the
non-
rese
rvat
ion
scho
olSp
ecia
l opp
ortu
nitie
sN
eede
d ch
ange
sT
he r
etur
ned
stud
ent
Res
erva
tion
Boa
rdin
g Sc
hool
sPl
ace
of r
eser
vatio
n bo
ardi
ng s
choo
lsM
issi
on S
choo
lsM
issi
on s
choo
ls a
s pi
onee
rsG
over
nmen
t sup
ervi
sion
Lea
ders
hip
and
mis
sion
edu
catio
nG
over
nmen
t Day
Sch
ools
A h
ome
and
com
mun
ity e
nter
pris
eN
eeds
of
the
day
scho
ols
Exp
erim
enta
tion
in th
e da
y sc
hool
Publ
ic S
clun
ds a
nd I
ndia
n C
hild
ren
Adv
anta
ges
of th
e pu
blic
sch
ool
Dan
ger
in to
o ra
pid
exte
nsio
nPi
nanc
e an
d su
perv
isio
nSc
hool
soc
ial w
orke
rsI
ig h
er E
duca
tion
and
the
Indi
anT
ypes
of
spec
ial t
rain
ing
Ade
quat
e Se
cond
ary
Edu
catio
n N
eede
dSc
hola
rshi
p an
d ot
her
aids
follo
w-u
p39
039
139
239
239
339
439
639
639
739
939
940
040
140
240
340
440
540
640
74o
840
940
941
041
141
141
241
341
441
541
541
641
741
841
941
942
042
0
CH
APT
ER
Scho
ol P
lant
and
Equ
ipm
ent
421
Too
man
y ol
d bu
ildin
gs42
1
Mac
hine
ry a
nd o
ther
inst
itutio
nal e
quip
men
t42
2Fr
eedo
m to
sel
ect m
ater
ials
and
text
book
s;2
:A
dmin
istr
atio
n of
Ind
inn
Edu
catio
n4.
!;In
dian
s an
d ot
her
gove
rnm
ent a
genc
ies
42;
Tec
hnic
al s
taff
nec
essa
ry f
or c
oope
ratio
n_i
i,Fi
nanc
ing
the
Indi
an E
duca
tiona
l Pro
gram
4.27
Wha
t the
cos
t is
likel
y to
be
4
Am
ount
sug
gest
ed is
sm
all
427`
:
X. G
EN
ER
AL
EC
ON
OM
IC C
ON
DIT
ION
S43
0T
he S
tatis
tics
of I
ndia
n Pr
oper
ty a
nd I
ncom
e43
7
Man
y In
dian
s ar
e po
or43
8L
imita
tions
of
the
stat
istic
al d
ata
438
Onl
y pe
r ca
pita
ana
lysi
s po
ssib
le43
9
Indi
vidu
ally
ow
ned
prop
erty
444
Indi
an in
com
es44
7
Val
ue o
f ag
ricu
ltura
l pro
duct
s44
8
Indi
vidu
al in
com
e4;
1T
he e
arne
d in
com
e is
low
4:'4
Indi
an P
rope
rty
:T
riba
l46
0
The
allo
tting
of
land
s46
0
Cor
pora
te p
rope
rty
462
Nee
d of
mor
e la
nds
466
Rai
lroa
d la
nd g
rant
s46
7
Tri
bal c
laim
s40
.8
Util
izat
ion
of tr
ibal
res
ourc
es46
8
Indi
an P
rope
rty:
Ind
ivid
ual
469
The
allo
tmen
t of
land
470
The
pol
icy
of th
e pr
esen
t adm
inis
trat
ion
in g
rant
ing
fee
pate
nts
..
..
..
.47
2Fu
ndam
enta
l ste
ps in
the
adva
ncem
ent o
f th
e ec
onom
icco
ndi-
tion
of th
e In
dian
s47
2
Rev
olvi
ng f
und
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r pu
rcha
seof
Ind
ian
land
s47
3
The
pro
blem
of
leas
ing
indi
vidu
ally
ow
ned
land
..
.47
5
The
que
stio
n of
taxa
tion
477
The
dut
y of
the
gove
rnm
ent t
o pr
otec
tan
d co
nser
ve I
ndia
n
prop
erty
479
Indi
an I
ncom
e47
9
Tri
bal f
unds
480
Elim
inat
ion
of le
asin
g48
1
Use
of
trib
al f
unds
for
adm
inis
trat
ive
purp
oses
482
Une
arne
d in
com
e48
3
Chi
ldre
n's
mon
ey48
3
Inve
stm
ent o
f su
rplu
s fu
nds
484
Mat
eria
l rel
ief
486
Agr
icul
ture
488
Em
phas
is o
n su
bsis
tenc
e ag
ricu
lture
490
Nee
d fo
r a
prog
ram
for
eac
h ju
risd
ictio
n49
1
Nee
d fo
r lo
cal a
gric
ultu
ral l
eade
rs4,
43
Rei
mbu
rsab
le lo
ans
for
agri
cultu
ral p
rom
otio
n49
52
CO
NT
EN
TS
xvii
PAG
E
-
1.
xviii
CO
NT
EN
TS
ClI
A1.
115:
The
fiv
e-ye
ar a
gric
ultu
ral p
rogr
amA
gric
ultu
ral e
duca
tion
of w
omen
Nee
d of
spe
cial
pro
visi
on f
or, r
etur
ned
stud
ents
Agr
ieol
tura
l edt
icat
ion
of I
ndia
n ch
ildre
nG
razi
ng a
nd S
tock
Far
min
gT
he tr
ibal
flo
ck o
r he
rdIn
divi
dual
ly o
wne
d liv
esto
ckC
attle
S. s
heep
Wor
thle
ss h
orse
sPo
ultr
y, b
ees,
and
dai
ry c
attle
Irri
gatio
n of
Ind
ian
Lan
dsT
he ir
riga
tion
prob
lem
Com
plet
ed p
roje
ct::
and
ques
tions
reg
ardi
ng th
em .
.
Dut
y of
the
gove
rnm
ent w
ith r
egar
d to
irri
gatio
n..
New
pro
ject
sD
ri !
Eng
of
wel
ls a
nd im
prov
emen
t of
smal
l sou
rces
of
wat
er.
CO
;iper
atin
n be
twee
n en
ginc
efs
and
supe
rint
ende
nts
..
.
Poin
ts f
or s
peci
al c
onsi
dera
tion
Fore
stry
Few
Ind
ians
in f
ores
try
wor
kM
enom
inee
mill
sT
he e
stab
lishm
ent o
f ot
her
gove
rnm
ent m
ills
A f
air
pric
e fo
r tim
ulw
r an
d fo
rest
pro
duct
ion
Prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t for
est f
ires
Pers
onne
l of
Indi
an f
ores
t ser
vice
Lab
or P
robl
ems
in th
e In
dian
Ser
vice
The
pol
icy
of th
e go
vern
men
t reg
ardi
ng u
nski
lled
labo
rIn
dust
rial
col
onie
sH
omes
ite tr
acts
of
Cal
ifor
nia
Prin
cipl
es u
nder
lyin
g so
und
labo
r po
licie
sC
hild
ren
in th
e be
et f
ield
sIn
dust
rial
trai
ning
in th
e sc
hool
sV
ocat
iona
l gui
danc
e, p
lace
men
t, an
d fo
llow
-up
Nat
ive
Prod
ucts
Nat
ive
Indu
stri
esPe
rson
nel
The
infl
uenc
e of
em
ploy
ees
Supe
rint
ende
nts
Farm
ers
in th
e In
dian
ser
vice
I.iv
esto
ck m
enFo
rest
ers
Irri
gatio
n m
enSu
perv
isor
s an
d ov
erse
ers
of la
bor
XI.
FA
MIL
Y A
ND
CO
MM
UN
ITY
LIF
E A
ND
TU
E A
CT
IVIT
IES
OF
WO
ME
NW
omen
as
Hom
emak
ers
The
dw
ellin
gsT
he f
ood
of th
e fa
mily
Car
e of
infa
nts
and
the
sick
Cle
anlin
ess
and
orde
rhi
dust
ry il
l the
Inn
ueT
he h
ome
in r
elat
ion
to in
dust
rial
eff
icie
ncy
The
spe
ndin
g of
mon
ey
PAC
K
497
499
49')
soo
504
;04
506
507
co?
507
508
509
510
511
512
512
513
513
515
516
516
517
518
518
518
519
519
521
522
522
524
526
528
53o
531
534
534
536
540
541
541
542
542
547
553
553
555
557
560
563
567
569
CO
NT
EN
TS
CH
APT
ER
Fam
ily R
elat
ions
Dif
fere
nces
bet
wee
n In
dian
and
whi
te f
amili
esG
over
nmen
t tre
atm
ent o
f fa
mily
dif
fici
dies
Stra
ins
impo
sed
by th
e sy
stem
of
educ
atio
nE
ffec
ts o
f th
e sy
stem
upo
n pa
rent
sE
ffec
ts o
f th
e sy
stem
upo
n ch
ildre
nSe
x m
oral
ity a
nd th
e sc
hool
sA
ttitu
de o
f re
turn
ed s
tude
nts
tow
ard
pare
nts
Stra
ins
caus
ed b
y fa
ilure
to e
duca
te p
aren
ts f
or e
cono
mic
inde
pend
ence
Lac
k of
con
trol
of
trib
al f
inan
ces
Lac
k of
con
trol
of
fam
ily f
inan
ces
Rep
r^.;s
ive
char
acte
r of
inte
rrac
ial r
elat
ions
hips
.R
esul
ts in
per
son-
tlity
Res
ults
in f
amily
rel
atio
nsSt
rain
s du
e to
the
syst
em o
f re
lief
Rat
ions
Gov
ernm
ent s
uppo
rt o
f sc
hool
chi
ldre
nC
are
of d
epen
dent
chi
ldre
nPr
ivat
e so
cial
wor
k w
ith f
amili
esD
esir
able
mea
sure
s to
pro
mot
e fa
mily
sol
idar
ity.
.
The
Fie
ld S
ervi
ce to
Ind
ian
Hom
esFi
eld
mat
rons
Fiel
d nu
rses
Supe
rint
ende
nts
Impr
ovem
ent o
f ho
me
cond
ition
sE
duca
tion
of w
omen
for
hom
emak
ing
Rel
atio
ns w
ith s
tate
and
pri
vate
age
ncie
sT
he E
duca
tion
of G
irls
for
hom
emak
ing
Hom
e ec
onom
ics
in th
e sc
hool
sT
he d
ay s
choo
lsT
he b
oard
ing
scho
ols
Boa
rdin
g sc
hool
life
ada
ptab
le to
edu
catio
nal e
nds.
..
Edu
catio
n va
lue
of s
tand
ards
mai
ntai
ned
by th
e bo
ardi
ngsc
hool
sT
he m
atro
ns in
boa
rdin
g sc
hool
sT
he o
utin
g sy
stem
Com
mun
ity L
ife
Form
s of
com
mun
ity o
rgan
izat
ion
amon
g In
dian
s.
.R
ecre
atio
nal a
ctiv
ities
Eco
nom
ic a
nd c
ivic
org
aniz
atio
nD
egen
erat
ive
tend
enci
esT
he c
omm
unity
the
smal
lest
uni
t for
eff
ectiv
e w
ort
.
Exp
erie
nce
in w
hite
com
mun
ities
app
licab
leU
tiliz
atio
n of
Ind
ian
activ
ities
Spec
ific
trai
ning
for
fut
ure
citiz
ensh
ip a
mon
g w
hite
s..
Eco
nom
y of
org
aniz
ing
com
mun
ities
Typ
e of
org
aniz
atio
n de
sira
ble
Wom
en a
s W
age
Ear
ners
Hom
emak
ing
the
obje
ctiv
e of
sch
ool t
rain
ing
Dom
estic
ser
vice
Tra
inin
g fo
r nu
rsin
g, te
achi
ng, a
nd c
leri
cal w
ork
..
xix
PnC
E
Z:
-10
-st
.74:
3
584
z4,6
:4;7
587
5,11
F'J
I
f13
Oto 6to
616
618
619
624
625
627
629
629
630
632
633
634
635
635
636
636
637
638
639
639
641
-
xxC
ON
TE
NT
S
Cle
ArT
ER
Dev
elop
men
t of
lead
ers
PAG
E.
CO
NT
EN
TS
XX
I
CH
APT
YR
-E
Indi
tstr
ialiy
Hou
sed
Indi
ans
Des
irab
le c
hang
es in
the
plan
of
educ
atio
n64
4liv
ing-
con
ditio
nsE
mpl
oym
ent s
ervi
ce f
or w
omen
645
Food
and
clo
thin
g ha
bits
I la
ndic
raft
s64
5G
over
nmen
t hea
lth s
ervi
ce7o
.2V
arie
ties
of n
ativ
e ha
ndic
raft
s in
hom
es64
6O
ccup
atio
ns a
nd w
ages
Ten
denc
ies
to d
isap
pear
or
dege
nera
te64
6A
ttitu
de o
f ra
ilroa
d co
mpa
nyT
ende
ncie
s to
dev
elop
647
Occ
upat
ions
of
%%
Inne
n-o
4G
over
nmen
t at i
tinle
tow
ard
nativ
e ar
ts64
8R
ecre
atio
nf,
4T
he m
arke
ting
of p
rodu
cts
of n
ativ
e ar
t6
0R
elig
ions
and
edu
catio
nal c
onta
cts
704
Rel
atio
n of
han
dicr
afts
to in
thm
e6i
9C
ity I
ndia
ns N
ot C
olon
ized
-oz.
Soci
al v
alue
of
hand
icra
fts
650
Citi
es o
f th
e de
sert
7,5
Stig
gest
ions
for
gov
ernm
ent s
uper
visi
on65
1Pa
cifi
c co
ast c
ities
713
Pers
onne
l65
2C
ities
of
the
lake
s an
d pl
ains
727
Exp
ert s
ervi
ce to
the
rese
rvat
ion
653
AM
igra
ted
Indi
ans
as C
itize
ns73
3T
rain
ed s
ervi
ce o
n th
e re
serv
atio
n65
3C
onn
unitv
act
ion
to I
ndia
ns73
4T
ypes
of
serv
ice
to !
tom
es65
4R
easo
ns 1
9e ,.
..ora
tion
736
Posi
tions
nec
essa
ry to
per
form
ance
of
serv
ices
659
Perm
anen
ce o
f ci
ty r
esid
ence
737
Dut
ies
and
qual
ific
atio
ns o
f th
e gi
rls'
mat
rons
in b
oard
ing
Eva
luat
ion
of e
duca
tiona
l fac
ilitie