the prevalence of 47, xyy males among collegiate

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Master's Theses Graduate College

4-1976

The Prevalence of 47, XYY Males among Collegiate Basketball The Prevalence of 47, XYY Males among Collegiate Basketball

Players Players

Joy Ann Price

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THE PREVALENCE OF 47,XYY MALES AMONG COLLEGIATE BASKETBALL

PLAYERS

byJ o y Ann P r i c e

A P r o j e c t R e p o r t S u b m i t t e d t o t h e

F a c u l t y o f The G r a d u a t e C o l l e g e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t

o f t h eS p e c i a l i s t i n A r t s D e g re e

W e s t e r n M i c h i g a n U n i v e r s i t y K a la m a z o o , M i c h i g a n

A p r i 1 1976

R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

ACKNOW LEDGEM ENTS

My a p p r e c i a t i o n and g r a t i t u d e go t o t h e members o f

my c o m m i t t e e , D r . W a l t e r E . J o h n s o n , D r . P a u l E . H o l k e b o e r

an d D r . Mary M. R i g n e y . My t h a n k s go t o them a s v e i l a s

D r . Rodney C y ru s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n - O s h k o s h

a n d D r . W .J . P e r r e a u l t o f La w rence U n i v e r s i t y , whose a d v i c

e n c o u r a g e m e n t an d c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t i c i s m w e re m os t

h e l p f u l .

F i n a l l y , I w o u ld l i k e t o make a s p e c i a l n o t e o f

g r a t i t u d e t o my h u s b a n d , J am es H. P r i c e , f o r h i s p a t i e n c e

d u r i n g t h e many u p s an d downs o f t h i s r e s e a r c h .

Jo y Ann P r i c e

i i


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MASTERS THESIS M-8451

PRICE, Joy Ann THE PREVALENCE OF 47,XYY MALES AMONG COLLEGIATE BASKETBALL PLAYERS.

Western Michigan University, Sp.A., 1976 Genetics

Xerox University Microfilms, Ann A rbor, M ichigan 48106


T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S

CHAPTER PAGE

I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1

F i r s t P h a s e ................................................................... 2

Second. P h a s e ................................................................... 3

S u r v e y s o f M e n t a l —P e n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s . 3

S u r v e y s O u t s i d e o f M e n t a l - P e n a lS e t t i n g s ................................................................... 10

T h i r d P h a s e ................................................................... 14

F o u r t h P h a s e ................................................................... 17

A e t i o l o g y , F a m i l i a l a n d E t h n i cC o n s i d e r a t i o n s ......................................................... 18

♦

The P u r p o s e o f t h e R e s e a r c h ............................... 20

I I RESEARCH D E S I G N ............................................................... 21

I I I R E S U L T S .................................................................................... 26

IV D IS C U S S IO N ............................................................................... 30

i i i


CHAPTER I

• I n t r o d u c t i o n

I n 1968 C o u r t Brown^ c a t e g o r i z e d t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f

k n o w le d g e c o n c e r n i n g t h e 4 7 , XYY m ale i n t o t h r e e m a j o r

p h a s e s . The f i r s t p h a s e came a b o u t t h r o u g h t h e a c c i d e n t a l

l i s c o v e r y o f XYY m a l e s u n d e r g o i n g t r e a t m e n t f o r v a r i o u s2

p h y s i c a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s . J a c o b s u s h e r e d i n t h e s e c o n d

p h a s e o f r e s e a r c h on t h e XYY a f t e r she s u r v e y e d maximum

s e c u r i t y p r i s o n e r s a t a S t a t e m e n t a l h o s p i t a l i n S c o t l a n d

a n d f o u n d s e v e n o f t h e 197 e x a m in e d had a n XYY c o n s t i t u

t i o n . She d e s c r i b e d t h e men a s b e i n g t a l l , b e lo w a v e r a g e

i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n d a g g r e s s i v e . F o l l o w i n g h e r d i s c o v e r y

i n t e n s e e f f o r t s w ere made t o l o c a t e s u b p o p u l a t i o n s o f XYY

m a l e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c r i m i n a l s e t t i n g s . The t h i r d p h a s e

was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t r u e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e 4 7 , XYY an o m a ly

i n t h e new born p o p u l a t i o n . T h i s was a i d e d i n 1971 by t h e

d i s c o v e r y o f t h e f l u o r e s c e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e l o n g

a rm s o f t h e Y chrom osom e. T h i s e n a b l e d l a r g e - s c a l e s u r v e y s

o f m ale p o p u l a t i o n s t o d e t e c t m u l t i p l e Y a n o m a l i e s s i m i l a r

t o t h o s e a l r e a d y b e i n g done t o i d e n t i f y m u l t i p l e X ch ro m o

so m es . A f o u r t h p h a s e o f r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e XYY a n o m a ly3was l a b e l e d by B o r g a o n k a r i n 1 9 7 4 . T h i s p h a s e i n c l u d e s

d o u b l e - b l i n e c o m p a r i s o n s o f XYY new borns and c a r e f u l l y

m a t c h e d c o n t r o l s , i d e n t i f i e d a t b i r t h and s u b s e q u e n t l y

1


2

s t u d i e d a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t , i n o r d e r t o n o t e

a n y d i f f e r e n c e s i n XYY m a l e s c o m p a red w i t h XY c o n t r o l s .

F i r s t P h a s e

I n 1961 t h e f i r s t i n d i v i d u a l r e p o r t e d w i t h a 4 7 , XYY4

k a r y o t y p e was d e s c r i b e d by S a n d b e r g and K oepf a s b o t h

p h e n o t y p i c a l l y n o r m a l a n d f e r t i l e . The man h ad b e e n

m a r r i e d t w i c e and h a d n o r m a l c h i l d r e n by b o t h m a r r i a g e s .

The man h ad b e e n k a r y o t y p e d b e c a u s e he had a c h i l d w i t h

D ow n 's s y n d ro m e .

C a s e s o f XYY k a r y o t y p e s among p h e n o t y p i c f e m a l e s h ave1 3 5b e e n r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . ’ ’ I n m os t i n s t a n c e s

i t h a s b e e n shown t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l was a m o s a i c

( 4 5 X /4 7 , XYY) and t h a t t h e 45X l i n e o f c e l l s d o m i n a t e d .

In t h e f i r s t e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w o f t h e XYY k a r y o t y p e

w r i t t e n by C o u r t Brown^ i n 1 9 6 8 , t h e r e i s a l i s t o f 25 o f

t h e o r i g i n a l a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d on i n d i v i d u a l s f o u n d t o

p o s s e s s a n XYY c o n s t i t u t i o n . The m os t common r e a s o n f o r

t h e i n d i v i d u a l s b e i n g s t u d i e d was f o r u n d e s c e n d e d t e s t e s

a n d h y p o g o n a d i s m . At t h a t t i m e , C o u r t Brown s p e c u l a t e d

t h e r e m i g h t be some a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n i m p a i r e d t e s t i c u l a r

d e v e l o p m e n t an d t h e XYY c o n s t i t u t i o n , a s w e l l a s a p o s s i b l e

l i n k w i t h b one d i s o r d e r s .


S e c o n d P h a s e3

S u r v e y s o f M e n t a l - P e n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s

A l t h o u g h t h e 4 7 , XYY a n o m a ly was r e p o r t e d a s e a r l y a s

1961 i t d i d n ' t r e c e i v e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t e n t i o n u n t i l 1965

when J a c o b s r e p o r t e d i d e n t i f y i n g 3 . 5 p e r c e n t XYY m a l e s i n

a s u r v e y o f a m e n t a l - p e n a l h o s p i t a l i n S c o t l a n d . She

d e s c r i b e d t h e XYY p a t i e n t s a s t a l l (mean h e i g h t o f XYY

men was 7 1 . 3 i n c h e s a s c o m p a r e d t o 6 7 . 2 i n c h e s f o r XY

c o n t r o l s ) , b e l o w - a v e r a g e i n t e l l e c t u a l l y and a g g r e s s i v e .

She a l s o e x am in ed 266 n e w b o r n m a le b a b i e s and 209 r a n d o m ly

s e l e c t e d a d u l t m a le s a n d f o u n d no XYYs. She c o n c l u d e d t h a t

a man more t h a n 72 i n c h e s t a l l a n d i n a maximum s e c u r i t y

p r i s o n h ad a p p r o x i m a t e l y a 50 p e r c e n t c h a n c e o f b e i n g XYY.

H er f i n d i n g s u s h e r e d i n a v a r i e t y o f s u r v e y s o f s p e c i a l

f a c i l i t i e s , many o f w h ic h f o u n d h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s o f XYY

men ( T a b l e I ) .

W elch et_ a j . i n 1967 r e p o r t e d a c o m p a r a b l e s u r v e y

d o n e on a p r i s o n p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Only

one XYY i n d i v i d u a l was f o u n d i n a p o p u l a t i o n s c r e e n e d f o r

h e i g h t and m e n t a l d e f e c t i v e n e s s a n d f a i l e d t o show a s t r o n g

a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e XYY c o n s t i t u t i o n and e i t h e r m e n t a l

r e t a r d a t i o n o r a g g r e s s i v e n e s s . One f a c t o r i n h i s s t u d y

w h ic h m i g h t have c o n t r i b u t e d t o i t s f a i l u r e was t h e f a c t

t h a t m os t o f t h e c a s e s s t u d i e d w e r e b l a c k s (21 o f 3 5 ) .7 8L a t e r s t u d i e s ’ show a r a c i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l i n t h e


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without

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T a b le I

S u r v e y s o f M e n t a l - P e n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s

A u t h o r ( s ) and y e a r L o c a t i o n S e l e c t i o n C r i t e r i a NumberExamined

Number 4 7 , XYY

J a c o b s e_t a l . , 1965 S c o t l a n d None 197 7

Welch e_t aJL. , 1967 M ary lan d 74 i n c h e s * 35 1

Goodman e_t a l . , 1967 Ohio 73 i n c h e s 100 2

T e l f e r e_t a J . , 1968 P e n n s y l v a n i a 71 i n c h e s 129 5

M a r i n e l l o e_t a J . , 1969 New York 72 i n c h e s 162 3

D a ly , 1969 W is c o n s in 72 i n c h e s 210 10

D e b a u l t e_t al^. , 1972 Iowa None 300 1

F i n l e y , 1973 Alabama 72 i n c h e s 208 2

W iener £ t t i l . , 1968 A u s t r a l i a 68 i n c h e s 34 3

Knox and N e v in , 1969 N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d

70 i n c h e s 67 0

* i n c h e s r e f e r s t o h e i g h t o f i n d i v i d u a l s s e l e c t e d

9i n c i d e n c e o f XYYs. S i m i l a r l y Goodman e t t i l . i n 1967

r e p o r t e d 2 XTTs o u t o f a h u n d r e d s c r e e n e d a t t h e Ohio

P e n i t e n t i a r y . I n a P e n n s y l v a n i a p r i s o n T e l f e r ejb a l . ^

f o u n d f i v e XYYs among 129 s u r v e y e d o v e r 71 i n c h e s t a l l .

M a r i n e l l o et. a l . ^ e x a m i n e d 162 men o v e r 6 f e e t t a l l a t

A t t i c a P r i s o n , New Y o rk a n d f o u n d 3 XYYs. D a l y ^ a t t h e

U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n e x a m in e d 210 men o v e r 6 f e e t t a l l

a t f o u r W i s c o n s i n maximum s e c u r i t y p r i s o n s . Ten XYY m a l e s

w e re k a r y o t y p e d an d d a t a c o l l e c t e d r e l a t i n g t o t h e i r

p s y c h i a t r i c h i s t o r y , d e v e l o p m e n t a l and o t h e r p h y s i c a l

p a r a m e t e r s . The o n l y s i g n i f i c a n t f i n d i n g s w ere a b n o r m a l

n e u r o l o g i c a l p a t t e r n s . The a u t h o r p r o p o s e d t h a t a b r a i n

d y s f u n c t i e n i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e e m o t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e s o f

XYY men came a b o u t f ro m t h e i r a b n o r m a l g e n o t y p e . D e b a u l t 1 3e t a l . a t t h e Iow a S e c u r i t y M e d i c a l F a c i l i t y f o u n d o n l y

71 XYY o u t o f 300 s u b j e c t s e x a m i n e d . F i n l e y i n 1973

e x am in ed Alabam a p r i s o n e r s an d f o u n d two XYYs o u t o f 100

w h i t e p r i s o n e r s b u t no XYYs o u t o f 108 b l a c k s k a r y o t y p e d ,

s u g g e s t i n g a b i a s .

S t u d i e s done i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n c l u d e A u s t r a l i a 1 4w here W iene r ejt al_. i n 1968 f o u n d 3 XYYs among 34 p r i s o n

e r s o v e r 68 i n c h e s t a l l . I n a p r i s o n i n B e l f a s t , N o r t h e r n1 5I r e l a n d Knox a n d N e v i n f o u n d no XYYs when 67 m a l e s o v e r

70 i n c h e s i n h e i g h t w e re k a r y o t y p e d .

S i n c e t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e e v i d e n c e showed a n i n c r e a s e d

i n c i d e n c e o f XYY m a l e s i n p r i s o n s e t t i n g s , v a r i o u s i n v e s -


t i g a t o r s s o u g h t t o s e e i f t h e XYY m ale a l s o showed an

i n c r e a s e d r i s k o f b e i n g f o u n d i n d e l i n q u e n t j u v e n i l e

. . j o t t i n g s ( T a b l e I I ) . H u n t e r ^ i n 1968 s t u d i e d 29 t a l l

m a l e s ( o v e r t h e 9 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e f o r t h e i r a g e s ) i n an

a p p r o v e d s c h o o l f o r b oys i n E n g l a n d a n d f o u n d 3 XYYs. Hook

1 7a n d Kim k a r y o t y p e d f o u r XYYs f r o m 337 i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d18j u v e n i l e o f f e n d e r s . J a c o b s e t aJL. i n 1971 d i d chromosome

s u r v e y s i n b o r s t a l i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d a p p r o v e d s c h o o l s on

m a l e s o v e r 70 i n c h e s t a l l s i n c e t h e p r e v i o u s h i s t o r i e s o f

more t h a n h a l f o f t h e 4 7 , XYY men i d e n t i f i e d i n h e r C a r s t a i r

s u r v e y had b e e n i n s u c h i n s t i t u t i o n s . Among 1726 j u v e n i l e

o f f e n d e r s , 5 4 7 , XYY m a le s w e re i d e n t i f i e d . S i m i l a r l y ,1 9D u f f y an d C e r v e n k a i n 1971 s e l e c t e d y o u n g b o y s who

e x c e e d e d t h e 9 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e f o r h e i g h t f o r t h e i r a g e s and

who showed b e h a v i o r d i s t u r b a n c e s , a n t i s o c i a l , a s o c i a l , o r

a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r . Of 46 j u v e n i l e s e x a m in e d no XYYs were

f o u n d .

D u r i n g t h e p a s t d e c a d e , f ro m 1965 t o 1 9 7 5 , t h e r e have

b e e n s e v e r a l r e v i e w s p u b l i s h e d on t h e t o p i c o f t h e XYY male

( T a b l e I I I ) . S i n c e t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s u r v e y s on t h e XYY

w ere r e s t r i c t e d t o men o v e r 72 i n c h e s t a l l an d w ere

c o n d u c t e d i n p e n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t

t h e r e v i e w s n o t e d an u n u s u a l t e n d e n c y o f XYY m a l e s t o

d i s p l a y a n t i s o c i a l b e h a v i o r a n d a b o v e a v e r a g e h e i g h t . W ith20 21 22 r e s p e c t t o p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s Money , P i t c h e r , Owen ,

3 23B o r g a o n k a r and Shah , K i v o w i t z ( w i t h r e s p e c t t o c h i l d r e n )

with perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

Reproduced

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T a b le I I

S u r v e y s of D e l i n q u e n t J u v e n i l e S e t t i n g s

A u t h o r ( s ) and y e a r L o c a t i o n S e l e c t i o nC r i t e r i a

NumberExamined

Number 4 7 , XYY

H u n t e r , 1968 E n g l i s h Approved S c h o o l

9 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e * f o r age

29 3

Hook and Kim, 1970 Two New York I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r N o n r e t a r d e d Boys

None 337 4

J a c o b s jet a J . , 1971 S c o t t i s h B o r s t a l I n s t i t u t i o n s and A pproved S c h o o l s

None 1726 5

D u ffy and C e r v e n k a , 1971

D i v i s i o n o f C h i l d P s y c h i a t r y (U. o f M i n n e s o t a ) , Minnes o t a J u v e n i l e D e t e n t i o n C e n t e r

9 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e f o r age

46 0

* 9 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e f o r age r e f e r s t o t h e h e i g h t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s s e l e c t e d

Reproduced

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T a b le I I I

Review A r t i c l e s C o n c e r n i n g XYY M ales

A u t h o r ( s ) and Year Number o f A r t i c l e s Review ed T o p ic Reviewed

C o u r t Brown, 1968 70 XYY L i t e r a t u r e up t o 1968

Money e_t al . . , 1970 21 I m p u l s e , A g g r e s s i o n and S e x u a l i t y i n t h e XYY

K e s s l e r and Moos, 1970 108 XYY and C r i m i n a l i t y

P i t c h e r , 1971 48 XYY Syndrome

Fox, 1971 93 XYY and C r i m i n a l i t y

Owen, 1972 225 XYY Syndrome

G a r d n e r and Neu, 1972 23 XYY and A g g r e s s i o n

K i v o w i t z , 1972 20 XYY Syndrome i n C h i l d r e n

Hook, 1973 1 39 B e h a v i o r a l I m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e XYY

B o rg a o n k a r and Shah , 1974 282 XYY Syndrome

.................................... ...........................

00

2 4a n d Hook a l l f o u n d no s t r i k i n g mean d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n21XYY c r i m i n a l s and XY c r i m i n a l s ( e x c l u d i n g h e i g h t ) . Owen

s p e c u l a t e d t h a t p o s s i b l e n e u r o l o g i c a l a b e r r a t i o n s , a l t e r a

t i o n s i n t e s t i c u l a r c e l l s , an d s l i g h t c a r d i a c a n o m a ly

m i g h t , w i t h f u r t h e r d a t a , p r o v e t o be p r e d i c t a b l e w i t h t h e

XYY genome.

I n r e f e r e n c e t o i n c r e a s e d a g g r e s s i v e t e n d e n c i e s i n XYY25m a l e s , K e s s l e r and Moos i m p l i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l

t y p e s o f a g g r e s s i o n : p r e d a t o r y , i n t e r - m a l e , i r r i t a b l e ,

f e a r - i n d u c e d , t e r r i t o r i a l , m a t e r n a l and i n s t r u m e n t a l . XYY

m a l e s may show o n l y c e r t a i n t y p e s o f a g g r e s s i o n w i t h26i n c r e a s e d f r e q u e n c y . Fox p o i n t e d o u t t h a t c r i m i n a l s a r e

n o t q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t f rom n o n - c r i m i n a l s . Non- .c *

c r i m i n a l s , a s w e l l a s c r i m i n a l s , h a v e w i t h i n t h e m s e l v e s

t h e i n c l i n a t i o n f o r m u r d e r , r a p e , t h e f t , and c r i m i n a l i t y i n

g e n e r a l . The d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e two g r o u p s l a y more

i n t h e i r i n t e r n a l i z e d c o n t r o l s and e x t e r n a l c o n s t r a i n t s

w h i c h b r i n g a b o u t o r p r e v e n t c r i m i n a l b e h a v i o r . From t h e27o v e r w h e lm in g e v i d e n c e r e v i e w e d by G a r d n e r and Neu s h o w in g

a n i n c r e a s e d i n c i d e n c e o f XYYs i n p e n a l s e t t i n g s ( 1 . 8 t o

12 p e r c e n t ) , i t w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t many o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s

h a v e d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h i n t e r n a l i z e d c o n t r o l s and e x t e r n a l

c o n s t r a i n t s . W i th t h e n ew b o rn f r e q u e n c y o f XYY m a l e s b e i n g

a r o u n d 1 p e r 1000 n ew b o rn m a l e s , i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t many

XYYs h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n a v o i d i n g p e n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s o r , more

l i k e l y , h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e i r b e h a v i o r t h r o u g h


o t h e r means and p o s s i b l y o t h e r f o rm s o f a g g r e s s i v e

b e h a v i o r s u c h a s a t h l e t i c c o m p e t i t i o n w h i c h , i n K e s s l e r 25a n d Moos t e r m s , w o u ld come u n d e r i n t e r - m a l e a g g r e s s i o n .

S u r v e y s O u t s i d e o f M e n t a l - P e n a l S e t t i n g s

I n t h e " R e p o r t on t h e XYY Chromosomal A b n o r m a l i t y "28p u b l i s h e d by The N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f M e n ta l H e a l t h i n

1 9 7 0 , some o f t h e n a t i o n s l e a d i n g a u t h o r i t i e s on t h e

4 7 , XYY chromosome a n o m a ly c i t e d a n e e d f o r more r e s e a r c h

on p o p u l a t i o n s o f a g g r e s s i v e men o u t s i d e p e n a l and r e l a t e d

i n s t i t u t i o n s i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e r e a r e XYY

m a l e s who h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n d i r e c t i n g t h e i r a g g r e s s i v e

t e n d e n c i e s i n t o more s o c i a l l y a c c e p t a b l e b e h a v i o r . " I t i s

a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e r e a r e v e r y c o m p le x and v a r i e d i n t e r

a c t i o n s b e t w e e n h e r e d i t y a n d s o c i a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l

i n f l u e n c e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e s o c i a l and p s y c h o l o g i c a l

b e h a v i o r o f t h e XYY i n d i v i d u a l s . U n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s

t h e t r a i t o f a g g r e s s i v e n e s s a s c r i b e d t o t h e XYY m ale m i g h t

m a n i f e s t i t s e l f w i t h m a l a d a p t i v e p a t t e r n s o f b e h a v i o r w h i l

u n d e r o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s t h e t r a i t m i g h t l e a d t o s o c i a l

a c c l a i m . "

T h e r e h a v e b e e n a few o t h e r s u b p o p u l a t i o n s o f m a l e s ,

o t h e r t h a n i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d m a l e s , s c r e e n e d i n an a t t e m p t

t o f i n d a n i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f XYY men ( T a b l e I V ) . 29Goodman e t a_l. i n 1968 e x a m in e d t h e chromosomes o f 36

b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s who, by n a t u r e o f t h e i r s p o r t , w e re

R eproduced with perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

Reproduced

with perm

ission of the

copyright ow

ner. Further


without

permission.

T a b le IV

S u r v e y s o f XYY Males O u t s i d e M e n t a l - P e n a l S e t t i n g s

A u t h o r ( s ) and y e a r

t

S e l e c t i o n C r i t e r i a NumberExamined

Number 4 7 , XYY

Goodman e_t a d . , 1968 b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s 36 0

V oorhees e_t a l . , 1970 s e v e r e c y s t i c , s c a r r i n g acn e

300 6

V ianna et. a J . , 1972 e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m s w i t h p r o l o n g e d P-R i n t e r v a l s *

14 1

Noel e_t a l , . , 1974 70 i n c h e s t a l l 2002 7

*P-R I n t e r v a l s - r e p r e s e n t s t h e d u r a t i o n o f im p u l s e c o n d u c t i o n f rom t h e s i n o a t r i a lnode i n t h e h e a r t .

t a l l men. T h e i r a v e r a g e h e i g h t was 76 i n c h e s and r a n g e d

f ro m 71 t o 82 i n c h e s . No p l a y e r s w e re f o u n d w i t h an XYY

c om plem en t b u t f i v e o f t h e 36 p l a y e r s w e re b l a c k .30I n 1970 V o o r h e e s e_t al^. a t Ann A r b o r , M ic h ig a n

e x a m in e d 300 m a l e s w i t h s e v e r e c y s t i c , s c a r r i n g a c n e and

f o u n d s i x XYY men. S i n c e s e v e r e c y s t i c a c n e i s r a r e i n

women i t was t h o u g h t t h a t c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n XY and XYY

men w i t h a n d w i t h o u t c y s t i c a c n e m i g h t h e l p i n t h e i d e n t i

f i c a t i o n o f Y - r e g u l a t e d gene p r o d u c t s i n v o l v e d i n t h e31p a t h o l o g y o f a c n e . I n 1972 V o o rh e e s e_t a^l. w r o t e a

r e v i e w o f a l l XYY c a s e s i n w h ich n o d u l o c y s t i c a c n e (NCA)

was n o t e d o r n o t n o t e d . From t h e i r f i n d i n g s , t h e a u t h o r s

p r o p o s e d t h a t NCA m i g h t be a more u s e f u l p h e n o t y p i c c l u e

t h a n e v e n h e i g h t a s a d e t e r m i n a n t o f a n XYY k a r y o t y p e .32V i a n n a e_t a_l. i n 1972 a t t e m p t e d t o i d e n t i f y XYY m a l e s

by s c r e e n i n g a l a r g e sam p le o f c l i n i c a l l y n o rm a l m a le s u s i n g

t h e i r e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m s (ECG). From a f i l e o f 3 0 ,0 0 0

ECGs 34 w e re s e l e c t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r l o n g P-R i n t e r v a l s .

K a ry o g ram s f ro m f o u r t e e n were o b t a i n e d a n d one 4 7 , XYY was

i d e n t i f i e d a l o n g w i t h f o u r o t h e r s p o s s e s s i n g a b n o r m a l l y

l o n g Y c h ro m o so m e s . The a u t h o r s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e g r e a t

s i z e o f t h e Y chromosomes i n t h e 4 i n d i v i d u a l s m ig h t

p o s s i b l y be d u p l i c a t e s e g m e n t s . T h e i r f i n d i n g o f 4 m a le s

w i t h l o n g Y chrom osom es among 14 s t u d i e d ( 2 8 . 6 p e r c e n t ) i s

much h i g h e r t h a n t h e i r i n c i d e n c e i n t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n

with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

( 1 . 5 p e r c e n t ) . The f i n d i n g o f one XYY among 14 m a le s

s t u d i e d b e c a u s e t h e y p o s s e s s e d p r o l o n g e d P-R i n t e r v a l s i s

s u g g e s t i v e o f a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e two a b n o r m a l i t i e s .33N o e l ejt a J . i n 1974 a t t e m p t e d t o show t h a t XYY m a l e s

f ro m t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n c o u l d be i d e n t i f i e d by means o f

a d o u b l e - b l i n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n . A sam p le o f t h e

g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n was s c r e e n e d f ro m i n d i v i d u a l s d o n a t i n g

b l o o d and u n d e r g o i n g r e g u l a r h e a l t h c h e c k u p s . 2002 m a l e s

w i t h h e i g h t s g r e a t e r t h a n 70 i n c h e s w e re k a r y o t y p e d and

s e v e n XYYs w ere f o u n d . S e v e n o f t h e XYY s u b j e c t s and 28

46 ,XYs t h e n u n d e r w e n t p s y c h o l o g i c a l t e s t i n g by e x a m i n e r s

who h a d no k n o w led g e o f t h e num ber o f XYY p e r s o n s p r e s e n t .

A l l s e v e n XYYs w ere c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f i e d . The t e s t s

i n v o l v e d an e x a m i n a t i o n o f m a t u r i t y l e v e l , d e g r e e o f emo

t i o n a l i t y a n d e m o t i v e n e s s and t h e i r u s e o f d e f e n s e m echan

i s m s . From t h e i r s t u d y t h e a u t h o r s saw a n e e d f o r f u r t h e r

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y b e t w e e n

n o r m a l and XYY men, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e r e a l m o f a g g r e s s i v e

b e h a v i o r and how t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s i n c o r p o r a t e a g g r e s s i o n

i n t o t h e i r d a i l y l i v e s .

From t h e e v i d e n c e c o l l e c t e d t h u s f a r no one knows w i t h

c e r t a i n t y w h a t b e h a v i o r a l o r p h y s i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s a r e

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e XYY a n o m a l y . J o n a t h a n B e c k w i th o f

H a r v a r d and J o n a t h a n K ing o f t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f

T e c h n o l o g y a r e o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s o f t h e

g e n e t i c b a s i s f o r a n t i s o c i a l b e h a v i o r i n t h e XYY a r e i l l -


1 4

a d v i s e d . They c h a r g e t h a t s t u d i e s a r e u n e t h i c a l a n d harm

f u l t o s u b j e c t s who w o u ld be s t i g m a t i z e d by b e i n g l a b e l e d 34XYY. C u l l i t o n q u o t e s them a s s a y i n g " . . . w e f e e l t h a t

t h e m a j o r e f f o r t i n a p p r o a c h i n g t h e ^ i s s u e o f b e h a v i o r a l

p r o b l e m s s h o u l d be one o f c h a n g i n g t h e s o c i a l a n d p s y c h o l o g

i c a l c o n d i t i o n w h ic h g e n e r a t e t h e m . " On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

S t a n l e y W a l z e r and P a r k G e r a l d o f H a r v a r d M e d i c a l S c h o o l

b e l i e v e t h a t by i d e n t i f y i n g an d s t u d y i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f

XYY i n d i v i d u a l s t h a t b e h a v i o r a l d i f f i c u l t i e s m i g h t be h e l p e d .

A p a r e n t o f a n XYY w r o t e i n f a v o r o f t h e l a t t e r t h e o r y w h ich

s h e f e l t o f f e r e d more b e n e f i t t o t h e XYY i n d i v i d u a l s a s w e l l

a s t h e f a m i l i e s o f s u c h p e r s o n s .

T h i r d P h a s e

35I n 1969 S e r g o v i c h e_t a_l. ( T a b l e V) s c r e e n e d 1066

c o n s e c u t i v e new born m a l e s and f o u n d f o u r XYY i n f a n t s . T h i s

gav e a n i n c i d e n c e r a t e o f 1 XYY i n e v e r y 250 n ew b o rn m a le s

w h ic h m i s l e d many i n t o t h i n k i n g i t m i g h t p o s s i b l y be t h e

m os t common fo rm o f a n e u p l o i d y i n hum ans . Then i n 197036R a t c l i f f e e_t a d . s u r v e y e d 3500 new born m a le s i n E n g l a n d

a n d r e p o r t e d f i v e 4 7 , XYY k a r y o t y p e s g i v i n g a n i n c i d e n c e o f

371 p e r 700 n e w b o r n s . Lubbs and R u d d le i n 1970 e x a m in e d

2184 c o n s e c u t i v e l y b o r n m a l e s a n d f o u n d 3 4 7 , XYY m a l e s , an

i n c i d e n c e o f a b o u t 1 p e r 700 a l s o .

P r i o r t o 1 9 7 0 , s c r e e n i n g o f l a r g e n um bers o f male

p o p u l a t i o n s f o r a n e u p l o i d y o f t h e Y chrom osom es was t i m e -


Reproduced

with perm

ission of the

copyright ow

ner. Further


without

permission.

T a b le V

I n c i d e n c e R a t e s f o r XYYs i n Newborn P o p u l a t i o n s

A u t h o r ( s ) and y e a r L o c a t i o n Number Newborns Examined

NumberXYYs

I n c i d e n c eR a te

S e r g o v i c h ejb a ^ . , 1969 London, O n t a r i o 1066 4 1 / 2 5 0

R a t c l i f f e e_t a l . , 1970 E d in b u r g h 3500 5 1 /7 0 0

Lubbs and R u d d le , 1970 New Haven 2814 3 1 / 7 0 0

F r i e d r i c h & N i e l s e n , 1973 Denmark 261 5 3 1 /1 0 0 0

W alze r e_t al , . , 1969 B o s to n 1931 0 -

Hamerton e_t a l . , 1972 W inn ipeg 3476 1 3 /1 0 0 0

B e l l and C o re y , 1974 T o r o n t o 5395 5 1/ 1 000

1 6

38 39co n s u m in g a n d c o s t l y . I n 1970 r e p o r t s ’ s h o v e d t h e

s p e c i f i c l o c a l i z e d f l u o r e s c e n c e o f X chromosomes u s i n g

q u i n a c r i n e m u s t a r d o r q u i n a c r i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e p r o v i d e d

t h e n e e d e d t o o l f o r t h e e a s y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f T c h ro m o -40so m e s . R o b i n s o n i n 1971 d i d a p i l o t s t u d y on t h e a p p l i c a

b i l i t y o f u s i n g t h e f l u o r e s c e n t "Y body" f ro m b u c c a l m ucosa

c e l l s t o s c r e e n a new b o rn p o p u l a t i o n . Her r e s u l t s , c o m p a re d

w i t h t h o s e done f ro m m e t a p h a s e a n a l y s i s o f p e r i p h e r a l b l o o d

c e l l s , d e m o n s t r a t e d l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y i n i d e n t i f y i n g d o u b l e

Y c h ro m o so m es .41F r i e j L r i c h an d N i e l s e n i n 1 973 p u b l i s h e d t h e i n c i d e n c e

r a t e f o r XYY m a le s i n c l u d e d i n chromosome s t u d i e s done on

5049 c o n s e c u t i v e n ew b o rn c h i l d r e n (2615 m a l e s ) . They

i d e n t i f i e d 3 4 7 , XYY m a l e s , a n i n c i d e n c e o f 1 . 1 5 p e r 1000

male n e w b o r n s . The a u t h o r s p o o l e d t h e i r d a t a w i t h f i v e

o t h e r l e a d i n g r e s e a r c h d i v i s i o n s on i n c i d e n c e r a t e s o f

chromosome a b n o r m a l i t i e s l o c a t e d a t : B o s t o n ; New H aven ;

London , O n t a r i o ; E d i n b e r g ; a n d W i n n ip e g . The c o m p i l e d d a t a

r e p r e s e n t e d 31 ,801 c o n s e c u t i v e l i v e b o r n c h i l d r e n ( 1 8 , 2 5 4

b o y s ) . I n c i d e n c e r a t e s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e 4 7 , XYY k a r y o t y p e35 42w e r e : London , O n t a r i o 3 . 6 4 p e r 1000 ; B o s to n 0 p e r

19 3 1 ; W i n n i p e g ^ .2 9 p e r 1 0 0 0 ; New H aven‘t 1 . 3 5 p e r 10C0;36a n d E d i n b e r g 1 . 5 9 p e r 1 0 0 0 . The a v e r a g e r a t e was 1 .21

4 7 , XYY i n d i v i d u a l s p e r 1000 m ale b i r t h s w i t h t h e 95 p e r c e n t

c o n f i d e n c e l i m i t s b e i n g 0 . 7 7 t o 1 .81 p e r 1000 n ew b o rn m a l e s .


44I n J u n e 1974 B e l l a n d Co rey p u b l i s h e d t h e i r r e s u l t s

a t T o r o n t o a f t e r s c r e e n i n g 5395 n e w bo r n m a l e s . They i d e n t i

f i e d f i v e XYY b a b i e s f o r a n i n c i d e n c e r a t e o f . 9 3 p e r 1000

n ew bo r n m a l e s .45A l s o i n 1 9 7 4 , J a c o b s p u b l i s h e d h e r r e s u l t s a f t e r

s c r e e n i n g 7849 n e w b o r n m a l e s and i d e n t i f y i n g 10 w i t h a

4 7 , XYY c o n s t i t u t i o n , 1 . 2 7 p e r 1 0 0 0 . She n o t e d t h a t t h e

c h i l d r e n w e r e p h e n o t y p i c a l l y n o r m a l a n d t h a t none were

u n u s u a l l y l o n g . The a u t h o r comb in ed h e r d a t a w i t h f i v e

o t h e r s t u d i e s f rom Denmark , O n t a r i o , W i n n i p e g , B o s t o n and

New Haven a n d came up w i t h a n o v e r a l l i n c i d e n c e r a t e f o r

t h e XYY a n o m a l y o f .91 p e r 1000 w h i c h i s v e r y c l o s e t o t h e

1 . 21 p e r t h o u s a n d a v e r a g e d by F r i e d r i c h a n d N i e l s e n .

F o u r t h P h a s e

As a r e s u l t o f t h e s e l a r g e - s c a l e s c r e e n i n g p r o g r a m s

a number o f r e s e a r c h t e a m s have e n g a g e d i n l o n g - r a n g e

s t u d i e s on t h e s e n e w bo r n XYY i n d i v i d u a l s a l o n g w i t h m a t c h e d

c o n t r o l 4 6 , XY n e w b o r n s . The t e a m s a r e l o c a t e d i n D e n v e r ,

New Haven , a n d B o s t o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ; W i n n i p e g an d

London i n C a n a d a ; E d i n b u r g h , S c o t l a n d ; a n d Denmark. The

r e s e a r c h e r s h a d h o p e d t o f o l l o w t h e i n d i v i d u a l s i n t o

a d o l e s c e n c e i n o r d e r t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d any p o s s i b l e

p h y s i o l o g i c a l o r p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e s e p e r s o n s .

A g r e a t d e a l o f c o n t r o v e r s y r e s u l t e d due t o t h i s r e s e a r c h .

B e c k w i t h , Ki ng a n d o t h e r s c l a i m e d t h a t p r i o r kn o wl e dg e on


1 8

t h e p a r t o f t h e p a r e n t s and p h y s i c i a n s w o u l d i n a d v e r t e n t l y

a f f e c t t h e ou tcome o f s u c h s t u d i e s a n d t h a t s t u d i e s done

w i t h o u t i n f o r m e d c o n s e n t v i o l a t e t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s r i g h t s .

As a r e s u l t o f t h e s e c o m p l a i n t s t h e s c r e e n i n g was s t o p p e d

a n d a s f a r a s was known i n t h e summer o f 1 9 7 5 , no XYY new

b o r n s c r e e n i n g was g o i n g on i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

One o f t h e f i r s t r e p o r t s p u b l i s h e d a s a r e s u l t of46t h e s e s t u d i e s was by L e o n a r d et. a d . i n 1974 a n d r e p r e

s e n t e d t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d a f t e r 2 \ y e a r s o f d e v e l o p m e n t .

T h e r e w e r e o n l y 3 XYY p a t i e n t s o f a t o t a l o f 10 e x a m i n e d

w i t h s e x chromosome a b n o r m a l i t i e s . At t h e age o f 2 \ y e a r s

t h e XYY i n d i v i d u a l s showed no c l e a r e v i d e n c e o f e x c e s s i v e

s i z e o r a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r and w e r e i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e

f r om t h e c o n t r o l s p h y s i c a l l y a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y . A r e p o r t

was p l a n n e d a t 5 y e a r s b u t h a s b e e n d i s c o n t i n u e d .

A e t i o l o g y , F a m i l i a l and E t h n i c C o n s i d e r a t i o n s

I t h a s b e e n shown t h a t t h e d a n g e r o f g i v i n g b i r t h t o

a Down' s Syndrome c h i l d ( t r i s o m y chromosome 21) i n c r e a s e s47w i t h m a t e r n a l a g e . The mean m a t e r n a l a g e d oe s n o t a p p e a r

t o be r a i s e d i n t h e 4 7 , XYY. The mean a ge o f 55 m o t h e r s o f

c a s e s was 2 7 . 8 y e a r s , a n a l o g o u s t o a c o n t r o l a v e r a g e o f

2 8 . ^ S i n c e an a b n o r m a l m e i o t i c e v e n t m u s t o c c u r i n t h e

f a t h e r i n o r d e r t o p r o d u c e a n XYY, t h e r e i s no d i r e c t

r e a s o n why m a t e r n a l age s h o u l d be r a i s e d . The a v e r a g e


19

p a t e r n a l age i n t h e c a s e s s t u d i e d v a s 30 .1 y e a r s w h i c h i s

a l s o w i t h i n t h e n o r m a l r a n g e f o r t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n .48B e l l a n d C r i p p s i n 1974 p u b l i s h e d chromosome r e p o r t s

on p a r e n t s a n d s i b l i n g s o f t h e XYYs i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e i r

s u r v e y o f T o r o n t o n e w b o r n s . They f o u n d no o t h e r a n e u p l o i d -

i e s i n XYY p a r e n t s o r s i b s b u t a f t e r s t u d y i n g r e p o r t s o f

o t h e r s e x chromosome a b n o r m a l i t i e s t h e y s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e

r i s k t o s i b s i n c l u d e s a u t o s o m a l a n o m a l i e s a s w e l l a s p o s s i b l e

r i s k s o f a d d i t i o n a l s e x chromosome a n e u p l o i d i e s .49

M c W h i r t e r i n 1970 c o n s i d e r e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f

d i f f e r e n t i n c i d e n c e r a t e s f o r XYYs i n d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c

g r o u p s . He n o t e d t h a t " s i n c e t h e ’ n o r m a l ' 4 6 , XX a n d 4 6 , XY

k a r y o t y p e s m u s t be m a i n t a i n e d by n a t u r a l s e l e c t i v e f o r c e s ,

i t wo u l d n o t be u n e x p e c t e d t o f i n d t h a t d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f

s t a b i l i z a t i o n may h a v e d e v e l o p e d u n e q u a l l y i n v a r i o u s

e t h n i c g r o u p s o f man . "g

Hook r e v i e w e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t w e e n b l a c k s a n d w h i t e s i n t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f XXY a n d XYY

k a r y o t y p e s f r om c r i m i n a l s t u d i e s d o ne i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

He showed t h a t t h e r e w e r e t h r e e t i m e s a s many w h i t e s a s

b l a c k s w i t h t h e s e a n o m a l i e s . He r e v i e w e d s e v e r a l s t u d i e s

done on n ew bo r n p o p u l a t i o n s , none o f w h i c h i d e n t i f i e d any

b l a c k XYYs o u t o f a t o t a l o f 1 9 , 5 1 5 s c r e e n e d w h e r e a s 18

w h i t e XYYs w e r e f o u n d .

No s t u d i e s wer e f o u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e w h i c h c omp ar e d

t h e m o r t a l i t y r a t e f o r XYY m a l e s t o t h a t o f XY m a l e s .


The P u r p o s e o f t h e R e s e a r c h20

I t was t h e i n t e n t o f t h i s r e s e a r c h t o e x a m i n e a

p o p u l a t i o n o f m a l e a t h l e t e s u s i n g f l u o r e s c e n t s t a i n i n g o f

t h e Y chromosome t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f 4 7 , XYY m a l e s c o m pa r e d t o

t h e i r i n c i d e n c e i n t h e newbor n p o p u l a t i o n a s r e p o r t e d i n

45t h e l i t e r a t u r e

The s t u d y was d e s i g n e d t o a n s w e r t h e f o l l o w i n g

q u e s t i o n s :

1 . What i s t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f 4 7 , XYY m a l e s among c o l l e g i a t e b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s ?

2 . I s t h e r e a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f 4 7 , XYY m a l e s among c o l l e g i a t e b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s v e r s u s t h e i n c i d e n c e o f 4 7 , XYY m a l e s i n t h e n ewbo rn p o p u l a t i o n ?


CHAPTER I I

RESEARCH DESIGN

T h i s r e s e a r c h s t u d y was u n d e r t a k e n d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r

s e m e s t e r , 1975 a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n - O s h k o s h

(UW-O). The p o p u l a t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s ,

f r e s h m e n a n d v a r s i t y , f r om UW-0 and i t s v i s i t i n g t e a m s .

S e v e n t e e n o f t h e o r i g i n a l t w e n t y - t h r e e t e a m s s c h e d u l e d

p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e s t u d y g i v i n g a p o p u l a t i o n s i z e o f 184

a c t i v e p l a y e r s w i t h n i n e t e e n i n d i v i d u a l s on t h e p a r t i c i

p a t i n g t e a m s r e f u s i n g s m e a r s t o be t a k e n . E i g h t e e n f o r m e r

UW-0 v a r s i t y b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s were l o c a t e d i n t h e Os hkosh

a r e a a n d i n c l u d e d i n t h e s t u d y t o g i v e a f i n a l p o p u l a t i o n

s i z e o f 202 c o l l e g i a t e b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s .

The h e a d - c o a c h o f e a c h t e a m was c o n t a c t e d when he

a r r i v e d a t t h e UW-0 campus f o r a b a s k e t b a l l game. I f

p e r m i s s i o n was g r a n t e d by t h e c o a c h e a c h p l a y e r was a l s o

g i v e n t h e o p t i o n o f r e f u s i n g t o p a r t i c i p a t e . B u c c a l s m e a r s

wer e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s u b j e c t s i n t h e l o c k e r room, e i t h e r

b e f o r e o r , i n one i n s t a n c e , i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e game.

Ea c h p l a y e r was g i v e n a t o o t h p i c k t o s c r a p e t h e i n s i d e o f

h i s c h e e k an d t h e n a s k e d t o r u b t h e s me a r o n t o a f l u o r e s c e n t

a n t i b o d y s l i d e w h i c h p r o v i d e d s p a c e f o r two s m e a r s . I n f o r

m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e p l a y e r s ' h e i g h t s was o b t a i n e d f rom

t h e p l a y e r s ' r o s t e r . The s m e a r s were l a b e l e d , a i r - d r i e d ,

21


a n d t h e n t r a n s f e r r e d t o a c l a s s r o o m a d j a c e n t t o t h e l o c k e r

room f o r i m m e d i a t e s t a i n i n g by t h e me t ho d o f K l i n g e r a n d

M o s e r ^ ^ . L a b e l i n g o f t h e s l i d e s was d one e i t h e r a l p h a

b e t i c a l l y o r n u m e r i c a l l y s o t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e

p l a y e r w e r e unknown t o t h e p e r s o n s t a i n i n g a n d v i e w i n g t h e

s m e a r s . The d r i e d s m e a r s o f o r a l mucosa c e l l s wer e f i x e d

i n 95 p e r c e n t e t h a n o l f o r a b o u t 30 s e c o n d s t o one m i n u t e ,

a i r - d r i e d , p l a c e d i n 3N h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d f o r 1 - 2 m i n u t e s ,

r i n s e d i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r , p l a c e d i n M c l l v a i n e ’ s pH 4.1

b u f f e r f o r 3 m i n u t e s a n d t h e n p l a c e d i n s t a i n i n g s o l u t i o n

( 0 . 0 5 g q u i n i c r i n e d i h y d r o c h l o r i d e , G.T. G u r r L t d . , i n 100ml

M c l l v a i n e ' s pH 4 . 1 b u f f e r ) . A f t e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e

m i n u t e s t h e s l i d e s w e r e r i n s e d i n f r e s h pH 4 . 1 b u f f e r a n d

r u n t h r o u g h 70 p e r c e n t , 95 p e r c e n t an d two c h a n g e s o f

a b s o l u t e e t h a n o l f o r a b o u t one m i n u t e e a c h a n d i m m e r s e d i n

x y l e n e . The p r e p a r a t i o n s were moun ted w i t h N e u t r a l Mount

i n g Medium ( G . T . G u r r , L t d . ) and t h e c o v e r s l i p s e a l e d w i t h

c l e a r n a i l p o l i s h t o p r e v e n t e v a p o r a t i o n . S l i d e s w e r e k e p t

r e f r i g e r a t e d a n d v i e w e d , w i t h i n a week , u s i n g a Z e i s s

f l u o r e s c e n t m i c r o s c o p e w i t h a n HBO 200 V/ 4 s u p e r - p r e s s u r e

m e r c u r y l a m p. A BG 38 e x c i t e r f i l t e r was p e r m a n e n t l y

m o u nt ed i n t h e i l l u m i n a t o r c a r r i e r t o a l l o w h i g h t r a n s

m i s s i o n o f 300nm t o 600nm l i g h t . B a r r i e r f i l t e r s 5 3 / 4 4

we r e u s e d t o s h a r p e n t h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e f l u o r e s c i n g

s p e c i m e n a n d i t s b a c k g r o u n d . The n u c l e i w er e v e r y d i s t i n c t

with perm ission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

2 3

an d t h e c y t o p l a s m o f t h e c e l l s f l u o r e s c e d s l i g h t l y a l l o w

i n g f o r c l e a r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c e l l s .

A f t e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e 202 s l i d e s , f o u r s l i d e s we r e

n o t e d w i t h a h i g h f r e q u e n c y o f c e l l s w i t h two f l u o r e s c e n t

Y b o d i e s . One i n d i v i d u a l ' s s l i d e had a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 - 6 0

p e r c e n t o f t h e c e l l s w i t h two Y b o d i e s a n d t h e o t h e r t h r e e

h ad a t l e a s t 25 p e r c e n t w i t h d o u b l e Y b o d i e s . One o f t h e

i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h 25 p e r c e n t d o u b l e Y b o d i e s was l o c a t e d on

t h e Oshko sh campus an d a b l o o d s a mp le was o b t a i n e d f o r

chromosome a n a l y s i s . D u r i n g t h e summer o f 1975 two o f t h e

o t h e r t h r e e s u b j e c t s we r e l o c a t e d a t t h e i r homes n e a r

M i l wa uk e e and b l o o d s a m p l e s o b t a i n e d . The f o u r t h s u b j e c t

was n o t c o n t a c t e d . W r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n was r e c e i v e d f rom

a l l s u b j e c t s p r o v i d i n g b l o o d s a m p l e s . Two s a m p l e t e s t s o f

e a c h p e r s o n wer e r u n t o h e l p a s s u r e a s u c c e s s f u l c u l t u r e .

A m o d i f i c a t i o n o f a m i c r o c u l t u r e t e c h n i q u e d e v e l o p e d by

51Shaw was u s e d t o c u l t u r e l e u k o c y t e s . The end o f t h e

s u b j e c t ' s f i n g e r was c l e a n s e d w i t h 70 p e r c e n t e t h a n o l , d r i e d

and p r i c k e d w i t h a s t e r i l e l a n c e t . At l e a s t t h r e e d r o p s

o f b l o o d we r e p l a c e d i n t o e a c h o f two 5ml v i a l s o f GIBCO

Chromosome Medium 1A w i t h p h y t o h e m a g g l u t i n i n ( Grand I s l a n d

B i o l o g i c a l C o . , G r an d I s l a n d , N . Y . ) . The v i a l s w e r e c a p p e d

t i g h t l y , mi xed g e n t l y and p l a c e d i n a 37°C i n c u b a t o r f o r 3

d a y s . On t h e t h i r d d a y , t h r e e h o u r s b e f o r e h a r v e s t i n g t h e

c u l t u r e s , 0 . 3 m l o f C o l c e m i d (GIBCO) (10 m i c r o g r a m s p e r

m i l l i l i t e r ) was a d d e d t o e a c h t u b e t o a r r e s t t h e c e l l s a t


2 4

m e t a p h a s e , t h e c e l l s wer e mi xed a n d r e t u r n e d t o t h e i n c u b a

t o r . At t h e e n d o f t h e t h r e e h o u r s , t h e c u l t u r e was g e n t l y

r e s u s p e n d e d , t r a n s f e r r e d t o a 12ml c e n t r i f u g e t u b e a n d

c e n t r i f u g e d a t a b o u t 600rpm f o r 2 - 3 m i n u t e s . The s u p e r

n a t a n t was d i s c a r d e d a n d 3ml o f warm ( 3 7 ° C ) 1 p e r c e n t

s o d ium c i t r a t e a d d e d u s i n g a 9 i n c h d i s p o s a b l e g l a s s

P a s t e u r p i p e t t e . Ca r e was e x e r c i s e d n o t t o d r aw t h e c e l l

s u s p e n s i o n a b o v e t h e n a r r o w p o r t i o n o f t h e p i p e t t e s i n c e

t h e c e l l s t e n d t o s t i c k t o g l a s s . The c e l l s u s p e n s i o n was

a l l o w e d t o s t a n d a t room t e m p e r a t u r e f o r 10 m i n u t e s , r e c e n

t r i f u g e d a n d a l l b u t a b o u t 9 . 1 m l o f t h e s u p e r n a t a n t c a r e

f u l l y r e m o v e d . The t i p o f t h e P a s t e u r p i p e t t e was u s e d t o

r e s u s p e n d t h e b u t t o n o f c e l l s , a n d 2 - 4 m l o f f r e s h l y p r e p a r e d

c o l d C a rn o y f i x a t i v e (1 p a r t g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d t o 3 p a r t s

r e a g e n t g r a d e m e t h a n o l ) were a d d e d . The m i x t u r e was

s t i r r e d i m m e d i a t e l y . The s u s p e n s i o n was a l l o w e d t o s t a n d

f o r 3 m i n u t e s b e f o r e c e n t r i f u g i n g . The o l d f i x a t i v e was

r emoved a n d 1 - 2ml o f f r e s h c o l d C a r n o y a d d e d w i t h m i x i n g .

T h i s m i x t u r e was a l l o w e d t o s t a n d f i v e m i n u t e s , c e n t r i f u g e d

a nd t h e f i x a t i v e r e m ov ed . A n o t h e r 1- 2 m l Ca r no y a d d e d and

t h e m i x t u r e a l l o w e d t o s t a n d s e v e n m i n u t e s . A f t e r 7

m i n u t e s t h e s u s p e n s i o n was c e n t r i f u g e d , t h e o l d f i x a t i v e

removed a n d 1 - 2 m l o f c o l d C ar noy a d d e d w i t h m i x i n g . A f t e r

s t a n d i n g f o r 10 m i n u t e s t h e s u s p e n s i o n was c e n t r i f u g e d a n d

mo s t o f t h e f i x a t i v e removed down t o a b o u t 0 . 3 m l a n d t h e n

t h e c e l l s wer e r e s u s p e n d e d . M i c r o s c o p e s l i d e s ( s o a k e d i n


70 p e r c e n t e t h a n o l a t room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d w i p e d w i t h

l i n t l e s s c l o t h ) wer e d i p p e d i n 70 p e r c e n t m e t h a n o l a n d 1 t

2 d r o p s o f t h e c e l l s u s p e n s i o n w e r e d r o p p e d o n t o t h e s l i d e

u s i n g a P a s t e u r p i p e t t e . The s l i d e was q u i c k l y p a s s e d

t h r o u g h a f l a m e t o i g n i t e t h e m e t h a n o l . A f t e r t h e f l a m e

b u r n e d o u t , t h e r e m a i n i n g d r o p s o f w a t e r w e r e b l own o f f

t h e s l i d e . The s l i d e s were p l a c e d i n a s l i d e box and

r e f r i g e r a t e d u n t i l t h e y c o u l d be v i e w e d , a t w h i c h t i m e t h e

s l i d e s w e r e s t a i n e d w i t h Giemsa s t a i n . The s l i d e s were

s t a i n e d by p l a c i n g them i n a P e t r i d i s h a n d c o v e r i n g them

w i t h s t a i n i n g s o l u t i o n ( f o r 1 0- 15 m i n u t e s ) p r e p a r e d by

d i l u t i n g 1ml o f B a c t o - G i e m s a S t a i n ( D i f c o ) s t o c k s o l u t i o n

w i t h 20ml o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r . The s l i d e s wer e v i e w e d unde

o i 1 - i m m e r s i o n (970X) a n d t h e number o f ch r omosomes i n e a c h

s e p a r a t e c h r o mo so m al s p r e a d was c o u n t e d .


C H A PT E R I I I

RESULTS

A t o t a l o f 23 b a s k e t b a l l t eams o r 270 p l a y e r s v i s i t e d

t h e UW-0 campus d u r i n g t h e V i n t e r 1975 s e m e s t e r , i n c l u d i n g

UW-0 v a r s i t y a nd f r e s h m e n t e a m s . S e v e n t e e n o f t h e s e t ea ms

(74 p e r c e n t ) a g r e e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e s t u d y . T h e r e

we r e 199 p l a y e r s on t h e s e t e a m s and 184 (93 p e r c e n t )

a l l o w e d b u c c a l s m e a r s t o be t a k e n . E i g h t e e ^ a d d i t i o n a l

v a r s i t y b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s a t UW-0, who a t t h e t i m e w e r e

i n e l i g i b l e t o p l a y du e t o i n j u r i e s , a c a d e m i c r e a s o n s

( o r h ad n o t g r a d u a t e d w i t h i n f o u r y e a r s ) , we r e i n c l u d e d i n

t h e s t u d y .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f o f t h e c e l l s v i e w e d f r o m e a c h

p e r s o n c o n t a i n e d a t l e a s t one f l u o r e s c e n t Y body w h i c h52i s i n c l o s e a g r e e m e n t t o Welch and Lee who f o u n d t h e

f r e q u e n c y a r o u n d 67 p e r c e n t i n c e l l s f rom a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n s .

The r e s t o f t h e c e l l s showed no f l u o r e s c e n t bo dy e i t h e r

b e c a u s e t h e c e l l s d i d n o t s t a i n p r o p e r l y f o r unknown

r e a s o n s o r t h e Y bo dy was e n t i r e l y l o s t i n t h e p r e s e n c e

o f many b a c t e r i a . The Y body was c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e

5 3f r om b a c t e r i a l c e l l s . Bobrow e_t a J . n o t e d a p a r a -

n u c l e o l a r p o s i t i o n i n g o f human Y chromosomes i n i n t e r p h a s e

n u c l e i , b u t t h i s r e s e a r c h e r n o t e d s l i g h t l y more Y b o d i e s

n e a r t h e n u c l e a r membrane t h a n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c e l l .

26


T i s h l e r et. a l . f o u n d no e v i d e n c e f o r t h e Y chromosome t o

be a s s o c i a t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y w i t h e i t h e r t h e membrane o r

n u c l e o l u s . I n t h i s s t u d y i t v a s f o u n d t h a t t h e Y b o d i e s

v a r i e d i n s i z e a n d b r i g h t n e s s b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s a s was

r e p o r t e d by R o b i n s o n ^ .

One p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r v a r i e d r e g i o n s o f f l u o r

e s c e n c e o f human chromosomes u s i n g a c r i d i n e s a s a f l u o r e s c e n t

s t a i n i s t h a t an e l e c t r o n e x c h a n g e o c c u r s b e t w e e n q u a n i n e

a n d a c r i d i n e , q u e n c h i n g some o f t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n q u a n i n e -

c y t o s i n e r e g i o n s o f DNA w h e r e a s a d e n i n e - t h y m i n e r e g i o n s *

h a v e one l e s s h y d r o g e n bond p e r b a s e p a i r f o r e l e c t r o n

e x c h a n g e r e s u l t i n g i n g r e a t e r f l u o r e s c e n c e . T h i s t h e o r y i s

a l s o s u p p o r t e d by t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e b a n d i n g p a t t e r n

o b t a i n e d by t h e u s e o f f l u o r e s c e n c e - l a b e l l e d a n t i a d e n o s i n e

5 5a n t i b o d i e s i s g e n e r a l l y e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e p a t t e r n o b t a i n e d

by q u i n a c r i n e s t a i n i n g . The o n l y w e l l - p r o v e n f u n c t i o n o f

t h e Y chromosome i s i n s e x d e t e r m i n a t i o n a n d t h e s e g e n e s

a r e p r o b a b l y l o c a l i z e d i n t h e n o n f l u o r e s c e n t a r e a . The

i n t e n s e l y f l u o r e s c e n t d i s t a l p a r t o f t h e Y chromosome i s53c o n s t i t u t i v e h e t e r o - c h r o m a t i n m a t e r i a l w h i c h i s c o m p a c t ,

g r a n u l a r - a p p e a r i n g c h r o m a t i n m a t e r i a l i n w h i c h l i t t l e

n u c l e i c a c i d s y n t h e s i s o c c u r s . The p r o c e d u r e u s e d t o

i d e n t i f y t h i s r e g i o n i n v o l v e s d e n a t u r i n g a nd r e a n n e a l i n g

DNA a n d i s t h o u g h t t o d e m o n s t r a t e h i g h l y r e p e t i t i v e s e q u e n c e s

a p p a r e n t l y many o f w h i c h c o n t a i n a n a b u n d a n c e o f A-T b a s e

p a i r s .

with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.

2 8

A f t e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e 202 s l i d e s , 52 (28 p e r c e n t )

o f t h e s l i d e s were n o t o f s u f f i c i e n t q u a l i t y t o d i s t i n g u i s h

t h e s u b j e c t a s a 4 6 , XY o r a 47,XYY. T h e r e we r e a t o t a l o f

150 b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s ’ k a r y o t y p e s d i s t i n g u i s h e d , o f w h i c h

20 (13 p e r c e n t ) were N e g r o . P r e v i o u s r e p o r t s have i n d i c a t e d

t h a t t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f 47,XYY m a l e s i n p o p u l a t i o n s o f

N e g r o e s i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h e i r p r e v a l e n c e i n

C a u c a s i a n p o p u l a t i o n s .

The a v e r a g e h e i g h t o f t h e 150 p l a y e r s was 7 4 . 6 i n c h e s

w i t h a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f 2 . 7 i n c h e s , a m e d i a n o f 75

i n c h e s , a mode o f 75 i n c h e s a nd a r a n g e o f 68 t o 83 i n c h e s .

The a v e r a g e h e i g h t o f a g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n

m a l e s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 70 i n c h e s a c c o r d i n g t o C l a r k ^ .57B a k e r e_t a_l. f o u n d t h e a v e r a g e h e i g h t o f 23 47,XYY m a l e s

t o be 7 5 . 4 i n c h e s w h i c h f a l l s n e a r t h e me d i an and mode o f

t h e p r e s e n t s ampl e o f b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s .

Of t h e 150 s l i d e s e x a m i n e d t h r e e were f o u n d t o h av e

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r c e l l s w i t h two f l u o r e s c i n g

Y b o d i e s . One a d d i t i o n a l s l i d e was f o u n d w i t h 5 0 - 6 0 p e r c e n t

o f t h e c e l l s c o n t a i n i n g two Y b o d i e s . I n o r d e r t o c o n f i r m

t h e i r g e n o t y p e s , t h e s e f o u r s u b j e c t s were k a r y o t y p e d u s i n g

c u l t u r e d l e u k o c y t e s . One o f t h e m a l e s was u n a v a i l a b l e f o r

a b l o o d s a m p l e . Two o f t h e s u b j e c t s w i t h 25 p e r c e n t d o u b l e

Y b o d i e s a p p e a r e d t o be 4 6 , XY a f t e r c o u n t s were made o f a t

l e a s t f i f t e e n c h r omo so ma l s p r e a d s f r o m e a c h p e r s o n . Exam

i n a t i o n o f ch r omosomal s p r e a d s f r o m t h e ma l e s h o w i n g


2 9

5 0 - 6 0 p e r c e n t d o u b l e Y b o d i e s c o n f i r m e d t h a t he p o s s e s s e d

47 c h r o m o s o m e s . The 47,XYY was C a u c a s i a n and 77 i n c h e s

t a l l .


CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

The 4 7 , XYY s u b j e c t i d e n t i f i e d i n t h i s s t u d y was

C a u c a s i a n , 77 i n c h e s t a l l a n d , a t t h e t i m e o f s c r e e n i n g ,

a c o l ' e g e s e n i o r . He l a t e r g r a d u a t e d f r o m a s m a l l p r i v a t e

c o l l e g e w i t h a m a j o r i n s o c i o l o g y . The s u b j e c t ’ s f a m i l y3

l i v e d i n a low s o c i o e c o n o m i c c om m u n i t y . B o r g a o n k a r c i t e d ,

i n h i s r e v i e w o f f a m i l y and s o c i a l c l a s s f a c t o r s o f XYYs,

t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y i d e n t i f i e d wer e f r om l o w e r s o c i a l c l a s s e s .

A v e r y e v i d e n t p h e n o t y p i c f e a t u r e o f t h e s u b j e c t was

s e v e r e s c a r r i n g a c n e o v e r h i s f a c e , s h o u l d e r s a nd b a c k .

The f i n d i n g o f s e v e r e a c n e i n a 47,XYY m a l e s u p p o r t s 30 31V o o r h e e ’ s ’ h y p o t h e s i s t h a t a c n e may be a more p r e v a l e n t

p h e n o t y p i c f e a t u r e o f a n XYY k a r y o t y p e t h a n e i t h e r h e i g h t

o r a g g r e s s i o n .

B o r g a o n k a r ^ s t a t e s t h a t m a l e s w i t h a n e x t r a Y chromosome

a r e , on t h e a v e r a g e , t a l l e r t h a n XY m a l e s . He r e p o r t e d t h e

a v e r a g e h e i g h t o f 117 a d u l t XYY m a l e s a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 74

i n c h e s . The p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n s i s t e d o f a d u l t m a l e s who

a v e r a g e d 75 i n c h e s i n h e i g h t . I f XYY m a l e s a r e t a l l e r , on

t h e a v e r a g e , t h a n XY m a l e s t h a n y ou m i g h t e x p e c t t o f i n d

t hem more f r e q u e n t l y i n t a l l p o p u l a t i o n s o f m a l e s , s u c h a s

b a s k e t b a l l t e a m s . The p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h i d e n t i f i e d a t a l l

30


31

XYY b u t t h e p r e v a l e n c e r a t e f o r XYYs among b a s k e t b a l l

p l a y e r s was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h e i r i n c i d e n c e

i n t h e newbor n p o p u l a t i o n . I n l i g h t o f t h e r e s u l t s o f

t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t i t c a n n o t be s t a t e d t h a t 4 7 , XYY m a l e s

a r e f o u n d more f r e q u e n t l y among a b o v e - a v e r a g e h e i g h t p e r s o n s

i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r s a m p l e u s e d f o r t h i s s t u d y .

S t u d i e s ^ * ^ have shown t h a t a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r

c o n s t i t u t e d one o f t h e m a j o r p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s i n d i c a t i v e

o f a n i n d i v i d u a l l i k e l y t o p e r s i s t i n s p o r t s a n d become a

s u c c e s s f u l a t h l e t e . I f t h e r e i s any v a l i d i t y t o t h e a s su m p

t i o n t h a t c e r t a i n 4 7 , XYY m a l e s a r e p r o n e t o a g g r e s s i v e

b e h a v i o r , t h e n s u c h i n d i v i d u a l s wo u l d be e x p e c t e d t o be

f o u n d i n c o m p e t i t i v e s p o r t s wh er e a mar ked d e g r e e o f

a g g r e s s i v e n e s s i s u s u a l l y p r e s e n t . A t h l e t i c c o m p e t i t i o n i s

a more s o c i a l l y a c c e p t e d mode of r e l i e v i n g a g g r e s s i v e

t e n d e n c i e s t h a n t h a t o f a g g r e s s i o n t a k e n o u t a g a i n s t p r o p e r t y

a s was e x h i b i t e d by XYYs f o u n d i n p e n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . The

p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h i d e n t i f i e d one 4 7 , XYY male i n a p o p u l a t i o n

o f 150 b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s w h i c h i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t i n l i g h t

o f t h e t r u e i n c i d e n c e r a t e f o r 4 7 , XYY m a l e s a s one i n 1000

n e w bo r n m a l e s . The p o s s i b i l i t y e x i s t s t h a t s p o r t s o t h e r

t h a n b a s k e t b a l l ( i . e . f o o t b a l l ) may p r o v i d e a s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e v a l e n c e f o r XYYs. Hi g h s c h o o l , c o l l e g e

a n d e s p e c i a l l y p r o f e s s i o n a l s p o r t s may a l l p o s s e s s v a r y i n g

p r e v a l e n c e r a t e s f o r XYY m a l e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , s i m i l a r

s c r e e n i n g s m i g h t be a t t e m p t e d t o i d e n t i f y XYY m a l e s i n o t h e r


3 22 5a g g r e s s i v e p o p u l a t i o n s s i n c e K e s s l e r and Moos have

i d e n t i f i e d s e v e r a l t y p e s o f a g g r e s s i o n : p r e d a t o r y , i n t e r

m a l e , i r r i t a b l e , f e a r - i n d u c e d , t e r r i t o r i a l , m a t e r n a l a n d

i n s t r u m e n t a l .

The f a c t t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y c o n s i s t e d

e n t i r e l y o f c o l l e g i a t e m a l e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a l l t h o s e

s c r e e n e d v e r e a t l e a s t h i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s and o f a t22l e a s t n o r m a l i n t e l l i g e n c e . Owen r e p o r t e d a 4 7 , XYY w i t h

a n IQ b e t w e e n 1 2 0 - 1 2 9 a n d n o t e s t h a t i t i s l i k e l y t h a t a l l

r a n g e s o f IQ s c o r e s a r e p o s s i b l e i n 4 7 , XYY m a l e s . T h e r e

f o r e , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f p e r s o n s n e a r

t h e m i d d l e a n d h i g h r a n g e o f t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l p o o l s h o u l d

n o t h a v e b e e n a f a c t o r a l t e r i n g t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f 4 7 , XYYs

among c o l l e g e men v e r s u s t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n . No s t u d i e s

h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d on t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f XYY m a l e s i n a

random s a m p l e o f c o l l e g e m a l e s . The 4 7 , XYY i d e n t i f i e d i n

t h i s s t u d y s u c c e s s f u l l y c o m p l e t e d c o l l e g e .7 8S t u d i e s ’ h av e shown a r a c i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l i n t h e

29i n c i d e n c e o f XYYs. Goodman e_t a J . i n 1968 e x a mi n ed t h e

c hr omosomes o f 36 b a s k e t b a l l p l a y e r s o f w h i ch 5 (14 p e r c e n t )

w er e N e g r o . The p r e s e n t s t u d y c o n s i s t e d o f 150 b a s k e t b a l l

p l a y e r s w i t h 20 (13 p e r c e n t ) b e i n g N e g r o . A p p r o x i m a t e l y

t h e same p r o p o r t i o n o f Negro t o C a u c a s i a n p l a y e r s e x i s t e d

i n t h e two s t u d i e s a l o n g w i t h s i m i l a r h e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

Goodman’ s p l a y e r s a v e r a g e d 76 i n c h e s w i t h a r a n g e o f 71 t o

82 i n c h e s w h i l e t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y p o p u l a t i o n a v e r a g e d 75


3 3

i n c h e s w i t h a r a n g e o f 68 t o 83 i n c h e s . A p p a r e n t l y

Goodman ' s t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n was t o o s m a l l t o d e t e c t any

4 7 , XYY m a l e s . Ev e n i f t h e 20 b l a c k p l a y e r s w er e e x c l u d e d

f rom t h e s t u d y due t o a r a c i a l b i a s i n t h e f r e q u e n c y o f

4 7 , XYY m a l e s i n Negro p o p u l a t i o n s , t h e r e s u l t s s t i l l would

n o t be s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f ro m t h e i n c i d e n c e r a t e f o r

4 7 , XYYs i n t h e n e wb o rn p o p u l a t i o n .

The 4 7 , XYY mal e was n o t i n f o r m e d o f t h e f i n d i n g s o f23

t h i s s t u d y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e s u g g e s t i o n s o f K i v o w i t z34and Beckman a n d Ki ng . Due t o t h e c o n c e r n on t h e p a r t o f

t h e r e s e a r c h e r f o r a n o n y m i t y on t h e p a r t o f t h e 4 7 , XYY

m a l e , no p h y s i o l o g i c a l o r p s y c h o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s wer e d o n e .

The e x c e s s i v e amount o f a t t e n t i o n t h a t w o u l d f o l l o w any

f u r t h e r t e s t s p e r f o r m e d on t h e XYY s u b j e c t wou ld have

i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i s c h a n c e s o f g a i n i n g k n o w l e d g e

o f t h e c o n c l u s i o n s . W i t h o u t t e l l i n g him t h e r e a s o n s f o r

f u r t h e r t e s t s w o u l d h av e r e s u l t e d i n t h e s u b j e c t p a r t i c i p a t

i n g w i t h o u t h i s i n f o r m e d c o n s e n t . I n v i e w o f t h e w i d e s p r e a d

u n c e r t a i n t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e XYY p h e n o t y p e t h e

r e s e a r c h e r d i d n o t deem t h e r i s k s i n v o l v e d w a r r a n t e d f u r t h e r

t e s t i n g .


LITERATURE CITED

1. C o u r t Brown, W.M. , " M a l e s Wi t h a n XYY Sex Chromosome C o m p l e m e n t . " J o u r n a l o f M e d i c a l G e n e t i c s , V 3 4 1 - 5 9 , 1968.

2 . J a c o b s , P . A . , B r u n t o n , M . , M e l v i l l e , M.M. , B r i t t a i n ,R . P . a n d McCl emont , W . F . , " A g g r e s s i v e B e h a v i o r ,M e n t a l S u b - n o r m a l i t y a n d t h e XYY M a l e . " N a t u r e ,CCVIII 1 3 5 1 - 2 , 1965 .

3. B o r g a o n k a r , D . S . an d S h a h , S . A . , "The XYY Chromosome M a l e - o r S y n d r om e? " P r o g r e s s i n M e d i c a l G e n e t i c s ,X 1 3 5 - 2 2 1 , 1 9 7 4 .

4 . S a n d b e r g , A.A. and K o e p f , G . F . , "XYY Hyman M a l e . "L a n c e t , I I 4 8 8 - 9 , 1961 .

5. Von W e s t a r p , C . , K i l l i n g e r , D.W. a nd V o l p e , R . ,"A Case o f T e s t i c u l a r F e m i n i z a t i o n w i t h XYY K a r y o t y p e . " C l i n i c a l E n d o c r i n o l o g y , I I I 4 4 7 - 5 5 , 1 9 7 4 .

6 . Welch , J . P . , B o r g a o n k a r , D . S . a nd H e r r , H . M . , " P s y c h o p a t h y , M e n t a l - D e f i e n c y , A g g r e s s i v e n e s s an d t h e XYY Xy n d r o m e . " N a t u r e , CCXIV 5 0 0 - 1 , 1 9 67 .

7 . F i n l e y , W.H. , McDanal , C . E . , F i n l e y , S . C . and R o s e c r a n s , C . J . , " P r i s o n S u r v e y f o r t h e XYY K a r y o t y p e i n T a l l I n m a t e s . " B e h a v i o r a l G e n e t i c s , I I I 9 7 - 1 0 0 , 1973 .

8 . Hook, E . B . , " R a c i a l D i f f e r e n t i a l s i n t h e P r e v a l e n c e R a t e s o f M a l e s w i t h S ex Chromosome A b n o r m a l i t i e s (XXY, XYY) i n S e c u r i t y S e t t i n g s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f Human G e n e t i c s . XXVI 5 0 4 - 1 1 , 1 9 7 4 .

9 . Goodman, R . M . , S m i t h , W.S. a n d M i d g e o n , C . J . , "Sex Chromosome A b n o r m a l i t i e s . " N a t u r e . CCXVI 9 4 2 - 3 , 1 9 6 7 .

10 . T e l f e r , M . A . , B a k e r , D . , C l a r k , G.R. a n d R i c h a r d s o n , C . E . , " I n c i d e n c e o f G r o s s Chromosomal E r r o r s Among T a l l C r i m i n a l A m e r i c a n M a l e s . " S c i e n c e , CLIX, 1 2 4 9 - 5 0 ,

11 . M a r i n e l l o , M . J . , B e r k s o n , R . A . , E d w a r d s , J . A . and Ba nne rman , R . M . , "A S t u d y o f t h e XYY Syndrome i n T a l l Men a n d J u v e n i l e D e l i n q u e n t s . " J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e r i c a n M e d i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n . CCVII I 3 2 1 - 2 5 , 1 96 9 .

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D a l y , R . F . , " N e u r o l o g i c a l A b n o r m a l i t i e s i n XYY M a l e s . " N a t u r e . CCXXI 4 7 2 - 3 , 1 9 6 9 .

D e b a u l t , L . E . , J o h n s t i o n , E. a nd L o e f f e l h o l z , P . , " I n c i d e n c e o f XYY a n d XXY I n d i v i d u a l s i n a S e c u r i t y H o s p i t a l P o p u l a t i o n . " D i s e a s e s o f t h e N e r v o u s S y s t e m . XXXIII 5 9 0 - 3 , 1 9 7 2 .

W i e n e r , S . , S u t h e r l a n d , G . , B a r t h o l o m e w , A.A. a n d Hudson, B . , "XYY M a l e s i n a M e l b o u r n e P r i s o n . "L a n c e t , I 1 5 0 , 1 9 6 8 .

Knox, S . J . an d N e v i n , N . C . , "XYY Chromosomal C o n s t i t u t i o n i n P r i s o n P o p u l a t i o n s . " N a t u r e . CCXXII 596 , 1969 .

H u n t e r , H. , " C h r o m a t i n - P o s i t i v e and XYY Boys i n Ap pr oved S c h o o l s . " L a n c e t , I I 8 1 6 , 1 968 .

Hook, E . B . a n d Kim, D . , " P r e v a l e n c e o f XYY a n d XXY K a r y o t y p e s i n 337 N o n r e t a r d e d Young O f f e n d e r s . "New E n g l a n d J o u r n a l o f M e d i c i n e . CCLXXXIII 4 1 0 - 1 1 ,1970 .

J a c o b s , P . A . , P r i c e , W.H. , Ri chmond, S. and R a t c l i f f , R . A . W . , "Chromosome S u r v e y s i n P e n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s and Ap pr oved S c h o o l s . " J o u r n a l o f M e d i c a l G e n e t i c s , V I I I 4 9 - 5 3 , 1971 .

D u f f y , J . C . a nd C e r v e n k a , J . , " S e a r c h f o r XYY Syndrome i n P s y c h i a t r i c a l l y D i s t u r b e d C h i l d r e n a n d A d o l e s c e n t D e l i n q u e n t s . " C h i I d P s y c h i a t r y and Human D e v e l o p m e n t , I I 5 0 - 5 3 , 1 9 7 1 .

Money, J . , G a s k i n , R . J . an d H u l l , H. , " I m p u l s e , A g g r e s s i o n and S e x u a l i t y i n t h e XYY S y n d r o m e . "S t . J o h n 1s Law R e v i e w (New Y o r k ) , XLIV 2 2 0 - 3 5 , 1 970 .

P i t c h e r , D . R . , "The XYY S y n d r o m e . " B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f H o s p i t a l M e d i c i n e , V 3 7 9 - 9 3 , 1971 .

Owen, D . R . , "The 4 7 , XYY Ma le : A R e v i e w . " P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l l e t i n . LXXVIII 2 0 9 - 3 3 , 1972 .

K i v o w i t z , J . , " The XYY Syndrome i n C h i l d r e n : AR e v i e w . " C h i l d P s y c h i a t r y and Human D e v e l o p m e n t , I I 1 8 6 - 9 4 , 1 9 72 .

Hook, E . B . , " B e h a v i o r a l I m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e Human XYY G e n o t y p e . " S c i e n c e , CLXXIX 1 3 9 - 5 0 , 1 973 .


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2 5 . K e s s l e r , S . a n d Moos, R . H . , "The XYY K a r y o t y p e andC r i m i n a l i t y : A R e v i e w . " J o u r n a l o f P s y c h i a t r i cR e s e a r c h , V I I 1 5 3 - 7 0 , 1 9 7 0 .

2 6 . P o x , R . G . , "The XYY O f f e n d e r : A Modern Myth?" J o u r n a lo f C r i m i n a l Law C r i m i n o l o g y a n d P o l i c e , LXII 5 9 - 7 3 ,1971 .

2 7 . G a r d n e r , L . I . and Neu, R . L . , " E v i d e n c e L i n k i n g an E x t r a Y Chromosome t o S o c i o p a t h i c B e h a v i o r . " A r c h i v e s o f G e n e r a l P s y c h i a t r y , XXVI 2 2 0 - 2 2 , 1 9 7 2 .

2 8 . N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f M e n t a l H e a l t h , R e p o r t on t h e XYY Chromosomal A b n o r m a l i t y . ( P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e s P u b l i c a t i o n no . 2 1 0 3 ) . 1 9 70 .

2 9 . Goodman, R . M . , M i l l e r , F . an d N o r t h , C . , "Chromosomeso f T a l l Men. " L a n c e t , I 1 3 1 8 , 1968 .

30 . V o o r h e e s , J . J . , H a y e s , E . a n d W i l k i n s , J . , "XYY G e n o t y p e and C y s t i c A c n e . " C l i n i c a l R e s e a r c h , X VI I I 3 5 2 , 1970 .

31 . V o o r h e e s , J . J . , W i l k i n s , J . W . , H a y e s , E. an d H a r r e l l ,E . R . , " N o d u l o c y s t i c Acne a s a P h e n o t y p i c F e a t u r e o ft h e XYY G e n o t y p e . " A r c h i v e s o f D e r m a t o l o g y . CV 9 1 3 - 1 9 , 1 9 7 2 .

32. V i a n n a , A . M. , F r o t a - P e s s o a , 0 . , L i o n , M.F. and D e c o u r t , L . , " S e a r c h i n g f o r XYY M a l e s Thr oug h E l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m s . " J o u r n a l o f M e d i c a l G e n e t i c s , IX 1 6 5 - 7 ,1 9 7 2 .

33 . N o e l , B . , D u p o r t , J . P . , R e v i l , D . , D u s s u y e r , I . and Q u a c k , B . , "The XYY S yn d ro me : R e a l i t y o r Myth?" C l i n i c a l G e n e t i c s . V 3 8 7 - 9 4 , 1 9 7 4 .

34. C u l l i t o n , B . J . , "XYY: H a r v a r d R e s e a r c h e r U nd er F i r e S t o p s Newborn S c r e e n i n g . " S c i e n c e , CLXXXVIII 1 2 8 4 - 5 , 1 9 7 5 .

35. S e r g o v i c h , F . , V a l e n t i n e , G . H . , Chen , T . L . , K i n c h , R . A . H . a nd Smout , M . S . , "Chromosome A b e r r a t i o n s i n 215 9 C o n s e c u t i v e Newborn B a b i e s . " New E n g l a n d J o u r n a l o f M e d i c i n e . CCLXXX 8 5 1 - 5 , 19 69 .

36. R a t c l i f f e , S . , M e l v i l l e , M.M. , S t e w a r t , A . L . , J a c o b s ,P . A . a n d Keay , A . J . , "Chromosome S t u d i e s on 3500 Newborn Male I n f a n t s . " L a n c e t , I 1 2 1 - 2 , 19 70 .


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37 . L u b b s , H.A. a n d R u d d l e , F . H . , " Chromosomal A b n o r m a l i t i e s i n t h e Human P o p u l a t i o n : E s t i m a t i o n o f R a t e sB a s e d on New Haven Newborn S t u d y . " S c i e n c e , CLXIX 4 9 5 - 7 , 1970 .

38 . P e a r s o n , P . L . , B o b r o v , M. a n d Vo s a , C . G . , " T e c h n i q u e f o r I d e n t i f y i n g Y Chromosomes i n Human I n t e r p h a s e N u c l e i . " N a t u r e . CCXXVI 7 8 - 8 0 , 1 970 .

39 . C a s p e r s s o n , T . , Zech , L. an d J o h a n s s o n , C . , " D i f f e r e n t i a l B i n d i n g o f A l k y l a t i o n F l u o r o c h r o m e s i n Human C h ro m o s o m e s . " E x p e r i m e n t a l C e l l R e s e a r c h , LX 315 ,1970 .

4 0 . R o b i n s o n , J . , "Y Chromosome F l u o r e s c e n c e i n B u c c a lMucosa C e l l s : A S t u d y On a Newborn P o p u l a t i o n . "A n n a l s o f Human G e n e t i c s , L ond on , XXXV 6 1 - 5 , 1971 .

41 . F r i e d r i c h , U. an d N i e l s e n , J . , "Chromosome S t u d i e s i n 5 , 0 4 9 C o n s e c u t i v e Newborn C h i l d r e n . " C l i n i c a l G e n e t i c s , IV 3 3 3 - 4 3 , 1973 .

4 2 . W a l z e r , S . , B r e a u , G. and G e r a l d , P . S . , "A Chromosome S u r v e y o f 2 , 4 0 0 Normal Newborn I n f a n t s . " J o u r n a l o f P e d i a t r i c s , LXXIV 4 3 8 - 4 8 , 1 969 .

4 3 . H a m e r t o n , J . L . , Ray , M . , A b b o t t , J . , W i l l i a m s o n , C. a n d D u c a s s e , G . C . , "Chromosome S t u d i e s i n a N e o n a t a l P o p u l a t i o n . " C a n a d i a n M e d i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n J o u r n a l ,CVI 7 7 6 - 9 , 1 9 72 .

4 4 . B e l l , A.G. a n d C o r e y , P . N . , "A Sex C h r o m a t i n and Y Body S u r v e y o f T o r o n t o N e w b o r n s . " C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l o f G e n e t i c s a n d C y t o l o g y , XVI 2 3 9 - 5 0 , 1974.

4 5 . J a c o b s , P . A . , M e l v i l l e , M . , R a t c l i f f e , S . , Keay, A. a n d Xyme, J . , "A C y t o g e n e t i c S u r v e y o f 1 1 , 6 8 0 Newborn I n f a n t s . " A n n a l s o f Human G e n e t i c s , London, XXXVII 3 5 9 - 7 5 , 1 974 .

4 6 . L e o n a r d , M . F . , Landy , G . , R u d d l e , F . H . and L ub s , A . ," E a r l y D e v e l o p m e n t o f C h i l d r e n W i t h A b n o r m a l i t i e s o f t h e Sex Chromosomes : A P r o s p e c t i v e S t u d y . " P e d i a t r i c s ,LIV 2 0 8 - 1 2 , 1 9 74 .

4 7 . F o r d , E . H . R . , Human Chr omo so me s . London an d New Y o r k : Academi c P r e s s , 2 0 3 - 5 , 1 9 7 3 .

48 . B e l l , A.G. a n d C r i p p s , M . H. , " F a m i l i a l A n e u p l o i d y :What R i s k t o S i b s ? " C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l o f G e n e t i c s an d C y t o l o g y , XVI 1 1 3 - 1 9 , 1 97 4 .

R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission

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K l i n g e r , H . P . a n d M os e r , G . C . , " I m p r o v e d C h r o m a t i n - F l u o r e s c e n c e T e c h n i q u e . " L a n c e t . I I 1 3 6 6 , 1 9 7 2 .

S h a v , M. u n p u b l i s h e d p r o c e d u r e c i t e d by P e r r e a u l t ,W . J . , L a w re n c e U n i v e r s i t y , A p p l e t o n , W i s c o n s i n , 1975 .

Wel ch , J . P . a n d L e e , L . Y . , " V a r i a t i o n i n t h e F r e q u e n c y o f D e t e c t a b l e Human Y C h r o m a t i n b e t w e e n Newborn and A d u l t M a l e s by t h e Q u i n a c r i n e F l u o r e s c e n c e T e c h n i q u e . " C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l o f G e n e t i c s a nd C y t o l o g y , X I I I 6 4 7 - 8 , 1 971 .

Bobrow, M . , P e a r s o n , P . L . and C o l l a c o t t , H . E . A . C . , " P a r a - n u c l e o l a r P o s i t i o n o f t h e Human Y Chromosome i n I n t e r p h a s e N u c l e i . " N a t u r e , CCXXXII 5 5 6 - 7 , 1 971 .

T i s h l e r , P . V . , R o s n e r , B . , L a m b o r o t - M a n z u r , M. and A t k i n s , L . , " S t u d i e s on t h e L o c a t i o n o f t h e Y F l u o r e s c e n t Body i n Human I n t e r p h a s e N u c l e i . " H u m a n g e n e t i k , XXII 2 7 5 - 8 6 , 1 9 74 .

R i g l e r , R . , " I n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n A c r i d i n e s an d DNA." Chromosome I d e n t i f i c a t i o n - t e c h n i q u e s a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s i n B i o l o g y and M e d i c i n e , Nobe l S y m p o s i a M e d i c i n e and N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s ♦ Academi c P r e s s , New Y o r k , 3 3 5 - 4 1 ,1 973 .

C l a r k , G . R . , T e l f e r , M . A . , B a k e r , D. a nd R o s e n , M . ," Sex Chromosomes , Cr ime a n d P s y c h o s i s . " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f P s y c h i a t r y , CXXVI 1 6 5 9 - 6 3 , 1 9 7 0 .

B a k e r , D . , T e l f e r , M . A . , R i c h a r d s o n , C . E . a n d C l a r k ,G . , "Chromosome E r r o r s i n Men Wi t h A n t i s o c i a l B e h a v i o r . " J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e r i c a n M e d i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n . CCXIV 8 6 9 - 7 8 , 19 70 .

Kane , J . E . , " P e r s o n a l i t y a n d P h y s i c a l A b i l i t y . " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s on S p o r t S c i e n c e , P r o c e e d i n g s . Tokyo , J a p a n , 1964 .

C o o p e r , L . , " A t h l e t i c s , A c t i v i t y an d P e r s o n a l i t y :A Rev i ew o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e . " R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y ,XL 1 7 - 2 2 , 1 969 .

T u t k o , T . , Lyon, L . P . a nd O g i l v i e , B . , The A t h l e t i c M o t i v a t i o n a l I n v e n t o r y . San J o s e , C a l i f o r n i a , I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e S t u d y o f A t h l e t i c M o t i v a t i o n , 1 9 6 9 .


the prevalence of 47, xyy males among collegiate

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