The Pregnant Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Britt Christensen, MDScott Plevy, MD

Case

26 yo woman with Crohn’s Dx since age 11 Ileal and colonic involvement Prior surgery, ileal sigmoid anastomosis. Perianal disease, large skin tags, anal

stricture Maintained on certolizumab pegol and

azathioprine Wants to have children Husband is healthy

Relationships and Fertility in IBD

Peak incidence of IBD overlaps the prime child bearing years

Fertility and pregnancy outcome is of great concern to the IBD patient

Addressing these issues is part of our goals of management

Before Pregnancy

Biggest Risk in IBD Pregnancy is Active Disease

Education regarding adverse effect of disease on pregnancy outcomes

High rates of “non-adherence” due to concerns regarding medications (12-40%, often without physician knowledge) 1 2

Counseling regarding use of IBD medications during pregnancy and lactation What will happen if you are off all meds? The reality of the timing of this approach…

1. Mounitfield et al. JCC 20102. Julsgaard et al. IBD 2011 & 2010

What are the chances of her child inheriting IBD?

a) No increased risk – the chances are the same as the general population risk

b) 1.5%

c) 5%

d) 20%

e) 35%

Inheritance of IBD• Non-mendelian inheritance: Multifactorial with a role for

as yet undefined environmental triggers

• Risk of CD and UC in offspring of patients with IBD1

One parent has CD: 5%

One parent has UC: 1.6%

Both parents have IBD: 35% 2

• Genetic anticipation: Familial CD younger onset than sporadic cases (22 y vs 27 y) 3

• Clinical features demonstrate heritable pattern

• Smoking may be an environmental trigger in susceptible family members

1. Orholm M Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Nov;94(11):3236-8.2. Bennett RA Gastroenterology. 1991 Jun;100(6):1638-43.3. Polito JM, Gastroenterology. 1996 Sep;111(3):580-6

Which statement is incorrect in regards to fertility and IBD?

a) Many patients with IBD are fearful of infertility

b) IBD patients have as many children as non-IBD patients

c) Patients with Crohn’s Disease who have had surgery have higher rates of infertility

d) Patients who have had IPAA surgery have infertility rates of up to 30-40%

e) Patients with both CD and UC who are in remission and have never had surgery have normal rates of fertility

Fear of Infertility in IBD Patients

CD vs.

UC

Ope

rate

d vs

Not

-Ope

rate

d

Female

vs.

Male

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

Mountifield et al. IBD 2009

Voluntary Childlessness is increased in patients with IBD

CD UC NCHS0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

Mari et al. IBD 2007

Infertility: Crohn’s Disease

Hudson:14% CD (n= 177) vs 14% general populationSurgical therapy:20% Medical therapy: 8%

The risk of fertility in CD prior to surgery appears to be similar to the general population

Author / year N Crohn’s Control

Fielding ’70 77 32%

Khosla ’84 54 married 12% 10% gen pop

Mayberry ’86 275 42% subfertility 28%

Baird ’90 177 Involuntary 5%Voluntary 14%

8%14%

Hudson ’97 177 14%Surg:20% Med: 8%

14%

Infertility: Ulcerative Colitis

Author / year N Ulcerative colitis Control

Willoughby1980

147 6.8%

Olsen2002

290 FR = 1.01 pre-operativeFR*= .20 post-operative

NSP = <.0001

Johnson2004

213 13.3% non-operative38.6% post IPAA

Lepisto2007

160 18% non-operative32% post IPAAPregnancy after 2 years:91% non-operative56% post IPAA

Cornish2007

419Systematic Review

12% pre-operative25% post-operative

Case

She and her partner are unable to conceive naturally (decreased fecundity)

Undergoes in vitro fertilization

She successfully conceives with IVF

What are the chances of a patient with Crohn’s Disease

fairing during pregnancy?

a) If their disease is active on conception they have a 70% chance of improving during pregnancy

b) If their disease is in remission they have a 70% chance of flairing during pregnancy

c) If their disease is in remission they have a 70% chance of staying in remission during pregnancy

d) If their disease is active they have a 70% chance of their disease worsening during pregnancy

Disease Activity Trends During Pregnancy in women with CD

73%

33% 32%34%

Inactive Active

NoRelapse

Relapse WorsenedActivity

ContinuedActivity

DecreasedActivity

n=186 n=93

Miller JP. J R Soc Med. 1986;79:221-225.

Disease Activity Trends During Pregnancy in women with UC

66%

45%

34%

24% 27%

Inactive Active

NoRelapse

Relapse WorsenedActivity

ContinuedActivity

DecreasedActivity

n=227n=528

Miller JP. J R Soc Med. 1986;79:221-225.

Pregnancy Outcomes and IBD

Preterm birth risk in both UC and CD1,2,5,6

in risk of low birth weight2-5

risk of maternal/delivery complications5

C-section rate6

4 of 5 studies: no major impact on risk of congenital abnormalities1-5

No impact on adverse new born outcomes5 6

1Baird DD, et al. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:987-994. 2Dominitz JA, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:641-648. 3Porter RJ, Stirrat GM. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;93:1124-1131. 4Fonager K, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:2426-2430.5Mahadevan U, et al. Gastroenterol. 2007;133:1106-1112 6Kornfield D et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:942-966

Increase in Preterm birth with moderate to high disease activity

Crude Relative Risk 95% CI

LBW 1.1 0.3-4.0

LBW at term 0.9 0.1-8.5

Preterm birth 3.4 1.1-10.6

Congenital Anomalies

0.4 0.0-3.9

Norgard B, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1947–1954.

Danish population based study: Pregnancies with disease activity at any time (n=71) were compared to pregnancies without any disease activity (n=86)

Preterm birth (<37 wks gestation)

Leading cause of mortality in newbornsHigher rates CP, sensory deficits, learning disabilities, respiratory illness

Currently on certolizumab pegol and azathioprine: What do you do with her medications now that she is pregnant?

a) Continue both medications throughout pregnancy

b) Continue both medication and then cease certolizumab at 30 weeks

c) Cease azathioprine but continue certolizumb throughout pregnancy

d) Cease certolizumab but continue azathioprine throughout pregnancy

e) Cease both medications whilst patient is pregnant

Category B Category C Category D Category X

Loperamide Ciprofloxacin Azathioprine† Methotrexate

Mesalamine Cyclosporine 6-Mercaptopurine† Thalidomide

Balsalazide Diphenoxylate

Corticosteroids Olsalazine

Sulfasalazine Tacrolimus

Anti-TNF agents NatalizumabAsacol HDMetronidazole*

*Safe for use after first trimester. †Increasing use in pregnancy.

Briggs GG, et al. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.

Physician’s Desk Reference®. 57th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thompson PDR; 2003.

Safety of IBD Medications During Pregnancy

Corticosteroids (C) Case-control study in 1st trimester

Increased risk of oral clefts Overall risk of malformations low In transplant setting:

Adrenal suppression in newborn Premature rupture of membranes

Compatible with breast feeding Budesonide (Entocort)

Orally inhaled budesonide not associated with increase risk of fetal abnormalities

8 CD patients treated with oral budesonide1

1. Beaulieu Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Jan;15(1):25-8

Azathioprine/6-MP Transplant and rheumatology cohorts considered safe

with no constant reports of abnormalities, prematurity or congenital defects

Almost all IBD studies show no increased risk of congenital abnormalities1-5

No increased risk of miscarriage1

Some studies suggest increased risk of prematurity and LBW but thought to be disease related2 5

Recent study of 30 patients showed 60% of babies born mildly anemic – unsure if clinically relevant as no action required.6

1) Coelho: Gut. 2011; 2) Goldstein LH, et al. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2007; 3) Briggs GG, et al. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. 1998; 4) Francella A, et al. Gastroenterology. 2003; 5) Cleary. Birth Defects Research 2009; 6) Jharap et al. GUT. 2013

Adapted from: Hanauer SB. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2004;4(Suppl. 3):S18-S24.

Monoclonal antibody

Infliximab Adalimumab

IgG1Fc

Fab

HumanChimeric

Fab′

Certolizumab pegol

PEG

PEGylated humanized

Fab′ fragment

2 × 20 kDa PEG

Anti-TNF-alpha Therapies

Placental Transfer of IgG Ab

0

5

10

15

20

0 10 20 30 40 50

Gestational age (weeks)

IgG

(g/L

)

Image Courtesy of Sunanda Kane MD: Malek A, Evolution of maternofetal transport of immunoglobulins during human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996; 36(5):248-55.Mahadevan U Gastroenterol 2007;132:A-144; Mahadevan et al. Gastro vol 140 Is 5, suppl 1, P S-796 Mahadevan U Gastroenterology 2009;136:146

Infliximab: (n= 10)Infant and cord IFX level were greater than mother. 6 months to clear

Adalimumab (n = 10)ADA level was greater than mother. 4 months to clear¾ pts who stopped ADA 35 days prior to delivery had a flare

Certolizumab (n = 10)Infant and cord levels less than 2 mcg/ml even if mom dosed the week of delivery

Infliximab/Adalimumab/Certolizumab pegol (B)

Infliximab (B) 100 infants exp, similar rate of live births, SAB’s1

117 exp vs. unexposed with similar rate of miscarriage (10 vs. 6.7%) and neonatal complications (6.9% vs. 10%)

2

Adalimumab (B) 33 women enrolled in a prospective study in pregnancy and an

additional 89 adalimumab exposed pregnant women in a registry. No increase in birth defects, abortion, congenital malformation or

preterm delivery 3

Certolizumab (B) Limited published data Thought likely safe as minimal transfer across placenta

Natalizumab (C): IgG4 143 pregnant patients exposed to natalizumab No birth defects reported

4(1) Katz JA, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2385(2) Lichtenstein. Gastroenterol 2010;138, S-475 (3) Jurgens Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Dec 21 (4) Nazareth M, Mahadevan U. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:S449-50

Timing of Biological Therapies in Pregnancy

Elective switching of therapies is not recommended

Outcomes of moms on biological therapies not different than moms who are off these therapies (recognizing differences in disease severity)

Trying to time dosing based on third trimester is an unproven strategy, and not based on known pharmacokinetics

No live virus vaccine for first 6 months for infants exposed to IFX or ADA during pregnancy

Focus on newborn- consider testing for immune conversion with vaccinations

Case

She continues on her azathioprine and anti-TNF agent (certolizumab pegol)

At 18 weeks EGA, presents with rectal pain, bleeding.

EXAM: Anal stricture, significant induration of

perianal area.

Management of Flares in the Pregnant IBD Patient

Medication choices are similar Avoid new aza/6mp in pregnancy Avoid metronidazole, corticosteroids in T1

Imaging MRI preferred to CT, but NO gadolinium in T1 Small bowel US if available

Endoscopy Unsedated flexible sigmoidoscopy preferred

Surgery During Pregnancy

Indications similar to non-pregnant patient obstruction, perforation, hemorrhage or abscess

T2 best time to operate Fetal mortality can be high with abortion-stillbirth

rates as high as 18-40% In severely ill patients, continued illness is greater

risk to fetus than surgical intervention1

A temporary ileostomy is generally preferred, to reduce risk of post-operative complications after primary anastomosis2

1. Subhani et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 2. Kane S. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2003;

Case

Undergoes loop ileostomy. Tolerates procedure well. Medications stopped (diverted) “feels great” Follows up with OB and GI Planned elective Caesarean delivery

Mode of DeliveryMode of delivery is per OB discretion except…

Avoid episiotomy: may predispose to perineal disease (17.9%) without prior disease 103 Vaginal delivery (87% episiotomy)1

Caesarean section if active perianal disease No history(1/39) or inactive (0/11) perianal disease at

birth, risk of relapse very low 4/4 with active perianal disease worsened post-vaginal

delivery1

J-Pouch: Relative Indication for Elective Caesarian Borderline continence that depends more on intact

optimal sphincter function

1 Brandt LJ. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 2. Ilnyckyji A. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999

She delivers a healthy baby boy!

Lets assume she is back on her medication…. Can she breast-feed whilst

taking certolizumab pegol and azathioprine?

a) Yes – both medications are considered safe

b) She must cease her azathioprine but can breast-feed whilst taking certolizumab

c) She must cease her certolizumab but can breast-feed whilst taking azathioprine

d) She must cease both medications if she wishes to breast-feed

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding (non-IBD moms) associated with a protective effect in the development of early onset IBD1

Breastfeeding not associated with an increased risk of disease flare; possible protective effect against disease flare in the post-partum Manitoba, population based study2

1. Barclay J Pediatr 2009; 2. Moffatt Am J Gastro June 2009

Low Risk to Use When Warranted

Limited Data Available Contraindicated

Oral mesalamine Tacrolimus

Natalizumab

Methotrexate

Topical mesalamine Sulfasalazine Certolizumab

Adalimumab

Cyclosporine

Metronidazole Ciprofloxacin

Infliximab

Physicians’ Desk Reference®. 57th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thompson PDR; 2003; de Boer NK, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(6):1390-1392; Sau A, et al. BJOG. 2007;114(4):498-501.; Moretti ME, et al. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(12):2269-2272. ; Gardiner SJ, et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62(4):453-456.

Safety of IBD Medications in Breast-Feeding

Corticosteroids

6-MP/AZA

Breastfeeding Azathioprine

Studies show undetectable levels in feeding infants and minimal detectable levels in milk with no consequences for baby1, 2, 3

Peak excretion first 3 hours with max infant ingestion less than 0.008mg/kg body weight/24 h4

Can consider waiting 4 hours from dose to feed. Infliximab and Adalimumab

Breast milk 1/200th mother’s level (n = 1) 5 6

ADA not detected in infant (n = 1) 6

Certolizumab Not detected in breast milk (n = 1)

1. Moretti ME et al. Ann. Pharmacother. 2006.; 2. Gardiner SJ et al. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2006; 3. Sau A et al. BJOG 2007; 4. Christensen et al. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 2008; 5.Benhorin J Crohn’s Colitis 2011; 6. Ben-Horin CGH 2010

Summary: IBD and the Pregnant Patient

Control disease prior to planned pregnancy Consider surgery prior to planning pregnancy (including

temporary ostomy in some cases) Communication to obstetrician and to pediatrician is

essential Most medications are compatible and safe in pregnancy:

5-ASA Corticosteroids (1st T risk of cleft palate) Antibiotics (metronidazole after T1, Clavulanate/piperacillin) Azathioprine/6-MP Anti-TNF (notable that certolizumab doesn’t cross placenta)

Most medications are safe for breast feeding as well