the physical metallurgy of steels
TRANSCRIPT
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Physical Metallurgy Principles Physical Metallurgy Principles Applied to Steels and Other Applied to Steels and Other Ferrous AlloysFerrous Alloys
R. R. BiedermanR. R. BiedermanJune 7, 2005June 7, 2005
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Outline1. General Physical Metallurgy Concepts common to all alloy
systems
2. Chemical Bonding, Atom Size, Lattices, Crystals and Crystalline Defects, Solid Solutions, Alloying and Microstructures
3. Grains and Grain Size Control, Role of Deformation and Deformation Processing
4. Phases, Invariant Reactions, Equilibrium Phase Diagrams and Phase Transform - ations in Cast Irons and Steels.
5. Non Equilibrium Transformations in Ferrous Alloys, Time Dependency, Microstructure – Property Relationships
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UTS(MPa) = 3.45(HB)
UTS(psi) = 500(HB)
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BCC
FCC
HCP
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FCC BCC HCP{0001}<11-20>{111}<110> {110}<111>
12 48 3
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Control of slip is essential to achieve maximum toughness in a crystalline material
Toughness = (Ductility) X (Strength)= f{strain x stress}
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Fe
Ni
Substitutional Solid Solution
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Austenite – FCC form of Iron
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Interstitial Solid Solution
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Ferrite – BCC form of Iron
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Casting Issues1. Chemical Segregation and Porosity Issues
2. Often Coarse Non-Uniform Grain Size Issues
3. Inconsistent Properties Issues due to 1 & 2
Corrective Approaches1. Carefully Hot Work the Casting to Breakup Microstructural
Segregation and close the Porosity [Classical Wrought Product]
2. Make Very Small Castings (Powder) and Recombine by Hot Forming in an Inert Environment [“ High Tech” Wrought
Product]
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Which Microstructure is the Finish Microstructure ?
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Hot Working
=
Cold Working
+
Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth
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Before Cold Work
After Cold Work
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Effect of Cold Working Metals
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Understanding ofFe –C Phase Equilibrium -1946
Tool Available at the time: *X-ray Diffraction *Optical Metallography*Thermocouples
Delta – BCC
Austenite – FCC
Ferrite – BCC
Cementite -Orthorhombic
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Peritectic Reaction Temperature
Eutectic Reaction Temperature
Eutectoid Reaction Temperature
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Cast Irons
White Cast Iron
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MalleablizingWhite Cast Iron
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Cast Irons
Ferritic Gray CI
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Lebedurite
HypoeutecticComposition
HypereutecticComposition
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Steels Cast Irons
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Steel Phase Equilibria
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Martensite Transformation
Retained Austenite
“As Quenched”Martensite
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Nucleation & Growth KineticsNucleation Rate
Growth Rate
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Isothermal Time Dependence of Phase Transformation Reaction Rate
α Finish
β Start
β Finish
α α Startβ
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1045 Steel 1.2%C Steel
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So:How do you make a “Damascus” Sword?
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