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THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

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Page 1: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

THE PERIODIC TABLE

How the Elements are Organized

Page 2: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

John Newlands

Arranged the known elements according to their properties and in order of increasing atomic mass

He placed the elements in a table

Page 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Law of Octaves

The pattern discovered by John Newlands

All elements in a given row had similar chemical and physical properties and these properties seemed to repeat every eight elements

Page 4: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Dmitri Mendeleev

1869, produced the first orderly arrangement of elements in the periodic table

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass

He even predicted elements that had not been discovered yet

Page 5: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Henry Mosely

Changed the periodic table to be organized by atomic number instead of atomic mass

Page 6: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Periodic Law

States that when the elements are arranged according to their atomic numbers, elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals

Page 7: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Valence Electrons

Elements in each column of the periodic table have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level (valence electrons)

It is the valence electrons of an atom that participate in chemical reactions with other atoms, so atoms with the some number of valence electrons tend to react in similar ways

Page 8: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Groups

A vertical column on the periodic table Elements in the far left column have 1

valence electron Elements in the far right column have 8

valence electrons

Page 9: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Period

A horizontal row on the periodic table Elements in the same period have the

same number of occupied energy levels

Page 10: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Main Group Elements

In the s and p blocks of the periodic table

The configuration of their valence electrons can be written as ns2

Sometimes called the representative elements because they have a wide range of properties

Page 11: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Periodic Table organization

Page 12: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Alkali Metals- Group 1

Are metals that react with water to make alkaline solutions

Ex.-Potassium reacts vigorously with cold water to form hydrogen gas and the compound potassium hydroxide, KOH

Have a single valence electron, very reactive

When they lose the valence electron they become stable

Page 13: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Alkali Metals, cont.

Stored in oil Never found in nature as pure

substances, but only as compounds (such as NaCl)

Soft metals Good conductors of electricity

Page 14: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Alkali Metals

Click here for website

Potassium

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/alkali-reac.html
Page 15: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Alkaline-Earth Metals

Highly reactive, found as compounds rather than pure elements

Slightly less reactive than the alkali metals

Have two valence electrons and must lose both to get a stable electron configuration

Harder and have higher melting points that alkali metals

Page 16: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Halogens-Group 17

The most reactive group of nonmetal elements because of their 7 valence electrons, only need 1 electron for a stable configuration

Often react with alkali metals which only have one valence electron

React with most metals to form salt (Halogen means “salt maker”)

Page 17: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Noble Gases- Group 18

Unreactive, have a full set of valence electrons

Except for helium they all have an outer shell configuration of ns2np6 (n is the period number)

Page 18: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Hydrogen

Most common element in the universe Consists of just one proton and one

electron Behaves unlike any other element Can react with many other elements,

including oxygen

Page 19: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized
Page 20: THE PERIODIC TABLE How the Elements are Organized

Metals

Make up the majority of elements Shiny Conduct electricity Ductile-can be squeezed into a wire Malleable- can be hammered or rolled

into sheets


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