Chapter 4 – The Periodic Chapter 4 – The Periodic TableTable

4.1 How are the Elements 4.1 How are the Elements Organized?Organized?

4.2 – Tour of the Periodic Table4.2 – Tour of the Periodic Table

Periodic PatternPeriodic Pattern

John Newlands – 1John Newlands – 1stst 16 elements 16 elements according to atomic massaccording to atomic mass

Dmitri Mendeleev – 1Dmitri Mendeleev – 1stst 63 elements 63 elements according to atomic massaccording to atomic mass Some discrepancies and gapsSome discrepancies and gapsPredicted properties of other elementsPredicted properties of other elements

Henry Moseley – x-ray spectra - Henry Moseley – x-ray spectra - numbersnumbers

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Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Periodic LawPeriodic Law – the repeating – the repeating physical and chemical properties if physical and chemical properties if elements change periodically with elements change periodically with their atomic numbertheir atomic number

PeriodPeriod – a horizontal row of – a horizontal row of elements in the periodic tableelements in the periodic table Similar e- configsSimilar e- configs

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

GroupGroup – a vertical column of – a vertical column of elements on the p.t.elements on the p.t.Similar properties w/ some gradationSimilar properties w/ some gradation

MGEMGE – elements in the s-block and – elements in the s-block and the p-block of the periodic tablethe p-block of the periodic tableHaving very regular e- configsHaving very regular e- configs

AKA representative elementsAKA representative elements

Group 1Group 1

Alkali metalsAlkali metals – highly reactive – highly reactive metallic elements in group 1 that metallic elements in group 1 that react rapidly with water to form react rapidly with water to form hydrogen and alkaline solutions and hydrogen and alkaline solutions and that burn in airthat burn in air

Soft, shine (dulls in oxygen/water), Soft, shine (dulls in oxygen/water), stored in oil or kerosene, violent rxn stored in oil or kerosene, violent rxn with cold water, good conductorswith cold water, good conductors

Group 2Group 2Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals – reactive – reactive

metallic elements in group 2 with 2 metallic elements in group 2 with 2 e-’s in the outer most E levele-’s in the outer most E level

Compared to alkali metals a.e.m. are Compared to alkali metals a.e.m. are harder, denser, stronger, and have harder, denser, stronger, and have higher m.p.higher m.p.

Less reactive than a.m. and reactivity Less reactive than a.m. and reactivity decreases as you go down the groupdecreases as you go down the group

Group 17Group 17

HalogensHalogens – a nonmetallic element – a nonmetallic element in group 17 of the p.t. that has 7 in group 17 of the p.t. that has 7 e-’s in the outermost E level and e-’s in the outermost E level and combines w/metals to form saltscombines w/metals to form saltsMost reactive group of nonmetalsMost reactive group of nonmetals

SaltSalt – a cmpd. Composed of + – a cmpd. Composed of + and – ions arranged in a regular and – ions arranged in a regular 3D pattern3D pattern

Group 18Group 18

Noble GasesNoble Gases – elements in group – elements in group 18 of the p.t. that are characterized 18 of the p.t. that are characterized by low reactivityby low reactivityStable octetStable octet

HydrogenHydrogen – class by itself – class by itselfMost common element Most common element 1 p+ and 1 e-1 p+ and 1 e-Violent rxn with oxygen to make waterViolent rxn with oxygen to make water

Lanthanides and ActinidesLanthanides and ActinidesLanthanidesLanthanides – shiny, metallic – shiny, metallic

transition metals with atomic # 58-71 transition metals with atomic # 58-71 in which e- are added to the 4f in which e- are added to the 4f orbitalsorbitalsShiny and reactiveShiny and reactive

ActinidesActinides– shiny, metallic transition – shiny, metallic transition metals with atomic # 90-103 in which metals with atomic # 90-103 in which e- are added to the 5f orbitalse- are added to the 5f orbitalsAll are radioactiveAll are radioactive

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MetalsMetals

MetalsMetals – an element that is a – an element that is a good conductor of electricitygood conductor of electricityLeft side of p.t.Left side of p.t.Conductivity as temp. Conductivity as temp. Solids at room temperatureSolids at room temperatureAlloy – a solid or liquid mixture Alloy – a solid or liquid mixture

of 2 or more metalsof 2 or more metals

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Transition MetalsTransition Metals – one of the – one of the metals that can use the inner metals that can use the inner shell b4 using the outer shell shell b4 using the outer shell aka: d block elementsaka: d block elements

Less reactive than groups 1 & 2Less reactive than groups 1 & 2

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

NonmetalsNonmetals – an element that is a – an element that is a poor conductor of electricity poor conductor of electricity Right of p.t.Right of p.t.Poor conductors (as temp Poor conductors (as temp

conductivity )conductivity )

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

SemiconductorsSemiconductors – a crystalline – a crystalline material with intermediate material with intermediate electrical conductivity electrical conductivity Stair step lineStair step lineMetalloidsMetalloidsSolids at room temperatureSolids at room temperatureUsed in electrical devicesUsed in electrical devices

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