the parts of speech...prepositions about at but (concerning) above before by across behind...

Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

The Parts of Speech

Noun Verb Preposition Pronoun Adverb Conjunction Adjective Interjection


Noun A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea.

Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Types of Nouns

1. Proper 2.  Common

3.  Abstract 4.  Concrete

5.  Collective Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Proper Noun

• A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing.

• Ex. – Kay, Miami, White House



Common Noun

• A common noun is the name of an ordinary noun.

• Ex. – city, woman, building, shoe



Abstract Noun

• An abstract noun names a quality, a characteristic, or an idea.

• Ex. – beauty, strength, love, courage



Concrete Noun

• A concrete noun names an object that can be perceived by the senses.

• Ex. – hat, desk, book, box



Collective Noun

• A collective noun names a group.

• Ex. - crowd, team, class



Possessive Case

•  The possessive case of a noun or a pronoun shows ownership or relationship.

•  Ownership Relationship Alice Walker’s poetry Crowfoot’s family the student’s suggestions five dollars’ worth your opinion my grandparents



Possessive Case

1. To form the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an –s.

ex. The senator’s comments player’s turn

2.  To form the possessive of a plural noun ending in –s, add only the apostrophe.

ex. Girls’ team the winners’ trophy Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Possessive Case

3.  Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns or with the possessive pronoun whose.

INCORRECT We thought the top score was her’s. CORRECT We thought the top score was hers.



Possessive Case

4. To form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun, add an apostrophe and an –s.

Ex. Everyone’s vote counts equally.



Possessive Case

5.  Form the possessive of only the last word in a hyphenated word, in the name of an organization or a business firm, or in a word group showing joint possession.

Ex. father-in-law’s hobby Lewis and Clark’s expedition Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Pronoun

• A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.

• Ex. – Angelo borrowed a hammer and some nails. He will return them tomorrow.



Types of Pronouns

•  Personal •  Reflexive •  Intensive •  Relative •  Interrogative •  Demonstrative •  Indefinite Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Personal Pronouns Singular Plural

1st I, me, my, mine we, our, ours, us Person

2nd you, your, yours you, your, yours Person

3rd he, his, him they, their, theirs, them Person she, her, hers

it, its



Antecedent

•  The word that a pronoun stands for is called the antecedent.

•  In the preceding example, Angelo is the antecedent of he, and hammer and nails are the antecedents of them.



Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns

•  A reflexive or intensive pronoun is created when the suffix –self or –selves is added to the appropriate personal pronouns.

1.  Reflexive (The pronoun stands alone.) Ex. Carmen hurt herself. 2.  Intensive (The pronoun is next to another noun

or pronoun.) Ex. Carmen herself was not hurt.



Relative Pronoun

•  A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause.

Who Which Whose That Whom



Interrogative Pronouns

•  An interrogative pronoun introduces a question.

Who Which Whom What Whose



Demonstrative Pronouns

•  A demonstrative pronoun points out a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.

•  The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those.

•  Ex. This is our favorite song by Ella Fitzgerald.



Indefinite Pronouns all either much other another everybody neither several any everyone nobody some anybody everything none somebody anyone few no one someone anything many nothing something both more one such each most



Indefinite Pronouns

•  An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically named.



Adjectives

•  An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun.

•  To modify means “to describe or make more definite”.



Articles

•  A, an, and the are articles.

•  Identify articles by placing an orange box around each of them.



Adjectives •  Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns by

telling which one, what kind, how many.



Which one?

•  This street •  Those cars •  First step •  Last one



What kind?

•  Brown shoes •  Large animal •  Narrow road •  Nice person



How many?

•  Ten boxes •  Several boxes •  Fewer mistakes •  Many students



Adjectives

•  Adjectives usually precede the words they modify.

•  Ex. The wild and graceful deer ran through the forest.



Adjectives

•  For emphasis, however, adjectives are sometimes placed after the words they modify.

•  The deer, wild and graceful, ran through the forest.



Adjective Suffixes

•  Common adjective suffixes include:

-able (tolerable) -en (wooden) -ible (possible) -ful (thankful) -ate (desolate, separate) -less (hopeless) -esque (picturesque) -some (lonesome) -ous Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Prepositions

•  A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

•  Think about the squirrel and the tree!!!!



Prepositions About at but (concerning) Above before by Across behind concerning After below down Against beneath during Along beside except Amid besides for Among between from Around beyond in



More Prepositions into since until like through unto of throughout up off to upon on toward with over under within past underneath without



Conjunctions

•  A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words.

•  There are three kinds of conjunctions: 1. coordinating conjunctions 2. correlative conjunctions

3. subordinating conjunctions Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Coordinating Conjunctions

•  A coordinating conjunction connects words or groups of words used in the same way.

and or yet but nor so for



Correlative Conjunctions •  Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that connect words or groups

of words used in the same way. *Both . . . and *Either . . . or *Neither . . . nor *Not only . . . but *Whether . . . or



Subordinating Conjunctions

•  A subordinating conjunction begins a subordinate (dependent) clause and connects it to an independent clause.



Subordinating Conjunctions

after because since although before so that as even though than as if how that as much as if though as though in order that unless as well as provided until Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


More Subordinating Conjunctions

when whenever where wherever whether while why Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Verbs

•  A verb is a word used to express action or a state of being.



Forms of Be

•  There are eight forms of the verb –BE.

am was be is were been are being



Linking Verbs am appear grow seem taste is become look smell turn are feel remain sound was stay were be been being Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Verb Phrases

•  A verb phrase consists of a main verb and at least one helping verb. As many as three helping verbs may precede the main verb.



Helping Verbs am could do have can will is would did has may shall are should does had might was must were be been being Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Action Verbs

•  Action verbs fall into two categories:

1.  Transitive

2.  Intransitive



Transitive Verbs

•  A transitive verb is an action verb that takes an object (a word that tells who or what receives the action. The object is either a noun or pronoun.)

Ex. Everyone (in the school) cheered the football team. **To find the object, ask who? or what? after the verb.



Intransitive Verbs

•  An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not take an object.

•  Ex. The gorilla smiled. Suddenly, the child next door screamed.



Adverbs

•  An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.



Adverbs

•  Most adverbs end in –ly. •  Common adverbs include:

no very still not almost too

never always well n’t



Adverbs

•  An adverb may tell how, when, where, or to what extent (how often or how much). Ex. She drives carefully. (tells how she drives)

She drives early and late. (tells when) She drives everywhere. (tells where) She can almost drive. (tells to what extent)

She drives daily. (tells how often)



Interjection

•  An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.

•  Examples: Oh! My goodness! Hurry!

•  Interjections are followed by an exclamation point. (!)


the parts of speech...prepositions about at but (concerning) above before by across behind...

Documents