INDEX

AAarhus model, 419, 420, 425–427, 429,

915, 917Abattoir, 1016Abbis, Nasir, 737, 744Abdiweli, Ridwan Haji, 925Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 860Abidin, Mohamed Rashid Zainal, 755Abrahms, Max, 789Absolutist theory, 1065Abu Bakr, Y., 265Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), 705–706, 751Acharya, A., 254Action Plan for Counterterrorism and

Security, 377Action Plan on Combating Terrorism

(APCT), 331–333Active Service Units (ASUs), 50Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi

(AKP), 829–830Adebolajo, M., 339Adesoji, A., 1006Aerial attacks, 864Afghanistan, 605, 625Africa, counterterrorism, 1043–1045Africa Centre for the Study and Research

on Terrorism (ACSRT), 1044African National Congress (ANC), 1056,

1058African Peace and Security Architecture

(APSA), 984, 990, 998African Peace Facility (APF), 983African Standby Force (ASF), 987African Union (AU), 996–999, 1043

AUCMS funding instability,implications of, 992–995

CT strategy, 987–990equipment and funds, diverse

sources, 984and funding instability, 982–983institutional challenges/

instabilities, 984unreliable financial resources, 983–984war on terror, 995–996

African Union Mission in Somalia(AMISOM), 927, 932, 935, 981,996–999

contextual analysis, 985–986CT capabilities and strategy, 990–991CT strategy, 987financial support, 993political, social and strategic

constraints, 991–992strategic effectuality, 986–987strategic flaws of, 995

African Union Partners’ Groups(AUPG), 998

Agenzia informazioni e sicurezza esterna(AISE), 490

Agenzia informazioni e sicurezza interna(AISI), 490

Ahmed, Iajuddin, 629Ahmed, K., 195–219Ahmed, Mohiuddin, 623Aircraft hijackings, 651Airports Safety and Security System

Improvement Project, 631Air-transport Security Act, 363

© The Author(s) 2017S.N. Romaniuk et al. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of GlobalCounterterrorism Policy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55769-8

1069

AIVD, see Dutch General Intelligenceand Security Service

Akayev, A., 557–561Algerian War, 14, 21, 437, 439Algiers Accords, 1028, 1031Alla’r Dal, 621, 623Allen, Charles, 819n11All-out offensive, 800All-out war, 795All Progressive Congress (APC), 1010Al Mukmin, 707Alonso, R., 49Al-Qaeda (AQ), 40–42, 49, 165, 168,

169, 170–176, 181–187, 199–201,441, 442, 465, 488, 589, 601, 603,638, 649, 653, 673, 692, 750, 858,861–862, 865

Al Qaeda-centric threatSingapore; phase I, 752–756; phase

II, 756–759Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

(AQAP), 441, 814, 855, 859, 860,863–866, 865, 869, 870, 875

Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb(AQIM), 968, 1021, 1036, 1043

Al-Shabaab movement, 986, 1043Amarthaligam, Appapilai, 638–639Ambivalent counterterrorism

policies, 719American policymakers, 163, 164, 189Amnesty International (AI), 51, 142,

237, 382, 384, 445, 449, 525, 846,1009, 1016

Amsterdam Information Exchange(AMS-IX), 386

Anarco-insurrezionalisti militants, 487Anderson, B., 121Andhra Pradesh Control of Organised

Crime Act, 578AngamiZapuPhizu, 582Anglo-Malayan Defense Arrangement

(AMDA), 777Aniagolu, Anthony, 1005Annan, K., 19Ansar al-Sharia in Libya (ASL), 954Ansarullah Bangla Team, 623Ansharul Khilafah Jawa Timur, 761Anti-Firearm Squads, 658Anti-Hijacking Act, 578

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation, 676Anti-sabotaging law, 652Anti-Terror Bureau, 676Anti-Terrorism Act, 265, 266, 630,

1009, 1057, 1062Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA)

program, 282, 1046Anti-Terrorism Law, 288Anti-terrorism legislation, 263–265, 342,

733, 997, 1045Anti-Terrorism Ordinance

(ATO), 629–631Anti-Terrorism Special Measure

Law, 654Antiterrorist action law, 697Antiterror law, 677–679Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, 779Apocalyptic theory, 1065Aquino, N. P., 712, 801Arab Higher Committee, 99Arab-Israeli

conflict, 99, 107confrontation, 100

Arab Spring, 122, 767, 811, 845,846, 859, 860, 864, 865, 868, 871,972, 973

Arendt, H., 13Armed Forces Special Powers Act

(AFSPA), 578, 580, 581Army Public School, 599Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, 709Asahara, Shoko, 652Asia-Pacific Group, 591Assam Disturbed Areas Act, 578Assam Maintenance of Public Order

(Autonomous District) Act, 578Assam Preventive Detention Act, 578Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 771Asybal Tauhid Indonesia, 760Asymmetric warfare, 623–624Atambayev, A., 562–563Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 831Atkins, S.E., 104ATPU, 1049–1051Attorney General of the Federation

(AGF), 1008Attran, S., 109AUCMS funding instability, 992–995

1070 INDEX

Aum Shinrikyo, 652–653AU National ConflictManagement

System (NCMS), 982AU Peace and Security Architecture

(APSA), 987AU Peace Operation Programme, 992Authorization for Use of Military Force

(AUMF), 171, 172Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia

(AUC), 141, 295, 301, 304, 307, 308Autonomous Region in Muslim

Mindanao (ARMM), 784Awoniyi, O. H., 927Ayubi, Nazih, 949

BBa’asyir, Abu Bakar, 741, 756Babbar Khalsa International, 751Badan Nasional Penanggulangan

Terorisme (BNPT), 745Badawi, Abdullah, 718, 721Bahrain, 811, 839–840

Shia insurgency; demographicdifferences and powerdynamics, 840–842; initialphases, 842–845

shifting tactics, 845–851Bahrain Defense Force (BDF), 847Bahrain Financial Harbour, 844Bahrain Freedom Movement, 846Bahrain Independent Commission of

Inquiry (BICI), 842–843, 848Bakiyev, K., 561–562Bakker, Edwin, 693Balikatan, 709Ballin, H., 377Baltic States, 393–394, 399–404

Estonia, 400–404Latvia, 402–404Lithuania, 403–404Muslim populations, 396–400NATO, 399, 400Russian populations, 396

Bangladesh counterterrorism, 621counterterrorism strategy, 628–631Islam, political radicalization

of, 624–625resource predation thesis, 625–627

terrorist attacks, 627–628terrorist groups, 621–624

Bangladesh Development PartnershipCenter (BDPC), 628

Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters(BIFF), 785, 797, 802

Bankoff, G., 608n3Bardo attack, 974BarisanAlternatif (BA), 720Barisan Nasional (BN), 719Barker, K., 247–268Barna, J., 84Barqa Council, see Cyrenaica

Transitional CouncilBartolucci, V., 337–350, 437–454Bashar, Mohammad Abul, 623Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ-

PNV), 462, 463, 468, 469Basque region, 459–463

3/11 terrorist attack, 465–466Basque Country, 468EAJ-PNV, 462, 463,

468, 469ETA, 459–460, 463–465Navarre, 468PSOE, 465secessionism and terrorism, 466–467Spanish government, 467–468;

ETA, 472–473; policingstrategies, 470–472; politicalstrategies, 468–470

Bataclan attacks, 909Beijing, 670, 678Bekmurzaev, N., 553–568Belarus, 535–536

Combating Terrorism, 541–543domestic political

environment, 545–546hooliganism, 538–539KGB building, explosion, 541,

543–544Minsk Metro bombing, 539–540, 545NATO, 538operational environment, 536–538prevention and protection, measures

for, 545Russian diplomatic mission, 539terrorist threats, 538–541

Belfast Agreement, 39, 41, 42, 63, 65

INDEX 1071

Ben Youssef, Salah, 968Bergen, P.L., 41Berman, E, 93Beslan tragedy, 519, 527Bihar Maintenance of Public Order

Act, 578Biko, Steven, 1067Bin Laden, O., 41, 42, 164, 167–173,

169, 181, 184–189, 282, 610n21,622, 692, 752, 1012

Black Tigers, 641Blair, D., 84Blair, T., 62, 63, 65, 175Blakeley, R., 140Blick, A., 1009Blowback, 864Boko Haram, 82–86, 928, 930,

955, 989, 1005–1007,1007, 1009–1011,1014–1017, 1043

Bombs, 627Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB), 630Border security, 234–235Bouazizi, Mohamed, 810Bourdieu, P., 23Bourgeois democracy, 775Bourn/Way Ahead report, 57Brazil

AI-5, abolition of, 278al-Qaeda, 286communist international

conspiracy, 276–277criminal groups, 282–283diplomacy, 280Doctrine of National Security, 277FATF and GAFISUD, 284Federal Congress, 283–285Federative Republic of, 275guerrilla groups, 277–278Hezbollah, 281–283Institutional Act, 278Inter-American Committee against

Terrorism (CICTE), 279Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham

(ISIS), 286–287Law of Hideous Crimes, 279Law of National Security, 276–278Law of Organized Crime (LCO), 283military dictatorship, 275–276

OAS, 280OECD, 287Operation Condor, 278politics of memory, 285–286September 11 attacks, 279–280Tri-Border area (TBA), 281–282Tribunal of National Security, 276US-Brazil relations, 282

Brewer, J. D., 928Bribery, 1047Brigate Rosse (BR), 482–487Brigate Rosse-Partito Comunista

Combattente (BR-PCC), 486–487Brodeur, J.-P., 124Brown, C., 927Bruton, B. E., 931Brym, R. J., 927Bundeskriminalant (German Federal

Police-BKA), 359, 360Burhanuddin, Umar, 757Burke, Edmund, 951Bush, G.W., 41, 54, 104, 105, 109,

120, 121, 163, 165, 166,169–189, 281, 304, 346,670, 703, 718, 856–859, 866,874, 1012, 1034

Butler, J., 251Buzan, B., 948

CCaguioa, Benjamin, 712Çakmak, C., 355–369Cameron, D., 121Canada, 195–197

al-Qaeda (AQ), 199–201community-based intervention;

guidelines, 216–218; macro-level, 212–216; meso-level, 207–212; micro-level, 203–207

CT strategy, 196, 201–203enforcement agencies and CBOs, 215Islamophobia, 205, 214–216, 218methodology, 199Muslim community, 196, 199, 200,

201, 203, 212–218national security, 199–201radicalization, 197–199

1072 INDEX

social conflicts, 198Canadian Security and Intelligence

Service (CSIS), 204Carapico, S., 864, 865Caribbean, 247–250

Abu Bakr, Y., legacy andcounterterrorism legality, 265

CARICOM, 253–254, 257–264glocalizing of counterterrorism

policy, 254–256necessity, cooperation, 250–251Obama, B., 247–248post-9/11 attack, 254–256Sharma vs. Attorney General of

Trinidad and Tobago, 266–267vulnerability, 251–254

Caribbean Basin Security Initiative(CBSI), 259

Caribbean Community and CommonMarket (CARICOM), 248, 249,252–254, 256–264, 267–268

Caribbean Customs Laws EnforcementCouncil (CCSL), 260

Caribbean Financial Action Task Force(CFATF), 260

Caribbean Security Summit, 248Carnegie, P. J., 927Cartels, 230–231Casablanca attacks, 975Casualty sensitivity, 890Categorical terrorism, 774Ceasefire Agreement, 645Center for Terror Analysis (CTA), 406Center-seeking organizations, 803n2Central American Regional Security

Initiative (CARSI), 239Central Asia, 671, 681–682

CT programs, 554–556Islam, resurgence of, 553–554Kyrgyzstan, 556–557; Akayev,

A., 557–561; Atambayev,A., 562–563; Bakiyev,K., 561–562

Tajikistan; geopolitics andcounterterrorism, 566–567;independence, ideology, and civilwar, 563–564; internalfactors, 564–565; potential terror,external factors, 565–566

Central Governing Committee, 640Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 15,

164, 166, 170, 171, 173, 174, 179,182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 490, 597,755, 935

Central Provident Fund (CPF), 781Central Readiness Force, 659Central Reserve Police Force

(CRPF), 577, 587Central Security Forces, 858Chainoglou, K., 495–510Chalk, P., 323Chandigarh Disturbed Areas Act, 578Chechenization, 526–527Chechen war, 96, 518–519, 521–522,

524–526Chechnya (Russia), 96, 97, 99, 460,

515–518, 521, 524, 525, 526, 528,546

Check the Web (CTW), 331–332Cheng Chieh Incident, 691–692Chhattisgarh Special Public Security

Act, 578–579Chigora, P., 929China, counterterrorism, 667–668

administrative adjustments andpreventive measures, 675–677

Central Asia, strategic interests andgreat powercompetition, 681–682

criminal law and antiterrorlaw, 677–679

domestic separatism, 672–674emergence of, 669–670estranged concept, 668–669increasing emphasis, 670–671international cooperation, 679–680new directions, 682–683social conflicts, 674–675

Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP), 668Chosen traumas, 637–638Chowdhury, Ranjan, 630Circa, Italy’s CT policy, 480Civic action, 791–792Civic Action Program, 587Civil liberties, 719Civil peace theory, 1066Civil Protection Mechanism, 333Civil society, 590

INDEX 1073

Civil war, 625Clark, R., 461Clarridge, D., 15Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 637, 866Coalition pattern, 705Cohan, J.A., 140COIN strategy, 184, 981, 982, 986, 998Cold War, 41, 103, 163, 164, 167, 179,

277, 296, 300, 307, 364, 410, 479,481, 556, 650, 670, 671, 677, 682,777, 814, 883, 884, 888, 900

Collateral damage, 897–898Collier, Paul, 625, 631Colombia, 295–296

AUC, 304Bush, G.W., administration, 304DSP, 305Duncan, G., 308ELN, 297FARC, 296–297, 302–306human intelligence (HUMINT), 305HVTs, 304, 309M-19, 297–300MAS, 300–301narco-terrorism, 300–302National Security Statute, 298NSD, 298over-militarization, 297, 299–300revolutionary terrorism, 297–298September 11, 303signals intelligence (SIGINT), 302Uribe administration, 306

Colombijn, F., 735Comando Vermelho (Red

Command), 282Comitato di analisi strategica

antiterrorismo (CASA), 490Comitato parlamentare per la sicurezza

della Repubblica (COPASIR), 490Commando Battalions for Resolute

Action (CoBRA), 587Committee on the Administration of

Justice (CAJ), 44, 55Common and Safe Future Action

Plan, 423–424Common Security and Defence Policy

(CSDP), 315, 317, 319, 322Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS), 536, 545

Commonwealth of Independent StatesAntiterrorism Center (CISATC), 545, 548

Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), 777Communist Party of the Philippines

(CPP), 710, 784, 793, 794, 802Communist transformation, 651Community-based intervention

guidelines, 216–218macro-level, 212–216meso-level, 207–212micro-level, 203–207

Community-Based Organizations(CBOs), 198, 199, 201, 202, 207,215–218

Community of Latin American andCaribbean States (CELAC), 279

Complicitous civilians, 774Compulsory Identification Act, 384Conflation, 870–872Conseil Constitutionnel, 449Constitution of India, 581Container Security Initiative (CSI), 706Controlled Substances Act, 238Conventional terrorism vs.

narcoterrorism, 229–230Coolum Declaration, 256Coons, Senator, 1038Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism

(CTC), 327–328Copenhagen School (CS), 704Cordano, D., 926Cordon and Search Operations

(CASO), 580Corruption, Kenya

and CT, 1047–1049and human rights violation, 1047

Counter-extremism, 914Countering violent extremism

(CVE), 203, 216, 1015Counterinsurgency (COIN), 43–45, 47,

56, 57, 60, 61, 63–64, 164,295–310, 467, 516, 599, 638, 1042

Counter Insurgency and Anti-Terrorist(CIAT) Schools, 586

Counterintelligence Corps, 803n1Counter-radicalization, 914Counter-Terrorism and Extremism

Liaison Officers (CTELOs), 321

1074 INDEX

Counterterrorism and Organized Crimebranch (CTOC), 247

Counter-Terrorism and Security Act(CTSA), 338, 349

Counterterrorism and society, 117–119anti-Muslim perceptions, 123jihadi extremism and

terrorism, 119–122liberal democracies, 117–118proactive/high policing, 124–125trust and legitimacy, 122–126

Counterterrorism Committee ExecutiveDirectorate (CETD), 256

Counterterrorism InformationBox, 376–377

Counterterrorism legislationcounter-insurgency, two sides

of, 914–916Islamic State,

contextualizing, 910–911recommendations, 916–918terrorism-ization and securitization;

movement, freedom of, 912–913;sovereignty, 913–914; terrorism,designation, 912

Counterterrorism (CT) policy, 73–74,91–92

Arab-Israeli conflict, 107behavior, 76Caribbean, 254–256categorization, 75characteristics, 74–75Chechnya, 96–99concrete vs. abstract cognitive,

106–107criminal acts, 78CTO, 97–98FLQ and ETA, 77FNL and PLO, 77French Revolution, 76guerrillas and insurgency, 80–82IDF, 101–102international organisation, 78–79international terrorism, 79–80Irish Republican Army (IRA), 77ISIL and Boko Haram, 82–85ISIS, 82–83Israel, 99–102legitimate and illegitimate violence, 75

LTTE, 93–95massive military operations, 101–102Narodnaya Volya, 76Nigerian state, 84PIJ, 100policy implications, 85–86political institutions, 73Russia, 96–99sovereign state and constituents, 85Sri Lankan government and

LTTE, 92–95, 107terrorism, challenges in, 74–75Terrorist act, 79–80United States, 102–105Zionist resettlement

movement, 99–100Counter Terrorism Policy (CTP), 733Counterterrorism policy sine 9/

11, 601–604Counterterrorist deterrence

(CTD), 881–882, 884, 885,899–900

assurance, problem of, 893–894collateral damage, adverse effects

of, 897–898costly retaliations, domestic and

international fallout, 898–899counterterrorist threat credibility

sources, 887–892experiential learning and TO’s

adaptation problem, 894–895power and deterrability,

tradeoff, 895–896weak host states, problem of, 896

Counter-Terrorist Operation(CTO), 97–98, 108

Counterterror legislation, 275, 360,422–424, 427–429, 912, 913, 918

Credibility deficit, 889Credible counterinsurgency

(COIN), 981, 986Crenshaw, Martha, 638Crime and Security Act, 139Crime and security policy,

CARICOM, 260Crime Control Model, 928Crimes of Terrorism Act, 378Criminal and Penal codes, 1009Criminal Code, 677, 678

INDEX 1075

Criminal law, 677–679Criminal proceedings, 144–147, 151, 376Cronin, A., 164Crouch, B., 3CT operations, 591, 592Cultural identity, 577Cyberchats, 579Cyber-security, 590–591Cyber terrorism, 683Cyber Terrorism Countermeasure

Promotion Office, 659Cyrenaica, 955, 956Cyrenaica Transitional Council

(CTC), 956

DDadaab refugee camp, 1048Daka, C. J., 1009Dalacoura, K., 177Danish counterterrorism, 405, 419–422,

420, 425, 428, 430Danish counterterror

legislation, 422–424, 427–431Danish Security Intelligence

Service, 406, 421Darul Islam (DI), 734–736Declaration of Philadelphia of the

International LabourOrganization, 588

Defence Intelligence Agency, 586Dekel, Udi, 893De Kerchove, G., 108, 327De Klerk, F. W., 1058, 1066DeLauro, Rosa L., 779Delgado, J.E., 295–310Della Porta, D., 492n2, 736Delta Force, 659DeLuca, T., 122Demant, F., 374, 380Democratic Action Party (DAP), 720, 778Democratic Control of Armed Forces

(DCAF), 149Democratic Security Policy (DSP), 305Democrazia Cristiana (DC), 484Demographic engineering, 825Denmark, 396, 404–406,

419–420Aarhus model, 425–427

counterterror legislation, 422–424,427–431

Danish counterterrorism, 419–422Danish policy, 421–422foreign-fighter phenomenon, 425mentoring programmes, 425–427trust vs. oppression, 427–431

Department of Foreign Affairs, 710Department of Homeland Security

(DHS), 46, 104, 178, 179, 181,187, 188, 376, 603, 680

Department of Justice, 172, 179Depoliticization, 916Detasemen Khusus, 88, 739, 740, 742, 744Detter, I., 85Devlin, P., 52Dewan dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia

(DDII), 738Dhaka, 631Dhillon, K., 778DI-Akram, 758Diani, M., 736Dipartimento delle informazioni per la

sicurezza (DIS), 490Diplomacy, 1023–1024Direction centrale du renseignement

intérieur (DCRI), 444Direction générale de la sécurité intérieure

(DGSI), 444Directorate for Countering Special

Violent Crimes (DAEEV), 504Directorate General of Forces

Intelligence (DGFI), 624Disarmament, Demobilisation,

Reintegration (DDR), 961Disarmament, demobilisation and

reintegration (DDR), 149–151,961, 963

Disciplining Terror, 928Disruptive activities, 577Distributive State, 951DKM Masjid Al Fataa, 761Domestic determinants, 776, 777Domestic policy, 235–238Domestic separatism, 672–674Domestic terrorism, Greece, 496–498Donor funds, 992Doosje, B., 927Drugs, war on, 682

1076 INDEX

Drug trafficking, 779Duerr, G., 459–475Duncan, G., 308Durand Line, 599, 609n8Durkheim, E., 120–121Dutch General Intelligence and Security

Service (AIVD), 376–377, 386, 387

EE4 Headquarters Mobile Support

Unit, 59East African Community (EAC), 1046East Turkestan Islamic Movement

(ETIM), 603, 671Economist Intelligence Unit

(EIU), 568n2Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation

Front (EPERLF), 636Egypt, 811Egyptian revolution, 890Egyptian Tamarod movement, 850Eiland, Giora, 896Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional

(ELN), 225, 295, 296, 297, 307Ejército Popular Revolucionario

(EPR), 233–234Emergency Regulations, 644Emergency Response Coordination

Centre (ERCC), 333Emergency Response Unit (Delta), 410Emmers, R., 704Enemy-centric approach, 789Enhanced Defence Cooperation

Agreement (EDCA), 710Enhanced Partnership in Northern

Europe (e-PINE), 394Epanastatikos Agonas (EA), 496–497Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 824Ersanilli, E., 374Ershad, H. M., 624Eruvbetine, A. E., 927Esposito, John L., 771Estonia, 400–404Ethnic democracy, 717Ethnicity, 790Ethno Cultural Community-Based

Organizations (ECBOs), 198, 199,201, 219n2

EU Counter-Terrorism Plan ofAction, 328–329

EU Counter-TerrorismStrategy, 329–330

EU Police Mission, 140Eurojust, 316, 324–326, 328Europe, deep introspection, 588European Arrest Warrant (EAW), 319,

324, 325, 328European Bomb Data System

(EBDS), 332European Convention on Human Rights

(ECHR), 45, 348, 381European Experts Network on Terrorism

(EENeT), 333European Human Right, 1009EuropeanMaritime Safety Agency

(EMSA), 332European Network of Experts on

Radicalisation (ENER), 332European Security and Defence Policy

(ESDP), 319European Security Strategy, 317–318, 322European Union (EU), 315–316, 645,

830, 834, 932, 9859/11 attacks, 321APCT, 331–333aviation security, 328, 332common identity, 316counter terrorist financing, 328CSDP, 317CTC, 327–328diplomatic activity, 328–329EAW, 325Eurojust, 324–325European Security

Strategy, 317–318, 322Europol, 322–324humanitarian aid, 329Improvised Explosive Device

(IED), 321–322JITs, 325–326non-conventional terrorist attacks,

preparedness, 328organisations and financing,

terrorist, 326–327Petersberg Tasks, 317–318police and judicial cooperation, 328prevent, 329

INDEX 1077

European Union (EU) (cont.)protect, 330pursue, 330respond, 330SCRRT, 330–331Serious Crime 5, 323strategic culture, 317supporting for countries, 329TREVI and PWGT, 319–321

Europol, 316, 319, 320, 322–326, 328,329, 331, 332, 394

Europol Drug Unit (EDU), 323EU Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo

(EULEX), 140Euskadita Askatasuna (ETA), 67, 77,

356, 459–460, 459–475, 463–465,472–473

Executive Yuan of Taiwan, 697Exit and Entry Administration Law

(EEAL), 676Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)

Network, 332Extraordinary African Chambers, 145,

151n1

FFacebook, 579Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs), 198,

199, 201, 203, 217Fajr Libya, 946Falkowski, Maciej, 682February 14 Movement, 843, 849Federal Border Guard (BGS), 359Federal Bureau for the Protection

of the Constitution (BfV), 359, 360Federal Bureau of Investigation

(FBI), 1009Federal Emergency Management

Agency, 179Federally Administered Tribal Areas

(FATA), 599, 603Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti

(FSB), 518, 519Federazione Anarchica Informale

(FAI), 487Fergusson, J., 195–219Filipino, 710Finance Act, 1046

Financial Action Task Force(FATF), 284, 287, 333,501–502, 502, 505, 591,1004, 1012, 1013

Financial Harbor, 844, 847Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), 407,

507, 1012, 1013Financial Messaging Data, 333Financial Sanctions Unit (FSU), 507Financial Task Force on Money

Laundering in South America(GAFISUD), 284

Fineman, M., 251Finland, 406–408Finnish Immigration Service, 407Finnish Security Intelligence Service

(FSIS), 407Five Power Defense Arrangement

(FPDA), 777Fjelde, H., 797–798Force Research Unit (FRU), 59, 60, 66Foreign-fighter phenomenon, 425Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

(FISA), 180Foreign Terrorist Organization, 929Foreign Terrorist Organization Passport

Revocation Act, 379Foroughi, P., 553–568Forum Aktivis Syariah Islam

(FAKSI), 760Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunnah wal-

Jama’ah, 738Foucault, M., 3, 23Fox, V., 235France, 437–439

Action Directe, 439–440and Algerian Independence

movements, 439–440anti-Muslim, 451–453AQAP, 441Charlie Hebdo, 440–441, 450Conseil Constitutionnel, 449CT approach, 442–445GIA, 440ISIS, 442jihadist terrorism, 437, 446Muslim communities, 451population, 445sociopolitical effects, 448–452

1078 INDEX

specificities, CT strategy, 446UCLAT, 438

Free Aceh Movement, 751French CT law and policies, 438, 453n4French law, 912French Patriot Act, 444Front de libération du Québec

(FLQ), 77, 216Front de Libération Nationale

(FNL), 77, 439Front Pembela Islam (FPI), 738Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de

Colombia (FARC), 150, 151n3, 225,295–297, 299, 302–307, 309, 460

Fukuda, Yasuo, 658Fundamental rights and

freedoms, 361–364Fusion Centre and Intelligence

Centre, 46

GGaddafi, Colonel Muammar, 950,

957, 960Gallipoli war monument, 831Galula, David, 638Gandhi, Indira, 585Gandhi, Mahatma, 584Ganguly, S, 628Gender Inequality Index, 867–868General National Congress

(GNC), 945, 961Geneva Conventions, 13, 145, 172George, A. L., 900George, C., 714Gerakan Reformasi Islam (GARIS), 760Gerakan Tauhid Lamongan, 761German counterterrorism

(CT), 355–356activism, 364–365Afghanistan, deploy troops to, 365Air-transport Security Act, 363BGS, 359BKA and BfV, 359–360Convention, 363fundamental rights and

freedoms, 361–364Green Party and Left Party, 361Islam-based threats, 357

Islamic State in Iraq and Levant(ISIL), 360–361

Kontaktsperregesetz, 362legislative measures, 359–360Muslim communities, 365–368Red Army Faction (RAF), 355–356September 11 attacks, 356–364

Gill, K.P.S., 585Giwa Military Barracks, 1016Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, 791Global Terrorism Database

(GTD), 530n2, 575, 796, 800, 801Global Terrorism Database

(START), 93, 95, 530n2Global Terrorism Index (GTI), 394–395Global Terrorism Index report, 575–576Global War on Terror (GWOT), 105,

856, 1044–1046Glocalization, 250, 254Goal-oriented methods, 1052Godane, Ahmed, 936Golden Triangle, 779Goldstone Report, 899Good Friday Agreement, 39, 62, 473Google Ngram Viewer, 5Gourevitch, P., 704–705Gove, M., 42Graaf, B. D., 380Greece, 495

conventions, 499–500domestic laws, 501domestic terrorism, 496–498FATF, 501–503financing of terrorism, 505–507FIU, 507FSU, 507institutional

counterterrorism, 504–505international cooperation, 498–502Penal Code, 502, 504prison reform bill, 507–509SFIU, 507

Griffith, I., 248, 251Groupe Islamique Armée (GIA), 440Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain

(GICM), 321, 970Group of Popular Rebels (OLA), 497Group Tent, 637Growth coalition, 715

INDEX 1079

Guard Room, 1016Guerrillas, 80–82, 296, 299, 300, 302,

639, 787, 827Gujarat Prevention of Anti-Social

Activities Act, 578Gulf cartel, 231Gulf Cooperation Council

(GCC), 809–811, 818n5, 847domestic paradoxes versus regional

ambitions, 813–815IS threat and Saudi and, 815–817security and counterterrorism

cooperation, 812–813Gulf region, 811, 817Gunaratna, R., 97, 640Gurkha Contingent, 766Gutelius, David, 1022, 1037

HHabermas, J., 6Haidara, Sheick Sherif Ousmane, 1026Halawi Makmun Group, 761Haq Movement, 847–848Harakat Shabaab al Mujahidin, 1043Haram, B., 83–84Hariharan, Colonel R., 639Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami (HuJI)

Bangladesh, 621Hasan, Usmen, 672Hasina, Sheikh, 622Hassan, Tan Sri Musa, 773Hassan, Y. M., 932Hebdo, Charlie, 588Hegghammer, T., 818n8Heinous massacre, 847Henry Jackson Society, 915Hezbollah, 15, 81, 101, 166, 167, 174,

232, 281–283, 438, 751, 752, 842,845, 847, 848, 882, 884, 890–892,894, 896, 897, 899, 901n5, 954

High-Speed Rail attack, 695High Value Targets (HVTs), 304, 309Hijacking, 577–578Hizb ut-Tahrir, 621, 623Hizbut Touhid, 623Hoeffler, Anke, 625, 631Hoffman, B., 13, 14, 18, 80, 81, 164

Holland, M., 52Home Affairs Committee, 341, 343Homeland Security Act, 179Home Office, 340, 344, 349Horowitz, D., 466–467Houthis, 866Houthi Wars, 858Howell, J., 1004HuJI, 623HuJI-B, 622, 630Hull, Edmund, 857, 858Human Intelligence

(HUMINT), 59–60, 305Human rights violation, 1047,

1051–1053Human Rights Watch, 846Human trafficking, 779Humiliation-revenge theory, 1065Hunger Strikes, 53, 58, 919n6Hussain, S., 604Hussein, S., 814

IIbrahim, Anwar, 720Iceland, 408–409Identity politics, 734–735Identity theory, 1066IGAD Capacity Building Programme

Against Terrorism (ICPACT), 1045Ikhwan Muwahid Indunisy fie Jazirah

al-Muluk, 760Imagined community, 736Imagined decolonization, 736Imohe, E. E., 928Implementation Agency for Crime and

Security (IMPACS), 260–261Improvised Explosive Device (IED), 63,

321, 496, 998Imron Group, 737India, 576–580, 585–588

Jammu and Kashmir, 580–581leftist radicals, 583–584Northeast India, 581–582Punjab, 584–585

Indian armed forces, 577Indian Army, 581Indian Border Security Force (BSF), 581

1080 INDEX

Indian Constitution, 590Indian Parliament, 581Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF), 94Indian Penal Code, 579Indian Railways, 590Indian State, 585–588India-Sri Lanka Peace Accord, 94Indonesia, 733–734

fragmentation and offspring, 738–742horns of a dilemma, 734–738punitive action and preventative

persuasion, 742–745Indonesian National Police

Academy, 740Informal economy, 1063–1064Information Management and Analysis

Centre, 592Information Technology Act (ITA), 581Inspector General of Police (IGP), 1008Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)

analyzes, 394Institutional counterterrorism,

Greece, 504–505Institutional Revolutionary Party, 227Instrumental violence, 9, 10, 12, 29n2Integrated Action Plan, 587Intelligence and Security Services

Act, 376, 377, 386Intelligence Bureau (IB), 577Intelligence Reform and Terrorist

Prevention Act, 179Inter-American Committee against

Terrorism (CICTE), 279Inter-American Convention against

Terrorism, 256Inter-American Defense Board

(IADB), 280Intergovernmental Authority on

Development (IGAD), 985,1044–1045

Intergovernmental Counter-TerrorismCoordination Commission, 404

Internal Security Act (ISA), 714Internal Security Department

(ISD), 714, 754Internal Security Solution, 57–60International antiterrorism

conventions, 499, 629

International Center for TransitionalJustice (ICTJ), 140, 142

International Centre, 927International Centre for Political

Violence and Terrorism Research(ICPVTR), 765

International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO), 332

International Committee of the RedCross (ICRC), 19

International Convention for theSuppression of TerroristBombings, 629, 679

International Convention for theSuppression of the Financing ofTerrorism, 256, 284, 628, 679

International cooperation, 498–502,661, 679–680

International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda (ICTR), 145

International Criminal Tribunals for theFormer Yugoslavia(ICTY), 145–146, 151

International Humanitarian Law(IHL), 13, 19

International Monetary Fund, 1013International terrorism, 79–80, 139,

141, 166–168, 171, 187, 201,232–233, 262, 281, 341, 394,398–400, 407, 408, 411, 414, 437,440, 442, 448, 451, 489, 497, 504,505, 541, 543, 546, 547, 560, 598,658, 671, 1006, 1008

Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 597,608n1, 623

Iranian-backed Hezbollah terroristgroup, 232

Iranian revolution, 166–167, 233, 737,810–812

Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRQG-QF), 841, 842

Iran-Iraq war, 812Iraq, 43–47, 658Irish Republican Army (IRA), 77,

338–339, 460See also Provisional Irish Republican

Army (PIRA)IS Aceh, 760–761

INDEX 1081

IS-centric threat, Singaporephase I, 759–762phase II, 762–764

Islam, 977n2Islam, A., 628Islam, resurgence of, 553–554Islamabad, 610n21Islamic Caliphate, 764Islamic Cultural Institute (ICI), 487–488Islamic Democratic Party (IDP), 621, 623Islamic doctrines, 815Islamic Emirates, 869Islamic Human Rights organization, 589Islamic Jihad Union (IJU), 673Islamic Law, 87n3, 764, 771, 954, 1026Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

(IMU), 554–557, 559, 561, 565, 673Islamic political movement, 622Islamic Religious Council, 706Islamic Resistance Movement, 901n4Islamic State (IS), 589, 708, 750, 809,

816, 819n13, 824, 855, 875,909–910, 909–911, 916, 967

Islamic State of Iraq and Levant(ISIL), 82, 83, 103, 339, 360, 361,501, 834

Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 15,78, 82–86, 103, 105, 200, 232,233, 248, 257, 286, 287, 330, 400,406, 408, 409, 412, 441, 442, 447,555, 566, 580, 692, 759–763, 763,772, 955, 959

Islami Samaj, 621, 623Islamist militancy, 628Islamophobia, Canada, 205,

214–216, 218Islam Restoration Movement, 771Israel, counterterrorism

policy, 99–100, 891policies and actions, 101–102violence, 100–101

Israeli Defence Force (IDF), 100, 101,102, 107, 890

Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 101Italy, 479

9/11 period, 488–490jihadist threat, 487–491left-wing and anarchist

terrorism, 486–487

left-wing and right-wing terrorism;defeat of, 484–486; reactionsto, 482–483

right-wing terrorism, 480–482separatist violence, solution to, 480

JJabbar, Mufti Abdul, 623Jacobs, M.D., 163–189Jaffna Public Library, 639Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh

(JMJB), 621Jahiliyya, 82–83, 87n2Jalil, Matori Abdul, 757–758Jama’ah Ansharut Tauhid, 737Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT), 756,

757, 761Jamaah Islamiyah (JI), 706Jamaat, see Jamaat-e-Islami of BangladeshJamaat-e-Islami of Bangladesh, 622Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh

(JMB), 621, 622Jammu and Kashmir, 580–581Jammu and Kashmir Disturbed Areas

Act, 578Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety

Act, 578Jammu and Kashmir Special Powers

(Press) Bill, 581Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)

Insurrection, 635Japan, 649–650

Aum Shinrikyo, 652–653evaluation and

recommendations, 658–662exorcism, 657–658left-wing movements, 650–652social dynamics, 655–657and WOT, 653–655

Japanese Communist League Red ArmyFaction, 650, 651

Japanese Red Army (JRA), 650, 651Jarvis, Echoing, 598Jarvis, L., 606Jasper, J., 775Jayawardene, J. R., 639Jazeera, A., 597Jazlan, Nur, 772

1082 INDEX

Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), 735–741,751–759, 779, 794–796,799, 801

Jenkins, B., 14Jervis, Robert, 891Jihad, 82–84, 87n1, 98, 100, 167,

209, 379, 692–693, 707,719–720, 741

Jihad, Jamaah Tauhid Wal, 759Jihadist terrorism, 83, 86, 233, 338, 339,

382, 437, 440, 442, 446, 479,487–491, 515, 521, 588, 733, 739,741, 742, 745, 811, 814, 914, 916,968, 969, 973

Jihadi terrorism, 118–121, 126–128,215, 217, 337, 344–347, 380, 521,588, 598, 740, 946

Johnston, Patrick B., 790Joint Investigation Teams

(JITs), 324–326, 328Joint Special Tasks Force, 800Joint Support Group (JSG), 66Joint Task Force (JTF), 631, 1014Jongman, A.J., 91Justice and Reconciliation

Commission, 143

KKagwanja, C., 931Kalyvas, S., 12Kano Disturbances Tribunal of

Enquiry, 1005Kargilik County, 672Karnataka Control of Organised Crime

Act, 578Karnavian, Tito, 756Kartosuwiryo, S.M., 735, 736Kashmir, 608n7Kaufmann, Chaim, 790, 791KC-135 detachments, 706Kelly, J., 247Kennedy, J.F., 47–48Kennedy-Glans, Donna, 871Kenya, 936, 1041

Corruption; and CT, 1047–1049; andhuman rights violation, 1047

counterterrorism, 1041–1043,1045–1047

human rights violationand CT, 1049–1051

Kerry, John, 861Kfir, I, 599Khalid Sheik Mohammad

(KSM), 168, 174, 752,753, 755

Khan, Navida, 607Khilafatul Muslimin, 761Khorasani, Muhammad, 604Khyber Pakthunkhwa, 605Kilcullen, D., 65–66Killer Mantiqi, 753Klare, Michael, 626Knopf, J. W., 883Koch, Christian, 812, 818n5Koizumi, J., 653Komite aksi penanggulangan akibat krisis

(KOMPAK), 738Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas

dengan dunia Islam (KISDI), 738Kongres Umat Islam Bekasi (KUIB), 760Kosovo Liberation Army, 791Kostakopoulou, D., 252Krajeski, Thomas, 858Kristof, Nicholas, 843Kumaratunga, Chandrika, 641–642Kumpulan MilitanMalaysia, 751Kumpulan Mujahiddin Malaysia

(KMM), 759Kunming attack, 680, 682Kuomintang (KMT), 668Kurd groups, 589Kurdish question, 825–827, 835Kurdistan Freedom Falcons, 829Kurdistan Regional Government

(KRG), 824Kurdistan Workers Party, 824Kyrgyzstan, 556–557

Akayev, A. and human rights, 557–561Atambayev, A. and balanced

counterterrorism, 562–563Bakiyev, K. and religious

repression, 561–562

LLabor migration, 1063–1064Lacquer, W., 81

INDEX 1083

Laitin, D.D., 93Lambeth, Benjamin, 897Lampung incident, 737Landazábal, F., 298Lang, Jozef, 682Laskar Jundullah, 761Laskar Pembela Islam, 738Latvia, 402–404Law and order, 738Law-enforcement agency, 106–107,

563, 605Law of Hideous Crimes, 279Law of National Security

(LSN), 276–279Law of Organized Crime (LCO), 283Lawrence, T.E., 66Leaderless resistance, 692Lebanese Hezbollah, 751Leftist radicals, 583–584Left-wing extremism division, 587Left-wing movements, 650–652Legge Bartolomei, 483Legge Cossiga, 484Legge sui pentiti, 485Lewis, Alexandra, 869Lewis, J.D., 83Lewis, O., 3–29Liberation movement, 1056Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(LTTE), 93–95, 107, 635–636,635–645, 638, 639–641,645, 751

Libya, 945–947armed extremist groups, proliferation

of, 952–955methodological note, 947state legitimacy, struggle for, 959–963and state theory, 947–952territory and resources, struggle for;

federalism resurgent, 955–957;tribalism resurgent, 957–959

Libyan Islamic Movement, 953Libyan Muslim Brotherhood, 953Libyan Shield Force, 961Lind, J., 1004Lindblad, T., 735Line of Control (LoC), 599Lithuania, 403–404Lone-wolf phenomenon, 580

Lone wolf terrorists, 691–694, 698–700,1055, 1065

High-Speed Rail attack, 695Presidential Office Building Truck

attack, 695–697rice bomb incident, 694

Los Zetas organization, 230–231Loughgall incident, 60–61

MMaas, Heiko, 912Mad Bomber, 693Madrassas, 625Madras Suppression of Disturbances

Act, 578Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime

Act, 578Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act

(MRHA), 713Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia

(MMI), 739Majelis Mujahiodeen Indonesia

(MMI), 756–757Majoran, A., 927Malayan Chinese Association

(MCA), 719Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), 719Malaysia, 703, 707, 717–720, 771

conceptual framework, 774–775counterterrorism policy, 773–774national security, 776–780security cooperation, 780–781security threat, 772–773

Malaysian Chinese Association(MCA), 778

Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), 778Malaysian People’s Socialist Party, 720Malaysian Special Branch (MSB), 756Mali, 1022–1023

American policy concerns and MalianPolicy Agency, 1031–1036

diplomatic communication, readingidentity in, 1023–1024

ethnic, tribal, cultural and religiousmap, 1024

malian state, counterterrorism,territory, subjects, 1028–1031

territorial control, 1037

1084 INDEX

US diplomatic expertise, 1024–1028Malian Policy Agency, 1031–1036Malimath Committee, 579Mamdani, M., 82Manjikian, M., 371–389Marak, Pradi, 630Marco, Ferdinand, 792Marine police, 592Maritime Self Defense Forces, 654Marone, F., 479–492Martini, A., 73–87Masbah, Mohammed, 972Mason, R., 57Massive retaliation, 892Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), 766Masters, J., 929Masyumi, 735Matchett, W.R., 39–67Mbai, Ansyad, 756McCulley, Terence, 1027, 1035McNeil-Willson, R., 419–432McQuinn, Brian, 958McTigue, M., 109Means, 713Media Development Authority

(MDA), 714Medici, E., 278Meisels, T., 927Memorandum of Notification

(MON), 173Mentoring programmes,

425–427, 429Merari, A., 81Meso-level conflict, 803n3Metesky, George, 693Metz, S., 81Mexico, counterterrorism

policy, 223–224bizarre plot, 233border security, 234–235CARSI, 239cartels, 230–231conventional terrorism vs.

narcoterrorism, 229–230domestic policy, 235–238drug-related killings, 228Florida-based drug trafficking, 238kidnapping cases, 232Los Zetas TCO, 231–232

militarization, 237murder rate, 223, 224narcoterrorism, 224–230PAN, 227political developments, 227population, 226PRI, 227and primary districts, 224, 225smuggling drugs and people, 232–233US policy and transnational

cooperation, 238–240Zapatistas and EPR, 233–234

Middle East, 661Middle East and North Africa

(MENA), 811Middle East Partnership Initiative

(MEPI), 856Miliband, D., 341Military Intelligence and Security Service

(MIVD), 386, 387Military operations, 602–603Millennium Challenge Compact, 1034Miller, D., 915Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del

(MVD), 518, 519Misuari, Nur, 795Mizo National Front, 582Mohamad, Jaafar, 720Mohammad, Sheikh Abdul Salam, 623Mohanasundaram, K., 92Molnar, Andrew, 842Monetary Authority of Singapore

(MAS), 300–302Money Laundering Prevention

Ordinance (MLPO), 630, 631Money Laundering Prohibition

Act, 1007, 1011–1014Montenegro, S., 306Moroccan Islamic Combatant

Group, 970Morocco, 967–968

internal imbalances,exporting, 971–975

terrorist threats, 970–971Moro Islamic Liberation Front

(MILF), 737, 741, 751, 784, 796,798, 801–802

Moro National Liberation Front(MNLF), 784, 797–799

INDEX 1085

Mouvement pour la Liberation Nationaled’Anzawad (MLNA), 1022

Mowell, B., 223–241, 393–415Mubarak, Hosni, 811Muhammadiyah, 745Mujahidin Indonesia Barat, 761Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT), 760Multiple regional institutions, 661Multi-purpose National Identity

Cards, 592Musharraf, Pervez, 601, 610n21Mushtaq, N., 926, 932MuslimBrotherhood, 1004Muslim community, 118–120, 123,

124, 126–128, 196, 201, 203,204, 206–212, 218, 281, 339,344–346, 349, 362, 365–367,373, 383, 398–402, 405, 407,448, 451, 528, 536, 713, 754,763, 765, 825, 915, 936,1050, 1052

Muslim Human Rights Forum, 1004Muslim Mindanao, 713Muslim solidarity, 818n8Muslim Ummah, 608n2Muslim Youth Centre of

Aarhus, 426–427Mustafa, D., 598Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA), 326, 642Mutual Logistics Support Agreement

(MLSA), 705, 710–712Muzaffar, Chandra, 773Muzayyin, Mustaqim, 757

NNaftali, T., 166Nagaland, 582Nagaland Security Regulation Act, 578Nahdlatul Ulama, 745Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), 735Naim, Bahrun, 772Nalbandov, R., 91–109Narcissism theory, 1066Narcoterrorism, 224–230,

240, 241Narodnaya Volya, 76, 96Nathan, K.S., 776National Action Party, 227

National Action Plan, 598, 604, 605National Anti-Terrorism Coordination

Group (NATCG), 675, 676National Coordinator for Security and

Terrorism (NCTV), 376National Counterterrorism and

Extremism Policy, 604National Counter Terrorism Authority

(NACTA), 603National Counterterrorism Committee

(NAK), 519National Counter-Terrorism Strategy

(NACTEST), 1015National culture theory, 1064–1065National Defense University, 186National Democratic Front of

Bodoland, 582National Dialogue Conference

(NDC), 865, 868National Front, 719National Health Insurance

Administration (NHIA), 691–692National Human Rights

Commission, 1016–1017National Intelligence Grid

(NATGRID), 586National Intelligence Model

(NIM), 45–47National Intelligence Priorities

Framework (NIPF), 1032, 1033National Investigation Agency

(NIA), 586National Liberation Front (FLN), 14,

21, 26National Oil Corporation, 950National People’s Congress (NPC), 676National Police Service Act, 1046National Police Service (Amendment)

Act, 1046National Population Register, 592National security, 776–780National security, Canada, 199–201National Security Act, 179, 577National Security Advisor (NSA), 1008,

1011, 1014National Security Advisory Board

(NSAB), 586National Security Agency (NSA), 180,

386, 559, 750

1086 INDEX

National Security Commission(NSC), 676

National Security CoordinationSecretariat (NSCS), 765

National Security Council (NSC), 586,645, 695

National Security Doctrine (NSD), 298National Security Guards (NSG), 586National security paradigm, 870National Security Strategy (NSS), 109, 860National Service Intelligence Act, 1046National Skill Development Council

(NSDC), 588National Socialist Council of

Nagaland, 582National Strategy for Combatting

Terrorism, 856–857National Strategy for

Counterterrorism, 861National terrorist groups, 1042–1043National Trade Union Congress

(NTUC), 717National Transitional Council

(NTC), 951–952, 960National Unity Government, 963Navy Seals, 935Naxal organizations, 583–584Nayef, Muhammad bin, 815Negara Islam Indonesia (NII), 734Neo-Destour, 968, 969, 977n4Netanyahu, B., 19Netherland, 371–372

Action Plan for Counterterrorism andSecurity, 377

actuarial justice, 377AIVD, 376–377, 386–387Compulsory Identification Act, 384discrimination., 382domestic terrorism, 372Dutch citizens, 374–375Dutch counterterrorist

policies, 380–381Dutch society, 372–374immigration policy, 372, 382–383Intelligence and Security Services

Act, 377international arrest warrant, 388legislation, 378–379MIVD, 386–387

Moluccan terrorism, 374, 380Open Society foundation, 381post-September 11, 375–376Preventive Search Law, 384Snowden revelations, 386surveillance and intelligence

sharing, 385–388New Air Traffic Law, 359New People’s Army (NPA), 784, 793New Red Brigades, 486New Vision Facebook, 931Nieto, E., 237Nigeria, 1003–1004

bombing in, 999counter-terrorism institutions and

policies, 1014–1016CT law impact and

practices, 1016–1017CT laws, policies and

institutions, 1006–1007Money Laundering Prohibition

Act, 1011–1014Terrorism (Prevention)

Act, 1007–1011Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment)

Act, 1007–1011violent religious movements, terrorism

and CT, 1004–1006Nigerian Army Seventh Division, 1014Nigerian Drug Law Enforcement Agency

Act, 1012Nigerian Financial Intelligence

Unit, 1013Nigerian Police, 1005Nigerian Taliban, 1005Nilsson, D., 797–7989/11 attack, 40–42, 104, 164, 169, 173,

321–329, 575, 601–605, 656, 670,679, 706, 715, 1011

1971 Revolt, 635Njoku, E.T., 73–87Non-Align Movement (NAM), 777Non-Bahrainis, 840Noncombatant immunity, 18, 20Non-Governmental Organizations

(NGOs), 55, 140, 198, 217, 412,426, 537, 543, 547, 745, 767, 866

Non-state terrorism, 13–16, 25, 26,139–141, 144, 151

INDEX 1087

Noohu, Ishak Mohamed, 755Noor, Fadzil, 720North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA), 227, 238North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 329, 365, 386, 394,399–401, 403, 408–410, 412–414,481, 485, 538, 547, 824, 831–833,846, 946, 960, 962

Northeast India, 581–582, 590Northern Europe, 393–399

Finland, 406–408Iceland, 408–409Muslim populations, 396–399

Northern Ireland, 39–40, 39–42,44, 64, 65

9/11 and al-Qaeda, 40–42active supports, 51–52CAJ, 44CID/Crime department, 56Coalition Forces, 46co-ethnic support, 54covert successes, 61–62criminal courts, 54ECHR, 45Fusion and Intelligence Centres, 46HUMINT, 59–60Hunger Strikes, 58IED, 63Internal Security Solution, 57–60Iraq, US strategy, 43–47Loughgall incident, 60–61OPONI, 55–56OTR scheme, 62–63passive support, 52Petraeus, D., 44, 64PIRA/PSF, 47–51, 53police impartiality and

professionalism, 53politics and economics, 44RIC police model, 47RIPA, 45RUC SB model, 43SB, 55–56Westminster police model and

NIM, 45–46North Korea, 651Norway, 409–411, 645, 912Norwegian diplomats, 640

Novelty-seeking theory, 1065Novikau, A., 535–548Nusantara, Katibah, 761Nwolise, O. B. C, 927

OObama, B., 109, 165, 166, 181–189,

196, 247–248, 304, 357,691, 692, 698, 846, 856,860–866, 935

Ocalan, Abdullah, 827, 828Odyssean Cyclops, 917Office of Security and Counter-Terrorism

(OSCT), 340Office of the Police Ombudsman

of Northern Ireland(OPONI), 55–56, 63

Official Development Assistance(ODA), 676

Oki, Y., 798Omelicheva, M.Y., 515–530One Belt One Road (OBOR), 681–682On Guerrilla Warfare (Zedong), 788Onuoha, F., 1006Open Society Foundations

(OSF), 1049–1050Operation Blue Star, 585Operation Cast Lead, 899Operation Eagle, 936Operation Enduring Freedom, 793, 799Operation Green Hunt, 583Operation Hadal, 974Operation Pillar of Defense, 891Operation Protective Edge, 894Operation Restore Order, 1014Operation Usalama Watch, 1050Operation Zarb-e-Azb, 603, 604Oppenheim, L., 85Oppenheimer, A.R., 47, 63Optional Protocol of the International

Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights, 1009

Ordinance, 629–630Organisation de l’armée secrète

(OAS), 15, 239, 260, 279, 280,439, 441

Organisation of African Unity(OAU), 998

1088 INDEX

Organisation of IslamicCooperation, 794

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), 287

Organization of African Unity(OAU), 1043–1044

Organization of American States(OAS), 15, 239, 260, 279, 280,439, 441

Orimogunje, T. O., 929Oshanugor, F., 927Osman, Showkat, 622OTR scheme, 62–63Ottomanism, 823, 825Over-militarization, 297, 299,

300, 309

PPakistan

counterterrorism policy sine9/11, 601–604

Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 597post-colony, violence

geographies, 599–601rogue elements of, 625statecraft, legibility, and

counterterrorism, 605–607Palanithurai, G., 92Palermo Convention, 1012Palestine, 4, 99–100, 624, 842Palestinian, 898Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), 100Palestinian Liberation Organization, 641Palestinian Liberation Organization

(PLO), 15, 77, 101, 166, 167, 882,886, 890, 896, 897, 901n3, 901n4,902n12

Pan-African Conference (PAC), 1056Pan-Islamism, 818n8Panni, Bayazid Khan, 623Pan-Sahel Initiative, 1030Partai Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), 707, 720Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), 227,

236, 237Partido Popular (PP), 465, 467Partido Revolucionario Institucional

(PRI), 227, 237

Partido Socialista Obrero Español(PSOE), 465, 467

Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), 779Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR), 778Parti socialiste destourien (PSD), 969Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan

(PKK), 824–829, 832, 834Partnership for Regional East Africa

Counterterrorism (PREACT), 1046Pathan ethnicity, 605Patriot Act, 179, 180, 187, 188, 444Peace and Security Council (PSC), 984Peace mission, 680Peace process approach, 39, 94, 300,

303, 795, 833, 898Peace Support Mission in Somalia

(IGASOM), 985Pearl Monument, 839Pearl Roundabout, 843Pedraza, A., 306Penal Code, 713Pendukung dan Pembela Daulah

(PPD), 760People’s Action Party (PAP), 713, 714People’s Alliance (PA), 642People’s Armed Police (PAP), 676People’s Democratic Party, 828People’s Liberation Organization of

Tamil Eelam (PLOT), 636People’s Progressive Party (PPP), 778Perelman, M., 439, 446Personal Data Protection Act, 381, 386Peruvian truth commissions, 151Peshawar school attacks, 605, 606,

610n22Peshmarga, 832Peterson, M., 46Petraeus, D., 42, 43, 44Philippines, 705, 708–713, 783–785

counterterrorism andMindanao, 801–803

doctrine in, 788–792factors, 797–799history, 785–788policy effectiveness, 792–797post-9/11 policies, effect of, 799–801

Philippines Armed Forces Chief GeneralCiamatu, 712

Philipson, A., 508

INDEX 1089

Piazza Fontana bombing, 481Pillar, P., 164PIRA, see Provisional Irish

Republican ArmyPlan of Action, 1044Pogoson, I. A., 927Police and Special Task Force, 645Police Corporate First Responder

Scheme, 716Police professionalisation

programmes, 55, 59Police Security Service (PST), 409, 410Police Working Group on Terrorism

(PWGT), 319–321, 328Policymaking, 682–684Political Islam, 735Political radicalization, 624–625Political violence, 8–13, 16–18, 20, 23,

25, 26, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 137, 143,151, 263, 285, 350, 437, 453, 480,650, 751, 846, 863, 916, 917, 1058

Popular Front for the Liberationof Palestine (PFLP), 141

Popular Revolutionary Army, 234Population-centric

approach, 788–790, 792Porch, D., 309Post, Jerrold M., 1066Post-September 11, 375–377Poynting, S., 916Prabakaran, Velupillai, 639, 640Presidential Office Building Truck

attack, 695–697Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare

(PRAC), 815Prevention Of Crime Act (POCA), 772Prevention of Crime Board, 772Prevention of Organized Crime

Act, 1046Prevention of Terrorism Act

(POTA), 258, 262, 577,586, 719, 721, 772, 773,1046, 1051

Preventive Search Law, 384Price, Bryan C., 790Prima Linea (PL), 482Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC),

282–284Primoratz, I., 18

Proceeds of Crime and Anti-MoneyLaundering Act, 1046

Process-oriented methods, 1052Protective Edge, 893Provisional Army Council (PAC), 48,

50, 1056Provisional Army Executive, 50Provisional Irish Republican Army

(PIRA), 40–42, 47–51, 53, 54, 57,58, 60–63, 303, 320

See also Irish Republican Army (IRA)Provisional Sinn Féin (PSF), 47–51, 53,

57, 60–63Psychopathological theories, 1064Punjab, 584–585Punjab Disturbed Areas Act, 578Putin, V., 96, 169, 518, 519, 521, 523,

524, 527, 528, 530n8

QQassim, Isa, 849, 850Quadrennial Development and

Diplomacy Review (QDDR), 860Quick Response System (QRS), 676

RRadicalization, 195–219, 247, 249, 251,

256, 267, 286, 330–332, 334, 338,344, 362, 366, 367, 382, 383,404–407, 420, 422, 424–427,624–625, 915

Rahman, Abdur, 622Rahman, Muhammad Mukhleshur, 623Rahman, Saidur, 630Rahman, Sheikh Abdur, 630Rajab, Nabeel, 848Rajapaksa, M., 94–95, 641–642Rajeeb, Nabeel, 850Ramos, Fidel V., 793Rand, D.H., 83RAND Terrorism Database, 103, 104Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), 630Rational deterrence theory

(RDT), 882–884Rauf, Mufti Abdur, 623Razak, Najib, 718, 773Reconstruction Assistance, 654

1090 INDEX

Red Army, 814Red Army Faction, 649, 651Red Army Faction (RAF), 141, 355–356,

356, 359, 649–651Red de Cooperantes (informants

network), 305Red Mosque, 602, 606, 610n21RedUrbanaAntonio Nariño

(RUAN), 303Rees, M., 57Regional Counter-Terrorism Structure

(RCTS), 681Regional environment, 810–811Regulatory Investigative Powers Act

(RIPA), 45Reid, R., 177Relative deprivation theory, 1064Religious Rehabilitation Group

(RRG), 765Re-politicization, 917Research and Analysis Wing

(R&AW), 577Reservoirs of violence, 735, 736Resource endowments, 626–627Resource wars, 626Revivalism, 771Revolutionary Popular Struggle

(ELA), 496Revolutionary terrorism, 297, 298, 300Riaz, A., 628Rice bomb incident, 694Richards, B., 58Rid, Thomas, 892Right-wing terrorism, 1065Ring Banten, 760Road Requirement Plan, 587Romaniuk, S.N., 655–656Roosevelt, Franklin D., 588Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 585Royal Canadian Mounted Police

(RCMP), 200, 210, 215Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) police

model, 45, 47, 59Royal Malaysian Police, 779Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 39,

43, 45, 47, 51, 52, 54, 56–58, 63,64, 66, 67

Rubongoya, J., 1004Russia, 96, 515–518

Beslan tragedy, 519, 527Byzantine Empire, 525Chechenization, 526–527Chechen war, 518–519, 521–522,

524–526Counteraction to Terrorism Act, 519Dubrovka theater crisis, 527FSB, 518imperium, 517, 522, 523Islamic republic, goal of, 524–525jihadi movement, 521legislation, 524Medvedev, D., 516, 519–520military-bureaucratic solutions and

practices, 526MVD, 518North Caucasus, 515–522, 524,

525–530policies and actions, 97–99Putin, V., 518, 519, 521, 523, 524,

527–528, 530n8Russkii Mir, 523Tsarist, 522, 523, 526, 530n6, 530n7USSR, collapse of, 523–524violence, 96–97

Russian diplomatic mission, 539

SSAARC Regional Convention on

Suppression of Terrorism, 591Sabir, R., 915Sada al Jihad, 692Safety and Security Watch Groups

(SSWG), 716Sageman, Mark, 638Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat

(SGPC)/al-Qaeda in the IslamicMaghreb (AQIM), 488

Saleh, Ahmed, 857–858Salmaniya Hospital Center, 845Sampson, I. T., 1006Sandler, Todd, 590Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police

Academy, 585Sattar, Abdul, 624Saudi Arabia, 811, 817–818

and counterterrorism, 813–815IS threat and, 815–817

INDEX 1091

Saudi society, 815Saynuddin, Muhammad Hasan, 755Sayyaf, Abu, 793Scandinavia, 393

Denmark, 404–406Norway, 409–411Sweden, 411–413

Schelling, T. C., 893Scheme for Modernization of State

Police Forces (MPF scheme), 587Scheme of Fortified Police Stations, 587Scheme of Special Industry Initiative

(SII), 587Schmid, A., 91Schmid, A.P., 81, 108, 930Schmitt, C., 9–10Sciandra, E., 135–151Scott, James, 605Scott-Smith, G., 386Secessionism and terrorism, 466–467Sechta ton Epanastaton (SE), 497Secularism, 624Secular nationalism, 735Securitization, 910Securitization theory, 704–705Security complex theory, 929Security cooperation, 780–781Security gaps, 869Security Offences (Special Measures) Act

(SOSMA), 772–774Security-Related Expenditure (SRE)

Scheme, 587Security sector reforms, 140, 141,

147–151, 929Selamat, Mas, 755, 756Sela-Shayovitz, R., 930Self Defense Forces Special Forces

Group, 659Self-determination movements, 799September 11 attacks, 169, 171, 177,

279, 280, 303, 337, 340, 355–365,371, 372, 374–378, 382, 385, 387,399, 438, 449, 486, 649, 653, 703,721, 764, 799, 813, 954, 1003,1062

Sergie, M. A., 929Serious Crime 5 (SC 5), 323Servizio informazioni e sicurezza militare

(SISMI), 490

7/7 attacks in London, 215, 248, 253,319, 323, 329, 339, 349, 472

7/18 Incident attacks, 672Shagari, Shehu, 1005Shahadat-e-al Haqima (SAH), 621, 623Shaikh, Farzana, 607Shanghai Cooperation Organization

(SCO), 670, 671, 680Shapiro, J., 440, 442, 451Sharia law, 926Sharma vs. Attorney General of Trinidad

and Tobago, 266–267Shia, 839–840Shia insurgency, Bahrain

demographic differences and powerdynamics, 840–842

initial phases, 842–845Shimshoni, J., 894Shining Path, 143, 151Shultz, R., 164Siddique, Kawsar Hossain, 623Siddiqui, Abu Baker, 625Sikulim memukadim, 101Silva, L. da, 280, 288Simon, Jeffery D., 693Sinaloa cartel, 230, 231, 237Singapore, 706, 707, 713–716, 749–750

al Qaeda-centric threat; phaseI, 752–756; phase II, 756–759

context, 750–751IS-centric threat; phase I, 759–762;

phase II, 762–764left-wing groups, 751state and societal response, 764–766

Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), 708, 766Singapore Police Force (SPF), 766Singh, R., 85–86, 1086/26 Incident attacks, 672Skoczylis, J., 117–128, 337–350Smoke, R., 900Snow Leopard Commando Unit

(SLCU), 677Sobhan, F., 628Social conflicts, 674–675Socialist Destourian Party, 969Social learning theories, 1064socialscape, 606Social Weather Station (SWS), 709Societies Act, 713

1092 INDEX

Sodozey, Nazir Ahmed, 625Soft authoritarian state, 713Somalia, 925–927

African Union (AU), 996–999;AUCMS funding instability,implications of, 992–995; CTstrategy, 987–990; equipmentand funds, diverse sources, 984;and funding instability, 982–983;institutional challenges/instabilities, 984; unreliablefinancial resources, 983–984; waron terror, 995–996

African Union Mission in Somalia(AMISOM), 981, 996–999;contextual analysis, 985–986; CTcapabilities andstrategy, 990–991; CTstrategy, 987; financialsupport, 993; political, social andstrategic constraints, 991–992;strategic effectuality, 986–987;strategic flaws of, 995

counterterrorism, challenges andprospects of, 931–937

terrorism, 927–929terrorist groups, 929–931

Source of Funds Investigation Unit(SFIU), 507

South Africa, 1055–1056counterterrorism, 1060implications, 1066–1067labor migration and informal

economy, 1063–10649/11 attack, response to, 1062–1063security challenges, 1060–1062South African security

context, 1056–1057state-sponsored terrorism/misuse of

counterterrorism, 1059–1060terrorism theories, 1064–1065war on terror, 1058–1059

South African Black ConsciousnessMovement, 1059

South African Police ServiceSpecial Task Force(SAPS STF), 1056, 1057

South Asian Anti-Terrorism Taskforce(SAAT), 631

South Asian Association for RegionalCooperation (SAARC), 628–629,642, 646

South Asian Association of RegionalCooperation Regional Conventionon Suppression of Terrorism, 591

Southeast Asia, 750, 764Malaysia, 717–720Philippines, 708–713securitization theory, 704–705Singapore, 713–716terror threat and varying

responses, 705–708South East Asia (SEA), 650Southeast Asian Regional

Counterterrorism Centre, 707Southeast Asia Terrorism Portal, 636South Korea, 935Southwestern Bangladesh, 627Soviet Union, 656Spalek, B., 198, 199Spanish Civil War, 918n3Spanish government, 467–468

ETA, 472–473policing strategies, 470–472political strategies, 468–470

Spanish Guardia Civil, 67Special Action Force (SAF), 801Special Anti-Robbery Squad, 1016Special Assault Teams, 658, 659Special Court of Sierra Leone

(SCSL), 145Special Operations Command

(SOC), 766Special Operations Unit of the

Lithuanian Army (AITVARAS), 404Sri Lanka, counterterrorism

policy, 92–93policies and actions, 94–95violence, 93

Sri Lankan, 635–636counterterrorism efforts, 642–643counterterrorism strategies, 643–645economic and political

exclusion, 637–638LTTE, capabilities of, 639–641negotiations, end conflict, 641–642Tamil resistance against Sinhalese

Government, 638–639

INDEX 1093

Sri Lankan (cont.)terrorism definition, 636–637

Sri Lankan Armed Forces, 645Sri Lankan Freedom Party (SLFP), 642Stanley, Elizabeth, 1059START (Global Terrorism

Database), 93, 95, 530n2State and non-state terrorism, 139–141State Committee for Combating

Terrorism, 376–377State counterterrorism, 25–26

conceptualization methods, 7–8counterterrorism (CT), 20–22counterterrorist actors, 23Google Ngram Viewer, 5ICRC, 19IHL, 13, 19legitimacy, 23–25Nicaragua, insurgency in, 15noncombatant immunity, 18, 20non-state terrorism, 13–16Palestine and Israel war, 4Pinochet government, protest

against, 4political violence, 9–12, 16–17scholars, C, T26–27subtypes, 26–28terrorism, 6, 12–20true sovereignty, 23truth terrorist (T.T.), 17United States and United Kingdom,

bombings, 4–5victim, identity of, 17–18violence, threats of, 4

State legitimacy, 959–963State-owned enterprises (SOEs), 674State-sponsored terrorism, 15, 16,

139–141, 143, 147–149, 437, 587,751, 1059–1060

State terrorism, 668State theory, 947–952Stockholm Programme, 332Strait of Malacca, 780Strategic Planning, and Management

Unit (SPMU), 985Strategy for Combating Radicalisation

and Recruitment to Terrorism(SCRRT), 330–331

Stritzel, H., 254

Strong state, 948–949Study of Terrorism and Responses to

Terrorism (START), 530n2Suicidal terrorism, 674Suicide attacks, 581Suicide bombings, 927Sulaiman, Hishamuddin, 720Sulu-Sulawesi Seas, 711Sunni community, 201, 208Sunni Muslims, 836n4Supply side, 626, 631Supreme Security Committee (SSC), 961Susan, B., 440, 442Suspect communities, 914Sweden, 411–413Swedish Security Service, 413Synomosía Pyrínon Tis Fotiás (SPF), 497Syrian conflict, 974

TTablighi Jamaat organization, 401–402Taiwan, 691–692

antiterrorist action law, 697High-Speed Rail attack, 695institutional developments, 697–698lone wolf terrorism, 692–694Presidential Office Building Truck

attack, 695–697rice bomb incident, 694

Tajikistangeopolitics and counterterrorism

assistance, 566–567independence, ideology, and civil

war, 563–564internal factors, 564–565potential terror, external factors

of, 565–566Takfir/kufir, 82–83, 87n3Taliban, 601Taliban movement, 44, 84, 105, 170,

172, 174, 188, 226, 489, 565,566, 599, 601, 602, 610n20, 720,789, 954

Tamil, 638–639Tamil Diaspora, 641Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization

(TELO), 636Tamil Elam, 638–639

1094 INDEX

Tamil New Tigers (TNT), 639Tamil United Liberation Front

(TULF), 638–639Tamir udDeen, 621, 623Tandzim Al-Qoidah Indonesia Serambi

Makkah, 756Tanjung Priok, 737Tankebe, J., 124Tanzim Ittihad-e-Islamy

Afghanistan, 737Tebu Front for the Salvation of Libya

(TFSL), 959Tebus, 958Tecnicos Especialistas en Desactivacion

de Artefactos Explosivos(TEDAX), 321

Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), 601,602, 609n10

Temby, Q., 736, 742Tentara Islam Indonesia (TII), 734Terrorisim-ization, 910Terrorism, 12–13, 575

acts of, 139–141characteristic, 18, 20Counterterrorism policy (see

Counterterrorism policy)for Counter-terrorism policy (see

Counter-terrorism policy)financing of, 505–507ICRC, 19IHL, 13, 19international, 27noncombatant immunity, 18non-state, 13–16, 25political violence, 16–17secessionism and, 466–467sporadic inclusion of, 143state and non-state, 139–141theories of, 1064–1065transitional justice, application

to, 137–139transnational, 27, 166–169truth terrorist (T.T.), 17victim, identity of, 17–18

Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism, andInternational Violence (TREVI)Group, 319–321

Terrorism, Security and Society(TSAS), 197, 199, 203, 207

Terrorism Act, 139Terrorism (Prevention) Act

(TPA), 1007–1011Terrorism and counterterrorism, 39–40

9/11 and al-Qaeda, 40–42active supports, 51–52CAJ, 44CID/Crime department, 56Coalition Forces, 46co-ethnic support, 54covert successes, 61–62criminal courts, 54ECHR, 45Fusion and Intelligence Centres, 46HUMINT, 59–60Hunger Strikes, 58IED, 63Internal Security Solution, 57–60Iraq, US strategy, 43–47Loughgall incident, 60–61OPONI, 55–56OTR scheme, 62–63passive support, 52Petraeus, D., 44, 64PIRA/PSF, 47–51police impartiality and

professionalism, 53politics and economics, 44RIC police model, 47RIPA, 45RUC SB model, 43SB, 55–56Westminster police model and

NIM, 45–46Terrorism in Western Europe Event

Dataset (TWEED), 394Terrorism-ization, counterterrorism

legislationmovement, freedom

of, 912–913sovereignty, 913–914terrorism, designation, 912

Terrorism Prevention andInvestigation Measures(TPIMs), 255, 258, 259,342, 913

Terrorism Prevention Bill, 1006Terrorism Response Team, 659Terrorist act, 577

INDEX 1095

Terrorist and Disruptive Activiities(Prevention) Act (TADA), 577,579, 586

Terrorist attacks, Bangladeshcounterterrorism, 627–628

Terrorist Finance TrackingProgramme, 333

Terrorist Financing OperationsSections, 180

Terrorist Offences MonitoringDesk, 642–643

Terrorist organizations (TOs), 881–882adaptation problem, 894–895deterrability, problem, 884–887vulnerability, 886, 887

Thamilchelvam, S., 641Thanabalsinghem, Chetti, 639Thatcher, M., 57TheUnitedNational Party (UNP), 642Thimpu Declaration, 6413/11 Attacks on Madrid, 319, 323,

327, 329, 465–466,472, 682

Tiananmen attack, 673Tibet, 672–674Tiefenbrun, S., 1009Tokyo subway system, 652Total defence strategy, 715Toxic bombs, 695Transitional Federal Institutions

(TFLs), 997Transitional justice (TJ), 135–137

acts of terrorism, 139–141criminal proceedings, 144–147mechanisms, 141–142reparations, 137–139security sector reforms, 147–150state and non-state terrorism, 139–141terrorism, application to, 137–139traditional approach, 136truth commissions, 142–144

Transnational criminal organizations(TCOs), 224, 226–230, 231, 232,234, 235, 239, 240, 241

Transnational organized crime, 779Transnational terrorism, 27, 102, 103,

107, 139, 164, 166–169, 279, 410,602, 671, 925, 1042

Trans-Pacific Partnership, 779

Transportation Security Administration(TSA), 1007

Trans-Saharan counterterrorismPartnership (TSCT), 1030

Tri-Border area (TBA), 281–283, 286Troop Contributing Countries

(TCCs), 985, 998Truman, H., 163Trust vs. oppression, 427–431Truth and Dignity Commission, 142Truth and Reconciliation Commission

(TRC), 142–143, 1059Truth commissions, 139, 141–145,

150, 151Truth seeking, 135, 141, 144Truth terrorist (T.T.), 17Tsarist Russia, 522, 523, 526, 530n6,

530n7Tuanku Imam Bonjol, 734Tuareg-Malian Algiers, 1027Tuareg militancy, 1026Tuèek, F., 315–334Tunisia, 589, 967–968

internal imbalances,exporting, 971–975

terrorist threats, 968–970Túpac Amuru Revolutionary

Movement, 151Turbiville, G., 931Turkey, 823–825

civil-military relationship, 830–832domestic political and counterterror

environment, 829–830post-1984 period, 827–829pre-1984 period, 826–827terrorism and Kurdish

question, 825–826three-pronged counterterrorism

strategy andimplications, 832–835

Turkish Hurriyet Daily News, 834Turkish nationalism, 823Turk Silahli Kuvvetleri (TSK), 823, 824,

830, 835, 835n1

UUdaan Scheme, 587–588Ugandan army, 991

1096 INDEX

Ulema Anjuman al Baiyinaat(UAB), 621, 623

Umar, Abu, 758Umat Islam Nusantara (UIN), 760U.N. Human Rights Council, 846UN Global Counter-Terrorism

Strategy, 1044–1045UN International Convention, 628Union Cabinet, 578Union Government, 590Union Territory, 582United Arab Emirates (UAE), 812Unite de Coordination de la Lutte

Anti-Terroriste (UCLAT), 320, 438United Kingdom, 337–338

British security services, 347CONTEST, 340, 341, 346, 347CTSA, 338Home Affairs Committee, 341, 343Irish Republican Army

(IRA), 338–339Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

(ISIL), 339jihadist attacks, 339jihadi terrorism, 347prevent, 343–345protect and prepare, 345pursue, 341–343Radical Middle Way, 344September 11 attacks, 340sociopolitical effects, 346–348Terrorism Act, 337

United Liberation Front of Assam(ULFA), 582, 625

United Malays National Organization(UMNO), 719, 720, 778, 782

United Nations, 590United Nations Convention against

Transnational Organized Crime(UNTOC), 779

United Nation’s Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, 989

United Nations Human DevelopmentIndex (UNDP), 536

United Nations Human RightsCouncil, 958

United Nations Security Council(UNSC), 575, 586, 1004

United Red Army, 651

United States, 102–103, 591, 603policies and actions, 104–105violence, 103–104

United States of America, 27, 357Unlawful Activities Prevention Act

(UAPA), 577–578UN Security Council (UNSC), 985UN Security Council Resolution, 250,

256, 257, 326, 500, 501, 586,636, 708, 876n2, 932, 993,997, 1012

UN Security Council Resolution1744, 997

UN Security Council Resolution2124, 932

USAID, 867, 876n4USA PATRIOTIC Act, 1003, 1004,

1009, 1010, 1017U.S counterterrorism, 163–166

9/11 attacks, 163–166al-Qaeda, Obama, B. against, 181–187Bush, G.W., 169–181Middle East and South Asia, 167–168non-state actors and transnational

terrorism, 166–169US Department of State (DoS), 779US-led war on terror, 717US National Intelligence Council

(NIC), 597US policy and transnational

cooperation, 238–240US policy program, 705US strategy, Iraq, 43–47Uttar Pradesh Control of Goondas

Act, 578Uttar Pradesh Gangsters and Anti-Social

Activities (Prevention) Act, 578Uyghur Autonomous Region, 672

VValeriano, N. D., 791, 792Vargas, G., 276Vicious circle, 857Victims and Witnesses Unit, 146Villainous Laws, 453n4Violence, 576, 626, 631

indiscriminate, 20instrumental, 9, 10, 12, 29n2

INDEX 1097

Violence (cont.)political (see Political violence)threats of, 4

Violent Islamic activism, 910Violent-jihadi, 910Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), 712Volkan, V., 637von Clausewitz, C., 9, 10Vulnerability, 58, 104, 119, 216, 232,

249–254, 256, 257, 259, 261,262, 268, 340, 401, 403, 557,640, 716, 885–887, 894, 900,1057, 1061, 1062

WWafa Movement, 847–848Wahhabism, 816Walker, C., 340Walzer, M., 42Warnes, R., 315–334War on Terror, 601, 602War on terror, 703, 721, 1021, 1030,

1031, 1037, 1058–1059Warriors Affairs Commission

(WAC), 961, 963Weak states, 948–950Weapons of mass destruction

(WMD), 706Weber, M., 24, 25, 26Weinstein, J., 626–627Weitzer, R., 52–53West Bengal Maintenance of Public

Order Act, 578Western Europe, 77, 380, 393–395, 399,

460, 474, 488, 654Western intelligence services, 762Westminster police model, 45, 47White, Gregory, 976n1White House, 103, 164, 171, 174, 178,

181–183, 189, 196, 238, 535, 759White Russia, see BelarusWhyte, D., 916Wilkinson, P., 81–82, 297Williams, P. D., 931

Wimmer, Andreas, 1058Women’s National Committee

(WNC), 871World against Violence and Violent

Extremism (WAVE), 196World Bank, 1013World Internet Conference, 683World Tamil Movement, 641WOT, 653–655

XXiaoping, Deng, 670Xinjiang, 672–674

YYadlin, Amos, 891Years of Lead, 491, 492Yemen, 855–856

conflation with West, 870–872counterterrorism, military dominance

in, 869–870increasing insecurity, 872–874women and

counterterrorism, 867–869Yemen-U.S. relations; Bush

years, 856–860; Obamayears, 860–866

Yemeni Armed Forces, 873Yodo-go Group, 651Yusuf, M., 609n10

ZZahra-Malik, M., 604Zapatista movement, 233–234Zedong, Mao, 668, 669, 684n1,

684n2, 788Zhou Qiao Company, 695Zionist resettlement movement, 99–100Zúquete, J.P., 275–289Zürcher, C., 98Zwai, 959

1098 INDEX