The Ottoman, Safavid and Mogual Empires A. D. 1450- 1800

Test Review

To which religion did most Ottomans belong?

a. Christian c. Sunni Muslimb. Buddhism d. Shia Muslim

By 1500, the Indian subcontinent was divided into which two types of kingdoms?

a. Christian and Buddhistb. Muslim and Christianc. Hindu and Muslimd. Hindu and Buddhist

Which religion included the custom of suttee in India?

a. Islam c. Buddhismb. Christianity d. Hinduism

Ottoman expansion in the early fourteenth century eventually led to their control over

a. the Danube Valley.b. Italy.c. the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.d. the Hungarian plain.

Recruited from the local Christian population in the Balkans, the janissaries were

a. a guerrilla army that sought to drive out the Ottoman Turks.b. religious zealots who sought to convert Muslims to Christianity.c. used to teach philosophy to the sultan’s children.d. converted to Islam and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the sultan.

The Ottoman central government appointed officials called ____.

a. politicos c. pashasb. viziers d. ulemas

The hereditary nature of the position of sultan

a. added stability to the Ottoman Empire, a major factor in its long life.

b. led to struggles over succession between the sons of the sultan.

c. resulted in a lack of viable candidates, which caused the ultimate decay of the Ottoman Empire.d. formed the basis of democracy in the Ottoman Empire.

What was the name of the group of Ottoman religious advisers that administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims?

a. pasha c. politicosb. vizier d. ulema

Under Shah Abbas, the Safavid dynasty

a. reached the high point of its glory.b. rapidly declined until it was too weak to

fight off its many enemies.c. had their capital of Esfahan captured by

the Ottomans.d. witnessed a relaxation of traditional religious beliefs.

The Safavids differed from many of their Islamic neighbors because they were ardent

a. Sunnis. c. Shias.b. Catholics. d. Hindus.

Who founded the Mogul dynasty?

a. Akbar c. Riza-i-Abbasib. Babur d. Süleyman I

Sir Robert Clive was an aggressive British empire builder who

a. allowed the Dutch to take over British forts because of his shortsightedness.

b. mismanaged the British South India Company until it went bankrupt.c. angered the British government by falsely

acting as its representative.d. was empowered by the British crown to

fight any force that threatened the East India Company’s power in India.

Why is Aurangzeb considered to be one of India’s most controversial rulers?

a. He brought the Mogul Empire to its greatest physical size, yet it was plagued by religious

intolerance and constant warfare.b. He was a Muslim ruling a largely Hindu population.c. He allowed the most freedom for women.d. He brought the Mogul Empire to its greatest heights, yet the lack of a competent heir brought the empire into complete ruin.

In the late thirteenth century, a new group of Turks under their leader Osman began to build power in

a. Syria.b. the western end of the Danube Valley.c. the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula.d. the eastern end of India.

Under the leadership of ____, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and gained dominance over the Balkans and the Anatolian Peninsula.

a. Mehmet II c. Shah Abbasb. Sultan Selim I d. Sinan

“Gunpowder empires” were empires that

a. fell apart due to attacks by other empires with more sophisticated technology.

b. were formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions they conquered.

c. disintegrated almost as quickly as they were formed.

d. did not encounter any resistance during their formation.

During the meetings of the imperial council, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire

a. was often advised by the queen mother.b. sat at a raised table that allowed him to

oversee all of his councilors.c. spied on his councilors with help from his

bodyguards.d. sat behind a screen and privately indicated his desires to the grand vizier.

The greatest of all Ottoman architects, ____ built 81 mosques.a. Mehmet II c. Süleyman Ib. Sinand. Sultan Selim I

Which of the following brought an era of unity to the subcontinent of India in the 1600s?

a. Christians c. Muslimsb. Moguls d. Mongols

Riza-i-Abbasi, the most famous painter of the Safavid Era,

a. created immense murals that were tributes to the glory of the Safavid rulers.b. created works of such incredible realism hat they amaze artists today.c. used vibrant beads in his complex works.d. created exquisite works with soft colors and flowing movement.

What two elements aided Akbar in gaining control of almost all of India?

a. heavy artillery and successful negotiators

b. advanced weaponry and fierce warriors

c. superior strategy and rebellious generals

d. his fearsome reputation and fighting skills

In the Mogul Empire local officials, known as ____, kept a portion of the taxes paid by the peasants in lieu of a salary.

a. pashas c. janissariesb. ulema d. zamindars

What Mogul school of painting combined Persian with Indian motifs?

a. “Agra style” c. “Akbar style”b. “Jahangir style” d. “Aurangzeb style”

“There are in the city besides the Turks, countless Jews, or Marrani expelled from Spain; these are they who have taught and who are teaching every useful art to the Turks; and the greater part of the shops and arts are kept and exercised by these Marrani. There is a place which is called Bezestan, where they sell and buy all sorts of cloth and Turkish wares, silks, stuffs, linens, silver, wrought gold, bows, slaves, and horses; and in short all the things that are to be found in Constantinople are brought there to market: this, except for Friday, is open every day.”

—Benedetto Ramberti

From where were the Jews who lived in Constantinople expelled?

a. Hungary c. Germanyb. Spain d. Italy

According to this passage, what is Bezestan?

a. a government building c. a marketb. a mosque d. a private residence

The janissary corps were the elite soldiers and administrators of the sultan’s army. They were young Christian boys chosen because of their “good appearance and good physical build.” This policy of recruiting janissaries lasted until 1634. After 1634, new recruits came from the sons of janissaries and were less disciplined. To minimize the impact on the Ottoman treasury, the janissaries took jobs in the winter (when they were usually not fighting) as artisans. By 1826, the janissary force had grown so large—135,000 strong—and so powerful that the sultan was forced to massacre all its members. The demise of the janissaries corresponded with the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

What was the sultan forced to do when the janissary force grew too large?

a. fire its members c. kill its membersb. invade the Balkans d. split it into different groups

During the winter, the janissaries

a. worked as priests. c. worked as merchants.b. worked as peasants. d. worked as artisans.

In 1507, Safavid ruler Shah Esma’il began raiding Ottoman lands in eastern Asia Minor, antagonizing the Ottomans and making future conflict between the two empires inevitable. Tensions reached their height in 1514, and the two armies met in August of that year in Chaldiran. The Ottomans, the first Islamic empire to employ artillery in warfare, completely decimated the Safavid cavalry. Esma’il withdrew his troops and the Ottoman Sultan, Selim I, did not pursue him. Following the battle, the Safavid capital was moved from Tabriz to Qazvin. The battle also established the border between the two empires, which remains the border between Turkey and Iran today.

Where did the Ottoman and Safavid armies meet in the year 1514?

a. Tabriz c. Istanbulb. Qazvin d. Chaldiran

What was significant about the battle described in this passage?

a. It marked the first time the Safavids had antagonized the Ottomans.b. The Ottomans’ use of artillery was a decisive tactical advantage.c. As a result of the battle, the Safavid capital was moved from Qazvin to Tabriz.d. It marked the first battle among many between present-day Iran and Turkey.

“If ideas of conquest were to be the rule of our conduct, I foresee that we should, by necessity, be led from acquisition to acquisition, until we had the whole empire up in arms against us; and whilst we lay under the great disadvantage of fighting without a single ally, (for who could wish us well?) the natives, left without European allies, would find, in their own resources, means of carrying on war against us in a much more soldierly manner than they ever thought of when their reliance on European allies encouraged their natural indolence. The last battle fought against Kasim Ali Khan is a proof of this assertion, for never did the troops of India fight so well.”

Robert Clive, 1765

According to this passage, what disadvantage did the British have in India?

a. a lack of military leadership c. a lack of alliesb. a lack of knowledge of the terrain d. a lack of weapons

According to this passage, with whom did the Indian troops fight well?

a. Kasim Ali Khan c. Akbarb. Shah Jahan d. Babur

Which word best describes Robert Clive’s attitude toward Indian troops in this passage?

a. angry c. fearfulb. dismissive d. condescending

Merchants from across Central Asia traded their goods at

a. churches. c. palace complexes.b. bazaars. d. country fairs.

Safavid Persia found trade with Europe difficult because

a. European countries were not interested in trading with the Safavids.

b. taxes were high on European goods. c. the Safavids only traded within its own

empire.d. it was blocked by European sea power and

Ottoman land power.

When the Ottomans gained control of the trade crossroads of Constantinople, Europeans

a. stopped attempts to trade with the East.b. established their own trade routes through

the city. c. looked to the seas for new trade routes.

d. attacked the city.

Under Süleyman I, the Ottomans won a victory over the Hungarians at the Battle of ____, further expanding their empire.

a. Lepanto c. Constantinopleb. Vienna d. Mohács

Akbar, like all Mogul rulers, practiced

a. Christianity. c. Hinduism.b. Islam. d. Buddhism.

By the seventeenth century, Britain’s chief European rival for trade in India was

a. France. c. the Netherlands.b. Spain. d. Italy.

After a European army pushed the Ottomans out of _______, the Ottoman Turks were no longer a threat to Central Europe.

a. Moldavia c. Hungaryb. Italy d. Walachia

In the eighteenth century, the Safavid ruling family was forced to retreat to _______, their original homeland.a. Azerbaijanb. the Anatolian Peninsula c. Indiad. Russia