Ottoman, Safavid, and Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal EmpiresMughal Empires

Ottoman: Rise to PowerOttoman: Rise to Power

Seljuk Turks began to Seljuk Turks began to decline, the Osman began decline, the Osman began to expand. to expand.

Gunpowder empire –Gunpowder empire –success largely based on success largely based on the mastery of the the mastery of the technology of firearms.technology of firearms.

JanissaryJanissary were an elite were an elite military guard recruited military guard recruited from Christians, converted from Christians, converted to Islam, and trained as to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers or foot soldiers or administrators to the administrators to the sultan.sultan.

Ottoman: SuleimanOttoman: Suleiman

Suleiman I, or Suleiman Suleiman I, or Suleiman the Magnificent, came to the Magnificent, came to rule in 1520. He expanded rule in 1520. He expanded Ottoman rule into Europe Ottoman rule into Europe and the western Med. Sea.and the western Med. Sea.

He ruled for 46 years.He ruled for 46 years. He codified Ottoman law He codified Ottoman law

keeping Islamic faith, took keeping Islamic faith, took into account Christian into account Christian inhabitants of the Empire, inhabitants of the Empire, addressed taxes, and built addressed taxes, and built more schools.more schools.

Ottoman: SultansOttoman: Sultans

head of the empire- held head of the empire- held absolute controlabsolute control

hereditary – eldest son hereditary – eldest son always succeeded the always succeeded the father. (created turmoil)father. (created turmoil)

private domain called a private domain called a “harem,” or “sacred “harem,” or “sacred place.” Here the sultan place.” Here the sultan and his wives lived. and his wives lived.

When a son became When a son became sultan, his mother became sultan, his mother became queen mother and acted queen mother and acted as an adviser to the as an adviser to the throne. throne.

OttomanOttoman

chief advisor to the chief advisor to the sultan: grand viziersultan: grand vizier Led meetingsLed meetings Spoke for the SultanSpoke for the Sultan

Empire divided into Empire divided into districts and ruled by districts and ruled by officials and highly officials and highly trained bureaucratstrained bureaucrats

Senior officials Senior officials responsible for responsible for collecting taxes and collecting taxes and supplying armies for supplying armies for the empirethe empire

Ottoman: SocietyOttoman: Society

The subjects were The subjects were divided by occupation.divided by occupation.

ruling class, & 4 main ruling class, & 4 main occupational groups: occupational groups: peasants, artisans, peasants, artisans, merchants, and merchants, and pastoral peoples.pastoral peoples.

Sunni Muslims. Sunni Muslims. Tolerant of non-Tolerant of non-

MuslimsMuslims ConversionsConversions Or taxesOr taxes

Ottoman: DeclineOttoman: Decline

The training of The training of officials declinedofficials declined

local government local government grew more corrupt grew more corrupt and taxes roseand taxes rose

Wars depleted the Wars depleted the imperial treasury.imperial treasury.

influence of influence of Western EuropeWestern Europe

SafavidSafavid

Modern day Persia, Modern day Persia, concentrated on building a concentrated on building a powerful armypowerful army

Ismail called himself Ismail called himself “shah,” or king, of the new “shah,” or king, of the new Persian state by age 14Persian state by age 14

Religious tyrant: ShiaReligious tyrant: Shia Decimated the Sunni Decimated the Sunni

populationpopulation

Safavid: at its PeakSafavid: at its Peak

Shah Abbas: Highest Shah Abbas: Highest point of glorypoint of glory

Reformed military and Reformed military and civilian lifecivilian life

Equipped armies with Equipped armies with modern artillerymodern artillery

Punished corruptionPunished corruption Hired only the most Hired only the most

competent peoplecompetent people Sought more religious Sought more religious

tolerationtoleration

Safavid: Cultural Safavid: Cultural ConnectionsConnections

New capital at IsfahanNew capital at Isfahan Showcase wealthShowcase wealth Blue domesBlue domes

Beautiful artsBeautiful arts Chinese artisansChinese artisans Metalwork, calligraphy, Metalwork, calligraphy,

glasswork, and potteryglasswork, and pottery CarpetsCarpets

Western demandWestern demand Local craft to national Local craft to national

industryindustry Themes reflected the Themes reflected the

culture of the empireculture of the empire

Safavid: DeclineSafavid: Decline

Shah Abbas Shah Abbas followed Ottoman followed Ottoman mistakesmistakes

Incompetent Incompetent leadership aided in leadership aided in declinedecline

By 1747 the By 1747 the empire fell into empire fell into regional turmoilregional turmoil

Mughal: GeographyMughal: Geography

The Mogul Empire The Mogul Empire spread from the spread from the Hindu Kush Hindu Kush mountains east to mountains east to the Bay of Bengal; the Bay of Bengal; from modern-day from modern-day Afghanistan south Afghanistan south to near the to near the southern tip of southern tip of India.India.

Mughal: OriginsMughal: Origins 88thth-16-16thth centuries: centuries:

religious and political religious and political turmoilturmoil

Babur defeated the Babur defeated the sultan of Delhisultan of Delhi

Akbar the GreatAkbar the Great Military conquerorMilitary conqueror

ArtilleryArtillery Utilized rajput forcesUtilized rajput forces

Liberal rulerLiberal ruler Cultural blendingCultural blending Governed using the Governed using the

talentedtalented Graduated taxGraduated tax

Mughal: CultureMughal: Culture

BlendingBlending Welcomed diverse Welcomed diverse

influenceinfluence Persian, Hindi, and Urdu Persian, Hindi, and Urdu

(blend)(blend) Arts and LiteratureArts and Literature

Book illustrationsBook illustrations Epic love storiesEpic love stories

ArchitectureArchitecture Style named for AkbarStyle named for Akbar Massive, graceful Massive, graceful

structuresstructures

Mughal: Shah JahanMughal: Shah Jahan

Shah JahanShah Jahan He expanded the He expanded the

boundaries of the boundaries of the Mogul Empire Mogul Empire

Taj Mahal – a Taj Mahal – a mausoleum for his mausoleum for his favorite wife, Mumatz favorite wife, Mumatz Mahal. This is the Mahal. This is the finest piece of Mogul finest piece of Mogul architecture. It architecture. It combines Persian, combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic styles. Islamic styles.

..

Mughal: AurangzebMughal: Aurangzeb

He was a devout Muslim He was a devout Muslim and a man of high principle.and a man of high principle.

He tried to eliminate social He tried to eliminate social evils in India: suttee (a evils in India: suttee (a Hindu practice of cremating Hindu practice of cremating a widow on her husband’s a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre), levying illegal funeral pyre), levying illegal taxes, gambling, and taxes, gambling, and drinking.drinking.

Made Hindu to convert to Made Hindu to convert to Islam –led to social unrest Islam –led to social unrest that made India open to that made India open to attack from abroad.attack from abroad.

MughalMughal

The British helped the The British helped the decline of the Mogul decline of the Mogul Empire in India.Empire in India.

British East India Co. British East India Co. Controlled trade and taxed Controlled trade and taxed lands surrounding the city lands surrounding the city of Calcutta.of Calcutta.

The Indians practiced The Indians practiced guerilla warfare against guerilla warfare against the British.the British.

The British moved inland. The British moved inland. Trade brought money to Trade brought money to the British. The British the British. The British were in India to stay.were in India to stay.