the ottawa micro-environment database for motor vehicle related air pollutants deniz karman...
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THE OTTAWA MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DATABASE FOR MOTOR VEHICLE
RELATED AIR POLLUTANTS
Deniz Karman
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Carleton University
For presentation at
Environmental Health Center
Environmental & Occupational Toxicology (EOT) Seminar Series
Health Canada, Ottawa
3 October 2001
Outline
• Experimental work in Ottawa, 1994 and 2000• The microenvironment database
http://www.carleton.ca/~dkarman/OMDB.htm
• Selected results
Acknowledgements1994
Lisa Graham
Moin El Herraoui
Dale Braun
Lo Cheng
Kinny Wong
Arlene Whitmore
Greg Rideout
Fred Hendren
Health Canada
Air and Waste Issues Section
Environment Canada
MSED, Environmetal Technology Centre
2000
Lisa Graham
Danny Wang
Lianne Noseworthy
Oznur Oguz
Gultekin Akay
Sandra Bayne
Norm Meyer
Mod Keetile
Health Canada, TSRI
Environment Canada
ERMD Environmetal Technology Centre
TUBITAK & METU
Objectives• To establish a database of motor vehicle related toxic substance
concentrations and PM2.5 mass concentrations at nose-level along a busy downtown street in the two extremes of weather (Summer and Winter) in a typical Canadian city.
• To compare and correlate the short term (2 hour periods of peak traffic volume) ambient concentrations at nose-level with the regional air quality monitoring data of longer duration (24 hours) measured at other urban sites and in-vehicle concentrations on typical commuting trips.
• To determine the contribution of motor vehicle traffic to the measured toxic substance concentrations and fine particulate matter by comparisons with motor vehicle emission data.
Summary of experimental work
1994 Summer Roadside, 2 stations– 2 hour sampling periods (7:30-9:30, 11:30-13:30,15:30-17:30)– 6 L SUMMA canisters for VOCS (2 stations)– 2,4 DNPH cartridges for carbonyl compounds (2 stations)– TSP mass, SOF, and trace metals (3 stations)– PAH on TSP and PUF cartridges (stations)
2000 Winter and Summer
Roadside– 2, 6, 24 hour roadside sampling periods – 6 L SUMMA canisters for VOCs, Tenax cartridges for SVOCs– 2,4 DNPH cartridges for carbonyl compounds
– PM2.5 mass, EC/OC, and trace metals
Rooftop (limited)– VOC and SVOC
Passenger car and transit bus (a.m and p.m. commuting trips) – 1 L SUMMA canisters, DNPH cartridges
1994 Slater-1 and Slater-2 stations
1994 Slater-2 (background) station
• 1994
Nose-level sampling stations constructed at ETC for roadside measurement of VOC, TSP, and carbonyl compounds
Winter 2000, Slater Street Roadside station
• Winter 2000
Nose-level sampling station constructed at ETC for roadside measurement of VOC, SVOC, PM2.5, and carbonyl compounds
• Oznur Oguz taking roadside measurements in January 2000, Slater Street, Ottawa.
• Windchill:
- 51 C ( - 60 F)
• Evacuated 1 L Summa canister with flow controller and pressure gauge
• 1 L/min personal sampling pump and DNPH cartridge
• Used in car and bus
OMDBOTTAWA MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DATABASE
FOR MOTOR VEHICLE RELATED AIR POLLUTANTS
• Data in Excel files:– Gas phase (VOC, SVOC, carbonyl compounds)
– Particulate matter(TSP, PM2.5 mass concentrations, chemical analysis)
– Weather and traffic
Identified by:– Year, season, date, sampling station, sampling time
• Exploratory analysis (S-PLUS and Powerpoint files)• Descriptive access through html and graphic files
BKGD-CURB CORRELATION, Benzene, (All data)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Curb concentrations, ppb
BK
GD
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns,
p
pb
MORNING
NOON
AFTERNOON
BKGD-CURB CORRELATION, Ethylene, (All data)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
CURB VALUES, ppb
BK
GD
VA
LU
ES
, p
pb
MORNING
NOON
AFTERNOON
Benzene-Traffic Correlation (CURB, All data)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Total vehicle counts for 2 hours
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n,
pp
b MORNING
NOON
AFTERNOON
Ethylene-Traffic Correlation (CURB, All data)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Total vehicle counts for 2 hours
Eth
ylen
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n,
pp
b
MORNING
NOON
AFTERNOON
Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Modelling
Source 1xi1 i=1,n
Source 2xi2 i=1,n
Source 3xi3 i=1,n
Receptoryi i=1,n
1
2
3
Source Profiles
Slater Street Study - Published Profiles
TT94HD Heavy duty vehicle fleet average emissions profile in hotstabilized mode from Tunnel study (Sagebiel et al. 1995)
FCNG Compressed Natural Gas profile (Fujita et al. 1994)
FLPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas profile as reported by (Fujita et al.1994)
TLROD Light duty vehicle dominated fleet average emissions profile inhot stabilized mode from roadside ambient samples (Conner etal. 1995)
TLWG Liquid fuel profile (Conner et al. 1995).
Underground Garage Study - Profiles mesaured at ERMD
FUEL Liquid fuel profile for a winter grade fuel of RVP=13.7 psi usedin a testing program for light duty vehicles
COLDSTHOTST
Tailpipe profiles from first two phases of UDDS test, composite of 4 vehicles tested at 10 C and - 5 C with the abovementioned fuel.
Modelled Species Profile
* Fitting species
ethylene *acetylene +ethane *propane *isobutane *isobutylenen-butane *2m-butane *n-pentane *2,3-dm-butane *2m-pentane *
3m-pentane *m-cyclopentane*benzene *cyclohexane *iso-octanen-heptane *toluene *n-octane *e-benzenem&p-xylenen-nonane1,2,4-tm-benzene
Slater-1 Source Contributions
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
TT94HD FLPG TLROD TLWG GA
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
Morning Noon Afternoon Evening
Slater-2 Source Contributions
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
TT94HD FLPG TLROD TLWG GA
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
Morning Noon Afternoon Evening
Temperatures during sampling periods
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Days of sampling
Tem
per
atu
re,
C
8:00 A.M.
12:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
Winter 2000, PM2.5 concentrations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7:30 to 9:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. 3:30 to 5:30 p.m. weekend 6 hr Weekday 24 hr
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m3)
PM2.5 and TSP concentrations
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
7:30 to 9:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. 3:30 to 5:30 p.m. weekend 6 hr NAPS 24 hr
Med
ian
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/m
3)Winter 2000
Summer 2000
Summer 1994 TSP
2000 PM2.5 Elemental/Organic carbon
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
7:30 -9:30Winter
7:30 -9:30Summer
11:30 - 1:30 Winter
11:30 - 1:30Summer
3:30 -5:30Winter
3:30 -5:30 Summer
w eekend 6 hrWinter
w eekend 6 hrSummer
NAPS 24 hrWinter
NAPS 24 hrSummer
Me
dia
n C
on
cen
tra
tio
n (
ug
/m3 )
EC
OC
7:30-9:30 concentrations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ethy
lene
etha
ne
acet
ylen
e
prop
ylen
e
prop
ane
isob
utan
e
isob
uten
e (*
)
n-bu
tane
c2-b
uten
e
2m-b
utan
e
n-pe
ntan
e
2m-p
enta
ne
3m-p
enta
ne
n-he
xane
m-c
yclo
pent
ane
benz
ene
2m-h
exan
e
3m-h
exan
e
224-
tm-p
enta
ne
n-he
ptan
e
tolu
ene
(*)
e-be
nzen
e
m&
p-xy
lene
(*)
o-xy
lene
124-
tm-b
enze
ne (
*)
ng
/L
Formaldehyde concentrations
0
5
10
15
20
25
Slate
r-1, 7
:30
Slate
r-1, 1
1:30
Slate
r-1, 3
:30
Slate
r-1, 2
2:00
Slate
r-2, 7
:30
Slate
r-2, 1
1:30
Slate
r-2, 3
:30
Slate
r-2, 2
2:00
Slate
r, W
inte
r 7:3
0
Slate
r, W
inte
r 11:
30
Slate
r, W
inte
r 3:3
0
Slate
r, W
inte
r 24
hr
In-C
ar, W
inte
r AM
In-C
ar, W
inte
r PM
In-b
us, w
inte
r AM
In-b
us, w
inte
r PM
ng
/L
Benzene concentrations
0
5
10
15
20
25
Sla
ter-
1, 7
:30
Sla
ter-
1, 1
1:30
Sla
ter-
1, 3
:30
Sla
ter-
1, 2
2:00
Sla
ter-
2, 7
:30
Sla
ter-
2, 1
1:30
Sla
ter-
2, 3
:30
Sla
ter-
2, 2
2:00
Sla
ter,
Win
ter
7:30
Sla
ter,
Win
ter
11:3
0
Sla
ter,
Win
ter
3:30
Sla
ter,
Win
ter
24 h
r
In-C
ar,
Win
ter
AM
In-C
ar,
Win
ter
PM
In-b
us,
win
ter
AM
In-b
us,
win
ter
PM
NA
PS
, w
inte
r 20
00
NA
PS
, su
mm
er 2
000
ng
/L
0 2 4 6 8ERMD Rooftop conc. (ng/L)
0
2
4
6
8
ER
MD
No
se-l
eve
l co
nc.
(n
g/L
)
Winter (6 Feb)
0 2 4 6 8ERMD Rooftop conc. (ng/L)
0
2
4
6
8
ER
MD
No
se-l
eve
l co
nc.
(n
g/L
)
Summer (29 Jul)
Comparison of ERMD 24-Hr Nose-level (1.5 m) VOC Measurements with ERMD 24-Hr Rooftop (10 m) VOC Mesurements
0 2 4 6ERMD winter median conc. (ng/L)
0
2
4
6
NA
PS
win
ter
med
ian c
on
c. (
ng/L
)
0 2 4 6ERMD summer median conc. (ng/L)
0
2
4
6
NA
PS
sum
mer
med
ian c
on
c. (
ng/L
)
Comparison of NAPS 24-Hr (4m) VOC Measurements with ERMD 24-Hr Nose-level (1.5 m) VOC Mesurements
In-vehicle sampling program for VOC and carbonyl compounds
• 15 Winter days (January-February 2000)• 15 Summer days (July-August 2000)• 2 sampling periods, 8-9 A.M. and 4-5 P.M. • Routes and vehicles:
– Bus: 30-45 min route along main “downtown” streets, different bus for different sessions
– Car: 30-45 commute along an arterial route that combines rural and urban settings. ~ 10 year old vehicles Nissan (Winter) and Aries (Summer)
Comparison of median concentrations in different microenvironments
Winter concentrations (ug/m3)Compound In-car In-bus Roadside Car/Road Bus/RoadBenzene 5.06 ± 2.69 3.38 ± 1.38 4.24 ± 3.17 1.2 0.8Toluene 18.05 ± 14.48 9.62 ± 5.15 14.41 ± 13.74 1.3 0.7Ethylbenzene 3.09 ± 3.24 2.58 ± 1.23 2.49 ± 2.62 1.2 1.0m,p-xylene 9.25 ± 9.97 6.93 ± 3.29 7.33 ± 7.41 1.3 0.9o-xylene 3.93 ± 4.15 3.04 ± 1.29 2.87 ± 2.88 1.4 1.11,3-butadiene BDL BDL 0.38 ± 0.64 NA NAFormaldehyde 7.00 ± 2.60 3.50 ± 3.36 3.89 ± 1.59 1.8 0.9Acetaldehyde 2.00 ± 2.04 2.50 ± 2.46 2.80 ± 1.17 0.7 0.9
Summer concentrations (ug/m3)Compound In-car In-bus Roadside Car/Road Bus/RoadBenzene 5.33 ± 1.50 3.46 ± 1.00 2.16 ± 0.86 2.5 1.6Toluene 15.66 ± 7.45 11.53 ± 3.58 7.75 ± 3.04 2.0 1.5Ethylbenzene 2.90 ± 1.30 3.57 ± 1.77 1.36 ± 0.78 2.1 2.6m,p-xylene 6.00 ± 2.32 7.06 ± 2.77 3.17 ± 1.84 1.9 2.2o-xylene 2.23 ± 0.81 2.85 ± 1.01 1.20 ± 0.73 1.9 2.41,3-butadiene 1.13 ± 0.81 1.08 ± 0.58 0.81 ± 0.48 1.4 1.3Formaldehyde 10.40 ± 2.39 10.50 ± 2.97 8.19 ± 11.55 1.3 1.3Acetaldehyde 6.01 ± 1.97 5.93 ± 2.05 2.39 ± 0.61 2.5 2.5
ethylene
0102030
05
1015
0.02.55.07.5
10.012.515.0
05
101520
0100200300400500
0 10203040
0 10 20 30
ethane
acetylene
4 6 8101214
0 5 10 15
propylene
propane
3.56.08.511.013.5
0.02.55.07.510.012.515.0
isobutane
isobutene
0 2 4 6 8
0 5 101520
n.butane
x2m.butane
0 51015202530
010203040
0100200300400500
468101214
3.56.08.511.013.5
02468
051015202530
TNMHC
Scatter Plot Matrix Of Abundant Species (SLATER STREET-WINTER)
Conclusion THE OTTAWA MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DATABASE FOR MOTOR
VEHICLE RELATED AIR POLLUTANTS
• Available: A database of motor vehicle related toxic substance concentrations and PM2.5 mass concentrations at nose-level along a busy downtown street and in commuter vehicles in the two extremes of weather (Summer and Winter) in a typical Canadian city.
• http://www.carleton.ca/~dkarman/OMDB.htm• Comments, criticism, collaboration welcome at: