the order of merit: the holders and their kindred*

84 THE EUGENICS REVIEW

" I cannot but feel that this is a small andmost inadequate tribute to one of the greatestand most beloved figures of our time. May Iadd the hope that in the honour, reverence

and love in which he was held by all whoknew and worked with him, Lady Rollestonwill find some compensation for her greatloss."

THE ORDER OF MERIT: THE HOLDERSAND THEIR KINDRED*

By B. S. BRAMWELL, M.A., LL.B., F.R.S.E.

M}[ Y subject deals with a small researchin positive eugenics. Demographyhas naturally bulked largely in our

recent proceedings. It is well to remember,however, that our primary concern is qualityand not quantity. One Lister may be worthmuch more to humanity than many ordinarymedial p&actitioners, and one ordinary prac-titioner than many members of the socialproblem group.The Order was founded in I902 to reward

exceptionally meritorious service in the Navyand Army or in the advancement of Art,Literature and Science. The number ofawards is very small-I think seventy todate. In his great work, Hereditary Genius,Galton had to select his eminent people. Inhis study of British Genius, Havelock Ellistried to avoid personal selection by takingonly names given a definite amount of spacein the Dictionary ofNational Biography; buthe had to abandon this system and supple-ment it with personal selection, as he foundthat much greater space was given to peopleof recent date. We here have our materialgiven to us; it is fresh material, not thatappearing in the two works mentioned, andit all concerns people still alive or who werealive in this twentieth century.The Order is confined to twenty-four

holders. The civil branch outnumbers the* The substance of a lecture at a Members' Meeting

of the Eugenics Society on February 22nd, 1944.

military by more than three to one. It isgiven a high place in the scale of precedence,ranking directly after the Grand Cross ofthe Bath and before the Grand Cross of thefive lower orders of knighthood. Vacanciesare not filled up as they occur. At presentthere are only fourteen living holders. Thismust enhance its prestige. No one by holdingoffice has a vested expectation tobe appointedto it. Lord Salisbury, when someone askedhim why he had appointed Alfred Austin tosucceed Lord Tennyson as Poet Laureate, issaid to have answered, " I don't think anyoneelse applied." Application has to date beenforeign to the Order of Merit.No doubt many of us will say " So-and-so"

should have had it. Kipling is a name oftenmentioned. But I don't think any of us canlay a finger on any one name and say, " Thatwas a job." In the forty years of its existencewe have had Conservative, Liberal, Labourand Coalition Governments; so in this smallmatter our democracy seems to have workedwell. As between the different branches oflearning, the scientists probably rank highestin world reputation. It is difficult to imaginethe name of Lister dropping out of the historyof medicine. J. J. Thomson and Rutherfordtook us a great step forward in our know-ledge of the constitution of matter-a subjectwhich had been under discussion for over2,000 years-when they showed that matterwas only a balanced system of energy. The

THE ORDER OF MERIT: THE HOLDERS AND THEIR KINDRED 85

names of Bragg and Gowland Hopkins willalso live. In literature, two works standout as having an influence far beyond ourshores. In The Golden Bough, Frazer has setall religions much to ponder over; in TheAmerican Commonwealth, Bryce introducedto many Americans for the first time theintricacies of their own system of govern-ment. As regards the arts, can we say morethan that the holders will have a creditablereputation in the much narrower field ofBritain ? Florence Nightingale is the onlywoman holder.

Personal CharacteristicsFrom what sort of families do they spring ?

As regards size, the answer is easy: normal-sized Victorian families averaging, where Ican trace, about 5*75 children. The detailsare set out in Table i.

TABLE I

FAMILIES OF FATHERS OF HOLDERSChildren in Family Military Civil Total

Only child ... ... - -Two ... ... 2 2Three ... .. ... I 4 5Fout ... ... 6 7Five ... ... ... 2 I 3six ... ... ... 3 2 5Seven ... ... ... I 4 5Eight ... ... 2 2Nine ... ... I 2Ten ... ... ... -Eleven ... ... ... - I ITwelve ... ... ...Thifteen ... .... .. - 2 2

Many ... ... ... I IAt least two ... ... 5 8 I3Only son ... ... I ? IUntraced ... ... 3 I8 21Only gon with sisters ... 3 4The rather large entry (I3) of " at least

two " should be noticed. This simply meansthat the D.N.B. describes the holder aseldest son or second son. It throws no lighton the possibility of other brothers and issilent as to sisters. There is no reason tosuppose that these families fell below theaverage. I found no trace of the phenomenonDr. Fraser Roberts found at Bath, of excep-tionally able children coming from very smallfamilies.

Table 2 shows the holder's position in thefamily, where I could trace it.

TABLE 2

POSITION OF HOLDER IN THEI FAMILYBirth order Number ofHolders

Only son ... ... ... 4Eldest ... ... ... 25Second ... ... ... 10

Third ... ... ... 2Fourth ... ... ... IFifth ... ... ... 3

Sixth ... ... ... 3Ninth ... ... ... I1Youngest I... .. ...

Undoubtedly, eldest sons easily head thelist, being more than one-half of the numbertraced. Unfortunately, we do not know howmany were the eldest children: it would notbe an unfair inference to say one-half.Second sons easily take second place. Wemust remember, as regards the remainder,that third, fourth and later sons are far fewerin number. Our findings are in accordancewith those of Havelock Ellis, who found thateldest sons and younger sons in large familiesmost often exhibited talent. He put it downto variation from the mean, as they alsomore often exhibit imbecility and idiocy.As regards longevity, holders of the order

live to a good old age. But in such a selectedgroup this is not surprising. Galton said thatno man under 50 would be regarded aseminent. I do not know that a1yone hasbeen appointed to the Order under this age.The holders have, therefore; suctessfullypassed or avoided the dangers bf youth. Ithink, however, they survive to a greaterage than one would anticipate from expecta-tion of life tables for a group of the age of 50.The median age in the military branch is 77and in the civil branch 8i. This difference isnot surprising, looking to the rigours of lifeon active service.

Bodily activity is perhaps best indicatedby addiction to sport and athletics. Themilitary branch indulged in these, physicalfitness being essential in the services; butthey did not do so to excess, or with out-standing prowess. In the civil branch theonly outstanding performance I know isthat of Lord Kelvin, who won the ColquhounSculls at Cambridge. Arthur Balfour wonthe Parliamentary golf tournament, but Ithink this was played on handicap. LordBryce ascended Mount Ararat, which is


higher than Mont Blanc, and Lord Haldaneand G. M. Trevelyan were great walkers intheir youth. But as a group I think it fairlysafe to say that they were probably belowthe average.Table 3 gives details as to the marriage

and the offspring of holders.TABLE 3

FAMILIES OF HOLDERSCivilstatusand Military Civil Total Fathers'no. of offspring families (for

comparison)Unmarried ... ... 3 7 IO -Mamred but childless - 15 I5One child ... ... 2 5 7Two ... ... 2 II 13 2Three ... ... 5 7 12 5Four ... ... 2 2 4 7Five ... ... I 3 4 3Six ... ... ... 2 2 5Seven ... ... 5Eight ... ... - I I 2Nine ... ... - 2Ten ... ... .. - -

Eleven ... ... ITwelve ... ...

Thirteen ... ... - 2Untraced ... ... 2 2 21

It will be seen that ten, a large proportion,were unmarried. In the military branch allthe marriages (I4) resulted in offspring.As a group they were replacing themselves.In the civil branch things were far other-wise. Fifteen marriages were childless, infive cases there was one child, and in eleventwo children. The only large family, one ofeight, was that of an original holder, born solong ago as I8I7. Three-fourths were farfrom reproducing themselves. The averagefamily of the civil group was only aboutI -5, one child less than the military. Theaverage family of all holders was certainlyfour children less than that of their fathers.Why all these childless marriages? The

reason is certainly not economic. JohnMorley left over £70,000; he was in a muchbetter financial position than his father, theBurnley doctor who had four children;Lord Kelvin left just under this amount; hisfather, the Glasgow professor, had sevenchildren; Steer, the artist, left over £80,ooo.According to the Evening Standard, Barrieleft £170,000, Hardy £90°,00, and Gals-worthy £80,000. It is idle to suggest thatArthur Balfour and R. B. Haldane refrainedfrom matrimony for economic reasons.

Is the reason physiological? We can ruleout such causes of male infertility as gonor-rhea and mumps. There is another physio-logical theory sometimes put forward. Theblood has to carry nourishment to theinternalorgans, the skeletal muscles, the brain, andthe reproductive organs. If one demands toomuch, the others suffer. Dr. Zuckerman*told us that when the number of sperms perc.c. falls below a certain concentration theresult is generally sterility. So there may bea certain measure of truth in this theory.What of the fifteen wives ? Did they desire

offspring? I think we need a large researchcarried out exclusively by women, in allclasses, at all ages and in all religions, tofind out what proportions of women desireno children, a few children, and a largefamily.But probably the matter is largely psycho-

logical. Havelock Ellis took this view: inhis British Genius he refers to two groups, anabnormally infertile group and another grouprather more fertile than the normal. Amongthe former, he mentions Dalton the chemistas typical. He often talked of gettingmarried but never found time for it. Inlater times the more fertile group has dis-appeared, probably owing to artificialrestraint.As regards the families of two or three

children, which seem to be three times morenumerous than larger families, I think it isa very fair inference to say that these ablepeople, after weighing up all the factors,such as age, health of mother, prospects ofthe children (though these should weigh lesswith them than with less able people), size ofhouse, economics, companionship, have con-cluded that these are the most satisfactoryand comfortable numbers to have.To sum up: The holders come of normal

sized Victorian families; they are long lived;they probably take less bodily exercise thanthe average; their families are woefullysmall. The comparatively low fertility of thegroup may be to some extent physiologicalbut is probably far more psychological; it iscertainly not economic.

* EUGENICS REVIEW, 28, 47.


Inheritance of IntelligenceWe may now turn to something quite

different-the inheritance of intelligence. Ihave not tried to delve into the past. Fourof the holders come of well-known intellec-tual strains. These are Balfour, Cromer,Haldane and Trevelyan. I must refer thoseinterested to Mr. Gun's excellent book,Studies in Hereditary Ability. I confine myselfto a review of fathers, brothers and sons.This, unfortunately, leaves out inheritancefrom the mother's side. The fathers ofBalfour and Haldane were not particularlydistinguished, though they had distinguishedancestry. Their mothers' ancestry was verynotable. Kitchener's and Rayleigh's maternalgrandfathers are in the D.N.B. HerbertFisher's grandfather and William Words-worth were first cousins.We want some standard of ability corre-

sponding to Galton's " eminence " for thefathers of the holders. It is impossible to getan exact measure, but one standard not verydifferent is " Mention in the D.N.B." Table 4sets out, in brief, some facts bearing on theabilities of fathers of fifteen of the holders-i.e. their professions, outstanding academicqualifications, and whether or not they hada place in the D.N.B.

TABL13 4FATHERS OF HOLDERS

Holder Profession, etc., of FatherLord Roberts ... General; D.N.B.Lord Jelicoe ... Commodore & Director, R.M.S.P.Lord Kelvin ... Professor; F.R.S.; D.N.B.Lord Lister ... Business; F.R.S.; D.N.B.Lord Cromer ... M.P.Lord Bryce ... Schoolmaster; Geologist; D.N.B.Sir W. Hooker ... Director of Kew; F.R.S.; D.N.B.Sir G. 0. Trevelyan Governor of Madras; D.N.B.F. H. Bradley ... Parson; D.N.B.G. A. Grierson ... LL.D.G. M. Trevelyan.., O.M.; D.N.B.H. A. Fisher ... Tutor to Edward VIIDr. Adrian ... Local Government Board; C.B.;

K.C.Gilbert Murray ... President Legislative Council,

N.S.W.Lord Baden Powell Professor; F.R.S.; D.N.B.

Lord Roberts's father is the only instanceof " Mention in D.N.B." in the militarybranch. Eleven holders were the sons ofnaval and military officers. The only otherfather of interest was Lord Jellicoe's. Hewas in the Merchant Marine and rose to be

Commodore and Director of the R.M.S.P.Line. On the civilian side, no fewer thaneight had fathers with a place in theD.N.B. I have notes of five other cases ofinterest. So about one in four seems to havehad a father of eminence. Galton found thattwo out of every eleven of his eminent menhad fathers of eminence, that is I in 5*5.Of course the holders of the Order of Meritare of a higher degree of talent or abilitythan his eminent men. But after all, exactmeasurement is impossible.When one comes to brothers I have a note

of 2I, and of one sister, Mrs. Sidgwick, Headof Newnham, who achieved marked successin their careers (see Table 5).

TABLIE 5SIBS OF HOLDERS

Holder Profession, etc., of eminent sibsAdmiral Sir G. 0. Keppel D.N.B.Lord Fisher ... ... AdmiralLord Roberts ... ... Major-GeneralLord Kitchener ... ... Lieut.-GeneralLord Chetwode ... Admiral; K.C.B.Lord Kelvin ... ... Professor; F.R.S.Lord Cromer ... ... Created PeerH. Jackson ... ... Canon; WranglerLord Haldane ... ... i. F.R.S.

2. Crown Agent for ScotlandLord Balfour ... ... i. Fellow of Trinity, Presi-

dent, Board of Trade2. Fellow of Trinity, F.R.S.3. Head of Newnham

Sir A. Geikie ... ... Professor of Geology, F.R S.F. H. Bradley ... ... i. Headmaster, Marlborough,

and Dean of Westminster2. Professor English Litera-

ture, Glasgow andProfessor of Poetry, Ox-ford

M. James ... ... Headmaster of MalvernG. M. Trevelyan ... President of Board of Edu-

cationH. A. Fisher ... ... I. Admiral

2. Tutor, Christ Church3. Chairman of Barclays

BankLord Baden Powell ... Traveller; M.P.; D.N.B.

It is difficult to state what proportion thisis. Seventy families of six would give some2IO sons. Deducting the 70 holders, thisleaves 140. But what proportion of thesedied young ? A very considerable numberbefore the age of 50. I took down twobiographies of holders at random; one doesnot get these details in the D.N.B. In one,three brothers had died in childhood; in theother, one had died at the age of 20. Andhow many dying young, had given promise


of success? I know that one, a Bradley, ascholar of New College, was drowned in theCherwell as an undergraduate. So probablywe have to compare the 2i with some totalbetween 70 and ioo.Only thirty-five, one-half of the holders,

had sons. In five or six cases the sons are tooyoung for any reliable estimate to be made oftheir talent, but Table 6 sets out what data Ihave been able to assemble.

TABLE 6SONS OF HOLDERS

Holder Profession, etc., of eminent sonsAdmiral Sir G. 0.Keppel ... Admiral; G.C.V.O.

Sir G. 0. Trevelyan Master of Trinity; O.M.Lord Rayleigh ... FBellow of Trinity; F.R.S.; R.S.

medallistSir J. J. Thomson Professor; Nobel Prize; F.R.S.;

R.S. medallistSir William Bragg Professor; Nobel Prize; Head of

Cavendish Laboratory, R.S.medallist

Lord Cromer ... G.C.B.; G.C.I.E.; G.C.V.O.Sir G. M. Trevelyan President of Board of EducationDavid Lloyd George Fuel ControllerLord Fisher ... I.C.S.EarI Jellicoe ... Scholar of Trinity; D.S.O.Earl Beatty ... M.P.Lord Roberts ... V.C.*Sir A. Geikie ... Home Civil Service*Sir W. Houldsworth Post Graduate law Studentship,

Christ Church; stroke of OxfordBoat*

These show some very remarkable achieve-ments. First, the present Master of Trinity,himself an O.M. Then Sir Laurence Bragg,Nobel Prize winner, Royal Society Medallistand Head of the Cavendish Laboratory; andtwo other Royal Society Medallists, one ofwhom is also a Nobel Prize winner. I thinkthere are eight sons of holders who willcertainly appear in the D.N.B., and otherswho may do so, such as the present LordJellicoe, a scholar of Trinity and a D.S.O. inthis War. Death at an early age has removedanother three of promise.With regard to fathers, brothers and sons,

exact measurement of intelligence is im-possible. The following test might be tried.The holders were all selected for their ownmeritorious service, not for that of theirfamilies. Let us take seventy consecutivenames, say, of parsons from Crockford,

* All these showed promise of a fine career, cut shortby death.

doctors from the medical directory, baronets,stockbrokers and members of the T.U.C., andfind out what their fathers, brothers and sonshave achieved.

There is an interesting point with regard tothe arts, including the lighter side of litera-ture, such as poetry, fiction and playwritin:holders eminent in these fields, about aquarter of our total, do not seem to havoeeminent fathers or brothers. So far as sonsare concerned, there are hardly any to beeminent. Poeta nascitur non fit. But is apoet not only not made but not bred? Wecan trace sometimes an origin for the careerbut not for the eminence. Watt's father wasa skilled maker of musical instruments,Elgar's an organist, and Lutyens's an artist.But whence came the creative inspiration?

EducationThe data are set out in Table 7.

TABLE 7EDUCATION OF HOLDERS

UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHEREDUCATION

Military CivilOxford ... ... I Cambridge ... .. .x8

Dublin ... ... 2Edinburgh ... ... 3Glasgow ... ... 3London ... ... 2Manchester ... 2Oxford ... ... IO

R.M.A., Woolwich IR.M.C., Sandhurst iArt Schools ... 4No university ... II

SCHOOLSMilitary Civil Total

Bedford ... ... ... ... I - ICharterhouse ... ... ... - 3 3Cheltenham ... ... ... - 4* 4*City of London ... ... - IClifton ... ... ... ... I- IDulwich ... . .... ... ... - 1 I IEton ... ... ... ... 2 4 6Harrow ... ... ... ... 3 3Marlborough ... ... ... - * I*Merchant Taylors ... ... 2 2Rugby ... ... ... ... I IShrewsbury ... ... ...I IWestminster ... ... ...- I IWinchester ... ... . IK.W. College, I. of M. ... - I IDumfries Academy ... ...IEdinburgh ... ... ... -Glasgow High School ... - 2

* F. H. Bradley at Cheltenham and Marlborough


Military Civil TotalLarchfield Academy ... ... - IR.H.S., Edinburgh ... ... I

5 29 34Colonial Schools ... ... 2Abroad ... ... ... ... IBritannia, etc. ... ... ... 8Grammar School ... ... IPrivate School ... ... ... IEducated privately ... ... 12Not traced ... ... ... 10

EDUCATION

Military Art Litera- Science Unclas-ture sified

University ... I I 21 I2 2Public School 5 I I8 7 3

As regards the military branch little needbe said. The services provide their ownhigher education. When we come to thecivil branch, a university education is nearlyalways essential in literature and sciencebut not in art.As regards schools, the table gives a brief

abstract. The intake of the public schools isonly about i per cent of the total numberof boys. Yet they have provided over 50 percent of the holders of the O.M. This is mostpronounced in literature, where they haveproduced over two-thirds of the holders; inscience, where they have produced aboutone-third; whereas in the arts they haveproduced only one holder. I show a tableof the schools.The L.C.C. says that the independent

public day and boarding schools are in thewidest sense educationally (mark the word)undesirable. They would have some diffi-culty in establishing that case. They appar-ently want a uniform State system controlledby politicians. This surely is a mistake.The greatness of Britain in Elizabethan timeswas, of course, not built up on our presentpublic schools. Sir Wasey Sterry has shown,in his recent volume on the first 250 years ofEton, that only eighty sons of peers werepupils, one every three years. The aristocracywere then educated privately, and very welleducated too. Lords Wolseley, Kitchener,Cromer and Sir Charles Parsons in our listwere so educated. But this is the antithesisof what the L.C.C. suggest. We are at presentall discussing how to undo ten years of Nazieducation of the young; what guarantee

have the L.C.C. that in fifteen years' timetheir uniform system might not be dictatedby a Moseley? We have heard that sciencemust be Bolshevist science or Nazi science.Five hundred years ago it had to be Vaticanscience and you might be liquidated forsaying the earth went round the sun. Bio-logical progress and evolution are based onvariation, and so is intellectual progress. Letus not barter away that small measure ofintellectual freedom we won by the Reforma-tion.

Inspired TeachingHow do we account for high ability when

there is nothing remarkable in the ancestry ?It may be just a favourable selection fromthe ancestral repertoire ? If I toss ten penniesinto the air I am not likely to toss ten heads.But the chance is still there, one in I,024. IfI do it a million times I will toss ten headsnearly a thousand times. Now if nine of mypennies have heads on both sides (veryfavourable ancestry) I will toss ten headsevery second time.Another possibility, but this is hardly

eugenics, is inspiration of the teacher. Wehear much of educational reform, of curri-culum, of years which should be spent atschool, occasionally of the high moralqualities of headmasters, but little of thezest and enthusiasm for the subject occa-sionally implanted by the teacher in hispupils. This is something other than thecommunication of facts which can be gotfrom books. It opens up the spirit of inquiry.Some of the old Scotch professors had itand easily held the interest of their verylarge classes. It is perhaps more recognizedin the teaching of medicine.A friend of mine wrote to me on this

subject: " Kilkenny (celebrated for its cats)has also a little grammar school. JonathanSwift, Bishop Berkeley, Farquhar the dra-matist, and William Cosgrave, were all boysthere together." Swift was, of course, acousin of Dryden. Of the others' relatives Iknow nothing. The Anglo-Irish are often ofhigh intellectual ability, but this groupsuggests inspired teaching.A trio of the holders of the order had the

go THE EUGENICS REVIEW

same schoolmaster: Lecky, Morley andJackson. Their fathers were a barrister andtwo doctors of no particular eminence. Theywent to three different universities. R. E.Francillon in Mid-Victorian Memories hasleft some record of their teacher, WilliamDobson. He was educated at Charterhouseand Trinity College, Cambridge, where hewas third classic and a Fellow of Trinity.When he came to Cheltenham he had noprevious experience of teaching boys. Hechose his subordinates well and left thementirely alone. He devoted himself entirelyto one task, to train his first form for uni-versity scholarships, I5 boys out of 6oo. Hewas unsociable though his daughters werenot; in orders, but he never preached. Hewas indifferent to games. He spent his leisurein solitary country walks. Four years insuccession his top boy won a Balliol Scholar-ship when only one, or possibly two, weregiven. In Francillon's time Henry Jacksonwas top; he became third classic, Fellow ofTrinity and Vice-Master and Regius Pro-fessor of Greek; Frederick Myers, a queerfellow, was second. A poet in his early youth,second Classic at Cambridge and Fellow ofTrinity, and devoted in later life to PsychicalResearch, he wrote Human Personality andits Survival after Bodily Death, rather aclassic in its way. Third came F. Brandt,the only one of the group who played games,which he did to some purpose, becomingcaptain of the Oxford XI. He was a scholarof Brasenose, got a first in Moderations, wentinto the I.C.S., and on retiring was Professorof Oriental Languages at Cambridge. Inspite of his cricket he married Dobson'sdaughter. F. W. Raper, Fellow and Vice-Principal of Trinity, Oxford, came fourth inthe list.To train boys to win scholarships doesn't

sound very inspiring, but Dobson must havepassed on something more valuable thanfacts. I don't think his boys were prigs,witness Henry Jackson's criticism of DeMaupassant's Bel Ami: " Written by a cadabout a cad for cads to read, but devilishgood reading all the same."Dobson transmitted some of his intefli-

gence to his offspring. His eldest boy won

the classical medal and then, instead of goingto the University, switched to Woolwich,where he won the prize for mathematics; hedied, unfortunately, at the age of 32, a sappermajor. Dobson's great grandson, AntonyDobson, recently passed in first into Wool-wich, where they still placed people in orderof marks. Dobson does not appear in theD.N.B.There seems something catalytic or like a

primer in inspired teaching which releaseslatent forces. I do not know how far it canbe studied with advantage, or communicatedto others. One might have called this study" psychical research," but that term hasbecome involved with the question of sur-vival after death, which the Royal Societydo not include in their subjects of study,although certainly two of their Presidentsand several of their members have beenkeenly interested. I gathered from Sher-rington's Gifford lectures that mere thoughtas opposed to thought and action cannot betraced as liberating energy and therefore fallsoutside the scope of science as generallyunderstood. But one cannot conceive ofintelligence without thought, and intelligenceseems to be governed by the ordinary lawsof inheritance.

Perhaps we have something here akin tothose bursts of intellectual activity which attimes overtake cities and communities, onlyto die away later. Here come to mind Athensat its peak, Florence of the Renaissance,Elizabethan England, and Edinburgh at theend of the eighteenth and the beginning ofthe nineteenth century. To take the last andthe least, there was no corresponding burstof intelligence in Scotland in Elizabethantimes. Outside politics, which were certainlyvery rife and active, I can think of only twonames, George Buchanan and John Napier.Two centuries later, when the full activity ofEdinburgh appeared, the English universitieswere very much in the doldrums. Matricu-lations at Cambridge were rarely one-halfof what they had been I50 years earlier. Asin such previous periods, the wideness of therange is one of the striking features. Tomention a few names: in art Raeburn, inarchitecture Adam, in history Robertson, in

THE ORDER OF MERIT: THE HOLDERS AND THEIR KINDRED 9I

literature Scott, in law the Dundas familyand G. F. Bell at home, not to mention twoLord Chancellors given to England, in medi-cine Bell, in science Hutton, in philosophyHume and Dugald Stewart, Palmerston'smentor, who partook of the omniscience of

Whewell. And some of their work lasts, theRaeburn portraits, the Waverley novels, andthe new town of Edinburgh, by far the largestand finest work of town planning in thecountry. Ex nihilo, nihil fit. Whence camethis ?

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the order of merit: the holders and their kindred*

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