The observed result of the independent variable being

manipulated

The observed result of the independent variable being

manipulated

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

The variable representing the value being manipulated or changed

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

A large volume of air that has nearly the same temperature

and humidity at different locations at the same altitude.

A large volume of air that has nearly the same temperature

and humidity at different locations at the same altitude.

AIR MASS

The force of air molecules pushing on an area

AIR PRESSURE

A heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration

CARBON DIOXIDE

Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, which absorb and give off infrared radiation as part of

the Greenhouse Effect

GREENHOUSE GASES

The amount of water vapor in the air

HUMIDITY

A tropical low-pressure system with winds of 74 mph +

HURRICANE

Coldest layer; meteors burn up here

MESOSPHERE

A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; 78% of atmosphere

NITROGEN

A colorless, odorless, tasteless nonflammable gas; 21% of

atmosphere

OXYGEN

A gas molecule that consists of three oxygen atoms

OZONE

Energy that travels across distances as certain types of waves

RADIATION

Clear, dry layer; contains Ozone layer

STRATOSPHERE

The transfer of heat energy from one substance to another

through direct contact

CONDUCTION

Hottest layer of the atmosphere where the air is very thin, but

can feel cold

THERMOSPHERE

The transfer of energy from place to place by the motion of

heated gas or liquid

CONVECTION

A violently rotating column of air stretching from a cloud to the

ground

TORNADOES

We live here; weather occurs here; contains 80% of the atmosphere’s

mass

TROPOSPHERE

The influence of Earth’s rotation on objects that move over Earth

CORIOLIS EFFECT

Water in its gaseous state; totally invisible

WATER VAPOR

The process by which certain gases in a planet’s atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, resulting in an increase in surface temperature

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

The rate at which velocity changes over time

The rate at which velocity changes over time

ACCELERATION

A machine that is made up of two or more simple machines

COMPOUND MACHINES

The ability to do work or to cause a change

ENERGY

A push or pull; something that changes the motion of an object

FORCE

A force that resists the motion between two surfaces in contact

FRICTION

The force that objects exert on each other because of their masses

GRAVITY

The resistance of an object to a change in the speed or the

direction of its motion

INERTIA

The energy of motion

KINETIC ENERGY

A body, as a piece of iron or steel that possesses the property of

attracting certain substances, as iron

MAGNET

The number of times a machine multiplies the input force; output

force divided by input force

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

A combination of the kinetic energy and potential energy an object has

MECHANICAL ENERGY

A change of position over time

MOTION

A scientific law stating that objects at rest remain at rest, and objects in

motion remain in motion with the same velocity, unless acted on by an

unbalanced forced

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

A scientific law stating that the acceleration of an object increases with increased force and decreases

with increased mass

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

A scientific law stating that every time one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts a force that is equal in size and opposite in direction back on

the first objectNEWTON’S THIRD LAW

Stored energy; the energy an object has due to its position,

molecular arrangement, or chemical composition

POTENTIAL ENERGY

A location to which another location is compared

REFERENCE POINT

One of the basic machines on which all other mechanical

machines are based

SIMPLE MACHINES

A measure of how fast something moves through a particular distance over a definite time period; distance

divided by time

SPEED

Speed in a specific direction

VELOCITY

The use of force to move an object over a distance

WORK

A condition needed for health and functioning in which an organism or

cell maintains a relatively stable internal environment

A condition needed for health and functioning in which an organism or

cell maintains a relatively stable internal environment

HOMEOSTASIS

The smallest unit that is able to perform the basic functions of life

CELL

Outer boundary of the cytoplasm and the environment outside;

semi-permeable

CELL MEMBRANE

Protective outer covering, outside of the cell membrane; plant cells only

CELL WALL

Fluid that fills cell (gelatin-like) in which many organelles are found;

carries out the work of the cell

CYTOPLASM

Contains genetic material a cell needs to reproduce and function; controls eating, movement, etc…

- directs all activities

NUCLEUS

Plant cell organelle, contains chlorophyll that captures sunlight

and turns it into food

CHLOROPLASTS

Produces most of the cell’s energy; cellular respiration occurs here

“Powerhouse of the Cell”

MITOCHONDRIA

Storage bubbles in cells within cytoplasm

VACUOLE

Packages up proteins “UPS”

GOGLI APPARATUS

Moves materials around the cell and between cells, it’s the transportation

system “highway” of the cell

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM “ER”

Breaks materials down with the cell – cleans up the cell “Lysol”

LYSOSOME

Unicellular only – No nucleus or organelles with DNA that are not

organized into chromosomes

PROKARYOTE

A structure in a cell enclosed by membrane that performs a

specific function

ORGANELLE

Multicellular only – Genetic material in nucleus, surrounded

by its own membrane

EUKARYOTE

Protein builders of the cell – produce proteins

RIBOSOMES

The structures in the body that work together to transform the

energy and materials in food into forms the body can use

The structures in the body that work together to transform the

energy and materials in food into forms the body can use

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A system that interacts with the environment and with other body

systems to bring oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A system of organs within an organism which work together for

the purpose of reproduction

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The group of organs, consisting of the heart and blood vessels, that

circulates blood through the body

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A group of organs that filter waste from an organism’s blood and excrete it in a liquid called

urine

URINARY / EXCRETORY SYSTEM

A process in which cells use oxygen to release energy stored in sugars

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Wavelike contractions of smooth muscles in the organs of the

digestive tract; the contractions move food through the digestive

system

PERISTALSIS

Mostly unicellular organisms that have a nucleus (prokaryotic) and do not belong to animal, plant or

fungi kingdoms

Mostly unicellular organisms that have a nucleus (prokaryotic) and do not belong to animal, plant or

fungi kingdoms

PROTISTA

Unicellular organism; moves using its flagella; asexual reproduction;

have chloroplasts to absorb sunlight

EUGLENA

Unicellular organism; moves by stretching and bending; asexual reproduction; engulfs and wraps

around its food

AMOEBA

Unicellular organism; moves to eat using its cilia; asexual reproduction;

sweeps food into its “mouth”

PARAMECIUM

Green algae that form communities of multicellular spheres; moves by

“waves”; mostly asexual reproduction; makes food from sunlight; supplies oxygen to the

atmosphereVOLVOX

Slender threadlike structure that enables many protozoa to swim

FLAGELLA

A method of asexual reproduction; the reproduction of a cell or a one-celled organism by division into two

nearly equal parts

BINARY FISSION

A physical characteristic that is not inherited but may be an

effect of the environment

A physical characteristic that is not inherited but may be an

effect of the environment

ACQUIRED TRAIT

An alternate form of a gene for a specific trait or gene product

ALLELE

The physical structure in a cell that contains the cell’s genetic material

CHROMOSOME

The dominant gene completely masks the effect of the recessive

gene; heterozygous

COMPLETE DOMINANCE

The genetic material found in all living cells that contains the information needed for an organism to grow,

maintain itself, and reproduce

DNA

The allele that determines the phenotype of an individual organism

when two different copies are present in the genotype

DOMINANT ALLELE

A sperm or egg cell, containing half the usual number of chromosomes

of an organism; found in the reproductive organs of a plant or

animal

GAMETE

The basic unit of heredity that consists of a segment of DNA on a

chromosome

GENES

The genetic makeup of an organism; all the genes that an organism has

GENOTYPE

The state of having different alleles in regard to a given character

HETEROZYGOUS

The sate of having identical alleles in regard to a given character(s)

HOMOZYGOUS

Heterozygous condition in which both alleles are partially expressed

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to

offspring

INHERITED TRAIT

A part of sexual reproduction in which cells divide to form sperm cells in a

male and egg cells in a female – only occurs in reproductive cells

MEIOSIS

The phase in the cell cycle during which the nucleus divides

MITOSIS

Any change made to DNA

MUTATION

An individual thing, made up of one or many cells, that is capable

of growing and reproducing

ORGANISM

Shows family relationships, including two or more generations

PEDIGREE CHART

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism

PHENOTYPE

A chart used to show all the ways genes from two parents can

combine and be passed to offspring

PUNNETT SQUARE

An allele that is not expressed when combined with a dominant

form of the gene

RECESSIVE ALLELE

A type of reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells

combine to form offspring with genetic material from both cells

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

The process by which a single organism produces offspring that have the same genetic material;

makes a copy of itself

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Part of the process of sexual reproduction in which a male reproductive cell and a female

reproductive cell combine to form a new cell that can develop into a new

organismFERITILIZATION

The new organisms produced by one or two parent organisms

OFFSPRING

A disease/disorder that is inherited genetically

GENETIC DISEASE

Formation of an outgrowth from an organism that is capable of

developing into a new individual

BUDDING