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Harvesting Chemical EnergyChapter 9


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Kinesthetic Learning Key

Green Text: title of slide Yellow Highlighted Text: Most important piece

of information on the slide

An Underlined, Blank Space = a key term

Blue Text = The definition and/or the sentence

of the key term.

Red Text: Supplemental Information

Underlined Text: Key equation

Black Text: Answer the given question


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Objectives

Describe how______ ____ serve as an energy store

Describe the relationship between____ and_______.

Relate the caloric requirements of humans to theenergy requirements for cellular reactions

Describe the workings of each phase of cellular

respiration with emphasis on the reactants, the

products, the net production of ATP and the cellularlocations


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Introduction

Harvesting chemical energy involves

_____________

generates ATP

With adequate O2 supplies food is burnt

(aerobic respiration)

In absence of O2 food molecules are

fermented


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Overview of Cellular Respiration

Glucose is broken down yielding energy

Breakdown is__________

Synthesis or buildup is_________


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Overview of Cell Respiration

Cell respiration stores energy in ATP moleculesoverall equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

efficiency ~40% compared with car ~25% Energy is used for body maintenance and voluntary

activity

average human needs ~2200kcal/day


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Molecular Basics

Energy obtained by transferring electrons

(Hydrogens) from organic molecules to oxygen

movement of H

+

represents electronmovement

involves series of steps coupling_______ and_________ reactions


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Molecular Basics

Hydrogen carriers (like NAD+) shuttle electrons

paired endergonic-exergonic reactions are known as

redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions

oxidation-loss of electron, _________

reduction-gain of electron, _________

breakdown of glucose involves series of redox reactions

at each step breakdown portion oxidized and NAD+

reduced to NADH


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Molecular Basics

Energy released when electrons fall fromhydrogen carrier to oxygen

NADH releases energetic electrons, regenerating

NAD+

electrons enter_________ ________ ______

series of redox reactions, passes electrons from one

molecule to next

ultimate electron acceptor is oxygen

small amounts of energy released to make ATP


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Molecular Basics: Two mechs to makeATP

Two mechanisms for making ATP

1. _____________

involves electron transport chain and ATPsynthase

uses potential energy of H+ gradient

produced by electron transport chain togenerate ATP


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Two mechs to make ATP cont.

2. ___________ ____________ _____________

does not involve either electron transport

chain or ATP synthase

ADP phosphorylated by enzyme using PO4

-

group from phosphorylated substrate


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Three Stages of Respiration

__________- in the cytoplasm

__________-in the mitochondrial matrix

______________________-in the inner

mitochondrial membrane ..


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Glycolysis

Harvests energy by oxidizing _______ to pyruvicacid in cytoplasm

ten steps involved

separate enzyme for each stepalso requires ADP, phosphate and NAD+

ATP required to form initial intermediates


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Summary of Glycolysisbroken into two phases:

steps 1-5 are endergonic = require ATP input

steps 6-10 are energy-releasing= exergonic;make ATP and NADH

net energy gain is 2 ATP and 2 NADH for each

glucose

2 Pyruvate are also made


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Pyruvate is processed to Acetyl Co A

Pyruvate is chemically processed before enteringKrebs cycle

NAD+ is reduced to to NADH

Pyruvate is stripped of a carbon, releases CO2 complexed with coenzyme A (CoA) forming

acetyl CoA

net energy gain is 2 NADH for each glucose


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Krebs Cycle

Completes oxidation of organic molecules,

releasing many NADH and FADHoccurs in mitochondrial matrix

involves eight steps which results inproduction of CO2 as waste product

requires ADP, phosphate, NAD+, FAD, and

oxaloacetate

eighth step regenerates____________


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Krebs Cycle Summary

net energy gain from Krebs is 2 ATP, 6 NADH and

2 FADH2 for each glucose that started the process

of cellular meatbolism

SO.. For each Acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs

Cycle how many ATP, FADH2 and NADH are made


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From Glycolysis FADH is made?

A. True

B. False

El t T t Ch i


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Electron Transport Chain

The Electron Transport Chain is imbedded in the

mitochondrial cristae

There are many proteins involved that transfer hydrogensto generate a hydrogen gradient

___________= the process in which energy stored in theform of a hydrogen gradient is used to power ATPsynthesis

The greatest amount of energy is produced via thismethod


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Electron Transport Chain: Gradient Is Generated

electron transport chain is series of protein

complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane

(cristae)

complexes oscillate between reduced and oxidized state

H+ transported from inside cristae to intermembrane space as

redox occurs


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Chemiosmosis: ATP is Generated

H+ gradient drives ATP synthesis in matrix as H+transported through ATP synthase

net energy gain is 34 ATP for each glucose

Oxygen is the final hydrogen( electron) acceptor

Water is the waste product


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Electron Transport Chain: Issues

Some poisons function by interrupting critical

events in respiration

__________, ___________, ___________block various parts

of electron transport chain

___________ blocks passage of H+ through ATP synthase

Uncouplers, like__________, cause cristae to leak H+,

cannot maintain H+ gradient


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Cell lar Respiration: S mmar


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Cellular Respiration: Summary

Each glucose molecule yields 38 ATP

glycolysis in cytoplasm yields 2 ATP in absence of O2,

but mostly prepares for mitochondrial steps that require

O2

Krebs cycle in mitochondrial matrix produces some 2

ATP, but mostly strips out CO2 and produces energy

shuttles

Electron transport chain produces 34 ATP but only if O2

present

ll l i i


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Cellular Respiration: Summary cont.

3 ATP produced for each NADH and 2 ATPproduced for each FADH2

Don

t try to derive each one, there is stillscientific controvery about this issue


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The transporters of the Electron Transport

Chain are antiports:

A. True

B. False


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Some things to consider ???????????

Why do you breathe oxygen?

When you diet where do those

lost

poundsgo and how do they do it?

Where does the CO2 you exhale come from?

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