The need to escape the hardships The need to escape the hardships of human calculationof human calculation

All the material progress of All the material progress of our civilization derives, directly our civilization derives, directly or indirectly, from science, and or indirectly, from science, and the progress of Science itself the progress of Science itself constantly depends on constantly depends on calculation.calculation.

Maurice d’Ocagne (1862-1938)Maurice d’Ocagne (1862-1938)

Ultra-specialized human Ultra-specialized human calculating prodigiescalculating prodigies

Common mortalsCommon mortals

Obstacles to Mechanization Obstacles to Mechanization of Calculationof Calculation

The Catholic churchThe Catholic church Strict rules of mediaeval guildsStrict rules of mediaeval guilds Lack of mechanical engineering Lack of mechanical engineering

About 1500About 1500

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

early early 1600’s1600’s

John NapierJohn NapierNapier’s BonesNapier’s Bones 1550 -1617

The Slide The Slide RuleRulemechanical analog computermechanical analog computer

Brigg’s logarithm Brigg’s logarithm ( in 1617)( in 1617)

a*b = 10^(log(a)+log(b)) and a/b = 10^(log(a)-log(b))a*b = 10^(log(a)+log(b)) and a/b = 10^(log(a)-log(b))

Edmund Gunter (Oxford) - Edmund Gunter (Oxford) - single logarithmic scale- to single logarithmic scale- to multiply and divide with multiply and divide with additional measuring toolsadditional measuring tools

In 1630, In 1630, William OughtredWilliam Oughtred (Cambridge)- a circular slide (Cambridge)- a circular slide rulerule In 1632, two Gunter rules In 1632, two Gunter rules held together with the hands held together with the hands to make the modern slide to make the modern slide

William OughtredWilliam Oughtred1575–16601575–1660

The Slide RuleThe Slide Rule

early 1600’searly 1600’s

Wilhelm SchickardWilhelm SchickardCalculating clockCalculating clock1592 – 1635

The Calculating ClockThe Calculating Clock Did + , -, x, Did + , -, x,

Used cylindrical Used cylindrical elements like Napier’s elements like Napier’s bonesbones

Only one machine madeOnly one machine made

Destroyed in a fire Destroyed in a fire (accidental?)(accidental?)16231623

middle middle 1600’s1600’s

Blaise PascalBlaise PascalThe PascalineThe Pascaline

1623-1662

late late 1600’s1600’s

The Step ReckonerThe Step ReckonerVONVON Leibniz Leibniz

1646-1716

Binary Numeral Binary Numeral System ?System ? CConfusion with the Yin & Yangonfusion with the Yin & Yang

44thth century BC, China century BC, China

FFirst described in the irst described in the Book of ChangesBook of Changes the the I ChingI Ching ( (YijingYijing))

Yin = female

Earth

passivity

receptivity

the Moon

Winter

Yang = male

Sky

activity

productive energy

the Sun

Summer

Binary Numeral System ?Binary Numeral System ? YinYin Yang Yang ___ ___ ______ ___ ___ ______ ___ ___ ______ A dualistic philosophyA dualistic philosophy

Not a numbering systemNot a numbering system

Chinese system strictly decimalChinese system strictly decimal

Leibniz was confused !Leibniz was confused !

Father Joachim Bouvet Father Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730)(1656-1730) sent Leibniz the 64 hexagrams sent Leibniz the 64 hexagrams

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _____ _______ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _____ _______ __ __ __ _____ _____ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ _____ _____ __ __ __ ____ __ _____ __ __ _____ __ __ _______ __ _____ __ __ _____ __ __ _____

A B C D E FA B C D E F

““Omnibus ex nihil ducendis Omnibus ex nihil ducendis sufficit unum”sufficit unum”

With one, everything can be With one, everything can be drawn out of nothingdrawn out of nothing

LeibnizLeibniz

Wrong !Wrong ! Leibniz thought he sawLeibniz thought he saw

A = 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0A = 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0

B = 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1B = 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1

C = 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2C = 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2

D = 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3D = 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3

E = 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4E = 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4

F = 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 5 F = 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 5 Leibniz hoped to convert the EmperorLeibniz hoped to convert the Emperor of China to Christianity of China to Christianity

The Jacquard LoomThe Jacquard Loom

Joseph-Marie JacquardJoseph-Marie Jacquard18011801 1752 – 1834

The Jacquard LoomThe Jacquard Loom

1.1. Based on punch cardsBased on punch cards

2.2. A moving drumA moving drum

3.3. A swinging arm that A swinging arm that lifted the hookslifted the hooks

Joseph-Marie JacquardJoseph-Marie Jacquard Son of weaversSon of weavers

Went to work at age 10Went to work at age 10

Spent his inheritanceSpent his inheritance

Fought in the French RevolutionFought in the French Revolution

Went back home to Lyons when Went back home to Lyons when his son was killedhis son was killed

Worked on loom instead of Worked on loom instead of weavingweaving

1752 – 1834

The Jacquard LoomThe Jacquard Loom

Exhibited in Paris in 1801Exhibited in Paris in 1801

Awarded by Napoléon in Awarded by Napoléon in 18031803

Weavers revolted and Weavers revolted and burned itburned it

By 1812, 11 000 looms in By 1812, 11 000 looms in FranceFrance

Jacquard card makingJacquard card making

Charles BabbageCharles Babbage 1791 - 1871 1791 - 1871

English mathematicianEnglish mathematicianBorn in Teignmoth, Devonshire, UKBorn in Teignmoth, Devonshire, UK

analytical philosopheranalytical philosopher

proto-computerproto-computer scientistscientist

The Difference Engine NThe Difference Engine Noo 1 1Designed to produce mathematical tables

Construction funded by British government and Babbage himself

Never completedNever completed

Babbage lost interest in this devicewhen he realized that its design wasflawed

He started working onDifference Engine No 2

The Difference Engine NThe Difference Engine No o

22 design completed 1830design completed 1830 built 1991 built 1991

The The Analytical Analytical EngineEngine

Babbage formulated ideas for it between 1834-1837

The The Analytical Analytical EngineEngine

StoreStore - 1000 50-digits numbers - 1000 50-digits numbers

MillMill – (CPU) added, subtracted, – (CPU) added, subtracted, multiplied or divided, and multiplied or divided, and returned a result to the store returned a result to the store

Punched cards Punched cards – several – several readers for programs and datareaders for programs and data

PrinterPrinter for output for output making making hardcopy data available to the hardcopy data available to the useruser

Why did Babbage not Why did Babbage not invent the computer?invent the computer?

Machine tools not adequate in his dayMachine tools not adequate in his day

Mathematics and logic not sufficiently Mathematics and logic not sufficiently developeddeveloped

Mechanical memory store just too slow Mechanical memory store just too slow and too limited to hold a useful programand too limited to hold a useful program

Augusta Ada ByronAugusta Ada ByronCountess of LovelaceCountess of Lovelace

Daughter of Lord ByronDaughter of Lord Byron famous romantic poet famous romantic poet

Her mother did not want her Her mother did not want her to grow up to be a poet….to grow up to be a poet….

Competent mathematicianCompetent mathematician

Member of London’s high Member of London’s high societysociety

Ada 1815 - 1852Ada 1815 - 1852 Met Babbage when sheMet Babbage when she

was 17 was 17

Public relations forPublic relations for Babbage Babbage

Translated an article byTranslated an article by Luigi Menebrea on the Luigi Menebrea on the A.E. and added A.E. and added extensive notes extensive notes

Some give her credit forSome give her credit for writing the first computer writing the first computer program program

http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/wiki/

Timeline_of_computing_75Timeline_of_computing_75

0_BC-19490_BC-1949