The need to escape the hardships The need to escape the hardships of human calculationof human calculation
All the material progress of All the material progress of our civilization derives, directly our civilization derives, directly or indirectly, from science, and or indirectly, from science, and the progress of Science itself the progress of Science itself constantly depends on constantly depends on calculation.calculation.
Maurice d’Ocagne (1862-1938)Maurice d’Ocagne (1862-1938)
Ultra-specialized human Ultra-specialized human calculating prodigiescalculating prodigies
Common mortalsCommon mortals
Obstacles to Mechanization Obstacles to Mechanization of Calculationof Calculation
The Catholic churchThe Catholic church Strict rules of mediaeval guildsStrict rules of mediaeval guilds Lack of mechanical engineering Lack of mechanical engineering
About 1500About 1500
Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci
early early 1600’s1600’s
John NapierJohn NapierNapier’s BonesNapier’s Bones 1550 -1617
The Slide The Slide RuleRulemechanical analog computermechanical analog computer
Brigg’s logarithm Brigg’s logarithm ( in 1617)( in 1617)
a*b = 10^(log(a)+log(b)) and a/b = 10^(log(a)-log(b))a*b = 10^(log(a)+log(b)) and a/b = 10^(log(a)-log(b))
Edmund Gunter (Oxford) - Edmund Gunter (Oxford) - single logarithmic scale- to single logarithmic scale- to multiply and divide with multiply and divide with additional measuring toolsadditional measuring tools
In 1630, In 1630, William OughtredWilliam Oughtred (Cambridge)- a circular slide (Cambridge)- a circular slide rulerule In 1632, two Gunter rules In 1632, two Gunter rules held together with the hands held together with the hands to make the modern slide to make the modern slide
William OughtredWilliam Oughtred1575–16601575–1660
The Slide RuleThe Slide Rule
early 1600’searly 1600’s
Wilhelm SchickardWilhelm SchickardCalculating clockCalculating clock1592 – 1635
The Calculating ClockThe Calculating Clock Did + , -, x, Did + , -, x,
Used cylindrical Used cylindrical elements like Napier’s elements like Napier’s bonesbones
Only one machine madeOnly one machine made
Destroyed in a fire Destroyed in a fire (accidental?)(accidental?)16231623
middle middle 1600’s1600’s
Blaise PascalBlaise PascalThe PascalineThe Pascaline
1623-1662
late late 1600’s1600’s
The Step ReckonerThe Step ReckonerVONVON Leibniz Leibniz
1646-1716
Binary Numeral Binary Numeral System ?System ? CConfusion with the Yin & Yangonfusion with the Yin & Yang
44thth century BC, China century BC, China
FFirst described in the irst described in the Book of ChangesBook of Changes the the I ChingI Ching ( (YijingYijing))
Yin = female
Earth
passivity
receptivity
the Moon
Winter
Yang = male
Sky
activity
productive energy
the Sun
Summer
Binary Numeral System ?Binary Numeral System ? YinYin Yang Yang ___ ___ ______ ___ ___ ______ ___ ___ ______ A dualistic philosophyA dualistic philosophy
Not a numbering systemNot a numbering system
Chinese system strictly decimalChinese system strictly decimal
Leibniz was confused !Leibniz was confused !
Father Joachim Bouvet Father Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730)(1656-1730) sent Leibniz the 64 hexagrams sent Leibniz the 64 hexagrams
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _____ _______ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _____ _______ __ __ __ _____ _____ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ _____ _____ __ __ __ ____ __ _____ __ __ _____ __ __ _______ __ _____ __ __ _____ __ __ _____
A B C D E FA B C D E F
““Omnibus ex nihil ducendis Omnibus ex nihil ducendis sufficit unum”sufficit unum”
With one, everything can be With one, everything can be drawn out of nothingdrawn out of nothing
LeibnizLeibniz
Wrong !Wrong ! Leibniz thought he sawLeibniz thought he saw
A = 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0A = 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
B = 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1B = 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
C = 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2C = 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2
D = 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3D = 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3
E = 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4E = 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4
F = 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 5 F = 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 5 Leibniz hoped to convert the EmperorLeibniz hoped to convert the Emperor of China to Christianity of China to Christianity
The Jacquard LoomThe Jacquard Loom
Joseph-Marie JacquardJoseph-Marie Jacquard18011801 1752 – 1834
The Jacquard LoomThe Jacquard Loom
1.1. Based on punch cardsBased on punch cards
2.2. A moving drumA moving drum
3.3. A swinging arm that A swinging arm that lifted the hookslifted the hooks
Joseph-Marie JacquardJoseph-Marie Jacquard Son of weaversSon of weavers
Went to work at age 10Went to work at age 10
Spent his inheritanceSpent his inheritance
Fought in the French RevolutionFought in the French Revolution
Went back home to Lyons when Went back home to Lyons when his son was killedhis son was killed
Worked on loom instead of Worked on loom instead of weavingweaving
1752 – 1834
The Jacquard LoomThe Jacquard Loom
Exhibited in Paris in 1801Exhibited in Paris in 1801
Awarded by Napoléon in Awarded by Napoléon in 18031803
Weavers revolted and Weavers revolted and burned itburned it
By 1812, 11 000 looms in By 1812, 11 000 looms in FranceFrance
Jacquard card makingJacquard card making
Charles BabbageCharles Babbage 1791 - 1871 1791 - 1871
English mathematicianEnglish mathematicianBorn in Teignmoth, Devonshire, UKBorn in Teignmoth, Devonshire, UK
analytical philosopheranalytical philosopher
proto-computerproto-computer scientistscientist
The Difference Engine NThe Difference Engine Noo 1 1Designed to produce mathematical tables
Construction funded by British government and Babbage himself
Never completedNever completed
Babbage lost interest in this devicewhen he realized that its design wasflawed
He started working onDifference Engine No 2
The Difference Engine NThe Difference Engine No o
22 design completed 1830design completed 1830 built 1991 built 1991
The The Analytical Analytical EngineEngine
Babbage formulated ideas for it between 1834-1837
The The Analytical Analytical EngineEngine
StoreStore - 1000 50-digits numbers - 1000 50-digits numbers
MillMill – (CPU) added, subtracted, – (CPU) added, subtracted, multiplied or divided, and multiplied or divided, and returned a result to the store returned a result to the store
Punched cards Punched cards – several – several readers for programs and datareaders for programs and data
PrinterPrinter for output for output making making hardcopy data available to the hardcopy data available to the useruser
Why did Babbage not Why did Babbage not invent the computer?invent the computer?
Machine tools not adequate in his dayMachine tools not adequate in his day
Mathematics and logic not sufficiently Mathematics and logic not sufficiently developeddeveloped
Mechanical memory store just too slow Mechanical memory store just too slow and too limited to hold a useful programand too limited to hold a useful program
Augusta Ada ByronAugusta Ada ByronCountess of LovelaceCountess of Lovelace
Daughter of Lord ByronDaughter of Lord Byron famous romantic poet famous romantic poet
Her mother did not want her Her mother did not want her to grow up to be a poet….to grow up to be a poet….
Competent mathematicianCompetent mathematician
Member of London’s high Member of London’s high societysociety
Ada 1815 - 1852Ada 1815 - 1852 Met Babbage when sheMet Babbage when she
was 17 was 17
Public relations forPublic relations for Babbage Babbage
Translated an article byTranslated an article by Luigi Menebrea on the Luigi Menebrea on the A.E. and added A.E. and added extensive notes extensive notes
Some give her credit forSome give her credit for writing the first computer writing the first computer program program
http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/wiki/
Timeline_of_computing_75Timeline_of_computing_75
0_BC-19490_BC-1949