the mutsun dialect of costanoan onthe vocabulary …

UNIVERSITY OF CALI FORNIA PUBLICATIONSIN

AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY

Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 399-472 March 9, 1916

THE MUTSUN DIALECT OF COSTANOAN

'BASED ON THE VOCABULARY

OF DE LA CUESTA

BY

J. ALDEN MASON

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESSBERKELEY

UNIV I OF OALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONSDEPAlTMENT OP ANTHROPOLOGY

The following publications dealing with archaeological and -etnological subjects issuedder the diron of the Department of Anthropology are sent in exchange for the publi-

cations of anthropological departments and mums, and for journals devoted to generalanthropology or to archaeology and ethnology. They are for sale at the prices stated, whichInclude postge or express charges. Exchanges should be directed to The-Exchange Depart-ment, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All orders and remittances shouldbe addresed to the University Press.

European agent for the series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Classical Phil-ology, Educatoin, Modem Philology, Philosophy, and Semitic Philology, Otto Harrassowits,Lipzig. For the series in Botany, Geology, Pathology, Physiology, Zoology and Also Amer-ican Archaeology and Ethnology, R. Friedlaender &. Sohn, Berlin.AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.-A. L. Kroeber, Editor. Prices,

Volume 1, $4.25; Volumes 2 to 10, inclusive, $3.50 each; Volume 11 and following,$5.00 each.

Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn. PriceVol. 1. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-88;

plates1-30. September, 1903.................................................... $1.262. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-368. March, 1904... 3.00

Index, pp. 369-378.Vol. 2. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclair.

Pp. 1-27; plates 1-14. April, 1904. .. ......................... . . . ...... .40X 2. The Languages of the Coast of California South of San Francisco, by

A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 29-80, with a map. June, 1904 .... .......................... .603. Types of Indian Oulture in California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 81-103.

June, 1904 ..254. Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestern California, by A. L.

Kroeber. Pp. 105-164; plates 15-21. January, 1905 .................... .755. The Yokuts Language of South Central Californa, by A. L. Kroeber.

Pp. 165-377. January, 1907......... ............ . 2.25Index, pp. 379-392.

Vol. 3. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard.344 pp. June, 1905............... 3.50

Vol. 4. 1. The Earliest Historical Relations between Mexico and Japan, fromoriginal documents preserved in Spain and Japan, by Zelia Nuttall.Pp. 147. April, 1906 .. . ............ . .50

2. Contribution to the Physical Anthropology of California, based on col-lections in the Department of Anthropology of the University ofCalifornia, and in the U. S. National Museum, by Ales Hrdlicka.Pp. 49-64, with 5 tables; plates 1-10, and map. June, 1906. .75

3. The Shoshonean Dialects of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 65-166.February, 1907 ........................................................... 1.50

4. Indian Myths from South Central California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp.167-250. May, 1907................................. . . .76

5. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada, by A. L.Kroeber.Pp. 251-318. September, 1907. ........................................ .75

6. The Religion of the Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 319-356.September, 1907................................ ......... .50Index, pp. 357-374.

Vol. 5. 1. The Phonology of the Hupa Language; Part I, The Individual Sounds,by Pliny.Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-20, plates 1-8. March, 1907 ......35

2. Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs, with Texts and Translations, byWashington Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 21-63.September, 1907 ....... .75

3. Kato Texts, by Pliny Earle oddard. Pp. 65-238, plate 9. December,1909 .25 ........................... 2.50

4. The Material Culture of the Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians ofNortheastern Califoria and Southern Oregon, by S. A. Barrett.Pp. 239-292, plates 10-25. June, 1910 ..... ...................... .._. .75

5. The Chimariko Indian and Language, by Roland B. Dixon. Pp. 293-380. August, 1910. . .. 1.00

Index, pp. 381-384.Vol. 1.1. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians, by Sam-

uel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 1-332, maps 1-2. February, 1908 . 3.252. The Geography and Dialects of the Miwok Indians, by Samuel Alfred

Barrett. Pp. 333-368, map 3.3. On the Evidence of the Occupation of Certain Regions by the Miwok

Indians, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 369-380. Nos. 2 and 3 in ono cover.February, 1908 ........... ... .. ... ...... 50

Index, pp. 381400.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONSIN

AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY

Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 399-472 March 9, 1916

THE MUTSUN DIALECT OF COSTANOAN

BASED ON THE VOCABULARY

OF DE LA CUESTA

BY

J. ALDEN MASON

CONTENTSPAGE

INTRODUCTION ................................................... 400PART I. STEUCTURE ....................... ............................ 402

General Oharacteristies ........................ ............................... 402Phonetic System ....................................................... 402Parts of Speech................................ . 405Nouns ................................ . 405

Etymological Suffixes of Nouns ............................... 406Morphological Suffixes of Nouns .............. .................. 408

Pronouns ................................. 411Verbs ................................. 411

Etymological Suffixes of Verbs .............. .................. 412Morphological Suffixes of Verbs . . ................................ 415

Adjectives ................................ . 425Particles ................................. 426

PART II. CLAssiriED LIST OF STEMS ............................. 427Nouns ................................ . 427

Animals ........................................ 427Botanical ........................................ 429Body Parts ........................................ 430Manufactures, Instruments ................. ...................... 433Natural Phenomena ............... .. ...................... 435Wordsof More Abstract Significance ....................................... 436

Terms of Relationship and Personal Categories ............................ 437Numerals ..................... ....... 439

400 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

PAGEPronouns .................... , , ... 439

Demonstratives ....................,...440Adjectival Pronouns40 ........................,,. ,, .,,,.,., . 440Interrogative Pronouns...........................,,,,,,,....,,,,,.,.,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.440

Verbs -441.., , , , . ............. . _.,,,,,,,,,,,,., 441Adjectives ......-,,,. ........ 461Adverbs .................................................. 466

Locative Adverbs ................................................,..................,,,,,,,,.. 466Temporal Adverbs ...........................466.................................................. 466

Descriptive and Miscellaneous Adverbs . ...... .......... 467Interjections ................ .,,,,,,,,,,,, 468

POSTSCRIPT .......................................................................................................... 470

INTRODUCTION

A century ago Father Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta, one of themost earnest and indefatigable members of the order of St.Francis, collected a mass of 2884 words, phrases, and sentencesfrom the language of the Mutsun Indians, spoken at his missionof San Juan Bautista near Monterey, California. At about thesame time he composed a grammar of the language, which is oneof the branches of the Costanoan linguistic group. These twomanuscripts were sent by Alexander S. Taylor to the SmithsonianInstitute, which loaned them for publication to John G. Shea, inwhose Library of American Linguistics they appear as volumesiv and viii, 1861 and 1862. Together they form one of the fullestand most complete collections of data extant on a Pacific Coastlanguage. There is little doubt that the missionary knew thelanguage well and interpreted its psychology and spirit fairlycorrectly. In his grammar there appears less strict adherence tothe form and structure of Latin grammar, less subconsciouspremise of Latin as the standard par excellence than is generallyfound in grammars of this time and type. Nevertheless, in spiteof the comparative excellence of the grammar, but because of itslack of scientific arrangement, unphonetic orthography, and theforeign tongue, it is deemed better to rearrange and formulatethe grammar, using as a basis the phrases of the vocabulary.

The phrase-book is likewise unfortunate in that it is at presentalmost inaccessible to the modern student, due to its faulty ar-rangement. This is done alphabetically according to the initial

9Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan

letter of the sentence, the various stems being scattered through-out the nearly three thousand sentences. The same difficultiesof unphonetic orthography and Spanish language likewise obtainhere.

Several years ago Dr. Kroeber had the majority of thephrases comprising the more important of the sentences copiedto a card-index. I have recently spent some time in working overthe material thus secured, arranging cards according to stems andisolating grammatical particles. The following paper embodiesthe results of this research.

While the grammar of De la Cuesta is the most complete everpublished on a Costanoan language, several more scientifictreatises have been produced in the last few years, principallyby the University of California. These are, "Languages of theCoast of California South of San Francisco, ' and " The Chumashand Costanoan Languages."t2 Other pertinent works are "Pho-netic Constituents of the Native Languages of California,"8"The Native Languages of California,"4 and "New LinguisticFamilies in California. '5

The present paper consists of two parts, first an exposition ofthe etymological and morphological elements upon which thestructure of the language is based, and second a list of the variousstems of all classes found in the material, though, since not allof the phrases were transferred to cards, this does not entirelyexhaust all those in the original phrase-book. These are appendedpartly as reference for the examples of morphological and ety-mological word-structure previously cited, but more particularlyas an aid to the larger work of comparison of Mutsun withkindred Costanoan and other extra-group languages. The recentproposal of the "Penutian" linguistic family, to which Mutsunwould belong, renders such a glossary invaluable for purposes ofcomparison.

1 A. L. Kroeber, present series, ii, 29-80, 1904.2 Ibid., ix, 237-271, 1910.3 Ibid., x, 1-12, 1911.4R. B. Dixon and A. L. Kroeber, American Anthropologist, n.s., v,

1-26, 1903.5 Ibid., n.s., xv, 647-655, 1913.

1916] 401


PART I. STRUCTURE

GENERAT, CHARACTERISTICSThe surprisingly close similarity between the general morpho-

logic structure and Sprachgeist of Costanoan and other languagesof its type and Indo-European has already been noted but isnone the less striking. The main characteristics of the languagemay be thus summarized. Phonetic simplicity and comparativeunimportance of rules of phonetic change; complete lack of in-corporation, either nominal or pronominal; complete absence ofprefixes; independent pronouns; nominal case endings; and com-parative simplicity of categories of mood, tense and number,necessitating an immense number of dissimilar stems of relativelyslight difference in significance.

PHONETIC SYSTEM

The phonetic system of Mutsun and of Costanoan appears tobe relatively simple. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, all appearingopen in quality. The Spanish orthography is perfectly satis-factory for expressing these sounds and no change has been madein transcription. Rarely a vowel is found in the phrase-book withcircumflex accent and very rarely with acute accent, but as nouniformity in thus spelling any word is evident, and as thephonetic variation thus expressed is not described, such markshave been disregarded.

The consonants seem to be only w, y, m, n, 1, r-, s, c, x, h, p,t, f, k, and tc. m, n, 1, r, s, p, and t (dental or interdental) areprobably correctly expressed in De la Cuesta's Spanish orthog-raphy and are left unchanged. w is generally expressed inSpanish by hu with following vowel. De la Cuesta writes hua,hue, hui, and once huo. He further uses often gua, giue, gui, andguo which denote in Spanish gwa, gwe, gwi and gwo. There isno sonant g in Costanoan, though the k has an intermediatequality. We find, however, that, though the hu- and gu- ortho-graphies are each generally used consistently for certain stems,

Mason: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan

there are occasional cases of identity, e.g., gualtun, huallun,huolon, "be envious;" huilo, guilo, "signal 'yes' with the eyes;"huipa, giiipa, " invite"; gileren, wveren,6 " rabbit." Similarly thegu- orthography without the diaresis, gue, gui, is found often.This denotes pure sonant g in Spanish, a sound missing in Cos-tanoan. Instances of a stem both with and without the diaresisare common, e.g., gueiero, giieierogmin, "great," and it is prob-able that such omissions of the diaresis are accidental. Thereforeall hu- and gu- orthographies have been changed uniformly to w.Medial w is probably expressed by u with following vowel, butit often is difficult to decide whether a given u is vocalic orconsonantal.

y is expressed correctly except in certain combinations; De laCuesta's A probably denotes ny. (In a few cases of doubt it hasbeen retained as ni, as in suffix pani.) i and y are sometimes inter-changed, as yttug, ittug, "a seed." Here also it is often difficultto distinguish vowel and consonant.

c (sh) is not definitely distinguished by De la Cuesta but issuggested by certain sh, sch orthographies. Had he distinguishedthe sound he would probably have written it with an x in accordwith older Spanish usage.

x (palatal surd fricative) presents some difficulties. Initiallyit is doubtless represented by ja, ge, gi, jo, ju. Medially the sameorthography is utilized. Final x seems to be represented by g,e.g., uming, mitiix,6 "wolf;" eg, ex,6 "squirrel." De la Cuesta'sg in consonantal combinations offers the most uncertain of thephonetic problems. tigsin, "skunk," is checked by Kroeber'stixsin,6 rendering it practically certain that g in this case repre-sents x. On the other hand, g before m and n probably representsk. Thus cma and gmna are both used as a plural suffix. gne is acommon passive suffix. Kroeber has nimikne wakai," "he hitme," doubtless the same suffix. Kroeber transcribes tansagte,"ten," tansakte, but atsiagnis, atsiaxnis.2 Substitution has herebeen made on the theory that g before a surd represents the con-tinuant x, while before a sonant or intermediate it represents thepalatal stop k.7

6 A. L. Kroeber, MS.7 See postscript below, p. 470.

1916] 403

404 University of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.11

Initial and medial h may be silent, as in modern Spanish, butsince it is regularly employed in certain stems, and as both hand x are found in most Costanoan texts, it is retained.

t is the tongue-blade t found in the Costanoan and neighbor-ing languages. De la Cuesta wrote variously tr, th, thr, thrs, trs,etc. It is often difficult to decide whether the last consonant ofthe complex is a distinct sound or not.

Following Spanish usage, k is denoted by De la Cuesta by cbefore a, o and u, and by qu before e and i.

The aifricative tc is regularly written by De la Cuesta ch butoften confused with t.

Doubled letters, both consonants and vowels, are frequentlymet with in De la Cuesta's orthography. As these are foreign tothe Spanish language, except in the cases of 11 and rr, it is as-sumed that the device is employed to express length or durationof the sound and is therefore expressed in the present paper asthe simple sound followed by inverted period, in accord withmodern usage.

The Spanish language is, on the whole, a far better mediumfor the recording of unfamiliar languages by an untrained earthan the unrevised English. In the great majority of cases thereis no question as to the exact phonetic rendering of the nativewords, and in a great number of cases they may be left in theiroriginal forms. Only in cases where sounds unfamiliar to theSpanish ear occur is difficulty found. Such are w. the peculiartongue-blade t common to certain California languages, and un-Castillian combinations of sounds. Little difficulty has thereforebeen encountered in transcribing the native words to modernphonetic orthography, which is doubtless an advisable procedure.

The chances for frequent error in so many transcriptions andchanges in authorship are too great to allow any phonetic dis-crimination or any elucidation of the finer and less evident pointsof the language. Shea's impression is replete with errors oftranscription from the Padre's manuscript, and these may beincreased in the present digest. Many words are spelt variantly,sometimes on the authority of the original, at other times mani-festly due to improper reading of the manuscript. This is par-ticularly true with regard to the easily confused m, n, u, and i.


Nevertheless, a few pertinent remarks may be made on Mutsunphonetic laws. The language is phonetically smooth and simple,the average word being an orderly alternation of consonant andvowel. Either consonant or vowel may begin or end a word, butconsonantal combinations seem to be missing initially or finally,the few recorded cases being probably due to error. Mediallycertain combinations are permitted, though it is not easy to de-termine these. Thus, latak-na, "go for geese," becomes by meta-thesis lalkana. Similarly, certain suffixes are varied in order toavoid unwieldly and harsh complexes, as kai-s, but men-se (in-terrogative) ; uta-kma, but inis-mak (plural). There appears alsoto be a feeling for vocalic harmony, and some suffixes are variedto the end that their vowel may correspond and harmonize withthe characteristic or stem vowel of the word. Thus sumi-ri-ni,but towo-ro-ste; xana-ksa, but tare-kse. Again certain vowelsseem to be dominants and survive in assimilation or elision. Thusthe past tense suffixes -is and -in are dominant and -kne-is be-comes -knis; -pu-in, -pin. A thorough phonetic study of the lan-guage would doubtless codify all these rules and elucidate manyothers.

PARTS OF SPEECHMutsun recognizes as parts of speech the noun, pronoun, verb,

adjective and particle, though, as in English, the division is amore or less artificial one, the lines of demarcation are not hardand fast, and it is sometimes difficult to assign properly a givenword, which may not uncommonly function in several categorieswithout change in form.

NouNs

The great majority of Mutsun nominal stems are dissyllabicor trisyllabic. A few of the most common stems, such as manybody-parts, are monosyllabic, and a very few apparently poly-syllabic stems are found. Nominal stems appear never to becompounded and are varied only by the addition of a few suf-fixes. Stems appear to begin and end with either vowel or con-sonant without discrimination, and there seem to be no categoriesof stem types, such as for animate or inanimate, natural or arti-

1916] 405

406 University of California Publications in Arn.Arch.and Ethn. [Vol. 11

ficial. That is, it is not possible to infer from the form of theword or from its suffix the category to which it belongs. Yet thereare a few etymological suffixes in occasional use. Those makingverbs are given below; those forming nouns follow here.

Etymological Suffixes of Nouns1. -n, resultative, infinitive. Suffixed to verbal or other

stems denotes result or phenomenon of an act.

noso-n breath, spirit, soulsike-n flatuspaine,n menstruationots.io-n woundsawe-n song

Possible cognate:tor-on amolexasi-om shamemira-mi-n giftes(x) e-n dressisme-n sun

2. -s, -s*e, (-se, -si), causative, abstractive. Suffixed to verbalor other stems denotes cause or phenomenon of an act, and isgenerally used with words of abstract significance.una cure una-s remedyritca speak ritea-s.e languageisut dream isut-s.e a dreamkapal(a) embrace kapala-si an embracekai hurt kai-s painete sleep et-se sleepinessxase become angry xa-s angerxemtso silent xenkotst.e silence

Probable cognate is:3. -pis, (-mis, -sis), instrumental. Suffixed to verbal or other

stems denotes instrument or means for the performance of anact.

xewe cast shadow, re- xewe-pis shadow, reflectionflect

wateh at-as-pisbeard, shave eyes-pis

lookoutbeard-napkin

at-ueeye


itok cleanse itok-pis table-cloth, napkinroro (s) play roro-mis toyisme-n sun isme-sis clocksukumu smoke sukumu-s-pis end of eigar

4. -msa, (-nsa), instrumental. Suffixed to verbal or otherstems denotes instrument or means for the performance of an act.humiri baptize humiri-msa baptismal fontene write ene-msa eraser, blotterama eat ama-nsa mealsteala urinate tcala-msa bladderiisi owe isi-msa debts

Probably also:unupimsa handkerchiefrotemsa paperssiamalpimsa confessionyisuwaninsa corns

5. -pan, -pan-, agentive. Suffixed to verbal stems denotes themore or less habitual doer of an act or the exponent of a quality.

yume-pafi liarmaxer-pan one who makes sport of another with

the eyesnotio-pan one who denies the truthnimi-pani beateryoso-pai lustful, lecherouslatue-pan one who is always making signs with

the tongueol.ue-pafi one who signals with his handpitciwi-pan cleanser of hairli-pan hidernimi-pan striker, hitter

Other isolated examples of etymological nominal suffixes are:ruk cord ruk-esma doubled cordupu buy upu-nsatpa paymentusupu fast usupu-hai Lent, time of fast-

ingmai-xi laugh mai-t a laugh, laughingmira give present mira-x, mira- gift

mi-nkoxo load of meat koxo-enis bringer of load of

meatpux-ta make bread pux-uts bread

1916] 407-


krak-e name, call krak-at a namesoko-te laurel soko-tci laurel fruitrite decorate with rite-ni feminine adorn-

beads mentmukur-ukispu act like a mukur-ma woman

woman

Reduplication seems to play an unimportant role in Mutsunmorphology. A few words are found in which the first syllable isreduplicated but there is no evidence that the phenomenon is ofany morphological importance. Practically all of the instancesoccur with names of animals or plants.

mumuri flymumulaluk butterflylalak geeselukluk geesekakari ravensoksoliian sensonteporpor cottonwoodtotolua plantain

Morphological Suffixes of NounsThe Mutsun language is a comparatively simple one morpho-

logically, being quite comparable to modern European languagesin this respect. But few changes in inflection for the declensionof nouns and the conjugation of verbs are found. These will benoted below.

The noun is inflected for differences in number, case, and insome cases even for person. Gender is, as commonly in Ameri-can languages, not recognized, unless in sporadic etymologicalcategories.

Many, if not all, animate nouns take a pluralizing suffix.This is:

6. -kma, -mak, plural.sini boy sini-kma, sin- boys

ksmaataspis-mak lookoutsuta-kma parentsuhinis-mak fishermenuras-mak hole.diggers

atsia girl atsiai-kma girls

Ma8on: Muteun Dialect of Costanoan

pasear (Sp.) pasear-is-mak passers-bywateir.on-mak the Guachirunos

ka daughter ka-kma daughtersinis son inis-mak sons

It is also used with substantive adjectives.-kma is doubtless the original form and is used after a vowel,

-mak being employed after a consonant to avoid harsh complexes,though there are exceptions.

There appears to be no dual number.The various nominal case relations are expressed by suffixes

which may be interpreted as postpositions, but are probably ascorrectly explained as true case inflections. These are:

7. -was, -uas, compositional, partitive, material.

ores-was tap hide of bearxut.-was tote meat of bellyxurek-war ruk cord of sineworpe-was etse middle of night

8. -me, termrinative.patre-me into the house of the Padreme-me to you, with you

9. -se, -s-e, -ne, -he, objective.aisa-ne (see) themkairka-s.e (try) pinolemoro-s.e (hunt) moleskrakat-se (know) namekapxan-ne (strike) threeinu-se (take) roadsoton-he (blow) fire

etc.

10. -sun, -sum, -um, instrumental.ak-sun (die) of hungermait-sun (die) of laughingtala-sun (die) of heatekwets-sum (conceived) in sin, (choked) with sinxai-um (speak) with the mouthurkan-um (thresh) with the mortar

1916] 409


11. -tka, -taak, locative.tapur-tak (hung) in treeurkan-tak (grind) in mortarxumes-tak (hidden) in grassote-tka (speak) in earwima-k-tak (wound) in wingekwaesti-tak (wallow) in sin

-tka seems to follow vowels, -tak consonants to avoid com-plexes.

12. -tu, comitative.tanses-tu (eat) with younger brotherap.a-tu (dance) with father

A possible suffix with more the force of a postposition is:13. -tun, -tum, regressive.

tina here tina-tun, tina- from heretum

In the case of terms of relationship there are sometimes di-verse endings according to the grammatical person. Thus:

1 2 314. -s(8), 15. -t(8), 16. -n(8), n,

''my" ''thy'' "his"apa father apsaana mother ansataka elder brother taksa taknantare younger brother tarekse tarektetaha elder sister tahasa tahananpapa grandfather papsaet.e grandfather et-setcire grandmother teirsi teininxan.a wife xan.aksa xan.ansit child sitnunme (ne) grandmother mense menen

The basis of this is plainly an infixation of -s- before the char-acteristic vowel for the first person possessive and the substitu-tion of -n8n for the third person, where 8 represents the char-acteristic vowel. The 8k of tar-ek-se and xan--ak-sa are sporadic.This may be the vestige of a once fully functional genitive case.No other instances are found in the language. The -t- of thesecond person is very dubious.


PRONOUNSThe pronoun, as before stated, is independent and never mor-

phologically welded with the verb or other part of speech. Thesix representatives of the two numbers and three persons are dis-tinct and those of the third person seem to have little or nodemonstrative force. The case endings, particularly the -s of theobjective, are suffixed also to the pronouns. The possessive pro-noun is often identical with the subjective form, though generallyone form is exclusively subjective. The pronoun has a tendencytoward combination with other pronouns and particles. Thuswe find such forms as ka-mes, " I-you, " this being the mostfrequent; kat (ka-et), "I in future time"; kas-hiha, "I also."

The pronominal stems are monosyllabic or at the most dis-syllabic and quite dissimilar for the various persons. The firstand second personal plural pronouns, however, commence withthe syllable mak-, doubtless cognate with the pluralizing suffix-mak.

Demonstrative and adjectival pronouns are numerous andinvariable.

Detailed lists of all classes of pronouns will be found inPart II.

VERBSThe typical Mutsun verbal stem is dissyllabic, ending in a

characteristic vowel. This may even be the invariable rule, ap-parent infractions and exceptions being due to error or presenceof unsuspected etymological or morphological elements. Thecharacteristic vowel is not inalienably welded to the stem, sincecertain infixes are added between stem and characteristic.

Like nouns, verb stems take no prefixes, all morphologicalmechanism being attained by means of suffixes. A few solitaryexamples of possible verb-stem combination have been foundwhich may be differently interpreted on fuller acquaintance withthe language.

up-xi(ni) roll, fall (scissors)xin(e) go, walk

up-uru(ni) slip, fall (person)uru(ni) fall

up-ki roll, seize (log)at-ki break, seize (log)at.e, atse break

1916] 41


Reduplication of verbal stems is practically unknown in Mut-sun. A few sporadic cases are found, however, which seem to havethe iterative significance frequently denoted by this means inAmerican languages.

polso painted polpolsi dotted, streakedtule knock tultul.e palpitate

pulpul.e palpitatetipe wander tiptipe wander

It is a difficult and largely an artificial task to separate verbalparticles into etymological and morphological elements. Never-theless certain of these appear to belong to the former categoryand others may be placed there merely for the lack of evidenceof morphological significance.

Etymological Suffixes of Verbs17. -te, possessive. Suffixed to nominal stems denotes pos-

session of the object.otco-te possess earskraka-te possess namesitnun-te have childrenpultei-te have full breasts

18. -kis-, (-wis-, -pwis-), imitative. Suffixed to nominal orother stems denotes imitation of person or act. The reflexivesuffix -pu is normally added.

mam.anxa-kis-pui act like a foolmukene-pwis-pu act like a manmukuru-kis-pu act like womenmonsie-kis-pu, (-wis-pu) act like a sensible personsawe-wis-pu pretend to sing

19. -na, purposive. The verbal suffix -na, "go to do," func-tions also as an etymological suffix to noun stems, denoting inthis case "go for."

lalak geese lalka-na go for geesesirak nuts sirka-na go for nutsweren rabbit were-na go for rabbits


20. -mi, dative. Likewise the verbal suffix -mi may be suffixeddirectly to nouns, functioning as an etymological suffix and de-noting gift of the object. It is generally or always used with theimperative and the first person singular object.

ruxe arrow ruxe-mi-tit give me arrowsma-ter tobacco ma-sue-mi-tit give me tobaccosetne acorn-bread setne-si-mi-t give me bread

21. -ti, substantive. A possible substantive suffix is foundonce:tanses brother tanses-ti-(s) be a brother

22. -u-, oppositional. Infixed before characteristic vowel ofverbal or other stems denotes significance opposite to that ofsimple stem.xit.a sew xit.ua rippit.e tie pit.ue untiepat.i seize, grab pat ue looserotko knot rotuk untie knotkitca lock with key kitcua open with keyrotcio enveloped rotciwe(wi) freedteuni, tunuu fold, pleat teunuhwi open, unfold

23. -r-, excessive. Followed by the characteristic vowel ap-pears to denote a psychological cautse for the condition described.sumi be content sumi-ri-ni sleep from satietysiwi burn siwi-ri-ni sun:ocate from heattowo be rigid towo-ro-ste be stiff from coldseso shiver seso-r-po, shiver from fear

(seso-n)

24. -t-, corporeal. Followed by a vowel in harmony with pre-ceding one generally refers to action with or on parts of body.

latue-te long tongue, (he) extends his tonguel.el.uer-te roll (eyes) too muchkai-ti tighten (it)I make (it) fast!rau-ta-smin with large occiputmup-tu shut your mouth!

pelte, pete shut eyespete(ni) keep mouth elosedpoto pluck hairskapata cross hands

1916] 413


tere-ti-snam-ti, nam-itkili-teyata-ti, xop.o-ti,

ilsi-mi-ti, olte-mi-tiinsu-ti, insu-teupxi-ti (or upxi)wipa-tiole-ti

ina-ti-sesoni-tilopx-ti-ni-n

(you) have cut (your hair)(I have not) understood, heard(it) sparkles(did he give you) anything, a drink,

meat, pinole?(you) know (it)(let me) drink a little(will) invite (you)(I) seized (it), (what) could (you

do?)(I) became sick(you) hate (the language)grew mouldy (wheat)

Possibly the same suffix is found in the imperative with firstperson singular object, -t or -ti-t. It is a doubtful suffix; no at-tempt is made to explain it.

26. -wi, -we.inu-wi-me-i remind (him) Irus-u-wi-kne spittip-wi (you) shorten (confession)nansa-we (he went) to trypak.a-we (may they) gather (them) Ilala-wi-s he threw him

27. -si.xasiwa-sixeksio-si-nxima-si-kunmexe-sipati-sinan-mi-sipak.a-siputi-siuta-si-mi-tat-se-ixelue-si-titmusi-si

(xelue-mi-tit)

scratch the boys ' heads I(have you) satisfied (him)?(we) have searched for (them)(let me) be seeing; lookl(that which) he has in his hand(I) was listening (to them)he seeks (us)(I) am blowing (the fire)guard me!break it!flay, strip for me!(child) is sucking

This suffix may be cognate with the mandatory -si (No. 45)but the resemblance is not evident.

Other possible etymological suffixes are:

25. -te, -ti, (-it).


a doubled eord

a bag

house

tobacco

fishamoleshamewifemussels

rukesma-te make countless in-terweavings

xotio- (si) -nme (order to) make abag

ruk-sap- (in) (they have) madehouses

mat-uk-(ti) give (me) tobaccomat.-ere-gn-in (he) was intoxi-

catedwi-ni catch fishtor-ke bring amolexasi-mun be ashamedxan.an-mi-(n) (was) marriedxakua-ikus I went for mussels

Morphological Suffixes of Verbs

The verbal stem is variously modified for considerations oftense, voice, various modal significances, and to some extent fornumber.

The unmodified stem is used alone for the present tense andwith temporal adverbial particles to express the future.

The most frequent temporal suffix is -n. This is generallytranslated by the Spanish preterit, but frequently also by thepresent. It may have an indefinite or aoristic sense, or denoteincompleteness or continuance of action, and is found mainlywith intransitive verbs.

28. -(i)n, indefinite.

(whenever I) err

(I) shoot (with my left hand)(whenever a house) burns(you will be) frozen(I) argue (with him)(he) follows (you)(I) am dying(rain) is ceasing(he) is cold(I) have peppered my throat(soon the river) will dry up

(he) nauseated (you)(I) liked (that)(when they) rest

rukesma

xotio

ruk-a

mat-er

wi-xitor-onxasi-omxan.anxakua

totio-ntio-nilo-ntowo-nketio-nyati-nxati-nxirwL-ni-ntursi-ni-nterpe-ni-ntempe-ni-nloe-ni-nletse-ni-nisiwe-n

1916] 415

416 Univer8ity of California Publications in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

29. - (i)s, past tense. This is less common than -n. It appearsto be a more definite past and is found mainly with transitiveverbs.

yoreti-s (he) chased (me)katia-mi-s (he) gave (you)mistu-s (you) warmed yourselfmexe-npi-s (I) have seen (them)wipa-s (I) invited (you)

30. - (i) kun, past tense. This is the less frequent past endingand appears principally with transitive verbs. It is probably themost remote of the past tenses, but as all three of these are regu-larly translated by the bare Spanish preterit, it is most difficultto delimit their respective spheres. The examples seem to implycompletion of action.

uxsini-kun (you) have increasedut.ui-kun (I) guarded (it)uxei-kun (I) have guarded (it)oioi-kun (he) seized (it)oisio-kun (it) happened again

The distinction between the categories of intransitive andtransitive is not as close as in many Pacific languages, and thereis no invariable designating particle for either. Certain suffixes,however, pertain to one or the other type. One of the commonestsuffixes in the language is -ni, which appears on the whole to bea kind of intransitive suffix.

31. -ni, intransitive.orko-ni-n, (orko-ste)mu-ni-nin.u-ni-nistu-ni-n(wate-na) xamu-ni-n(wate-na) lak.e-ni-neme-ni-ninxa-ni-n

muk.ie-ni-nsemo-ni-ntursi-ni-ntupu-ni-nsuiu-ni-n (suiu-ste)tisku-ni-nxupse-ni-nxasli-ni-n

ad infinitum

kwe) were frightened(you could not) imagine (me)(I) awoke(I) dreamt oL (you)(fire) is dying, (is-going dying)ksun) is rising, (is-going rising)(I was going) to forget (it)(I) am sick, have become sick, (you)

are sick(I) am old woman(it wants little time for me) to die(he) is cold(I) put my finger in my eyeit was finished, consumed, used up(did this) breakt(my hair) is fixed and prepared(be ye not) sad


The nearest approach to a transitive suffix is -np, which seemsto express action directed toward another person.

32. -np(e), transitive.titi-np-initco-np-itittolso-npeMilui-nperuima-npemunsu-npemus.i-np-itit-yutmene-npemane-np-intupu-np-in

he defended (me)pull me out!(I will) break (your feet)(we will) amuse (you)do not disturb (him)(ye have) soiled itwarm ye me I(how can I) forget (yout)(has he) forgotten (ye?)(I) put my finger in (his) eye

Reflexive relations are very frequent and expressed by thesuffix:

33. -pu, -p-, reflexive.lix-inpulix-p-inita-pueyes-putcai-puaxa-puxat.a-pu-itak.e-p-isorko-p-in-se-meun-pi-na

I will kill myselfshe killed herself(do you) wash yourself?shave oneselfpraise oneself(have ye not) combed yourselves?hit yourself(I) measured myselfdid you frighten yourself?(I) am going to cure myself

In many cases -pu appears to be used idiomatically, the re-flexive function being obscure.

buycrave, wishawake, remem-

berteach

speak

upu-s-puuni-s-puinu-s-pu

nip.a-p-in

ritca-pu

sellconsentobserve, know, see,

feelthey will teach

(him never)play, entertain

Reciprocal relations are expressed by the suffix:34. -mu, reciprocal.

xata-mu let us fightlix-mu we will kill each otherkeye-mu (do not) trample each otheris.u-mu play together Ihutcu-mu-t lift each other!

uniinu

nip.a

ritca

1916] 417

418 University of California Publicationts in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

The passive voice is of considerable importance in Mutsunmorphology and seems to be preferred to the active as a methodof expression whenever possible. It is expressed by the suffix:

35. -kne, passive voice.mexe-kne (me) (you) will be seenmira-kne (me) (you) will be given a giftmupa-kne (nep.e) (this) is suckedole-kne (they) are (not) caughtlike-kne (me) (you) will be killedlokuk-kne (xin) (the eye) is put outlala-kn-is (haka) (he) was thrown downut.u-kne (nep.e) (this) is guardedliwa-kn-is (arrow) was hiddenmat.-ere-kn-in (he) was intoxicated

Probably cognate with this is the suffix -ne with which it isin cases interchangeable. -ne often denotes a future passive, atother times its exact use is not clear.

36. -ne, future passive.nansa-si-ne (when we) trymexe-si-ne, (you) will be seenyume-si-ne (you) will be cheatedxiraste-pu-ne will (you) be reprimandedteise-kte-ne-s have (you) shaved yourself?

Another suffix with a passive force is -stap. This seems torefer entirely to completed passive action, and a great number ofthe examples noted have a first person singular subject.

37. -stap, perfect passive.ruta-stap (feathers) recently pulledpele-stap (with what) was (this) stuck?potsie-stap (I) was censuredkatia-stap they gave rationsixtci-stap (he) was bitten by a snakeliki-stap (I) was killedxise-stap (the fat ones) have been selectedmutiku-stap (I) have been tickled

The modal categories are considerably less extensive thancommonly in American languages but rather better developedthan in Indo-European.

The imperative is expressed by suffixes varying for numberand person of subject and object. Thus:


Imperative2d pers. sing. subj.2d pers. plu. subj.

xima-tima-toltemi-titip.e-ioio-ixima-iok.wo-iot.emi-tit-yutsumua-ti-yutoto-yutotciko-yutlaisaisi-yutat.e-ti-yutara-ti-yuthuteu-m-ut

Intransitive or1st pers. obj. 3d pers. obj.

38. -t,-tit 39. -i40. -tyut, -tityut 41. - (i) yut

seek me!show me (it)!give me pinole Iturn around Iseize it Iseek him Isend them Igive me pinole!give me wood Igo for atole Ibe quiet Ising slowly Igive him!give him!lift each other I

Arnother suffix with an imperative force is -is. This impliesgoing to some other place to accomplish the command and may betermed the

42. -is, missionary imperative.monse-is go and tell (them) !sak.a-is go and bring (pinole) !taska-is go and walk (in the field) Ietue-is go and release (it) Ioi-is go and get (it) Ixi-is go for fire!

There appear to be some terminations having the effect of asubjunctive. These are:

43. -tkun, subjunctive, hypothetical.ara-tkunkati-tkunko-tkun

ko.-tkun, kwo.-tkumon.o-tkun

oi-tkun

44. -kane, conditional.ole-ti-kanetoko-kti-kanetax-kaneak-niu-kane

(you) should give (him)thus should (I dress)(you) should tell (me)

(he) would have made sport (of you),speaking (of you) after death

(I) would get (it if I wanted it)

if I could only catch them!if the bed is of . . ..when it is askedwhen he is thirsty

1916] 419

420 University of California Publications in Ant.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

There may be some relation to the passive particle kne.Iterative or frequentative relations are expressed by the suffix

or infix -s, placed between the stem and the characteristic vowel.45. -s, iterative.

ak.u enter aksu many enterele-pu go else-pu many goepe pass epse many passsemo(n) die semso(n) many die

De la Cuesta pays considerable attention to this suffix in hisgrammar, suggesting that it is frequent with every verbal stem.Strangely, very few unquestionable examples of it are found inthe phrase-book.

Probably the same morphological element is that found inmany cases following the characteristic vowel, particularly beforethe reflexive -pu, denoting in that case plural or iterative re-flexive. It is also commonly found in words denoting occupations,i.e., one who performs an act continually. Compare the nounsdenoting personal categories in Part II.

amae-s-pu (do not) amuse yourselvesroroi-s-pu (do not) disport yourselves like boyssiole-s-p-is (we) were talking among ourselvesxewe-s-pu (we) both look together into the mirror

Other usages are more idiomatic and less evident.ritca-is-pu recount, converse (ritcapu, play)upu-s-pu sell (upu, buy)siole-s-pu (they) are solitary and sadmexe-s-pu (like as he) looked

The mandatory or causative relation is expressed by thesuffix:

46. -si, (-se), mandative.xotio-si-nme you have ordered that they make a bagmana-si-s (you) commanded to extinguish itata-si-s (you) commanded (me) to stealpina-se-s did (I) order this I

Three relations implying motion are of importance in Mutsun.The first, -na, denotes motion to a distant place or outdoors.


19. -na, purposive motion hence.lixni-na (he) is going to kill (it)xiisi-na (I) am going to catch (them)paita-na (let us) go and catch (them)wate-na (lak.e-nin) (sun) is rising; (going-rising)wate-na (wetere-nin) (it) is increasing; (going-inereasing)ereksi-na-ka I am going to bathe

The second, -su, denotes motion to a nearby place or indoors.47. -su, purposive mortion hence.

nam-isi-su (I) am going to hear (them)ertse-su (I) am going to supperwere-su (I) am going to catch rabbits nearbyetste-su (I) am going to sleep

The third, -inyi, denotes motion hither.48. -inyi, (-im), purposive motion hither.

liw-inyi (I) come to kill (you)monse-im (I) come to advise (you)nesep-inyi (we) come to beg permissionpasip-inyi (I) come to salute (you)warep-inyi (I) come to visit (you)

A very rare and doubtful suffix, -knit (misspelled in the gram-mar as guit, or wit), has been termed "prohibitional."8 Thismay be the passive kne plus the future adverb et; i.e., "you mustnot be struck. "

49. -knit, prohibitive.tamta-knit, xata-knit he must not strike you

A second very obscure suffix, -ksi, is translated by De laCuesta "perfectly well," perfectamente bien, and is termed byKroeber " excellentive. ' '7

50. -ksi, excellentive.xeksio-ksi (let me) satisfy (him)ruisiu-ksi do not (ye) trembleruisu-ksi (your hand) tremblesnipa-ksi (we) are teaching (him)rinsi-ksi (they) take the lower (key)siaksu-ksi-t (speak) to me softly (in my ear)xaune-ksi (would that) someone would bring

(water)siru-ksi-ste (it) is pulverizedpolso-ksi (what is this) paintedt

8 The Chumash and Coptanoan Languages, op. cit., p. 253.

42111916]


The verbal suffix -mi (cf. nominal suffi -mi) seems to denotean indirect personal object or an action done for the benefit of aperson. It is most frequently found with the imperative and firstperson object, "do this for me.'

20. -mi, -me, beneficial.katia(stap) gave (food)

xelu(ksi)

monse (t)monsie

riri

iisi

musi-sitika

etc.

strip off bark

advise (me)relate

put selvage on

owe

suckchew

katia-mi(s) gave (clothes tothee)

xelue-mi(tit) strip bark (forme)!

monse-mi(tit) advise (me) !monsie-mi(tit) recount (me) Imonsie-me relate to youriri-mi(tit) put selvage on (for

me) !iisi-me (you) owe (me),

(I-you)musi-mi suckle, give sucktika-mi(t) chew (for me)!

Two suffixes of the greatest frequency are evidently cognate.These are -kte and -ste. The former is listed by De la Cuestamerely as a preterit tense suffix, the latter, though of frequentoccurrence, not mentioned at all, though a suffix -miste, probablya hortatory, is described.

Both seem to have the sense of a past participle, and, like thelatter, are frequently used adjectively. They express completedaction or achieved condition. Though little difference is discern-able between the two, it would appear that -kte is used principallyfor transitive relations, -ste for intransitive ones. They are fre-quently translated by the Spanish ya, " already. "

51. -kte, (-xte?), perfect transitive (participle), adjectival.mit.ci-kteesko-kterite-ktelaki-ktetolo-ktelip.a-kte, lixwa-kteliisu-kteposio-kteriski-ktesitl.u-kteniotsio-ktehusiero-ktenutiri-kte

(bow) is unstrung(it is) torn, impure(it) is decorated with beads(it) is lifted, hung(they) have donned their regaliait is hiddentoothlesshairlesspug-(nosed)smallshortbig (mouth)big-nosed


52. -ste, perfect intransitive (participle), adjectival.xiwa-stesemso-stetoilo-stepelke-stexutcu-stekome-stewane-stesiksa-ste, mikna-stesesuk-ste, sumu-steunxu-ste, (unxu-smin)natka-sterinta-stenoioro-ste

ad infinitum

(they) have (not) arrived(they) have died(they) are seatedhe was displeased (at me)(he) has eyes(I) am tired already(I) am satiatedit is soiled(it) has decayedsnottyblackleanlarge (feet)

The interrogative is expressed by the suffixation of the en-clitic -s, -se. This may be suffixed to other words than the verb.more commonly to the initial word of the phrase. Thus:

53. -s, -se, interrogative.kan-se is this m ....?kai-s it is painful?ekwe-s did not ....?lalka-na-s did (you) go for geese?men-se did you . . .

-s regularly follows a vowel, -se a consonant, thus avoidingterminal consonantal complexes.

The negative is formed by the independent particle ekwe.epsie is sometimes used with negative imperatives, but the morecommon method in this case is the use of the bare pronoun men.

Some of the isolated and unexplained suffixes, indicated byitalics, are:

siru-mpi, siru-mpe (siru-ksi-ste)man-ti-kte; man-tci-s.te

(man-sa, man-as)yoko-rtemenso-rtemup-il.u-rteainwe-iampaka-inini-sole-mospoton-se-ston-enp-istisku-kse-i

grind (salt); (ground)it went out; is going out

(put it out!)(cigar) has become ash(they) have drowned(boy) keeps his mouth elosed(you said you) went to see (him)(he wanted) to find (us)(he) can (run) well(I) met (him)(I) lost (this)split it!

1916] 423


kil-e, kil-ile, kil-pulme, kil-itekipi-ni-pu-ikai-nawinkute-kets.isatar-a, satar-e, satar-puteite-sin-isam-ursisam-aipu; sam-iantexute-punkxit-kinnansi-kexeksio-ie-ixase-senxat-xasti; xat-xatsinip.a-pinlop-kti-nin, lop-xe-steipi-re-i (ip.e-i)ina-ti-s; ina-k-pu

we-solo-kte, we-yero-kmin,we-sare-kte

we-tan; we-tere-npe-iyer-oepinmatala-mu-i; matalu-ni-stap;

matula-nimene-npomir-ma-mi-tmup-i-pu-i; mup-e-i;

mup-il.u-rte;mup-us-pu-i; mup-tu

mai-xi-ni-stetcorok-pummkii-ps-is; ii-si-me

ak-eni-ni-n; ak-niu-kaneekwe-nauni-spu, uni-spate, umi-spakole-riinu-wi-me-iitma-ni-t; itma-nu-iit-uimemu-i-ni-nrui-su-ksi; rui-siu-ksi;

rui-sin-ksi; rui-ma-np-in;rui-nga-t; riu-ki-np-in

umsu-mi-nwax-tci-iele-mau-puet-oe

sparklewink (your eyes)narrow, difficultvery well tied, very strongly boundopen the mouthdance for meI(they all) have long hair(I), (they all) cut their front hairfire is made(I will not) cleanse myself(you will soon) be knownsatisfy (him)!(teach me before I) get angry!it is well swept; very clean(they will never) teach him(wheat) mouldedturn (this)! (turn around!)(I) became sick; (will you not) be-

come sick?large, great

is great; inerease it for mel(he is) growing oldplace face downward; (I) was placed;

(wait for him) to place himself(I will not) forgetgive me that which you were given!shut his mouth! shut his mouth with

your hand! (he) keeps his mouthshut; shut your mouth!

(they) laugh at (your speech)we become sad (when - - .)(I) owed; (I do not) owe (you any-

thing)(I) am thirsty; (when) one is thirsty(I) have, no (. . . .)(he wished) to agree(you) can (not)remind (him)!lift me! lift him I(we have) corrected them(I) am tired of journeying(your hand) trembles; (do not ye)

shudder; (who) trembles? hemoved him; move me! I moved

(they) flewscratch (him) !(you) will arise (early)(he) slept (little)


ADJECTIVESAdjectives display close relations with both verbs and nouns.

A few of them appear to be definite adjectival stems withoutterminations, a small number seem to be derived from nouns, butby far the greater number are akin to verbal stems. As allied tonouns they may take the pluralizing suffix and stand as sub-stantives, as weyero-mak, "the big ones." As allied to verbs theycommonly take the verbal perfect suffixes -kte and -ste and maybe interpreted either as verbs or as adjectives, e.g., "the clothhas been soiled," "the cloth is soiled," or "soiled cloth."

In addition to the verbo-adjectival endings -kte and -ste thereare two others, evidently cognate, used solely with adjectives.These are -kmin and -smin. The distinction between them is notevident, as, for instance, both nutka-kmin and humulu-smin mean"black" (sing.) and notka-mak and natka-ste "black" (plu.).Other suffixes likewise seem to be interchangeable under certaincircumstances, as both orko-ni-n and orko-ste mean " he wasfrightened;" unxu-smin and unxu-ste both mean "snotty."-kmin is probably cognate to -kne and -smin to -ste.

54. -kmin, adjectival.patka-kmin heavy, deep whitepelo-kmin baldnutka-kmin blackhihul.i-kmin something cut, as a poleisiwa-kmin newbornkuti-kmin very smallkipinyi-kmin a winkerkits.u-kmin twisted

55. -smin, adjectival.selpe-sminxop-tie-sminan.e-sminritea-sminwaksa-sminritcua-sminrauta-sminsamili-sminhumulu-sminunxu-sminpelso-sminpaisa-sminxase-smin

ad infinitum

(are you) intoxicatedtelimberturtlesliberal, generousmiserable, vilesilly, foolishwith large back of neek and occiputputrifiedblacksnottylarge-tongued, garrulousrunnerbrave, fierce

1916] 425

426 Universityof CaliforniaPublications8inAm.Arch.andEthn. [Vol.11

An infix -ti- is occasionally found before adjectival endings.It is placed between the simple stem and the characteristic vowel.Its import is not clear but it seems to imply an adjectival-agentive sense.

56. -ti-, adjectival-agentive.xop.e climb xop-ti-e-(smin) climbertcala urinate teal-ti-a- (smin) urinatormuxe suspect, mux-ti-e-(ste) one who makes

misconstrue wrong judgmentswilo signal "yes"I wil-ti-o-(n.in) one who signals

with the eyes "yes" with theeyes

Another etymological element giving an adjectival signifi-cance is:

57. -se, -si, adjectival.in-se tear-fulyer-se tornpolpol-si dotted

PARTICI.SParticles are independent and invariable. They range from

monosyllabic to polysyllabic, the longer ones being probably com-pounded. For purposes of reference they are divided into loca-tive adverbs, temporal adverbs, descriptive adverbs, and inter-jections.

Two enclitics are met. The first is a conjunctive, -hiha or -hia,"and, also, as well."

kas-hiha me also

The second is an adjectival pronoun, -sia, "alone, only,solely. "

men-sia you alonewak-sia he alone


PART II. CLASSIFIED LIST OF STEMS

The following lists are arranged in the order of the phoneticalphabet. First the vowels, a, e, i, o, u, then the semi-vowels wand y, the nasals m and n, the liquid I and the trill r, the spirantss, x, and h, the surd stops p, t, t, and k, and the aifricative tG.

NOUNS

Animalsaiaratauni-smin, an=-smiaareasurian, asitatatakatelei-minex, hexeksenintkxipiwaomkonoresotol., otonokomuminxunteu-sminurakawawisaes, -ses, -soes,

wakisaeswal.enwasakawakarat-sminwerenwilo-panwireskanwixiwipsuryurahmaianmaritemitismumul.al.ukmumurimuniek, musiek

magpieturtlesbird like a heronsparrowmagpieconchgoshawksquirrelquaillarge hare(rattle) snakemaggotbearred antbirdwolfblack beetlesalmoncoyote

owleaglefrograbbitblackbirdbatfishfleasblack duckcoyoteyoung deerlittle moulting bird (jestingly)butterflyflysmall bird with blaek feet

1916] 427

428 University of California Publication8 in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

niwesnototlalaklesokwalisanal.uopoluklukramesraxrinyarisuirumaisaiaesanraruksakarsiol.ekonsiuyutssiul.il.uksisinsitikna, sitcikna,

sikiknasikotsoksokianswesusuxakua, (xaakan)xun.unhutce (kinis)paratupenie, penikperisianapil.okianpiteinapolokispoltenporposkoi-minpotolpukwie, pukwipukului-mintamalatatcitiwiemtiwituktira-smintixaintipih-smintoministoromatorpaes, torsiepa

faunblackbird with yellow headgeeseearthwormssnakeyearling calvesgeeseweaselwhite louseratyoung coyoteyoung harejayslarge geesenitsmole like a dormousesea-otterbutterflysmall birdyoung squirrel

molebird like sensontelarge ducksmusselsmall dovedogwoodpeckercatyoung quailsmartinmaggot, insectgrasshoppersyoung rabbitfleablack antblackbird with yellow headyoung deer, young fallow-deertoadleopard (puma?)a small animalfallow-deerbirdspiderskunkearthwormsealwild-catgray blackbird

9Mason: Mutsun Dtalect of Costanoan

totetayankaltaiaskaltiwaktimetuilunkaul.epatkaxaikakarikaknukoteweskulianteaxitceiestcil.iskanteirit-minteorena, tcolteoluateurutu

aisaae, inkis.eama-knisanii

arwe

ahamenenena

it.uxowos

ortor-kminuwena

uner

upitwara

yarkasyukismomox

morotmuren

lumuiminransona

rapakrepitretetiriris

ripin

rore

ruskessawana

sasuk

deer, cattle, meatblackbirdblackbird with watery eyesbirdwhalevulturebird with large mouthblack louseravenhawksnakesblackbirdhawkharehawkbirdcricketwoodpecker

Botanicalacornsseedsa white treeoakbundle of fire-woodblackberriesa seedseed, fruithayvery pink flowerwild onionacorn shellan herban herbacorna small, salty seedacorn shellan edible herban herban herboakacorn shellblackberry bramblevineoakan herban herba thicketmoss

4291916]

430 Unier8ity of California Pubication8 in Aim.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.11

sapasaksiutotok wetemaksiraksipurunasomonsokotesokotcisumna, sumuaxalexireni, (xirena, xiremi)xipurxit.ianixitna, xitiaxikotxolopisxopmimesxumi-sminxurpataxpat.ipatpakirpit.uiporporporpor onienpururistamettaraxtapurtinwistoinontuxetapistakitotoluakamerkamunketexkirit.-amin, kirit-skinteasuniteatiateisnan

awis

eyesin

herb with a dark, hard seedsmall pinenutpoisonous plantfilberts, hazelnutsa white roothole in a treelaurelfruit of laurelsticks of woodgreen tulelarge pine-nuta treetunaelderberriespineshell, chaff of acornlarch, a red treehaywild riceseedwillowchiatunoplant like tuleseedscottonwoodtree like white cottonwoodsmall fruita dark edible rootsmall, white willowtree, woodflowersa small fruitoakreeds, strawfruit treeplantainsweet herbtunoleavesan herbhaya well-known tree, testicles of hogalder

Body Partsleft handbeardtears

Mason: Mutsun& Dialect of Costanoan

isu, is#uihatuitcie, itcikolototco, oteots.io-nunaunuxurius

watexwel.ewel(min)wima, wimakwilopayisuwani-nsayutxamaraxmaxulmak.usmitlamoxelmoxotmusmutismuktiokris, (muxtioxris)noso-nlas.elasinlit.akwalomlopohs, lop-otslup.usrarasritokrikex piliuromos, rutcurumesrussamasanansarkasapa-nsinpursiresip.Ossitsik.ensomsomsok-o-s

handear-cavitypudendaback of neckearbullet woundbangs, hair on foreheadmucus from nosehairnostrilsstomachpoint of the lipswingthe red head of the blackbirdcornstumor on neckskinspittle, phlegmkneesthighheadskullbosom, oreastsfront teethanklebreath, spirit, soultonguefinger-jointsveinsbrainnavelanusmolar teethintestinesprepuce of penispimples, wartspine, backbonesalivaright handgroinblind eyepupil of eyeeyebrowsheart, mindfeathersteethwind broken, flatusarmpitstesticles

1916] 431

432 University of California Publication8w in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

soko-rena, sioko-renasutexaixahiexat.axakanaxelienxeserxinxorko-sxop.oxumutxunyoisxurekxupurxutu, xut.upaine-npat.ianpakarpak.apoteorpusi, piliu, pat.os, patsa,

pelsiput.u-sput.ustankartap.istak.etakutspistimatirastolso, toolostotetokolturisturtunintuksustup.ui, tupuitutpertukaitukmurtamustaptat.iturumkarkaskapiskatak, katcak, katakkateitei

scrotumpudendamouthvoicepalm and soletail (of snake)skinbirth-mark, scareyethroatback, upper part of backskullarmligamentcarbunclebelly, abdomenmenstruationbloodrashshoulder-bladescalp sorespudenda

belly, abdomenthumbroof of mouthcrown of headribsshin-boneforeheadbuttockskneesflesh, meatsyphilitic soresnailsthroat, neckearstaillipschest bosomAdam's applecheeks, facehideboneskinmolar teethlittle fingernape of the neck, occiputpudenda


koro(kukas), xukasteapalteiritc.oxotcukuri

footanus, buttoekskidneyshornpudendaevacuations

Manufactures, Instrumentsan.ipuarenaxe-sata-s-pis-makat.eatinakateyes-pisene-msaone-kmin, enko-kminerestsesxenet.ceretsekseniiotiminiiru-kminisme-sisitok-pisoxotot.emeunupi-msa, un.opi-msaulisurkanusekutisuteluteir-minwalexinwarewarsanweteokyatan, lasunyoxo

masmater, masterlawanriresritai

pillowknotcombwatch-towersacorn-breadfeminine ornamentornament of conch shellnapkinblotter, eraserwriting, letterreal, a piece of moneydress, clothesironbednestsacred stick, fetishtpinolearrow-pointclock, watchtable-cloth, napkinbasket with handlepinolehandkerchiefbasketmortarwhistle, flutearrow-point (arrow-shaft)ear-ornament of featherssmall needlesmall basketfeather ornamentsmall basketsmall basketnetload of meatbeadstobaccobowarrow-cord, spear-cordrabbitskin clothes

1916] 433

0

434 University of California Publications in Ain.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

ritenirit.srote-msarurisruxerukruk-esmarukasak.insetnesianexansiotoksiwensimirinsinpie, siupiasipireksipuksansoxoisokwesupiksutiaxasa-pisxats.ian, xas.ianxel.emok, xel.emonxitca-mis, xitsia,

xiteha-misxotiozotoxxurpuhomoronhumerenhumiri-msapalsi-nparsexpakuts-mispelo-maespiroipuxut, puput, puyuttio-x, tio-stiwix, tiwitilaitirtisentipsintor-ontoko, tok.otuyuwatupentainwen, taiuwentalis

feminine ornamentcoarse pinoleportfoliobow-stringarrows, spearscorddoubled cordhousebroombread of acorns and moingoskirt of tule or plantsbasket for holding waterbasket with a pyramid in the bottomseed-gathererhandkerchiefbone awllarge comb, brush combornament of beads and feathersatolesmall clothpoker, digging-stickopening of pocketornament of conch-shellcloth, rag

toybagshoesbeads, feather ornamentpotsherdbarbaptismal fontmuller of metatebelt, sashball for gamecomb of strawnetbreadspear, arrow without pointbeads, feather ornamentbasket with a good basebelt, sashsmall basket for amoleamolebedbroomsweathousebread of acorns and momgowooden awl


temoxtip-ekitirox, kitinox, kitirxokit.cas, kiteaskurka, kureatcakar, tcawartcakiniteilesteopomatcokon

arrow with pointknifeskirtkeypinoleseat, chairstringless bowbellfret, bric-a-bracsacred stick, fetisht

Natural Phenomenaawar

am.aniat.ar, atarak.eak.es, awesinuirekisin, isiinisme-nixutunuraniupakwakaniwakiswixaxwikayopokyokonyumus isirmun

mun.s

murtei, murteis, murtoeismurtcunotsonlatunraxopa

rokie, rokserutisSi

sotonsuw, sus

skoxexewe-pisxitusxutepapelek

north (dedo de carazon)rainmud, miredaysaltroad, trailstonehole (of animal)sundropholelump, clod, white paintdew?river, torrentlighttafternoonhailcinders, ashesdirt on handsearth, dirtdirt, filthnightnightfooddroprays of sunpowder, dustopen hole, cavitywaterfirecharcoaldropshadow, reflectionwindconflagration, great firefine dust, atoms

1916] 435


world, atmosphere, weather, etc.lint, dustmole-trackwhirlwindhillseashoreplainthunderdayseashoresmokespring of waterred painthole in groundskylighthole in groundplace full of holeeclod, lump of mud

Words of More Abstract Significanceaketina puatiset-seekets, ekests, ekaestiwe, ik.e

impe-sisut-s.eon.o

oroe-s

otcikous.ix

mai-tmorke

muisin, yenkolayayalaxilat.iayarakatritca-sesamili

sat-e

senena

siamalpi-msa

thirsta game

sleepsinsa method -of making fun of a per-

son

signdreamsa method of making fun of a per-

son

hungersilencesadnesssmilea method of making fun of a per-

son

love?length, heightgame of revolving until dizzygreat heightchild's gamelanguage, speechputrid mattera method of making fun of a per-

son

sting of an insectconfession

pirepitakpitil.anpusninyistamartitintaska, tatskaturatuxiskaukar, katkoloikurekutuitcaraktcarkoteapetcopolotesitcok

1Mason: MJUtsun Dialect of Costanoan

suwenesunk, sunexamapuxasxasi-om, xasi-unxenkotst-s.exutipayapeletataula-sitursitalatis, tihstumakai-skapala-sikapnenkotcopo

krak-at, (xrak-at?)tcakirtcopopiswaiteukuri

songhungerproofangershamesilencegamelightnesschildren 's gamesomething held in the armscoldheatlifescent, pleasant odorpain, misery, sorrowan embraceWednesdaya method of making fun of a per-

sonnameodorFridaybodily evacuations, movements

Terms of Relationship and Personal Categoriesana

ana-knisap.a

apapat.atia, atsia-knis, atcai-nis

atsiai-kmaat maku-kminete, et.einisinxoksima, yuxoksimaintiste-makisiwa-kmin

ixatuteitxine

urxes-makuxi.

utamak.u, makasmene

meres, moeresmirte-mak, mitte-makmos

mukene

motherstepmotherfathernephew, grandsongirl

girlswidowmaternal grandfather or uncleson (father speaking of son)adult men, elderly menelderly mennewly born childgodmotherman (address term)bride and groommother-in-lawparentshusbandmaternal grandmothernephew, grandsonadult men, elderly menson (father speaking to son)man

1916] 437


mukur-mamukniue-sima, mukieninsini, sinyi, sin-ksmasit-nun

sit-susxan.a, (xau-nan)paitcu-kteparanepapa

taure, taurota, tahataka, tak.atanses, (tauses)

tareteto-mintares, tearestutakateireteorsian-pi-sali-siwo-panika-s-makonei-aonei-kma-s-eun.e-muura-s-makuhini-s-makuten-makwaixi-s-panwayas-muwerxo-s-makyawisunlisieni-srite-pansirka-s-makxawa-pis-makxixon, koxoeni-shumaiateye-stikiro-makkotcino-knis, -kmatcite-s-mak

womenelderly womenboy, youth, boyschild, (foetus), baby (mother

speaking)stepchild (mother speaking)wifeman, person, cultured persongrandmothermother's grandfather (maternal

grandfathert)child (mother speaking)elder sisterelder brotheryounger brother or sister, elder

brotheryounger brother or sistersister-in-lawmenyoung mandaughter (father speaking)paternal grandmothermaidencook, toaster, roastercompetitorliar, cheat, bullymillerscompanionneighborsfriendhole-diggersfisherswizards, witehesangry donor, unwilling giverenemydeer-huntersTularefioswalkerstoreadornut-hunterscallers, shoutersmeat-carriercountrymencook, roaster, toasterkneelers, those on kneesservant, boysdancers


Numeralsemettea, emetka, hemettca, one

hemetca, emesteaemetspu oncemetotea the

utxin, ustxin twoutstina twiusxinya the)

kapxan thrusit, utit fouparues, parnes fivenakitci sixtakitci sevtaitimin eiglwatsu, pak.i nin(tanat, tansa-kte, matsu ten

PRONOUNSkakankan.is, kanis,

kas, (kak), (kax)katkameskanmesme

men

mes

met

waka, hakawak, hakhaks, hakasmakse

makmak.e, markemak.et, makset

makam, ma.m

makamsaisa, ai

aisan, aiskenuk

I (subjective)I (subjective), my (possessive)me (objective)

I (subjective with future particle)I.... you

you-mythou (subjective)thou (subjeetive), thy (possessive)thee (objective)thou (subjective with future par-

ticle)he (subjective)he (subjeetive), his (possessive)him (objective)we (subjective), our (possessive),

us (objective)our (possessive), we (subjective)we (subjective) (dualt)we (subjective with future par-

ticle)you (subjective), your (possessive)you (objective)they (subjective), their (posses-

sive)them (objective)it (neuter objective), him (ob-

jective)

',e*one

icey both-eeir

,enht0e

1916] 439


Demonstrativesne, nep.enepeannane, nina, nemis, nenis,

unta, ister, nep.ernisianunis, nunisia, nup.inupeannumanpina

this (close)thesethis

this (farther)thatthosewhieh, that which (relative)this (more distant)

Adjectivat Pronounsaipireaimukte, aixamesamanams.eani, anyiat.iaexil.isteimin, imiu, imi.uirukwasi(a)yasirniat, nihia, nuia, nual.el.uertehishasiok, siokwe, siwenepisnietolonteyoke.se, kes.e

someall, exclusivelyso manythe otheranotheronly, alonealoneall (personal)allmuchmuch, veryonly, no moretoo muchanyhimself, itselfnothingmuchmuchmuch

Interrogative Pronouns

an..

anpi, ampiat.eat.ekin, at.ekintain.at, inuatinxam, inxan

intis, (imtis)inkainkaiista

wheretwhichtwho? whom? (singular)who? whom? (plural)when?how manytwhat? why? where?what?I (do)w-hat?I (say)whatt (thing), why?

6Ma8on: Mut8un Dialect of Co8tanoan

VERBS* The stems preceded by the asterisk are those occurring only onee or

twice and which therefore are more or less doubtful.

Aaiw, ainwe, aiuwe, axuwe,

aixu, aipu, arxuwe*aisa.e, inkis.eaixuwes*auyeayi

*ayimi-niam*am(a)ama*ama-niameis, amaesami, ami-siamiu(m), amoiamne-ni, am.a-niamsaana*ana*ana-pu*anure*ansam*ansemi*ale luwiara, arsa

*arespi*ars.e*arke-n*arki-ni*asa*asi-nasinu-n, as.nu*asikneneaski, askin, askunaxaaxe-niak.e-n

*axi, arimi*axtu-n*apereatata

*at.e*at.iaatue

see

desire, cravewithdraw, departawake, awakencomelose, stopbe (substantive)speak trutheatappearplaygive, bring, hold, carry, preserveteachrain, wetendanger, injurepardondesire to, long tobe injuredbend, bulge backwardpaintkeep watch, be vigilantbreak and leave placegivequarrel, fight (between women)observe, concealincrease, growtake the roadpart the hairflow in (water)sneezehatecutcombfleegive againbreak a toothchase flies with a branchbreak, splitexamineinsult, grumble, quarrelcease talking, be silentview, watch

1916] 441


correct, put rightquarrel, fight (boys)seizesteal, cheatcongealmend, fixcrack, split (earth)leave, departleave, permitlook uprise, jump, get upentermake, finish

eies, eis.eeme, emse, enen

*eme-niemre-n, hemrenene

eno

*enusiele, else

*elie*eraes*ere*erenmiteertse, ertste

*ese*esier

esoni, esosoni*exenmiepe, epse

*etueisete-n

*iweke, inke*iwiniiwo

ima

ime*imuin

ina, inxa-n (una)ina-n, insa-ninanme

shaveforgetwait, detainbe enviouswrite, paintstay, remainsignal with the fingerraise, lift, arisegoad, spur, hurrypraise one's selfbathefinish, end, completeeat supper

dresssay

hateleave, departpass bydisentangle, extricate, freesleep

Igather plantsdodispute, quarrelshowjoinarisedosickenfallrain

*at.uemi*at-mu*at(ki)at*ata*atua*atskiak.a*akan*ak.ara*ake, ak.eak.uat.cun

E


inu

insu*inkai*inke-niilollUWl, llply iliilsi-mi

*ilkunirkoisento, is.inte

v 8 @

151

isiaisiwa, isiwiisiwe, isuweisi-m, ispan, iisi-me, iipsiisuiSllU, iSUistu, isutiskani, itskani

*iske-ni xitske-niixime

*ixironi*ixirasixisa*ixuk.aixwi, iuie

*iXtciipili, ipileipire, ip.e

*it.iuitokitmaita, itu* i*itanaiite, ituite

*iti-niito, it.co

*itui*itso, itu, itsku*itcileitco-ni

observe, feel, conjecture, remem-ber, recall

knowspeak, talk, sayseize, graspburnput on sash or clothgive meatlift skirtsdefecatewalk carefully, watchfullyawaitbe hungrygive birth, be bornrestoweplay at hand gamefollow, imitatedreampayhiccuptremblesprinklekickwalk in mudshout, crygo, walk (many)sting, be stung by (snake)lie down, lay downturn aroundget the better of onecleanse, purifylift, raisewasharisespur, incite, urgedisparagebruise, mangle handleave, departspread (acorns in the sun)doubtbe ashamedcome out

0oio, (oit), oiis*oiwi*ouso*owe

seize, take, bringtie, clasp, bindorder, instruetreturn a favor. give the thing

dreamt

1916] 443


*one*oneia*on.ome*onsieoleolo

*ol.ue*olhs.eolte-miorso-norko

*osehe*oswe*opiweisot.o*oto(po)ot.mo

*otoot5.iooispe-nok, oke, ok.o

*ok.e,*otcenuixotciko

*otciko

sit down, seataccompanyhunt deerask, inquirecan, be able, gainbecome blindsignalkill manygivebelchfrightenspeak, reply alsoscatter manurediscover, bring outmend, fixdirty, render filthypillerregainwoundhave a pain in the penissendconfess, be exposeddischarge, dismissde deaf, be quietdesire, have desire, covet

U*uwin*uwi-ni*una, unpina*un.euniuleule, (uel)ura*ura(pin)

*uru-ni*urusi*urse, use*usa-niuseusete, useti, usute*usiu-n*usiule*usui-mi*usuluusxi-ni

kill someonefleeeurequiet, cause to be silentdesire, covetstop, ceasebe sad, cry, be unabledig holesmake sport of, anger, feel, cause

feelingfallhave, carrylearn (language)have hang-nails on the fingerssmell, have an odorconceive (child)departgo out (fire)give seedssurpass, conquerbe sad


uspu, usupu*ustu*uska

*uskeuxe, uxue, (uxwe)uxsi-ni*uhisoniup

*upiupu

upxi, upxiti*utisi

*utixutu*utue*utkuuta-si*uke*uk.ini-ni

uk.isi, uk.esi, uk.osi, uknesi*utei*uteuuteu, utu, hutcu

fastwhistlecure by removing stick (sucking

by shaman?)mend, fix, repairguard; bring the object guardedincreasedesire, crave, covetrollcover one 's self (clothes)pay, buy, sellsip, drink a littlebargain, trade, buy, crave, desire,

covetcrave, covetguard, place, sow (seed)make a grimacedouble, foldguard, protect (child)bring waterwish to fall, walk around (dizzi-

ness?)drink watercloseopencarry someone, raise, lift

wwaianwane*wane-ni*walektiswal.u-n, wolo-nwara, warsawarak, warka*warepiwariswarse, warsiwarta, wanta*was.e*wasi*wasi*washski, (waeki?)waxa, waktci, wak, waxu*waxaiam*waxa-ni*watawate

miss, errsatiate, cloywound one's selffollow in filebe enviouscutweep, cryvisit, salutedislikefollow, performhide behindcut and dry meatbeg a great dealhate, abandonpulverize (with the teeth)scratch, scrapebe thirstydo an act slowlyseize, bring, take atolecome, go

1916] 445

,446 University of California Publications in Arn.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

wate*waterei, wetere*wak.uwakunwakna, waka-niwel.owesi, xuksiwexe*wetsoWiwiyawilkiwilo*wiltuwilkwo, welkowire*wirwewisa

*wis.a*wisen*wisen*wisol*wispewixewixi, wini, uxi-niwixiawipa*witwiti*wituwik.e, wiwe*woso-ni*wopo

lack, fail, be wantingaugment, make greatopen the stomach and entrailsdrown at childbirthfreezecover the headkindle, lightshield, covertake out the bellycommence, beginlight, enlightenunfoldaffirm with the eyesslope backwards aboveswell up (tule)blow upon, cureillumine with a branddisplay, show, teachscratch (birds)dress a personspill, scatteruncover, discloseflash lightningsplit feathers for arrowsfish, turn about, curedispute, questioninvitebow, stoop, jumpfall, be thrownbreak a fingernailtremble, shakechoke (with pinole)boil

y

*yam*yan*yanu-ni

*yasa*yat.iayata-ti*yatan, lasunyati

*yats.e*yeikmi, yere-ni*yenko

catch (moles)boasthave pain in the stomach from

runningnot takefrightengive anythingbe full (net)follow, accompanybe urged, impelledremain, continue, be suspendeddivide love (?)

Mason: Mutsun Dialect of (Costanoan

grow old, become tornhappen, succeedturn seat aroundcommence,, enter (season)pick, prickgrind in metatecut hairchase, pursuepile uploosen, slacken, easehave carnal intercourse inter semake, manufacturehailmake sport of onemake ash, become ashesremain, staybathe, swimdeceive, cheatkill by handhope tobreak the bottom offrun, fall, flow (tears)

M

*mamai

*mai-a, mai-xman

mala, male*mali*malu-n*maxe*maxermaxi, mawimaxu

*max-tei*map-ismatal-, matulanimatmu, matnui*mak.amakai, makimaku*makumene, (mane)*menomi, monomi*meno-ni, menso

*mensie*merke

looklaugh, smileview, beholdquench, put outsoak, wetcover the genitalscome down for the nightlook down, view beneathmake sport of one with the eyes

closeopenbe blind, unable to see

put hand over or in mouthplace face downwardstink, have bad odorbe indistinctcover, place in order to cleanget marriedgo to eatforgetsink to the bottom of the waterdrown in the waterbe ignorant of, not understandmove from the house

yer*yiusie*yim-, yumile*yilu*yira*yikayono, yons

*yoreti*yoron*yoxon*yoso, yusu

*yoporon*yopokyokeyoko*yuwL-ni*yuyayume, yameyura*yuxi(s)*yupki-ni*yutu-n

1916] 447


mexe, maxe

mete*miwe, miwik, mixu*milan*milkamira*nure

*mistu*mixira*mipti*mito-n*mikemit.ei, mitcui, mintcui

*moil.el.e*moitce, moitimome-n, (monie-n)*momo

*monoimonse

monsie*moromorke (morwe)*moxo-nmoho, molio*motiolpese*motuhe-nmoko*muisi-n*muikumuma, mapu (mupa)*mumimunse, munsu

*muremursu-n

musimusi*musi*musiuru-ni*musuk.temuxe*muxi

*muxuki, ixikanmup-

mut-*mut.ie*muku*muteipi

look, seehide (in the grass)strike Ispread on the ground (bread)rob one without apprehensiongive presents, regalefix the head like newborn chil-

drenwarm oneselfpluck the skin on the hand, grazebrood in nestfall (bread)test with the point of the fingersharpen, temper, blunt (arrow)run in a crowdgather, collect, come togetherbe late, delayplace something face downwardenmesh, entangleadviserelate, recountbeg and accumulate (grain)make sport of one by shoutingsubmerge, sinkdance above (women)make a reverenceappear, grow (hair)be born, leavelove, desire, covetswallow without chewingsuckjoin, combine, meet (roads)soil, dirtycamp, prepare for nightache in molar teethsuckleheat, warmlike, covettickle in the noserub, pulverize in the handssuspect, misconstruebe hot (weather)finish grinding pinoleclose the mouthtickle in the hands and feeteat pinolehawk, cougheat breakfast


N*nayatenam, nanm*nane, nenenansa (nausa, namma)nansi*nasu-ni*natka-u*neikenesepaniatinniminipanoso-ponoxinotionoto*nue*nuirinulsin*numa-ninusa-ni*nuski

go gathering, gethear, listen to, understandcount, pass in list, missexperiment, testknow, reeognizefall, break (fire, brand)blacken, cause to become blackbe quiet, gentleask permissioncease doing, quitstrike, beat, killteachbreatheguard, hidelie, deny the truthslap face, box earbedesire to, wish toloveincrease (pain)pant, breathe heavilysnore

L

*laisaisilalalalei

*lalu-n*laski(nis)*latuelak.e, lawelakilaku-n, lauku-n, lusku-n*lakwa-n*lakpom*latcia*lelte*lek.oletsen, lessen, lelsemliwa, lixwaliwi, (lik(.)i, liewi, likni,

lixin, lix, uwi)*l.imuokliluilisko-n, lisa-n

sing rapidlyfell, throwfan, winnowlose, miss the road, wanderdepart for another placesignal with the tonguerise, climb (sun)hanggulp, eat without chewingchange from one to anothertrip, fall, roll and lose somethingremain in one placeturn the eyes too muchstink, have a bad odorlike, enjoy, please.hide in the grassbeat, cudgel, kill

steal, run, return and not catchamuse, entertainslip, slide, scrape, graze

1916] 449

450 University of California Publicatiobs in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol.

lipa*lik.waloe

*lole*l.olio*l.opopoi*lopxe, lopktilok(oi)s, loksio, lokosi*lokuk*luismu*lulpusluxu-n, lux.u-n

*lut.apa*lutie*luka*lutcuma

*ranu-n*rats.a*ratcami*remomae*rensik*rete, rekte*retie*reke*riwiriri

*ristestripa

*ripu, roteiwewiripu*ripsarita

*riteritca

roroi-s, (roro-s)roteroto

*rotuk, rotko*roko i

rotcio, rotcue, rotciweruisu, ruisiu, ruisin, ruima,

riuki, ruinxarunarusu

*ruxi

hide in any placeplaster, daub, smear, glossloath, nauseate, repudiatecause to speak, break a speedlbe content, appeased, cease antpass betweenbecome mouldy (wheat)lie, make a mistakeput out (eye)fall from weightplay the flutestick in mud or clay, be stuckwallow (in sin)hang (like a swing)soften the hairget wet, soaked

Rhave pain in the neekincrease, cracklebe swelled up with plantsgo from one place to anotherinterrupt, confusegather, collecthang in a hidden placechange oneself, movetransform, changeput selvage on clothserve, dohit with the fistrelease, disentangle, cleanse, puriiprickopen with a knifecry, shoutmake dried meatspeak, talk, converse, recoun

play, entertainplay, entertain, divert, amusebe (substantive)drownuntangle, untie knot, knot, tie knput in the embersenmesh, entangle, free, disentang]move, stir, tremble, shake

dancespit, expectoratehide in the rear


speak about a person, or thing, re-fer to

cut, gather (wheat, feathers, etc.)conceive (child)signal " no " with the headsurround by water, isolate

S

sawe

saya

*sayal*samai, samia*sanae*salu-nisalpa

*salki*saresaromI

sarpa

*sasasatesatar(a), siatar(a)satesak.asakeri-ni*satcepumeseye

semo-n, semso-n, (Semxo-n)sele, seheleselpe

sese

seso-n*sesort-posesuksepe (spepe)

*sepie-n*sialwini

siaxu, siaksu

*sieteo-nisiolesiotio

*siokole-n*siurire, similile*siuspu-ni*Siuto

singshout, cry

lie face upwardcut the forelockapproach, draw near

get a cinder in the eye

hang, place in a cleft or fissuresplit, fall apartpray in one's room

administer extreme unctionpatch, disappear from viewdiscover, find (land)make sport of one by naming himopen the mouthtoastbring a littlestiek in the uvulabring coals, emberslengthen, expanddielook backwardintoxicate with tobacco or liquor,

be crazywalk in fileshiverswell with pride, become haughtydecaycut hairsatiate, cloysplit a flutespeak softlyhit (in stones)talk, converse among selves, be sadtie hair in a tuftbecome hoarse, unable to speakhave a ringing in the ears

be blinded by the sun

hunt moles

ruta

rutarutus*rutuk*rutu-n

1916] 451


siwe-n, sik.e-n*siwi-ni, sixri-nisiwi(ri-n)sin-a-n*sinmekpisinsi

*sintcu, suitcusinkuru, siukuru*silku*siru*Sixu-ni, suxu-ni*Sitia-ni*siti-npesitesiksa, sikila, (sika)

*siteitce*soinwesoro*sorpo

*soter-pu-ni*sokoro*sokto-n*suman, sumula*sumril-ni

sumixi-ni, sunii-n, s.umiusumu

su-n, swi-ni*sulu-ni*surire-n*sur-ni

susu

*Susxe*supe-nisupi

*sut.u-ni*sutwi*sutki, sut.e*sukasukumusuksi, sukisswi-n, swi-u

*swisia-niswixe, sinxe

*switcu*stcekele (cekele?)

break winddisappear (smoke, thirst)suffocate with heat, burnbecome baldkissact like a boy, otacertoast, cook in earth-oventickle in the bodylift skirt, pull shirt-tailgrind saltrush, gushhave feet asleepcrumble, chip, make smallspread (fire)soil, dirtycry with pain or weepingenmesh, entangleflow, gushdisappear, dim, recede, vanish,

fadeextend the feetdarken, become nightget a drop of water in the eyebecome soiled, dirtysleep from satietybe contentdecaydiedrop or cinder fall in the eyedie out, go out, extinguish (fire)heat, warm oneselfbe afraid, fearfulact foolishly, play the fooldream, of onetie, bindbreak, crackpinch the mouthstretch the earsgo to meetsmoke (tobacco)think, watch, observe, disapproveconsume, use up, finish, diesinge the hairskin, take off hidetoastset, place


xxaisku, xasku, (xaise-n)*xaunexawa*xawei*xawimi*xawi-ni*xamu-nixa-mpin, xa-npu*xan-ni*xalawexalas

*xaleti*xalsi-npe-nexalkixari*xarxare*xarpa

*xarteutexas.a

xase-n, xasese-n

xasiwaxasi-mu-nxasli-n (xarli)xastitinme, xatirinine*xapuzata

*xatu*xatki*xatki-nixata*xatuel.e*xake-ni*xakwa-ikuxatci-n, xatsi-n, xati-n*xeiwele, xeixeiexewe, xewixemko*xeluexelxeltexeksio, (xeisio)*xietexii, wi, xihi, xiixi, xiisixiwa*xiwisxima*ximsuxine, (xinkone)

tickle, itchdraw, fetch watercallput on a veilenclose, lock instill, quiet, be quietdie out, go out (fire)eat againdesire, crave, covetstrike sparkslie, make a mistakeplaykindle, light (flint and steel)stretch, extendbegin, commencebefall ill, happen badlydisappear, fade away, become in-

visiblelack a bit, a little missingdesire to, want tobecome angryscratchbe ashamed, shamefear, be afraidenter wind and coldcleanse, withdraw dirtsweepgather, assemble (fleas)cleanse, purifygo to the other sidehitgrumble, complainbe flatulent, full of windgo for musselsdie of hunger, thirst, laughing, etc.earthquake, tremble (earth)cast shadow, reflectset (sun)strip off barkfloatsatisfyhiccupgo for fire, light firearrive, bringtake off rope around neckseek, searchroll the headgo, walk

1916] 453


*xilexiras, xiratxiri*xirwi-nixisexisie, (xitsik)

*xisli-n*xixwixipu

*xitetixiti, xitui, (xite)

*xitu-ni*xita*xite*Xite pet.oxitia, (xita)

*xiti-mixrito, (xrita, xikto)

*xitorpi*xitske-nxiksi, xiwis, xikoi

*xitsikxoin-we, xoixu-we, xoaxu*xoWO*xOmo*xon(.)o(ti)*xonkote, xonxote*xolome, xaunixorkoxopexopo

*xot.oro, xot.ori*xotpo*xotcolon*xuma, (xutna)xu-mi

*xu-nixute*xutaxuti

*xut.u-n*xutski, xutoki*xuka*xutcu

be wounded, have woundsscold, quarrel, lift the voicemake dried meatlessen, be ceasing (rain, wind)select, choose, electmakehave pain in teethdisdain, rejectcarryrub togethercleanse oneselfcatch the hand in the doormake dried meatspur, prick, goad, stickstop (wind)sewbecome indebtedstretch, crawlthrow, put, carry outsidebe contentedtie, bindmake cotton clothcarryshout ho! ho!skin, take off hideevolver al arcobundle, collect in a bundleignore, not invitegulp, swallowclimb, mountgive water, give drinkput hand in vaginaset (sun)make a hole (water)grind (mortar or metate)give anythingfinish life, approach deathkindle, light fireplace insideplay gameremove dust, powderseize, withdraw, removechange (song)carry on shoulder

H*hairmurnik.uihius.e, hinse, wise, ihuse-n*hiuti

lift with one handwish, desire, wantthrow, cast

9Ma8on: Mutsun Dialect of Co8tanoan

*hihe(pim)*hume*humi-nhumiri, (umiri, tumiri)humu-n, humsu-n,

(umsu-n, unsu-n)*hun.i

ppaita*payepaya*pala*palsi-mi-n*parsaparki*part.cipu*pasipi

*paskeipaxat, paxtea*patiami-npati*patue*patsxin, patskipaka

*pak.ak*paka-ksi*pakeit*pakere*pakul*pa5kapatcipele, pelke

pelte, petepesoi(po)*pepena*pet.e*pet.e*pete-ni*pe0ole*piisokripio

*pinawai*pilpul.e, pulpul.e, tultul.epira*pirka-n*pisieks.ipixi, pixe

be defiantjoin, impinge, strikewash oneselfbaptizefly

mix, stir

hunt (geese)be pregnantrunslap, hit with the palmtoast, cookgleam, appear lightweighsaw a pinevisit, salutesecure fire with flint and steelknow, recognizebet, wagerhave, hold in handrelease, loosestrike sparksseek, call, crack musselsmarrybeatobtain fire, make firestart (tears)give hand, shake handsshine, lighten (fire)fall dew, sprinklestick, join together, loosen, sep-

arateshut eyesremember, thinkespigar castellanamenteguard fried fishescape, flee, fly, gokeep mouth closedkeep feet togetherknock with fingerscleanse teethhave pain (neck)beat, palpitate (heart, pulse)inhume, buryscratch (birds)grind, pulverizesplit, open

1916] 455

456 University of California Publicatwns in Am.Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

*pixu-ni*pitilu, pistupitipu, pitui-ni*pitu-ni*pitsipite, pitue, pitui

*pits.apiteiwi

*poistco-ni, poitco-ni*poiko-ni*polopol.o*porporeposio, pasio*pos.o*posol.o ats*pOSO(poi)*poxoro-npoto*poko-nipotsie*punsi-wi*punsi-nipulki-ni*puriurepusa*pusi-n*puxi*put.iput.in*putuputaputi, pute, put¢i-riputski*putske*putsiule, potsinle

burst puspinch, squeezecleanse intestines of excrementflow, gush (tears)frighten, frighten awaytie, bind, unloose, untiesignal "no" with eyesshake, cleanse the hairbreak wind without knowledgefrighten, scare.sunt sodomicicipaint, drawdozecut, singe hair with brandcheck, suspend, equalintend to disputebe drunk, intoxicatedget the hivespull out down, fine hair, pluckswell, puff upgrumble, censurecatch (birds)view with close attentionbreak off bottomquake, tremble, earthquakesatiate, fill, cloytwist like a whirlwindrecover, feed, give to eatcover and guardinvolve, wrap, gatherreturn and go from place to placebring acorns, etc.blowpull hairmake the sound "put, put"burn brightly, make no smoke

(fire)

T*taula-si*taye*tamin, tan.tamu

*tamxa-nitamta*tanu, tanyu, tan.*tanta

hold in armsgo quietlydouble, foldwarm oneself in the sun, take the

sunhave earachestrike, beatlift skirtsembrace, lift in arms

6Ma8on: Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan

*talu-nitaltu*talku*tasiute*tastu*taxaratax(e)tapa

*tapitata*tatska*taka-ni*tak.etaku-niteme-n, temo, temsotenpe, tempetereterpetie, tiktio

*tiusi-n*timire-ni*timu-nitinke-ni

*tilo*tiru*tirsu-n*tisi*tixi*tixiro-nitipe, tiptipe*tipur*tipso-ni*tipki*titi-n*tit1q*tituk*titu*tit.ci*toutosi*towo-ntone, tonse

*tolsotor-ke

*toxere-ni*topopetotio-n*totoro-n

make blisters on handsextend the palms of the handsspring, jumpwatch, dancedisplay palms of handsfollow, go afterask, questionturn the tables, pay back in own

eoinmeasuretouchextend handburnmeasurechoke, stranglesleep by fire, warm oneself by firedry up (water, river)cut hairsmart, pucker (pepper)grumble, complainshoot arrowflower, be in flowerhave headachetrip, stumblejump, spring, leapdon regaliamiscarrycut, breakcure the itchslice meat, make dried meatslip, slide, fallwander, walk aboutcut hairrattle, make a noise (bone)cut handcover with shoulderfray, unweavelie on one sideextend handdrownharden, strengthenremain rigid, frozenlose, findbreak kneesbring amolebe constipatedextend fingers and do top, toperr, mistake, lieput in salt, salinify

1916] 457


*totuetokso, (tokse)*tuine*tuisu, tuiu-rure*tume-n, tume-melstun.e, (tunk)tunute, (tanute)tule, (tulk)*tuluktulkutur-si

*tusi-n*tusu-ntupu-n*tuta*tutiu-n*tutisi*tukitce

T*tayuwiretala*tasak*tata*tatu-n*tatuhule*takarpiteteyo*temelele*teletetesi*teke*tien

tiwi

*tinai*tiniwi

*til.usi*tis.ektene, tcirsextenetisku

*tixtatipe

*tipe(spi)*tip-wi*tititika

*toiloton(o)me*tonko-n

put on shawlrumble, make great noise, snoremake wooden bridgetremble (hand, belly)make foodfinish, complete, endconceive (child)knock at door, callcover one (for the night)give rap, fillipbe cold, chillywatch a danceawait, expectfinish, complete, endcover one, put on hatdie?string a bowlift earth, (encorrar)

smile, chuckle, half laughbe hot (weather), put in sunclear, clarify (sky, weather)possess much, own muchcease painspeak between teethsit down, sinkblaze, heat, be afireburn muchgo in file, followpush, jostle, squeeze, holdtip-toe, walk on toeskickput in bag, pockettighten, constrainmilklisten to attentively, hearcover with ashessplit, break, smashhide in sand, be hiddenthresh grainmake thongs, straps for the capotecut, shorten, clip, abbreviatedefendchew, masticatebe seatedseek a dead animalwither, become ury (seeds)

Mason: Mutsun Dtalect of Costanoan

*toxoro*tox(pe)*tutuma-s, (tumas, tumsa-n)tunku, (tunuk)

*tulu*tura*tursu, tutsu1upu-nituka

kai, (kayi, kaixi)*kai-ti*kawak*kamkama(i), kamexe*kamu*kamutce, xamutee*kane*kanxikale*kal.u*kar*kara*karapu*karka*karkikase*kaxikapal(a)*kapata*kapikatia*katu*katu-ni*katca, kateue

*kat.ci*keie(k)kewe, keinwe

*kelete, kelte

*kelok(mo), kelox(mo)*kenemketiokil-e

pass, go by (water)dry up (water, river)strike in the eyelike, enjoy, pleasesignal "no" with nostrils, con-

stricting themmake a holethunderwalk continually, never stopput finger in eyebeg, ask

Ksmart, be strong, bitter, bitetighten, constrainadvise, notifydo, makelook, watch, see, beholdlend (wife)lack a bit, be missing a piecego to the quarrel, fightdry updefendbitebe fortunate, happen wellgrind, rub in the palmsgive tobaccokindle fire with small sticksbargain, trade, barterbitelouse, expel liceembracecross the arms, handscarry a large bundle under the armgive (clothes, food)kill with teeth (lice)dry up (water)be full of crickets, insects; expel

themdrowngather, collect, come togetherobstruct, interceptfrown upon, watch with disap-

probationplay by pinchingput in proper placeargue, dispute, contradictshine, glare, glitter

1916] 459


*kiriwire, kiripire*kixti kiktikipi*kipuhskitpa

*kita*kitca, kiteuako, ko., kwo., kwa, kuakome

*koliole*kwie, kuiekunile (kupile)kusa*kusinw*kuxakuta(s), kuta(r), kutcuru,

kuturu*kut.akrak(.)e, xrak(.)e

TCtcai (es)tcaora, tcausara, (tcaura)

*tcauri*tcantcaneteala, (tcalsa, teasali)

*tcahel.e, teehel.etcapu*tcaka, tcaksa*tcak.i, tcaxki*tcaku-niti*tcakna-n*tcimun, tcaimun*tcimu-ni*tcileteirpi

*tcikri-n, tcixri-ntcite*tcitmo*tcoliote*tcorowetcorok

*tcotletcokse, tcos.oteunu, tcuni, tunu; (teun.),

teunuhwitculu

writehave pain in throatwinkinflate, swell cheekshide in hollow of a treemake fire with two sticksclose, lock with key; open, unlocksaytire, become tiredrumble, grumble (intestines)whistlesmoke (fire)washmeet, encounter, seehide among rocksdouble, bind, tie

tolerate, suffer, endurename, call

praisebe seated, be (positional substan-

tive)stink, smell badwalk with shoulders raisedurinatetake the higher part (song)prick, stick, pinchbring, arriveleave, departhate, desertgo aheadtreat ill, hinder, impedebump the headring bellcry, shoutreside, livedanceprick, punch the eyeswater moves in intestinesmoisten, dampensadden, become sadbe in file or linehave pain (in mouth or ear)wrap, extend, shorten, double,

lift, fold, unfoldjump, spring, leap

Ma8on: Mutgun Dialect of Costanoan

*tculki*teuspa*teukuri-ni

strangle, choke by squeezing neckhidedefecate, void excrement

ADJECTIVESaul.iaustuauxeamayaamankansiantiwinasiaapsie, apsikateitakateienateiwaeutiel.emoelepis, elewiaemxe

etsxeinain-seirk-ti-o, irx-ti-oisiwaitas, itsaitceowos

omxol.eolsieumuluunxnuunkumursiusula, (usuna)ukumiuteiliwartciwas.a, waska, waksawasiwewe-solo, we-yero, we-sarowe-tanwetemes.atewimanwitinawitcuktel, witeuxtel, Wits#u

salty, salinesweet-toothed, gluttonoushigh, tallnude, nakedfamousleft-handedsmalldistinct, differentgoodso greatthievishsilly, filthysweetsoft (ground)straight, in filevery soft, gentle, easylewd, unchasteleafless, bareill, sicklachrymoseflatulentnewbornnewsmall, littleobedient, faithfullight, without weightsoft, easyfilthy, vilesnotty, filthythin, rarebig-headeddeep-set (eyes)crippledfull-lipped, thiek-lippeddifficult, narrow, small (road)streaked, soiledplayfullarge, greatlarge, greatlean, gaunt, thinlazystickynarrow, small

1916] 461


womowot.oloyamutsiyateomas, yateemeyer-seyolto, yot.ayoponoyusulumam.oxa, mam.oka,

mam.anxamaxul.umatamatini, matil.imeilome-el, max-elemetskeminuamisi-min, misi-mpin,

misi-amitilemom-ti-emuretu, murteu, murtu,

murt.cumusemutimtemutciranatkaniotsionoioronoti-ti-onop-ti-onuxurikonin, nuxurixoninnutirilaitalaskanlatemlakte, laxtelexetel.e-ti-0, I.e-t.i-o, loito,

l.ok-ti-olisu, liisulisnielit.imolopoteloptcoluplupsiluteuma, luspi, l.uspi,

lutcspi, lutspiluteti

beardeddeep-set (eyes)unequal, differenttorn, full of holestorn, old, brokenbig-earedrupturedfat, pot-belliedfoolish, stupid, silly

catarrhal, expectorantlong-hairedlarge, greatlarge-mouthedblear-eyedcloudy, cloudednarrow, difficult (road)pretty, nice, pleasant, beautiful,

goodcurved, crooked, bentslow, late, tardydark, black, like night

full-breastedfat-buttockedpleateddark, blackshort, bob-tailedbig-footedlying, untruthfulshort in time, quickflat-nosedbig-nosedlong in time, tall, high, longeven, smooth, plainlong, large-tonguedbig-headedlong, tenuous, stringy (phlegm)soft. easy, loose, not hard

toothless, gumsempty, clearwet (hair)firmly resoluterupturedequal, straight, untwistedwet hair

big-bellied, hairless


rautarintariskiritca

ritcuariktiromsoroptoroteitco, ritera, rotcikorutisrutaisaure, (sauri)sarusaxirinmesatarasiat. carasiepererosimkesitl.u, sit.iasomsiesotolo, sokolo, sotitcosupirisup.u

xan.anxaleaxas, xasexaskaxat-xatsi, xat-xastixemtsoxenexel.wenxetoesixetsxeXitsu, ditsiuxontee, xonxontce

Xos-ti-o, xoiskorexo-ti-esxo-ti-o, xoiexotpe, xot.ikoxotsu

xokoi(o)hituktei, hituxteihowoshoxehenhumuluhusiero

with big occiput, back of headthin, leanflat-nosedliberal, frank, generous, bene-

ficentsilly, foolish, stupidprotruding (eyes)granulardirty-eyedblear-eyedopen, uncovered, excavatedcongealedfat, greasyrupturedsweet, odoriferousuncleanclear, rare, thinwoolly, fleecy, hairysilentsmall, younglewd, unchastebig-lipped, large-mouthedwateredlike a bladder, blistermarriedblindbrave, fiercebrunet, dark-skinnedclean, well-sweptsilentunequalcontent, satisfiedleafless, sharp-pointed, keentired, worn-outinsipid, tastelessempty, void (mussels), melan-

choly, crestfallenlight, with little weightfoolish, smyloose, hangingbare, without fruitwith deep-set eyes and bushy

eyebrowsscabby, itchymixed, intricatewell-servedtardy, lateblackbig-mouthed

1916] 463


huklemesatepainepaisapal(.)kapatkapel.emo, pelsiek, pelekpelo (Sp. t)pelsopertewepitkopolsopolpol-si

porsieporkopoxolo

potsinlepotxepotcopuntu, puturpultci-teputarteput..u, pultu, polto

puteetetamteitetasiritaxarutetaxaratap.antaptateptetirsi, tirtcitirsiatixima, tilto

tikilititira, titirutowo-rotorteto-ti-otokolotokororoitumurutupsiutailatanaratasku, tasas

delicate, fine, lightbloodygood at runningwhitepink, flesh-color, red, creamsoftbald, hairlessgarruloussoft (bread)pot-belliedpainted, coloredpinto, spotted, full of points,

streakedtrained (maker of unusual things)artisticprominent, bulging, protruding

(eyes)smokeless (fire)light, little weightquick, activebig-bellied, with much intestinesfull-breastednewly-bornextremely protruding, bulging

(eyes)anxious, desirouspartly painted, coloredhard, toughdrunken, reelingin file, in a line, straightgoodseriousshadyclear, limpid, purelarge-buttockedhigh-browed, with a large fore-

headlarge-eyedtwisted, roundedshivering with coldashy, ash-coloredsilly, foolish, lying, untruthfulsyphiliticsmooth, straight, evenfathumpbacked, crooked, bent, curveddwarfedspottedpink, flesh-colored, red

9Mason: Mut8un Dialect of Costanoan

taxialetatatak.itakuruteteseletomtotonkotok.i-ti-etuiurututuaretutunakai-nawinkayikalteiteekasl.ukatitukatilikakxa, kax.akel (sie)keltekerokexil.onketeiwesikirsi, kits.ikipi, kipirikipuroro, kiwurorokititaekits.ukorokuinu, kwinukutikutiskutcs-kets.iteal-ti-atealkatearkatearkiteakulsi, teukiteese, tcixuteekereteirtiteisiretcomeleiteoxisi, teopsoxsi, tcopsoksiteoxorore, tcokereteopolotesitcuierteteupeatcutsu, tcutu

clear, limpid, purerich, well supplied with garmentsheavy with fruit (trees)clear, thin, full of holespink belowwith loose clothesbig-footedgood at running, swiftwrinkledblunt-nosedsmall-eyednarrow, difficult, smallstrong, pungentloud-voicedsmall-headedpot-bellied, fatwith prominent teethbitterrawopaque-eyed, blindtwisted (tree)hoarseready, preparedwell-paintedtwisted, not straight, (feet, road)twisted, streakedcreaking, gratingone-eyed, squint-eyedthin, gaunt, leannarrow (road)smallclearvery well tied, boundurinous, fond of urinatingwhiteclear (sky)quiet, restraineddowncast, head downwardblue (eyed)torn open, rippedyellow moroprovoked, angry, in bad humorcowering, squatpock-markedfull of holesopen, uncoveredadorned, decoratedwhite, flesh-coloredgreen

1916] 4ff5


ADVERBS

Locative Adverbsan.it, anit, an.i, an.epe, where?

anta, anansia distant, faraxe apart, another placeemxe far down, very distant, indistinctenenum out of sightesen behindintis, into where?iti there, distantitian, it.ayate backwardorpei in the middleusiun, usionte further on, furtherwinimui (wirimui) below, undernaxana, nuxana, nuxu there (farther)ne, ni, nia, nitun, niatun, here, hither

nimenu, nua there (nearer)lewetes lowramai (resmai) withinrini aboverinsiksi highsanae, saeanae hithersinki end, edgexut.ui before, precedingtapere aboveti there, behindtina (pina), tina-tum, right here, close, hence

tina-tun, tituntipilikte, tipilile, tikilakte round abouttitu on one sidekari outside

Temporat Adverbsauxaieamerenar, aruaruta, (arua)artiskun, atskunat, ara

emenet, ete, yete, (yote, ikte,

iste)imi, ima.in.at, inuat

yet, stilla little time, little whilealready (past time)tomorrowsuddenlyshortly, soon (near future or re-

cent past)still, yet, althoughsoon (indefinite future)

always, all the timewhen?


inya, inyaha, (yu 'aha)

ipsiunitiitixsinaitmaitsia, it.ia, itsia, itian,

it.iomtum, it.aiateosioi, oisioume, uniulewisiwikayasyetestemaran, markum, markutkusmahames, metnahanuaxapuhu, xaputcahokse, hokshuyakse, wiyaksepinawaitabax, tabakane, kanemeketciwesi, (kotciwesi,

kepiresi)koteop, (koph)kus

kutis, kutitcienteira

shortly, at once, (immediate fu-ture)

a little while, a short timeafter some timeat last, todayearly in the morningafterward, soon, shortly

again, another timewhen, wheneveryet, still, as yetpast timeyesterdayever, at any timeshortly, soon, in a short timefuture timeat oncefuture timetodayyet, still, althoughnevera long time ago, formerlythis afternoonthen, therefore, in that casetoday, daybefore, earlier thansoon, at once, ready

when, wheneverin the olden times, once upon a

timepresently, very soon, a little whilenow, at oncealways, continually

Descriptive and Miscellaneous Adverbsaereis, eraeisamanamaneamanis.eamun, amu, amnasahaatpesiats, atiewe, eneewoye, eye, etmoyeenohekes.e

so, thus, trulyso manyin truth, trulyuninvited (?)in order that, concerning, becausetruly, certainlygood, trulywithout, noand, but(past desiderative)but (apposition)just as if

1916] 467

468 University of California Publications in Am.A rch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

esiensen, esiersemexe, xehe, he, lxi, hi, hexe,

sexeepaeis, aoepaeisepsie, epsikekweimatkun, imaten.isap, isuipsen, utixorteo, yenkousiuksiwaltewelewisiyas.eyekereyuta .... yutamamotsmuisinnan, nami, naninu at.ianuhilu, nitshimsatasirexatxateixene-ktexenkots.exeheresixetskerexitepuhai, hahi, aiu, aia, hia, hihapini, pinyi, (pinya)taxetuknetamankaitiskati, kata, katamkua, kuai, kuawetciel.e

(indirect discourse)yes

perchance, perhapsno! do not!no, notif (contrary to fact condition)truly, certainlymoreequallywhy, becausewithout more ado, heedlesslyfeet to head and head to feet(substantive?)becausealso, as wellmore, much moreeither .... ortrulytell me! (interrogative)(among them?)perhaps, maybeyes, of coursecachibajolike, as ifstronglystepping highunequalsilentlylow (voice)crawlingstronglyand, also (endlitic)perhaps, perchance(interrogative, final position)would that! (past optative)halfwith this, no morelike, resembling, just as ifthushigh (voice)

INTERJECTIONSain., aiun, auin., aninatena rautiketiskeit.ie, iuie

give me it! bring me it!shout at middle of danceshout at gambling gamewait a moment!come on! let's go!

9]Mason: Mutsutn Dialect of Costanoan

iklaminiotouruksia(ne)yela, yelaminiyumayupe, yuwarasnami, nanilaleilineiranxsotoisukaixepxine'ouwoxutituiitiukamakarikekieteaorakteit, tcitsk

wait a moment!run! goIwould that! (vehement desire)wait a moment!come on! let's# golrun! go!upon my life!let's seel we'll see!get out!shout at gambling gameshout at beginning of danceshout at gambling gameshout at gambling gameshout at gambling gamelooklshout at end of danceshout at gambling gameshout of gambling gameshout of gambling gamelooklshout of gambling gamelisten! lookIwho knowslshout at gambling gameshout at gambling game

1918] 469

470 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

POSTSCRIPTAt Pleasanton, California, live a small number of Indians,

members of various central Californian groups, gathered here byreason of community of interest. They speak Spanish and PlainsMiwok among themselves. A visit was paid them for a few hoursin January, 1916, for the principal purpose of securing terms ofrelationship and notes on social organization. One of the twoinformants visited proved to be an elderly woman from SanLorenzo and from her a vocabulary of a hulndred odd words wassecured. A comparison of this with De la Cuesta 's Mutsun showsactual identity in many cases. The practical identity of so manywords proves first, the phonetic simplicity of the language, thecare with which it was recorded and the value of the Spanishlanguage as a medium for the recording of such aboriginal speech;second, the slight change which has taken place in this unliterarylanguage in the past century, and third, the correctness of therecent transcription from Spanish to phonetic orthography. Asregards the latter point, the correctness of the transcription ofgm and gn to km and kn is demonastrated, while that of gs to xsin accordance with tigsin, tixsin is discounted by the record oftugsus as tuksus. No data were secured to elucidate the problemof gt and other g combinations.

The glossary secured follows here for purposes of comparison:orig bear hun wolfoto'imin snake pirewig rattlesnakema'i.yan coyote urcukuti' dogha'mui fish

a'rwext oak Ta'Por. woodyu'kig live oak TiW!A flower

in tears si're liverisu hand XU.S noseurix, uri hair heyek' beardwelper mouth hifi eyemi.'nyix heart horko'sa throatmotel, mo.tel head Ta.mas eyebrowsmuc breasts Tim.auxf foreheadlas.e tongue Tumis, tumg leg, loinseran.ait back of neck U.xR. nailri.Tuk irtestines TUK§U§ ear

Si-T, Sit teeth koro' foot


inuxW roadhu't.i bow and arrow

apa. fatherana. motheraici paternal auntaiTaKiA womana'ToiaKiC virgineTe. uncle or auntInIs sonuetreg chief, shamanu'xi mother-in-lawmele.' grandmothermak.o husbandmayin wife of chiefmer6'i father-in-lawme'ris daughter-in-lawmueKmma people

a.we morning starirek' stoneomu'w, omulxw sea, arroyoo6.e'I starswar6'p' landyo.ko live coal

uiK.ani yesterdayne Tuhi todayeri'slmu hill near town

maki§mo'.Tomakis at.meneyuwa'kne makliamneherwekauwil16s'k6wig, lo'sko'igsirkewispultewiswe'teTkutcu'isgumikigman-i r6tiri.Tcikmin

hu'-tukneka'.nak hu'tusinme-nem hu-tusinwa.ka hu-tusinmaki.n makhu'tusinmakam kamhu'tusinwa-kamakeahu'tusinhu'.tukne'K

erulwail housetepla'i' basket

gininsi'nmatcesulTa'wuhaluak'hu'nTatc'Papa

Taka.Ta-risTale.Ta'.nanTangikigKatenetc'Kot-cotcotco"

yuk.i51

esli.Tielhi'yishismenKormei

hiwe'hu-9i'Aka'n.o

daughter, childsmall childwhite peoplewifeold manpaternal grand-

fatherelder brothermanyounger sisterelder sisteryounger brotherold womanyoung mangrandson

asheswaterfogfiresunmoon

shaman 's dancetomorrownorth

it is cloudyit is rainingit ceased rainingit is hotit is coldit is whiteit is blackit is redit is largeit is smallgive me!where is itIshouting of shaman at dance

he diedI am going to dieyou will diehe will diewe will dieyou (plu.) will diethey will dieI have died

1916] 471

472 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 11

o'.mi's ni'm ilka'.na ekni'mi ori'me.nek' snimima'kam kisni'miwa'.kamaK makisni'mi'sim

Kat.nak t5'f.heka.na ektca'.uvrane.ca tca.u'raKa.na Ka'yinpi.n ka'inka.'iKsiKSiTka.iksikmo.telkigka.iKTum5KanaK u'tkanika.naksa'wika.naeKi'sika.na kwarkaka.na eki"lwika.'nakra'ponaka.'nakio'Tcyena'TCismenteekit' KanKanaanini.k'hi'ntoka'masinakwet' kin'suite takaa'maka.nak tcatceka.nak.emleka.nak eteKa.nak i'tmaKa.nak ho'peKa.nak e'sonKa.nak yoken

I am going to kill youI am going to kill the bearyou will kill meyou (plu.) will kill methey will kill me

I runI sitnow I sitI am illhe is illmy tooth achesmy head achesmy back achesI am playingI am singingI am dancingI am weepingI am shoutingI am going to stirI am laughingI want to vomitI am hungryI am thirstyI am going to eatI don't know what I will eatI am standingI am lying downI am sleepingI got up

I get downI am tired

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS-(CONTINUED)

Vol. 7. 1 The Emeryville Shellmound, by Mx Uhle. Pp. 1-106, plates 1-12, with38 text figures. June, 1907 .................... _ . .. 1.25

2. Recent Investigations bearing upon the Question of the Occurrence ofNeocene Man in the Auriferous Gravels of California, by WilliamJ. Sinclair. Pp. 107-130, plates 13-14. February, 1908 ........-. .35

3. Pomo Indian Basketry, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 133306, plates 15-30,231text figures. December, 1908............................. ....1.75

4. Shellmounds of the San Francisco Bay Region, by N. C. Nelson.Pp. 309-356, plates 32-34. December, 1909.. 50

5. The Ellis Landing Shellmound, by N. C. Ndson. Pp. 357-426, plates36-50. April, 1910 ................. _.75

Index, pp. 427-443.

Vol. 8. 1. A Mission Record of the California Indians, from a Manuscript in theBancroft Library, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-27. May, 1908..25

2. The Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 29-68, plates 1-15.. July, 1908 ..75

3. The Religion of the Luiseflo and Diegueflo Indians of Southern Cali-fornia, by Constance Goddard Dubois. Pp. 69-186, plates 16-19.June, 1908 .1.25

4. The Culture of the Luisefio Indians, by Philip Stedman Sparkman.Pp. 187-234, plate 20. August, 1908... . .............. .60

5. Notes on Shoshonean Dialects of Southern California, by A. L. Kroe-ber. Pp. 235-269. September, 1909. .35

6. The Religious Practices of the Dieguefio Indians, by T. T. Waterman.Pp. 271-358, plates 21-28. March, 1910 ............................... .80

Index, pp. 359-369.

Vol. 9. 1. Yana Texts, by Edward Sapir, together with Yana Myths collected byRoland B. Dixon. Pp. 1-235. February, 1910 ..50

2. The Chumash and Costanoan Languages, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 237-271. November, 1910........... 35

3. The Languages of the Coast of California North of San Francisco, byA. L. Kroeber. Pp. 273-435, and map. April, 1911 .1.50

Index, pp. 437-439.

Vol. 10. t. Phonetic Constituents of the Native Languages of California, by A.L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-12. May, 1911 ..10

2. The Phonetic Elements of the Northern Palute Language, by T. T.Waterman. Pp. 13-44, plates 1-5. November, 1911 .............. .45

3. Phonetic Elements of the Mohave Language, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp.45-96, plates 6-20. November, 1911 .. 5

4. The Ethnology of the Saliman Indians, by J. Alden Mason. Pp. 97-240, plates 21-37. December, 1912 . . 1.75

5. Papago' Verb Stems, by Juan Dolores. Pp. 241-263. August, 1913 .. .256. Notes on the Chilula I'ndians of Northwestern California, by Pliny

Earl Goddard. Pp. 265-288, plates 38-41. April, 1914.. .307. Chilula Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 289-379. November,

1914 ................................................................................................ 1.00'Index, pp. 381-385.

Vol. 11. 1. Elements of the Kato Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-176,plates 1-45. October, 1912 .2.00

2. Phonetic Elements of the Diegueilo Language, by A. L. Eroeber andJ. P. Harrington. Pp. 177-188. April, 1914 ..10

3. Sarsi Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 189-277. February, 1915... 1.004. Berian, Tequistlatecan, and Hokan, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 279-290.

February, 1915 ..1............................................0.................5. Dichotomous Social Organization in South Central California, by Ed-

ward Winslow Glifford. Pp. 291-296. February, 1916 ........................ .056. The Delineation of the Day-Signs in the Aztec Manuscripts, by T. T.

Waterman. Pp. 297-398. March, 1916 1.007. The Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan Based on the Vocabulary of De la

Cuesta, by J. Alden Mason. Pp. 399-472.- March, 1916 .70Index in preparation.

Vol. 12. 1. Composition of California Shellmounds, by Edward Winslow Gifford.Pp. 1-29. February, 1916 .. .30

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS-(CONTINUED)

Volumes now completed:Volume 1. 1903-1904. 378 pages and 30 plates..... ....................... _ _. $4.25Volume 2. 1904-1907. 393 pages and 21 plates ..... ............. 3.50Volume 3. 1905. The Morphology of the Hupa L ge. 34 pg.ii..... 3.50Volume 4. 1906-1907. 374 pages, with 5 tables, 10 plates, and map .......... ........... .3830

Volume5. 1907-1910. 384 pagesi with 25 plates. . .............................. .............. 3.50Volume 6. 1908. 400 page, with 3 maps . ...................... _3.50Volume 7. 1907-1910. 443 pages and 50 plates .3.50Volume 8. 1908-1910. 369 pages and 28 plates .3.50Volume 9. 1910-1911. 439 pages .3.50

Volume10.1911-1914. -385 pages and 41 plates .............................. ........................ 3.50

Note.-The University of Oalifornia Publications are offered in exchange for the publi-cation of learned societies and Institutions, universities and libraries Complote list of -allthe publications of the University ll be sent upon request.- For sample copie, ist ofpublications or other information, address the Manager of the University Pres, Berkeley,California, U. S. A. All matter sent In exchange should be addressed to The xchangDepartment, Universty Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A.

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES.-E. B. Babcock, 3. W. Gilmore, and C. B. Lipman, Editors.Price per volume, $3.50. Volumes I and II in progress.

ASTRONOMY.-W. W. Campbell, Editor. (Lick Observatory, Mt. Hmilton, Cal.)Publications of the Lick Observatory.-Volumes I-XI completed.

BOTANY.-W. A. Setchell, Editor. Price per volume $3.50. Volumes I (pp. 418), II (pp360), III (pp. 400), and IV (pp. 397) completed. Volumes V And VI in progress.

CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY.-Edward B. Clapp, William A. Merrill Herbert C. Nutting,Editors. Price per volume $2.00. Volume I (pp. 270) completed. Volume : inprogress.

EDUOATION.-Edited by the Department of Education. Price per volume $2.50.ENGIINERING.-Edited under the direction of the Enineering Departments. This series

will contain contributions from the Colleges of Mechancs, Mining, and Civil Engi-neering. Volume I in progress.

GEOGRAPHY.-Ruliff S. Holway, Editor. Volume I in progress.GEOLOGY6.-Bulletin of the Department of Geology. Andrew 0. Lawson and John C.

Merriam, Editors. Price per volume $3.50. Volumes I (pp. 435), II (pp. 457), I(pp. 482), IV (pp. 462), V (pp. 458), VI (pp. 454), VII (pp. 504), and VIII (pp. 583)completed. Volume IX in progress.

MO3DERN PHILOLOGY.--Volumes I (pp. 400) and II (pp. 373) completed. Volumes IIIand IV In progress.

PATHOLOGY.-Frederick P. Gay, Editor. Price per volume, $2.50. Volume I (pp. 347)completed. Volume II in progress.

PHIILOSOPHY.-G. H. Howison, Editor. Volume I (pp. 262) completed. Volume II inprogress. Price per volume $2.00.

PEYSIOLOGY.-S. S. Maxwell, Bditor. Price per volume $2.00. Volumes I (pp. 217),II (pp. 215), III (pp. 197), and IV (pp. 228) completed. Volume V in progress.

PSYCHOLOGY.-George M. Stratton, Editor. Volume I In progresZOOLOGY.-W. E. Bitter and 0. A. Kofoid, Editorsr Price per volume for volumes I-X,

$3.50; for volume XI and following, $5.00. Volumes I (pp. 317), II (pp. 382), III(pp. 383), IV (pp. 400), V (pp. 440), VI (pp. 478), VII (pp. 446), VIII (pp. 357), IX(pp. 365), X (pp. 417), and XI (pp. 538) completed. Volumes XII to XVI inclusivein progress.

UNIVERSIT OF CALFORNIA ONICLE.-An official record of University lifo,issed quarterly, edited by a committee of the Faclty. Price, $1.00 per year. Our-rent volume No. XVI

Address-all orders or req for in tion concerning the above publcatios to TheUniversity Prs, Berkeley, aoni

the mutsun dialect of costanoan onthe vocabulary …

Documents