THE MUSLIM EMPIRES OF ASIA & EAST ASIA 1500-1750

John ErmerWorld History HonorsMiami Beach Senior High School

RISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Strongest post-Mongol Muslim empire

Osman’s dynasty’s adept rule Control of trade routes Hybrid military blending traditional skill with new

tech Defeat Mamluks in Syria and Egypt (Selim I) 1453: Conquer Constantinople/Istanbul (Mehmet

II) Defeat Serbians at Battle of Kosovo Stopped Safavid expansion Suleiman the Magnificent & the Balkans

OTTOMAN INSTITUTIONS Turkish horsemen, European slaves= military

Christian military slaves were called janissaries Devshirme, practice of using European children

taken from home, taught Turkish and Islam, as janissaries

Social Structure: askeri “military class”/raya “flock”

Highly centralized, powerful empire Urban centers are heavily Muslim, sha’riah law Non-Muslims, rural people look to own religious

leaders for guidance

CRISIS OF THE MILITARY STATE, 1585-1650 Military technology and firearms improve

Janissary corps grows, cavalry shrinks Cavalrymen restive in rural Anatolia

Inflation caused by cheap silver from New World

Religious law prohibits tax reform Wars and revolts/rebellions Janissaries gain in influence/power

Lifting of lifestyle prohibitions like marriage Janissaries decrease in number over time

THE NEW OTTOMAN MODEL 1650-1750

Slow period of declining international power Sultan no longer military leader, secluded in

palace Sultan’s mother & chief eunuch run palace/royalty Grand Vizier runs government

Janissaries become hereditary Less military, more interested in business and politics

Central control of gov’t declines, provinces grow rich

Adoption of European ways causes religiously charged rebellions Muhamad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (Sunni), Patrona Halil

Some multiethnic port cities prosper

THE SAFAVIDS Ottoman Similarities:

Land grants for cavalry Land rather than sea power Similar social structure/interactions

Ismail=Safavid Shah Shi’ite Islam

Set Iran apart from neighbors Builds strong ties to Muslims in India Hidden Imam: all shahs are stand ins for 12th

descendent of Ali Economy based on silk and Persian rugs No navy to speak of, Gulf trade diminished Similar economic decline to that of Ottomans

THE MOGHAL EMPIRE 1526-1761 Muslims ruling over India’s Hindu majority

Descends from the Mongols, Timur, Babur conquers Akbar’s dynasty rules most of India

Social classes ranked as mansabs Cotton trade booms, exchanged for (inflated) silver Rajputs: Hindu soldiers from the north (15% of army) Akbar fosters good Muslim-Hindu relations

Marries Rajput princess, fathers half breed heir Lifts non-Muslim head-tax Sikhism stages strong opposition to Moghals

Central government decays and collapses, enter British

JAPANESE REUNIFICATION Japanese emperor in Kyoto has little power Daimyo: Feudal lords with power, armies, land

Samurai: feudal knight-vassals of lords Shogun: hereditary commander of armies with loose

command of daimyo and armies Warlord Hideyoshi unites Japan, invades Korea

Korean invasion fails, but weakens Chinese force in Manchuria

1603: Tokugawa Shogunate, defused military state Move capital to Edo (Tokyo) Samurai adapt to bureaucratic role (educate, conspicuous

consumption, etiquette) Merchants become important players in modernization

Forge close ties to daimyo and shogun

JAPAN & EUROPEANS Government closely regulates trade with Europe

Fr. Francis Xavier (Catholic missionary) Poor impressed with faith, elite inclined to oppose upsetting

order Shogun outlaws Christianity, Europeans

Only the Dutch can trade, restricted to small island off Nag.

Economic growth outpaces population growth Decentralized government limited regulatory oversight Merchant class grows despite lack of gov’t support

Kabuki theater, printed clothing/wookblock, restaurants “Forty-Seven Ronin” values vs. order

Ronin outlawed, made to commit seppuku Tokugawa gov’t=traditional, society=moderizing

CHINA: THE MING EMPIRE Early Ming success: int’l demand for Chinese

goods, expanded trade, bureaucratic efficiency, rural wealth Sharp decline in mid to late Ming Dynasty

Climate change causes rural uprisings Inflation caused by too much silver Weak government caused economic problems Fighting Mongols, Manchu, & Japan weakens

state Manchus defeat Ming Dynasty—est. Qing

Empire Europeans traded with China via island bases

Portuguese/Macao, Spain/Manila, Dutch/Taiwan Catholic missionaries have greater success than

in Japan, poor and elites convert, Jesuits in gov’t office

QING CHINA Qing Emperors Kangxi & Qianlong restore greatness

Built economic infrastructure Reestablish overland trade/communication Conquer new lands from Mongols & Russians Southeast Asian tribute states contribute to economy Qing emperors sour on Christian missionaries, expel

Qing influences on Europe use “variolation” as smallpox vaccine Wallpaper Market for Chinese products Admiration for Qing imperial “wisdom” and culture

Europeans traders allowed only at Canton/“Can. System” British E. India Co. traded silver for tea Macartney Mission fails, China remains closed to Europe