I cu~rentCommsnts”EUGENE GARFIELD

INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION*3501 MA RKETST PHILADELPHIA PA 19104

The Most-Cited 1984 ChemistryArticles 1984-1986: Organic

Superconductors and a Potpourri ofChirality, FIWttlk, amd hog

Number 38 September 19, 1988

The 98 most-cited cheroky articles that were published in 1984 are surveyed. Discussion highlightsinclude the selection process for the papers, research-front activity indicating focused efforts in thefield of organic su~rconductors, geographic and institutiomd affiliations of the papers, as well asthe tive most-cited chemistry papers, with emphasis on new examinations of molecular structure.The trends (supercmsductivity and how molecules bind with each other) were precursors to the 1987Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry.

Somewhat belatedly, this essay providesthe list of 1984 “chemistry” papers mostcited from 1984 to 1986 in the ScienceCitah”onMe-@’ (SCF’ ) (see Bibliography).Each year since 1983, I we have identifiedgroups of highly cited, recently publishedchemistry papers. This is the fifth such studyand includes 98 papers. We have also in-cluded 1987 data for each paper.

While our 1983 study was dominated bywork dealing with nuclear magnetic reso-nanee, the emphasis in 1984was on researchexamining organic superconductors and themolecular mechanisms of complex struc-tures-work that preeeded the 1987 NobelPrizes in both physics and chemistry.Z,J

Separating most-cited chemistry papersfrom other fields has been problematic. Tohelp solve these problems, we used a“Chemistry Citation Index,” an in-houseunpublished subset of the XI Iiited essen-tially to the journals covered in hrak?xChem-icus@. Even so, many papers identified arein tangential fields such as bhehernistry, theearth science-s, physics, and the like. Wemade a conscious a~mpt to remove papersthat would more appropriately fall into ourlists of most-cited life and physical-acienceapapera for 1984. The list was then reviewedby outside referees to further cull papers inperipheral fields. Nevertheless, the papersin the BiblioeraDhv still include a number

of such papers; for example, two chroma-tography papers deal with amino-acid anrdy-sis-one by Brian A. Bidlirtgmeyer, StevenA. Cohen, and Thomas L. Tarvin, WatersAssociates, Milford, Massachusetts, and theother coauthored by Robert L. Heinriksonand Stephen C. Meredith, Departments ofBiochemistry and Pathology, Universi~ ofChicago, Illinois (the third most-cited paperin the list). Another paper, authored byFerdinand Bohlmrmn and colleagues, Insti-tute for Organic Chemistry, Technieal Uni-versity of Berlin, Federal Republic of Ger-many (FRG), concerns botanical chemistry,dealing with the makeup of plant aromas.

Journals

The 41 journals that published the 1984most-cited chemistry papers are listed inTable 1. They encompass many differentareas of chemistry. The Jourrrafojrhe Amer-icarsChemical Society (JACS) continues todominate these annual studies. JACS ac-counted for 23 papers-5 more than in theprevious study. In 1981, however, JACSpublished 74 of the papers listed. Despiteits continued prominence, only one paper ofthe top five in 1984 appeared in JACS.

On the other hand, another AmericanChemical Society (ACS) ioumal, Accounts

299

Table 1: The 41 jourrmta that prrblfaftedthe papers Matedfrt the l%bfiogmptty. A-the number of papers fromeach joumaf that appear in the Bibliography. B= the country of publicatimr of each journal. The numbers inparentheses are the 1984 impact factors for the joumafs. (The 1984 impact factor equats the number of 19S4citations received by the number of 1982-1983articles in a iournal divided by the number of articles publishedby the jnumaf during that same period.) Data were taken km the 1984 JdR”.

Jourm+f

J. Amer. Chem. k.(4,43)

Accnunt. Chem. Res.(7.65)

Anal. Chem. (3.02)* Angew. Chem. Jnt. JM.

(4.01)Jnorg. Cbem. (2.60)J. Chem, Phys. (3.00)J. Phys. Chem. (3.11)Nature (10.25)Phys. Rev. Lett. (6.50)Tetmbcdmn Lett. (2. 18)Amu. Rev. Phys. Chem.

(9.54)J. Electmanal, Clrem.

Interfac. (2.40)J. Magn. Resonance

(2.69)J. Phys, Chem. Ref. Data

(4,39)Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst.

(1.28)Science (8.2 1)Advan. Organornctal.

Chem. (10.38)Advan, Polym. Sci. (5.56)Anal. Binchem. (2.52)Bicchernistry-USA (3.S4)Can. J. Clwm. (1.40)Chem. f.ett. (1.59)

A

23

7

55

4443332

2

2

2

2

21

1I111

B

us

us

usFRG

usususUKususus

Switzerland

us

us

UK

usus

FRGusus

of Chemical Research (ACR), provides thesecond largest group in the Bibliography—seven. Considering that ACR is one of thehighest impact review journals published,this is not surprising. Most ACR papers provide a concise overview with a good histor-ical orientation. While the journal covers re-search developments, its editorial policy em-phasizes intelligibility to nonexperts. Con-sistent with a modem trend in reviews, mostpapers do not exceed six published pages.However, such a page limit is unusual fortraditional review journals, where articlestend to be much longer.

Analytical Chemistry and AngewandteChemie–Intentational Edition in Englisheach accounted for five papers, with the lat-ter having the first and fifth most-cited ones.Since Angewande Chemz”eis published inboth German- and English-language exli-

.

Journal

CRC Crit, Rev. Sol. St.Mat. Sci. (1.67)

Environ. Sci. T.drrrd.(2.60)

J. App]. Cryst. (1.16)J. Biol. Chem. (6.12)J. Cartmhyd. Chem.

(0.85)J. Catal. (2.65)J. Chem. SIX. Cormnm

(2.44)J. Chronratogr. (1.83)J. Chrornatogr, Sei. (1.81)J. Mol. BioL (6.54)Organic Reactions (9. 13)Organometalhcs (3.26)Phys. Rev, B—Condensed

Matter (3. 13)Phytochemiaery(1.23)

** Pisma Zh, Ekap. Teor.Fiz. (1.30)

Polyhedron (1. 12)Proc, Nat. Acad. .%i.

USA (8.93)Prog. Nucl. Magn. Ream,

Spectros. (7.70)Pure Appl. Cbem. (2.04)

A B

1 us

1 us

I Denmark1 us1 us

1 us1 UK

1 The Netherlands1 us1 UK1 us1 us1 us

1 UK1 USSR

1 UK1 us

1 UK

1 UK

*alao published in Gem as Angew, Chem.**translated in JETP Lett. —Engf. Tr. (1. 10)

tions, we unified citations to both versions.(This was also done for the Soviet journalPis ‘ma v Z&anal Eic.spenrnental‘noi iTeoreticheskoi Fiziki and its English transla-tion, JETP Letters.] Inorganic Chemisny,the Journal of Chemical Physics, and theJournal of Physical Chemiwry each had fourpapers. The number of papers from thesejournals is about as expected, except Inor-ganic Chemistry did not appear in the pre-vious list.

Geographic and Institutional Amiations

Seventy-one papers in this study have USinstitutional addresses, while the FRG rankssecond with 11. These figures have notchanged much over the years (wtggesting asteady output of important chemistry-cuient-ed research), although the number of US

300

papers has increased by five over last year’stally. Eight UK papers appear in the Bibli-ography, followed by four each from Japanand Switzerland, three each ffom Canadaand the USSR, two from Italy, and one eachfrom Austraha, France, Israel, and TheNetherlands. These data have not changedsignificantly from previous studies. Data oninstitutional affiliations can be examined inTable 2.

Of the 41 unique journals represented inthis study, those published outside the USinclude 2 from the FRG, 8 from the UK,and 1 each from Switzerland, Canada,Japan, Denmark, The Netherlands, and theUSSR. Twenty-five of the journals werepublished in the US. However, most of thesejournals are today considered international.

The authors in the Bibliography are affil-iated with 83 institutions. The four most fre-quently occurring are, in descending order:the University of California (represented byfive campuses) with 13; the Argome Na-tional Laboratory, Illinois, as well as theUniversity of Texas, Austin, each with 5;and Caltech, Pasadena, with 4. It should besaid that the University of California hasbeen represented in the top three institutionsin all our previous annual chemistry-paperstudies.

Citation IX@ for I$Mogmphy Papers

The average paper was cited 49.2 timesduring the three-year period 1984-1986 (themedian was 40.5). This included 3.7 citesfor 1984; 19.8, for 1985; and 25.7, for1986. As shown before, the impact ofchemistry papers is hardly felt in the firstyear. Citations increase from year to yearand usually peak in the third year after pub-lication-rather than in the second year asin the life sciences and high-energy phys-ics. Note, however, that for over one-thirdof the papers, citations increased in 1987.h is natural for journalists to speak about“hot” papers as those published in the lastyear or so. However, science doesn’t workin exactly the same way as other human af-fairs. Disc jockeys may be able to promotethe hot tunes of the week, but it ordinarilytakes more fundamental changes and time

Table 2 National locations of the foatitutionalaff’iirrtions listed by aurbors in tbe Bibliography,accordingto rotalappwmrwa (cdrrnrr A). B= numbof papers coauthored with researchers affiiated withinstitutions in other countries. C= national locationsof inatirurions listed by coauthors.

Country A B c

us 71 8 Canada, FRG, France,Italy, UK

FRG 11 4 Israel, Switzerland, USUK 8 2 Australia, USJaPan 40Switzerland 4 1 FRGCanada 32USUSSR 30Irrdy 22USAustratia llUKFrance IlusIsrael I 1 FRGTbe NeUrerlands I O

to cause dozens of researchers throughoutthe world to test new ideas or technologies.

Of the 98 papxs listed, 76 are core doc-uments in ISI@ research fronts; 1 is core toa 1984 front, 45 are core to 1985 fronts, 63are core to 1986 fronts, and 58 are core to1987 fronts. I am often asked about the sig-nificance of those papers that are notiden-tified as core to any research front. This doesnot mean these papers are not seminal. Itmay be due simply to the lack of co-cita-tion with other core papers and the way wecluster them.

If we examine the papers cited by those‘‘noncore” but well-cited 1984 papers, wecan ident@ the research fronts to which theyare primarily connected. This is done by ac-cessing the 1S1database, for example, onData-Star. Thus, any of the 1984 papers notidentified as “core” are connected to severalfronts through their normal citation patterns.For example, the paper by Michael J.S.Dewar, Department of Chemistry, Univer-sity of Texas, Austin, entitled ‘‘Muhibondreactions cannot normally be synchronous, ”would be associated with research front#84-0805, ‘‘1,3-dipolw cycloaddition reac-tions and DieIs-Alder reactions of nitrogen-containing compounds. ” Since the averagechemistry paper cites over 25 papers, thereare that many opportunities for the paper tobe linked to that many of the research frontsin our database.

301

Authorship

There are 266 unique authors for the 98papers listed in the Bibliography, althoughthere are 287 author appearances-indicat-ing there are authors with more than 1paperin this study. There is 1 author with threepapers (Dewar) and 16 authors with twopublications, with most being secondary au-thors. Ordy five are first authors on both oftheir papers: Roger Atkinson, Statewide AirPollution Research Center, University ofCaIiiomia, Riverside; Alan H. Cowley, De-partment of Chemistry, University of Texas,Austin; John R. Miller, Argome NationalLaboratory; Mantled T. Reetz, Departmentof chemistry, University of Marburg, FRG;and Jack M. Williams, Argome NationalLaboratory. There is an average of 2.9authors per paper. Table 3 lists data on thenumber of authors per pa~r.

Research-Front Highlights

Examining the research fronts to whichthe 1984 most-cited chemistry papers arecore reveals that several concern the topicof organic superconductors (fundamentallya physics concept), including three of thefronts listed in Table 4. These three frontscontain the highest number of core papersfrom the Bibliography (#85-2068, #8&2094,and #87-2095). One of the papers, authoredby V.F. Kaminskii and colleagues, Instituteof Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciencesof the USSR, Moscow, appeared in the well-known Soviet physics journal Pis ‘ma vZhurnal Eksperirnentai ‘noi i TeoreticheskoiFiziki (JETP Letters) -illustrating how thedemarcation between physics and chemis-try is, at times, quite nebulous. This is mostapparent in fields like chemical physics/physicrd chemistry.4 Similarly, an essen-tially mathematical term-fractals (self-sim-ilar geometrical objects)-is the topic of twopapers, one by David Avnir and Dins Farin,Department of Organic Chemistry, HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem, Israel, and PeterPfeifer, Faculty of Chemistry, BielefeldUniversity, FRG; the other is by J. Klafter,Exxon Research and Engineering Company,Annandale. New Jersev. and A. Blumen.

Tabte 3 Tbe nmd?er of smtbora per papsr for rbe1984 chemistry articles most cited in the SCP,19S4-1986.

Number ofAuthors

per Paper

108654321

Numberof

Papers

135

109

183121

Department of Theoretical Chemistry,Munich Technical University, FRG.

Another topic that appears with sometlequency in the Bibliography is intramolec-ular Diels-Alder reactions. In fact, two re-search fronts in Table 4—#86-0803 and#87-2376—explicitly involve these reac-tions, which were named afler Germanchemists Otto Diels (187’6-1954) and KurtAlder (1902-1958). In these reactions, mol-ecules containing alternate double and singlebonds react with a mmpound containing adouble bond, resulting in a new compoundcontaining a cyclohexene ring.

As specialized and technical as thesepapers may be, there are those whose titlesmight have some apperd to laypersons andthe press. For example, a paper by Atkin-son, mentioned earlier, and Alan C. Lloyd,Environmental Research & Technology,Inc., Newbury Park, California, concerns“Evaluation of kinetic and mechanistic datafor modeling of photoehemical smog. ” Pub-lished in the Journal ofPhysical and Chem-ical Reference Data, it is a “critical evrdu-ation of the rate constants, mechanisms, andproducts of selected atmospheric reactionsof hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and sulfurmides in air. ” Such data collections and re-views are vital to finding long-range solu-tions to complex environmental problems.

Another paper published in an ACS jour-nal, Environmental Science & Technology,;oncems ‘‘High-resoMk.m PCB anrdysis:Yynthesisand chromatographic properties ofill 209 FCB conveners. ” This methods andmalysis paper was coauthored by Michael

302

Table 4 Tbe 19S5, 1986, mrd 19S7fSl” research fronta that include at least three of the 1984chemistry papersas core documents. A= number of Bibliography paprm that arc core to each research tkont. B= total numberof core documents. C= total number of citing papers publiahcd for the year designated by the prefix.

Number

85-2068S6-0803

86-0866

86-2094

S6-3340

87-2095

87-2376

87-3659

Nnme

Stnrciute, prqatiea, and design of organic conductors and supercmrductoraIrrtramokcufar Diels-Afder cyclmaddition, organic synthesis utilizing chirrd

srdfoxides, and pardrdfy regio-controlled photocherrricatdecmrjugationFlow-ir!jecdon systems, electrochemical pre-treatrnent at high negative potentials,

and stearic-acid moditlcd carbon paste electrodesOrganic conductors., srrperrorrductingBEDT-TTF salts, and band electronic

structuresLong-range electron transfer, intervaterw transfer electronic absorption band of

binuclcar mixed vaterrce complexes, and beU-shaped energy-gap dependencef-figh.TCauperccrnductingstate of &(BEDT-TTF)213,molecular conductors, BEDT-

TTF charge-transfer safta, band electronic structures, and ambient pressurefntramolecubir Diels-Ahier reaction, Lewis acid-catafyzed ene addition, and cbiral

iaoprerrylethersWctrmr-trrmsfer rates, charge separation in the vesicrdar system, and advent

reorganization dynamics

D, Mullin, Large Lakes Research Station,US Environmental Protection Agency,Orosse Ile, Michigan, and colleagues. Sum-marizing this study of polychlorobiphenyls,the authors state that the “synthesis andchromatographic properties of all 209 PCBcongeners will lead to a more comprehen-sive understand@ of the ecodynamics ofPCBS in the environment. This work, cou-pled with the identification of the more toxicPCB components..., will permit a more ra-tional assessment of the environmental andhuman health effects of these compoundssince it will now be possible to quantitatethe major toxic PCB congeners which bio-concentrate in wildlife and human tissues. ”In comection witi these papers with imme-diate interest to Iaypersons, I hope to com-pile a “Press Citation Index” to determinehow many papsm have caught the attentionof those communicating science to thepublic.

Moat-Cited Papers

Stone/Isolobal Chemistry

F. Oordon A. Stone, Department of In-organic Chemistry, University of Bristol,UK, authored the most-cited paper. Entitled“Metal-carbon and metal-metal multiplebonds as limnck in transition-metal chem-

ABC

5 27 2033 53 450

3 48 399

7 45 293

4 37 472

6 41 260

3 13 125

5 17 305

istry: the isolobrd comection, ” the work re-ceived 108 citations between 1984 and 1986.Transition metals are the class of elementson the periodic table characterized by an in-complete imer shell of electrons; thesemetals have good electrical and thermal con-ductivity. The term ‘‘isolobal” was intro-duced in the 1970s by a group under the di-rection of Nobelist (chemistry, 1981) RoaldHoffmarm, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork. Two molecular fragments (such asCH3 and Mn(CO)5) are said to be isolobrtlif the number, symmetry properties, approx-imate energy, and shape of their outermostorbitals are similar.s The Bibliography alsolists 1987 cites as well,

A paper that straddles the boundaries oforganic and inorganic chemistry (’‘organo-metallic chemistry’ ‘), Stone’s work dis-cusses how a‘ ‘new domain for synthesis hasdeveloped following recognition that themetal-carbon and metal-metal multiplebonds present in certain Iow-valent trrtnsi-tion-metd complexes are reactive centers forthe attachment of metal-ligand fragments. ”This work relates the outer electron orbitalshells of organic groups to those of metal-ligand fragments, based on the work ofHoffmann.b Indeed, it is rdso connected tothe 1987 Nobel Prize in chemistry, whichwas awarded for work concerning the link-ing stmctures of the cryptate family ofmolecules. q

303

Lias, Liebnran, and I-evin/Gas-PkreMolecules

The seeond most-cited 1984 chemistrypaper, a 113-page data review, is entitled‘‘Evahtated gas phase basicities and protonaffinities of molecules; heats of formationof protonated molecules. ” This work ap-peared in the Journal ofPhysical and Chem-ical Reference Data. Coauthored by SharonG. Lias and Rhoda D. L-win, Center forChemical Physics, National Bureau of Stan-dards, Gaitherxburg, Maryland, and Joel F.Llebman, Department of Chemistry, UN-versity of Maryland Baltimore County, Ca-tonsville, the paper compiles and evaluatesthe available data on the intrinsic acid-baseproperties of moleeules in the gas phase, thatis, in the absence of solvent. Tables of themoleeules, ordered according to proton af-finity as well as empirical formula, rdso in-clude listings of the heats of formation ofthe molecules and the corresponding proton-ated species. Lirrsgives her thoughts on whythe paper is referred to so often:

When experiments permitting the rnca-surement of these particular molecularproperties (of considerable interest to or-ganic chemists) became possible in theearly 1970s, there was quite a lot of ac-tivity and data were generated in manylaboratories. Unfortunately, the experi-mental results were normalized in differ-ent ways by different researchers, so it wasdifficuft to compare results or use data ontwo different molecules generated in dif-ferent places. The significance of ourpaper is that we pulled together aff the dataand put them onto an internally consistentscale. I think that this is why., .it hasbecome the single authoritative source forall these &ta.7

In the first three years after its publica-tion, the paper was cited in 105 publications.Also cited in 57 new papers in 1987, thisreview is well on its way to CitadonCk.ssic@ status.

Heinrikson and Meredith/Amino-AcidChromatography

Ordinarily, a paper published in Analyti-cal Riochemistrv would turn UD in a list of

most-cited life-sciences articles. However,the third most-cited paper, “Amino acidanalysis by revenephaae high-performanceliquid chromatography: precohmm deriva-tization with phenylisothiocyanate, ” hasbeen cited outside of biochemistry journals,and so turns up in this chemistry study.Authored by Heinrikaon and Meredith, men-tioned earlier, the paper delineates the pro-cedures and methods for the “quantitativederivatization of amino acids.. and for theseparation and quantitation of the result-ing.. .denvatives by reverse-phase high-per-formance liquid chromatography. ” Thispaper discusses separation chemistry tech-niques but involves primarily protein chem-istry (an area more oriented towards the lifesciences). From 1984 through 1986 it waslisted as a reference in 104different articles.

ReetzlChiral-Compound Chemistry

The fourth most-cited chemistry paper,with over 100 explicit citations, is entitled“Chelation or non-chelation control in ad-dition reactions of chiral a- and &alkoxycarbonyl compounds. ” Authored by Reetz,mentioned earlier, this work can be consid-ered a mini-review paper on a new syntheticmethod of making mirror-image pairs ofmolecules. This was accomplished by con-trolling chelation (the predisposition to joininto a ring-like structure) while addingchemicaJ species that donate electrons, aswell as by a process that did not control che-lation. This research is related to the workof Nobelists Donald J. Cram (chemistry,1987), University of California, LosAngeles, and Hoffinann, both of whom weresubjects of recent essays. s$

SailLard and Ho-lCarbon-HydrogenActivation

Speaking of Hoffmann, he appears withSean-YvesSailkud, also of Cornell, as coau-thor of the fifth most-cited work in thisstudy. Hoffmatm is well known in the sub-field of organometrrllics known as C-H ac-tivation, which is the breaking of earbon-hy-dro~en bonds in orrmnic compounds. En-

304

titled “C-H and H-H activation in transitionmetal complexes and on surfaces, ” thispaper has been referenced in over 90 dif-ferent publications through 19$6. Accordingto the authors, the paper informs the reader“how an H-H ~ydrogen-hydrogen] or C-H [carbon-hydrogen] bond can interact andeventually break in the proximity of one ormore transition-metal centers .. . . The mostinteresting aspect of our study [is] the com-parison of similarities and differences be-tween the chemistry that goes on in an in-organic complex and on a metrd surface.”Figure 1 is a graphic display of year-by-yearcitations to the five most-cited chemistrypapers.

Conclusion

In concluding this study of highly cited1984 chemistry papers, it is worth notingthat there has been a 40 percent increase inthe number of review papers. In 198436 reviews turned up. However, examiningprevious years shows that there is not a con-sistent trend-2 1review papers in 1981; 54,in 1982; and about 25, in 1983. Neverthe-less, over the four-year period, ahout 30 per-cent of the papers turned out to be reviews.It would be interesting to learn whether re-views are growing at a faster rate than theliterature itself.

Science watchers are always interested inknowing what is ‘‘hot” in science. To helpyou follow areas of heightened activityyou can scan the “Hot Papers” listing ineach issue of 1S1’s newspaper, THESCIEN17S~. Every two months, we searchthe SCI database and lcmk for papers thatare cited beyond the rate typical for a givencategory of articles. However, chemistry,as we have seen above, is apt to be short-changed in any analysis of the most currentyear’s output. It is more characteristic to ob-serve that trends in chemistry warmup grad-ually over several years. It maybe difficultfor the average citizen to understand whya 1984 paper is now considered’ ‘hot.” Butthere is a long incubation process in com-municating science, particularly in chemis-try and other fields, such as the earthsciences.

Figure 1: Most-cited 19S4&ndstsy ppers. Year-by-year citations to the five 19S4chemistry papers mostcited in tbe SCW, 19S4-1986.Papers shownare StooeF GA. Angew. CAem. Jm. Ed 23:89-99, 1984; LtasS G. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13:695-S08, 1984;Heinriksrm R L. Anal. Bioehem. 136%5-74, 19W,Reelz M T. Angew. Chem. ht.Ed.23:556-69, 19W,snd Saillsrd J-Y. J. Amer. Chem. Sm. 10&2006-26,

. ..G.‘.. -

‘.*.,

/

. . . . ...<.;.”. .-. -.

0!”1984 1985 1986 19[

Scientists, it might be said, live in a kindof time warp. Their ideas are based on acomplex structure of theories, methods, andso on. They are exposed to hundreds, if notthousands, of novel ideas in the course ofa year-far too many for even the most pro-digious memory to keep track of. Mere listsof outstanding papers represent a good sam-ple of the excellent work done in chemistryeach year, but no matter what method youchoose-quantitative citation analysis orqualitative peer review—some significantwork will not yet be accounted for. It wouldbe a dull world, indexxl, if every pioneerwere recognized in hk youth, no less in hislifetime. But those who are sensitive to thelimitations of human judgment keep work-ing towards the preferred goal of earlyrecognition of merit.

*****

My thanks to Peter Pesavento and EricI’hurschwell for their help in the prepara-tion of this essay.

elmlsl

305

REFERENCES

1. Garffeid E. The 1980 chemistry srricies most cited in 1980-1982. Ersays of on inf~’on scierrrist.Pbilsdelphia: 1S1Press, 1984. Vol. 6, p. 276-86. (Reprimed frnm: Current Contents (35):5-15,29 August 1983.)

2. -—. The 1987 Nobel Prim in physics: citations to K.A. MiOler mrd J.G, Bednorr’s seminal workmirror developments in superconductivity. Current Contents (18):3-11, 2 .Mriy1988.

3, —------ Work on molecules that mimic biological processes leads to 1987 Nobel Prim in cbernistryfor Jeao-Msrie L-elm,Charles J. Pedersen, and Donald J. Cram. Current Conrerus (15):3-9,11 APrd 1988.

4. —------ The 1981 mat-cited chemistry papers. Part 2, Highlighting tbe arbitrary bmmdaries betweenchemistry and physics. Essays of an inforrruuionscientist: gkoshwiting rmd other essays.Philadelphia: 1S1Press, 1986, Vol. 8. p. 327-38.

5. Hoffmmur R. Personal communication. 4 August 1988.6. Garffeld E. Were the 198I Nobel prizewinners in science, economics, and literature arrticipated by

citation srrsiysis? Op. ciJ., 1983. Vol. 5. p. 55I-61.7, Lins S G. Personal cormmmication. 12 August 1988.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The 19S4ehemfatry artklea moat cited br the SCP, 1984-19S6. Articles are listed in alphabetic order by firstauthor. Numbers followin8 tbe bib]io8raphic entry indicate tie 1984, 1985, 1986, arrd 1987 SC1/SSCP research-frmrt specialties for which these are core moms. A=number of 1984 citations. If=nrrmbcr of 1965 citations.C =nurnber of 1986 citations. D =totsl n~~r of 1984-1986citations. E =trumber of 1987 citations.

ABCD

0122840

5 12 24 41

1 21 25 47

10 12 15 37

8 27 20 55

0 10 26 36

6 13 17 36

0106979

4442573

2122640

3 19 29 51

5 15 16 36

6181640

Bibliogr@tic Data

Armstrong D W & DeMond W. Cyckakxtrin bonded phases for the liquidchrnmatographic separation of optical, 8eonrelried, arrd sbmtm’al isonrem.J. Chromirtogr. Sci. 22:411-5, 1984.86-1133, 87-0612

Armstrong W H, S@ A, Paprrefthymforr G C, Frmdrei R B & Lipprrrd S J.Assembly and characterization of an accurate model for rhe diiron center inhernmytlrrin. 1. Amer. Ckm, Sot. iOfx3653+57,1984.86-11.38, 87-1153

Atkinson R & Lloyd A C. Evaluation of kinetic and mechanistic data for modelingof pbotochemical smog. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Dars 13:315-44, 1984. 85-0398,86-1317, 87-1336

AtiriMon R, Pirme CN, Carter WPL, Wirrer AM& Pitta JN. Reteconsrarrtsfor the 8as-phase reactions of nitrate radicals with a series of orgmdcs io air at298* 1 K. J. P@. Cbem. 88:1210-5, 1984.

Avrrfr D, FmrirrD & Heifer P. Molecular fractal surfaces. Nature 308:26i-3,1984.85-0505, 861385, 87-1405

Bender K, Hermig I, SchWeker’ D, Dieiz K, Errdma H & KeMsr H J. Synthesis,structure and physical properties of a twodimcnsionrd organic meti,di~is(ethylemxfithiolo)tetratbiofuivalene] triiodide, (BEDT-- ‘13-. Mol. Crysf.Liquid CWsf. 108:359-71, 19S4. 86-2094, 87-2095

Beratart D N & Hop5eid J J. Calculation of ektron mrmeiii matrix elements inrigid system% mixed-valence dithiaspirocyclobutane. J. Amer. Chem. .%x.106:1584-94. 1984,

E

18

27

26

8

24

18

13

Bidlbrgrneyer B A, Cohen S A & Tarvfn T L. Rapid arraiysis of amino acids using 115prc-cohmm derivatir.ation. J. Cfrromatogr. 336:93-104, 1984.86-2517

Bohlmatm F, Zdero C, King R M & Robfrmm H. Pseudoguaianolidewand other 31sesquiterpene iactcmes frnm GaiJfarrfisspecies. Pbytochemkrry 23:1979-88, 1984.85-2843, 87-2885

Bond A M, Fieiaehmamr M & Robinson J. Eiectmchemistry in orgaaic advents 27without supporting electrolyte using platinum ndcroelectrodes. J. Ektrtxnaf.Chem. Amerfic. 168:299-312, 1984.86-0866, 87-1030

Brady R M & Bnff R C. Frsctal growth of copper electrodqosits. 20Narore 309:225-9, 1984.

Buttry D A & Arratm F C. New strategies for elecmxatrdysis at polymer~red 10ek.ctrcdcs. Reduction of dioxygen by cobalt porphyrins immobilized in nationcoatings on graphite electrodes. J. Amer. Chem. Sot. 106:59-64, 1984.86-0462

Cbmtdrmeklrrw J, Smith S F & Jorgensen W L. %2 reaction profiles in the gas IOphsac mrd aqueous solution. J, Amer. Chem. Sot. IM3049-50, 1984,

306

ABCD

2 25 25 52

7181944

1 16 17 34

0 22 31 53

0 18 17 35

5 24 14 43

5 25 37 67

0 16 22 38

2201234

14 33 25 72

7 13 13 33

3 17 17 37

3 15 15 33

4 17 26 47

14 30 30 74

7 22 12 41

5 13 18 36

6 25 26 57

5364586

5 16 29 50

1 10 22 33

1211840

2151734

I 13 25 39

Biblk)grqrhk Data

Cfrmg R K & Lmsbe B L. Surface-erdrsnred Remmr scattering end nonlinear opticscrppSiedto electrecfrernistry. CRC Crit.Rev. Sol. St. Mat. Sei. 12:1-73, 1984.85-1723, 86-3956, 87-0193

CMahohn M H, FoMrrg K, Hrrffman J C & Kirkpatrkk C C. Reaetions of metal-roetal multiple bends. 10. Reactions of M~(OR)6 (M~ M) and [MetOR)drcompounds with molecular oxygen. Prepemtion and characterization of 0x0aikoxides of molybdenum: Me02(OR)2, Me02(OR)2(bpy), MoO(OR)4,Me@(OR)lO, M040S(OR)4@j4, and M060,0(OR),2. Irrorg. Chem. 23:1021-37,1984.85-1816, 86-1268, 87-4038

ChssrcMll M R, ZUler J W, Frmederiberger J H & Schreek R R. Metatfresis ofECeVlenw by triphen0xytun8stemeYclobutadiene complexes and the crystalsrnrcrure of W(C3EQ[0-2,6-C6H3(i-Pr)2]3.0rgarromer.a.Uics3:1554-62, 1984.86-4123

Cfgarrek E. The intraremkrrfar DieIs-Alder r-extion. organic Reactions 32:1-374,1984.85-2466, 86-0803, 87-2376

CoUmarr J P, Brmrmerr J I, Memrder B, Raybrrck S A & Kodadek T.Ep@.idntionof olefitrs by cytecfrmme P-W) mcdel compounds: mechanism ofoxygen atom transfer. Prcc. Nat. Ad. Sei. USA 81:3245-8, 1984.

Corey E J & Greaa A W. Highly selective, kinetically controlled enolate formationusing fithimn disikylamides in the presenm of trimetbylchlorosilem. TerrafrdonLetr. 25:%-8, 1984.85-2259, 86-0376

Cowley A H. Deuble bending between the heavier main-group elements: fmmreactive intermediates te isolable molcmdea. Polyhedron 3:389432, 1984.85-4436, 86-1W3, 87-1045

Cowfey AH. Stable compounds with dnuble bending between the heavier rnain-group elements. Account. Chem. Rea. 17:386-92, 1984.85-4446, 86-1903,87-1045

Dewar M J S. Chemical implications of u conjugation. J. Amer. Chem. Sot.106@59-82, 1984.87-1645

M.wer M J S. Mrdtibrmd reactions cnrrrretrmrrnally be synchronous. L Amer.CAem. SoG 106:2O9-I9, 1984.

Dewar M J S & Pierlnf A B. Mechanism of the DMs-Alder reaction. $tudies ofthe addition of mafeic enbydride to furan mrd metbylfurrms. J. Amer. Gem. See.lCr&203-8, 1984.

Dill K A, Keppal D E, Csmtrw R S, Dill J D, Bandedouetr D & Chest S-H.Molecular conformations in surfactant rrricelles. Nature 309:42-5, 1984.85-2211

Ersgstrom R C & Strainer VA. Cbaracteriration of ektmcbemirnlly pretreatedgfrrssycarbrrn electrodes. ArraJ. Chem. 56136-41, 1984.85-2639, 86-0866,87-3624

Erker G. Carbenylation of zircormcene complexes. Account. C/rem. Rea. 17:103-9,19g4.

Faflh A G. The intmmolecular Diele.-Alder reactiorx recent advances and syntheticapplications. Cm. J. Chem. 62:183-234, 1984. 85-2466, 86-0803, 87-2376

Fes@er J H & Turrdo P. Polymerized surtlctent aggregates: charaeterimtion andudfimtion. Arcmurt. Chem. Res. 17:3-8, 1984.86-0046, 87-2123

Fjeldsted J C & Lee M L. Capillsry supercritical fluid chromatography. And.CAem. 56 A619-28, 1984.86-1885

Frfedrich J & Hanrer D. Phetochemiral hole bornirrg: a spwtmsmpic study ofrebixation processes in polymers and gfeaaca. Angew. Cfrem. ht. W. 23:113-40,1984.85-3524, 8&2626, 87-0887

Friarh M J, Pople J A & Binkley J S. Self-consistent molecular orbbal metbeds2.5. Supplementary finetiona for Gaussian basis asta. J. Chem. Phys. 80:3265-9,1984.85-1878, 86-1816, 87-1889

Gifsrsore C J. MTHRLL—an integrated direct-metkds eemputer pmgrarrr, J. Appl.@st. 17:42-6, 1984.84-0029, 86-2955, 87-6028

Goo&ws D W. Model earalyric studies over metaI single crystals. Account. C/rem.Rea. 17:194-200, 1984.85-0901

Groaa M L & Rempel D L. Fourier tmnsform mass spectromeery. Scierw226:261-8, 1984.86-0065, 87-0076

Groves J T & Subramnobser D V. Hydroxylation by cytechrome P-450 andmetrdloperphyrin models. Evidence for allylic rearrangement. J. Amer. Chem.sec. 106:2177-81, 1984.

GrMemmr C S & SeYfsdly R J. Veloeity mcdtdarion infmred keser srwrroscmy ofmolecrdrrrions. fiu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 35:387418, 1984. W-c51fi, 87-37%

E

22

30

11

29

8

14

40

26

15

33

12

6

15

18

26

16

12

39

39

44

12

25

8

17

307

ABCD 16ibff~apbtc Data

10 15 11 36 Hmse N N & Oka T. Observation of the V2(I- +0+) inversion mode band inH30+ by high resolutioninfraredspectroscopy. J. Chenr. Phys. 80:572-3, 1984.

3 17 25 45 Hart D J. Free-radical carbnn-carbon hmrd formation in organic ayntbesk. science223:883-7, 1984.86-0051, 87-18%

7 26 71 104 Hefnrfkaora R L & Meredtth S C. Amino acid arrafysiaby reverse-phase high-perfomce liquid chromatography: precobmm derivatirmion withphenyhothiocyarrate. And Bibchcm. 136:65-74, 1984.

2 27 29 58 Hoffntomr F M & de Pa& R A. Anorrrslous C-O bond weakerdng of side~n-bnnded carbon monoxide on a potassium-promoted Ru(OO1)surface. JYrys.Rev.L-set. 52:1697-703, 1984.

0 13 22 35 I%rwita C P & Sbriver D F. C- and O-bnndcd metal carbonyla: formation,strrrctures, and reactions. Advan. Organomemf. Chem. 23:219-305, 1984. 8746647

4 19 36 59 Howell J O & Wightntorr R M. Ultrafaat vohamrrretryand vokarnrnetry in highlyrcaistive aobrtiona with microvokrrrrrmetricelectrndcs. Arraf. Chem. 56:524-9,1984. 86-0W5, 87-1030

6 19 17 42 fafed S S, Krrehn C & Worasila G. Ruthenimrr-modifkd cymchrome c: temperaturedependence of the rate of inemnrolecufarelectron tmrrafer. J. Amer. Cherrr. Sm.106:1722-6, 1984.854276

I 28 28 57 Jones W D & Feber F J. The mechanism and tfrermndytics of afksne and arenerarbmr-hydrogen bond activation in (C5Me#th(PM@(R)H. J. her. Ckrr. .%.106:1650-63, 1984.85-1641, 87-2374

12 38 27 77 Karrrlmkif V F, Prokhorova T G, SMbrreva R P & Yagttbafdf E B. Crystafsb-ucturc of the organic supcrcmrductor (.BEDT-TTF)213.JETP LXt.-flngl. Tr.39:17-20, 1984, (%anrJated from Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. i% 39:15-8, 1984.)85-2068, 86-2094

1 18 21 40 Keepem J W & James T L. A theoretical study of distance determinations fromNMR. Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauaer effect s-. J. Magn. Resonarm57:404-26, 1984. 8&1343, 87-1356

5 21 32 5g Kessler H, Grfesirrgar C, Zarfmck J & Lcmali H R. Assignment of earbenylcariwoa and sequence analysis in pptides by beteronuc!ear sfritl correlation viasmall cnupling crmatantawith brnadband decoupiirrg in t, (COLoC). J. ~agn.Reson- 57:3314, 1984. S5-1361, 86-6332, 87-2916

11 12 13 36 Kfaf4ar J & Bhrmerr A. Fractaf behavior in trapping and rmction. J. Cfrcm. Pfrys.81Y875-7,1984.

0 9 25 34 Klfnowskf J. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of r.eofitca. Ping. Nrml. Magn,Reson. Spectma. 16:237-309, 1984.86-0860, 87-2523

2 30 56 88 Kuf@tt W D, Clerrwuger K, de Hem W A, ,%armdersW A, Cltmr M Y & CohenM L. Electronic shell structure and abundances nf sodium cbrs$%. Pfrys. Rev.Len, 52:2141-3, 1984.85-1860, 86-2748, 87-1267

6 15 18 39 Kobayaafrf H, Kato R, Morf T, Kobaymbf A, Sasnfd Y, Softo G, Zrrnkf T &frrokrrebi H. CVstal stmcturea and electrical properties of BEDT-TTFcompaurds, Mol. Cryst. Liquid C~st. 107:33-43, 1984. 85-2068, 86-2094,87-2095

3 11 20 34 Kohayrrahf T, Yoneyonm H & Tmrmm H, Polyanifine film-coated e!rztrodes aselecrrdrrorrdc display &viees. 3. Efe@oarmf. Chem. hterfac. 161:419-23, 1984.85-1984, 86-1988, 87-3442

6 18 39 63 Kubaa G J, Ryan R R, Swamimr B I, Vergamhi P J & Wamermrrrn H J.characterization of the first examples of isolable molecrrtar hydrogmr complexes,M(CO)3(PR3)2(H2)(M=Mo, W; R= Cy, i-pr). Evidence for a side-m bonded H2ligard. J. Amr. Chem. &c. 106:451-2, 1984.86-3302, 874349

0 27 78 105 Lk+a S G, Liebromr J F & Levbr R D. Evafuated gas phase ba.sicties and protonafflrhies of rrmlecules; heata of formation of protomred molecules. J. Phys.Ckm. Ref. Data 13:695-808, 1984.85-7423, 86-4707

2 19 13 34 Lb&a D. New orgarroselerriummethodology. Account. Chem. Rea. 17:28-34, 1984.85-12443,86-1457, 87-1615

4 17 16 37 Magi M, Lipprrmo E, Samoenn A, Engefbsrrdt G & Grimmer A-R. Scdid-statehigh-resolution silicnn-29 chemicaf shifts in silkatea. J. Pftys. Chem. 88:1518-22,1984.854926, 86-0860, 87-2523

2 11 25 38 Mandkh M L, Hrdfe L F & IJemtcharup J L. Determination of the metal-hydrogenand metakmethyl bmrd dissociation energies of the second-row, group 8 transitionmetal cations. J. Amer. Chern. SOc. 106:4403-11, 19S4.

O 19 19 38 McGarvey G J, Kimura M, Oh T & Wflfiarna J M. Acycfic stcreosdectivesynthesis of carbohydrates. J. Carhohyd. Chem. 3:125-88, 1984.85-1075,86.0989

E

4

34

12

19

24

26

14

33

17

25

45

11

23

41

11

22

30

57

15

13

22

16

308

ABCD

5191640

0 14 17 31

6 34 47 87

1 13 29 43

3 18 17 38

2 22 30 54

0192140

183342

1 18 16 35

2 19 21 42

0 36 38 74

6 21 24 51

4 55 42 101

12 17 11 40

3 13 17 33

4 36 51 91

4 23 22 49

5 20 22 4’7

9132446

9 18 16 43

0 16 21 37

3 17 29 49

I 16 21 38

BibU~@ttc Deta

Menger F M & Doff D W. On tbe strocmrc of micelfca. J, Amer. Chem. SOC.106:1109-13, 19S4. S5-2211, S6-C#46, 8742S6

Miller J R, Beks J V & Hurkffeaton R K. Effect of free energy on rstcs ofelectron transfer between molecules. J. Amer. Cbcrrr. Snc. 10ri5057-6S, 19S4.86-3340, 87-3659

MUfar J R, Cafcaterra L T & Clom G L. Irrtmrnokrdar Imrgdistmrce electronmm.sfer in radical snions. The effects of flee energy and wlvent on tfrc reactionrates. J. Amer. Chem. SIX. 106:3047-9, 1984. S5-7680, 86-3340, 87-3659

Mfngos D M P. Polyhedral skeletal electron pair approach. Accmmt. Chern. Res,17:311-9, 1984.86-2753, 87-3647

Ml$fow K & Slegef J. Sterenismnerism nnd I@safdirslity. 3. Amer. Chem. Sot.10&3319-28, 1984.87-5718

Mori T, Kobayaabf A, Smokf Y, Kobaytnbi H, Saito G & Inokucbf H. Bendstructures of two types of (BEDT-TTF)J3, Chem. L@. 6957-60, 1984. 85-2068,S6-2094, 87-2095

Muflfrr M D, Pocbbd C M, McCrfndle S, Ronrbr M, safe S H & Safe L M.H@lr-rmolutionPCB rmslysis: synthesis and cbrometogrspbic properties of sII 209PCB congertcrs. Environ. Scf. Technol. 18:468-76, 1984.85-0453, 86-1324,87-1641

Newton M D & Sutin N. Electron mrnsfer reactions in condensed ph.wx+.Anmr.Rev. f%ys. Chem. 35:437-80, 19S4. 86-3340, S7-3659

Nild E, .%lto T, Kawakantf A & Kaodya Y. frdtibition of oxidstion methylIirrolea@in solution by vitamin E snd vitamin C. J. Biof. Chem. 259:4177-82,1984.85-2933

Nocera D G, Winkler J R, Yocom K M, Bordignon E & Gray H B. Kinetics ofintramolecular electron transfer from Run to FerJJin ruthenium-mmiified;~6~:me C. J. tier. Chem. SOC. 1C6:5145-50, 1984. 85-4276, 86-3340,

Opjxrlaer W. Asymmetric D1els-Alder end errs reactions in organic synthesis,Arrgew. Chem, Jirt. Ed. 23:876-89, 19S4. 85-4350, S6-0S03, 87-2376

Powefl MF, Paf EF&Brrdca TC. Study of(mtipknylp~tiato)~gm-atiy~ cpoxidation and demotbylationusing p-cyano-f4,Ndirrretbylsnifine N-oxide es oxygen donor in a homogeneoussystem. Kinetics, rediochemical ligation studies, and reaction mechanism for amodel of cytocbrome P-450. J, Amer. Chem. SK 10&3277-85, 1984. 86-2452

Reets M T. Chelation or non-chelation control in addition reactions of cbirel a- endd-elkoxy carbonyl comprmds. Angew. Cbem. Jrrt. Ed 23:556-69, 1984. 85U967,S6-0989, 87-2870

Reetz M T, Keiwelcr K & Jung A. Concerning the role of Uwis acids in chelationcontrolled addition to cbirrd alkoxy aldehydes. Tetrehcdrmr L&r. 25:729-32, 19S4.

Rmc.cttl R, ElffaorrJ L, Gibson J M & Brua L E. Size effects in tbe excitedelectronic states of small coftoidsl CdS crysttdlites. J. Cfrem. Phys. 80A464-9,1984. S6-3417

saiflard J-Y & Hofbnarm R. C-H and H-H activation in trarrsition metal complex=and on surfaces. J. Amer. Chem. Snc. 10&2006-26, 19S4. 85-1641, 86-3302,87-4349

Scbeek R M, Boeferrs R, Rwvo N, van Bemn J H & Ktrptefn R. sequentialreamrance assignments in ‘H NMR spectra of oligonucleotides by two-dirncnsiorudNMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry-fJSA 23:1371-6, 1984.

ScMeyer P v R. Remarkable structures of Iitbium compmmds. Pure AppJ. Chem.56151-62, 1984.85-8228, S6-1816, 87-1820

Sebnrtrranberger P, Hungerbufder E & Seabach D. ( +)-cnllewdiol. Synthesisfrom (S,S)-tartaric scid end (R)-3-bydroxy-butyric acid. Tecrshedron L@.25:2209-12, 19s4.

SC& W R. Chcmicat sensors bssed on fiber optics. Anaf. Chem. 56:A16-34, 19S4.85-0043, 86-7134, 87-59XI

SMbaev V P & plate N A. Thcrmotropic liquid~welline polymers witfrmesogenic side groups. Adven, Riym. Sci. @173-252, 1984. 85-0649, S6-1022,S7-1037

Sfmaerw AJ, Baker RTK, Dwyer DJ, Lrmd CR F& Mrrdon RJ. Astudyofthe rdckel-titanimn oxide interaction. J. Catd. 86:359-72, 1984.86-43892

Sfmons J P. Pbotodissccistion: a critical survey. J. Pfrys. Chem. 88:1287-93, 19S4.87-0948

E

13

28

39

24

18

20

19

34

15

22

31

13

53

5

18

48

20

17

2

21

24

17

25

309

ABCD

I 12 22 35

1 14 22 37

9 13 14 36

14 45 49 108

1 14 18 33

0 18 24 42

0 18 17 35

3 20 32 55

1 22 14 37

2 15 21 38

6 38 53 97

2 15 16 33

6293166

0 26 43 69

1 13 21 35

1 11 25 37

Bibtiographfc Data

Ssrdtb R D, Kaffrmsfd H T, Udsefb H R & Wright B W. Rapid and efficientcapillsry .whumr supercritieal fluid chrornstograpby with maw spwtrmnetricdetection. Ansf. Chern. 56:2476-80, 1984.86-1885

%oa Z G & Ramasnsha S. Valerrce-bnndtheory of linear Hubbard end Psriscr-Psrr-Pople mndels. Phys. Rev. B–Condensed Mattsr 29541W2’2, 1984.86-6710

Stwkamp R E, Sicker L C & Jersaen L H, Birmc@ariron complexes inmethemerytbrirr snd szirfometbemcrythrirrat 2.O-A resolution. J. Amer. Chem..%x. 106:618-22, 1984.

Stone F G A. Metakartmn snd metal-metal muftiple bnnda ss figrmrk in rrsnsision-metal chemistry: tlw isolobsl connection. Angew’. Cfrem. Int. H. 23:89-99, 1984.85JM49, 86-6612, 87-0482

Teo B K, Longont G & Chsmg F R K. Applications of topobgicd ekctron-wmrdng tbemy en polyhedral metsl clusters. Inorg. Cbem. 23:1257-65, 1984.

Traylor P S, Dolphin D & Trayinr T G. Stericalfy protected hemins withelectronegative substituents: efficient catsfysta for hydroxylation sad epnxidation.1. Chem. .%x. Cormnun. 5:279-80, 1984.85-0325

Vannfce M A & Sudhakar C, A model for the metaf-support effect enhsncirrg COhydrogenation retes over Pt-Ti02 catelysts. J. Phys. Chem. 88:2429-32, 1984.

Voflhardt K P C. Cobslt-medieted [2+2 +Z]-cyclosdditions: a nrataring syntheticstrstegy. Angew. Chem. Irrt. Ed. 23:539-56, 1984.87-0483

Waaickwald M R & Niemczyk M P. Pbotoinduced electron tmnsfer in meso-eriphenyltriptyccnylpnrphyrirwquinones.Restricting dormr-aweptor dktances andorientations. J. Amer. Cbem. Sot. 106:5043-5, 1984. 85-7680, 87-3659

Wax MJ, Stryker JM, Brreftanan JM, Kovae CA& Ba_RG.Reversible C-H insereiorrkeductive eliion in (q$-~~tiylqcl~ntienyl)-(trimetbylphospbine)-iridium complexes. U% in determining relative metal-carbnnbnnd energies and therrnrdiy activating methane. J. Amer. Chem. Sew.106:1121-2, 1984.

Weiner S J, Kolfmarr PA, Case D A, Stngh U C, Gfrfo C, Afagma+ G, ProfetaS & Weiner P. A new force field for rrwlemdsr nrechsnical sirnrdation of nucleicacids snd prnteins. J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 106:765-34, 1984. 85-8454, 86-2671,87-1914

Wefnberger B R, Rode C B, Eterrtad S, Baker G L & 0reos4&rt J. Opdcidabsorption in pdyacetylene: a tit measurement using phntothermaf deflectionspectmacnpy. Phys. Rev. l-d. 53:86-9, 1984.

Wilfiams J M, Emge T J, Wang H H, Beno M A, Copps P T, Half L N,Carlsmr K D & Crabtree G W. Synthetic rnctrds based onbk(ethylenedithio)tetrsthiafhfvslene (BEDT-ITF): synthesis, structure, andambient-pressure supmmtrhrctiviey in (BEDT-TTF)213.horg. Chem. 23:255840,1984.85-2068, 86-2094, g7-2095

Wff3fmne JM, Wang HH, Beno MA, Emge TJ, Snwa LM, Copps PT,Behronzi F, Haff L N, Cartaon K D & Crabtree G W, Anrbierrt-pressuresuperconductivity at 2.7 K sad higher temperatures in derivatives of (BEDT-T1’F)21Br2:synthesis, structure, snd detwtion of supercomlucavity. Irrorg. Chem.23:3839-41, 1984.85-2068, 86-2094, 87-2tYit5

Wudf F. From organic metrds to superconductor-s:nransgiag wndtrct.ion electrons inorgsnic sntids. Account. Chem. Res. 17:227-32, 1984. 85-3433, 85-2094, 87-2095

Wuthrfeb K, Bflfeter M & Bramr W. Polypeptide sewndary structuredetermination by nuclear nregnetic resonrmee observation of short proton-protondistsnws. 1. Mol. Biol, 180:71540, 1984.86-1343, 87-1356

E

17

13

22

41

9

14

24

22

13

11

60

9

18

27

25

37

310