the molecules of lifeiris.nyit.edu/~jlee26/pics/rptse/02 - rptse bio - ch. 03...organic compounds...

RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.

Lectures by Dr. Jong B. Lee

Chapter 3

The Molecules of Life

(세포의구성분자)

Biology and Society:Got Lactose? Lactose (유당) is the main sugar found in milk.

Some adults exhibit lactose intolerance, the inability to properly digest lactose.

Lactose-intolerant individuals are unable to digest lactose properly.

Lactose is broken down by bacteria in the large intestine producing gas and discomfort.

There is no treatment for the underlying (근본적인) cause of lactose intolerance.

Affected people must

Avoid lactose-containing foods or

Take the enzyme lactase when eating dairy products


ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (유기화합물) A cell is mostly water.

The rest of the cell consists mainly of carbon-based molecules.

Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules necessary for life’s functions.

Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules.

유기화합물(organic compound): 탄소와결합한화합물200만가지이상이알려져있다.

탄화수소(hydrocarbon): 탄소와수소만으로구성된화합물


Carbon Chemistry

Carbon is a versatile atom.

It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight.

Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds.

Carbon can use its bonds to

Attach to other carbons

Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons


거미줄의구조


유기화합물과 중합체의 소개생물분자의다양성은탄소의성질에기초를두고있다

세포에서만드는대부분의분자는탄소를중심으로다른원소들이결합되어있는탄소화합물이다. 탄소는다른원소와결합하여다양한분자를만들며, 탄소화합

물은생물체를구성하고있는물질중에서물다음으로가장많다. 유기화합물(organic compound): 탄소와결합한화합물 200만가지이상이알려져있다.

탄화수소(hydrocarbon): 탄소와수소만으로구성된화합물


여러종류의탄소골격


• The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons (탄화수소), which are organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

• The simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4), consisting of a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocarbons (탄화수소)


Hydrocarbons (탄화수소)• Larger hydrocarbons (탄화수소) form fuels for engines.

• Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.


지구상에 존재하는 화합물

탄소를함유하고있는유기화합물과탄소를함유하지않은무기화합물로나눌수있다. 이들은자연계에존재하는원소들로구성되어있다.

생물체: 이들화합물을구성하는원소들로구성되어있으며, 생물체를구성하는성분도유기화합물과무기화합물로나눌수있다.

유기화합물 (organic compound): 탄수화물, 지질, 단백질, 핵산등.

o 거의모두가생물에의한생성물이거나이생성물로부터변화된것으로서, 생물의건조물질의 95%를차지하며, 생물체의구조를형성하고에너지의공급원으로생명을유지하는데없어서는안되는화합물이다.

무기화합물 (inorganic compound): 무기염류와물등이있다.

o 생체내의삼투압이나 pH 조절등에중요한역할을한다. 이러한화합물은원소들의화학결합에의하여이루어진것으로서구성원소들이모여서저분자화합물을만들고, 저분자화합물은다시중합반응또는수소결합등에의하여유기화합물과같은고분자물질을형성하게된다. 고분자물질들은다시세포의구성성분으로서세포를형성하게되는것이다.


지구상에 존재하는 화합물

The unique properties of an organic compound depend on

Its carbon skeleton

The atoms attached to the skeleton

The groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions are called functional groups (작용기). Two common examples are

Hydroxyl groups (수산기) (-OH)

Carboxyl groups (탄산기) (C=O)


작용기는유기화합물의특성을결정하는데중요한역할을한다


Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks

Most macromolecules (거대분자) are polymers (중합체).

Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers (단량체)

A dehydration reaction (탈수반응)

Links two monomers together

Removes a molecule of water

Hydrolysis (가수분해)

Breaks bonds between monomers (단량체)

Adds a molecule of water

Reverses the dehydration reaction (수화작용)


세포에서는몇종류의단위분자로수많은고분자가만들어진다

중합체의탈수반응

중합체의가수분해


LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

On a molecular scale, many of life’s molecules are gigantic, earning the name macromolecules (거대분자).

There are four categories of large molecules in cells:

Carbohydrates (탄수화물)

Lipids (지방질)

Proteins (단백질)

Nucleic acids (핵산)


단당류는가장간단한탄수화물이다. Carbohydrates are sugars or sugar polymers. They include

Small sugar molecules in soft drinks

Long starch molecules (녹말) in pasta and potatoes

단당류 (monosaccharide): 탄수화물의 단량체 (하나의 당 단위)

Monosaccharides (단당류) are simple sugars that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis (가수분해) into smaller sugars.

Common examples are

Glucose (포도당) in sports drinks

Fructose (과당) found in fruit

Glucose and fructose are isomers (이성체)

isomers (이성체): molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Carbohydrates (탄수화물)


Glucose Fructose

C6H12O6 C6H12O6

IsomersRPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.

Monosaccharides (단당류) are the main fuels for cellular work.

In aqueous solutions (수용액), many monosaccharides form rings.

Monosaccharides (단당류)

포도당의평면구조(선형)와입체구조(고리형)


세포에서두개의단당류를연결하여이당류를만든다

이당류의합성


Disaccharides (이당류)• A disaccharide is

– A double sugar

– Constructed from two monosaccharides (단당류)

– Formed by a dehydration reaction (탈수작용)

• Disaccharides (이당류) include

– Lactose (유당) in milk

– Maltose (맥아당) in beer, malted milk shakes, and malted milk ball candy

– Sucrose (자당) in table sugar


Disaccharides (이당류)• Sucrose (자당) is

– The main carbohydrate (탄수화물) in plant sap (식물 수액)

– Rarely used as a sweetener in processed foods

• High-fructose (고과당) corn syrup is made by a commercial process that converts natural glucose in corn syrup to much sweeter fructose.


Disaccharides (이당류)

processed to extract

broken down into

converted to sweeter

added to foods ashigh-fructose corn syrup

Starch (녹말)

Glucose (포도당)

Fructose (과당)

Ingredients: carbonated water,high-fructose corn syrup,caramel color, phosphoric acid,natural flavors


The United States is one of the world’s leading markets for sweeteners.

The average American consumes about 45 kg of sugar (about 100 lbs.) per year.

High-fructose (고과당) corn syrup


달콤한맛은어떻게달콤하게느껴질까?

혀의기본적인 4가지맛 : 쓴맛, 짠맛, 신맛, 단맛


다당류 (Polysaccharides)는 단당류(monosaccharides )가 길게 연결된 고분자이다 Polysaccharides are

Complex carbohydrates

Made of long chains of sugar units and polymers of

monosaccharides (단당류)


다당류 (Polysaccharides) 다당류(polysaccharides): 단당 분자들이 공유결합에

의해 쇄상의 중합체를 이룬 것.Starch (녹말 혹은 전분)

o 식물에서는 잉여포도당을 전분으로 저장o Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in

the human dietGlycogen (당원)

o 동물에서는 glycogen으로 저장o 동물 조직 속에서 glucose (포도당)이 축적되어 형성

Cellulose (섬유소)o 식물 세포벽을 구성o most abundant organic compound on Eartho Cannot be broken apart by most animals

Chitin (키틴)o 곤충 외골격, 균류의 세포벽 구성


다당류 (Polysaccharides) Monosaccharides (단당류) and disaccharides (이당류)

dissolve readily in water.

Cellulose (섬유소) does not dissolve readily in water.

Almost all carbohydrates (탄수화물) are hydrophilic (친수성), or “water-loving,” adhering water to their surface.


the molecules of lifeiris.nyit.edu/~jlee26/pics/rptse/02 - rptse bio - ch. 03...organic compounds...

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