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Lectures by Dr. Jong B. Lee, PhD
Introduction to Biology
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Class Hour: Friday 6:00PM-10:00PM– Sept. 18, Oct. 02, Oct. 16, Oct. 23, Nov. 13, Dec. 04
• Class room:
• Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
• Course Website: will be given momentarily
mailto:[email protected]
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Description of Introduction to Biology
‒ This introductory course defines biology and its relationship to other
sciences. We examine the overarching theories of life from biological
research and also explore the fundamental concepts and principles of
the study of living organisms and their interaction with the
environment. We will examine how life is organized into hierarchical
levels; how living organisms use and produce energy; how life grows,
develops, and reproduces; how life responds to the environment to
maintain internal stability; and how life evolves and adapts to the
environment.
‒ 본 생물학 입문과정은 기초 생물학에대한 정의 및 다른 과학과목들과의관계를 통해 생물학의 다양성을제공한다. 생물학 연구를 통한 생명의중요한 이론을 검토하고살아있는 유기체의기본 개념 및 원리 및환경과의상호작용을 탐구한다. 우리는 어떻게 생명이 계층적으로구성, 어떻게 살아있는 유기체가 에너지를사용 및 생산, 어떻게 생명이 성장, 발전 및 재생, 어떻게 생명이 내부 안정성을 유지하기 위해 환경에 응답및 어떻게 생명이 진화하고 환경에 적응하는지를검토한다.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Objectives
– Understanding the basic structure and function of living
organisms and biological concepts and understand a
wide variety of topics in an integrated phenomenon of
life (생명체의기본적인구조와기능및생물학개념을이해하고생명현상의다양한주제를통합적으로이해)
– To understand the basic concepts in the life sciences has
the goal to induce a deep thinking on life phenomena
(생명과학의기본개념을이해하여생명현상에대한깊이있는사고를유도)
– Understand the components that make up the organism
by chemical (생명체를구성하는성분을화학적으로이해)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Course outcomes:
– The student will investigate the structure and function of plant and
animal cells.
– The student will investigate how plants produce food, and discover
that plants and animals use food to sustain life.
– The student will study the basic structure of DNA and understand
the basic principles of inheritance.
– The student will understand the characteristics and criteria used to
classify microorganisms, plants and animals into Domains and
Kingdoms.
– The student will understand that living things have evolved over
time.
– The student will investigate how living things interact with one
another and with non-living elements of their environment.
– The student will understand plant and animal structures and
functions.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Class Discussion
– Communication is very important in achieving our
collective goals and objectives
– Feel free to voice your opinions and ask questions
anytime during a class period
– Remember you are here to learn and I am here to teach
and that teaching and learning are intertwined
– So you can help me teach you as much as I can help you
learn
– I urge you to be an active participant in the learning
process and recognize that it takes a team effort to
realize meaningful things in life
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Topic Covered
– Scientific Research of the Life (생명현상의과학적연구)
– Essential Chemistry of the Life (생명의화학적이해)
– Molecules Organization of the Life (세포의구성분자)
– A Tour of Life (세포로의여행)
– Response inside cell or Working Cell (세포내반응)
– Produce Energy of the cell (세포의에너지생성)
– Food production by photosynthesis (빛을이용한식량생산)
– Reproduction and development of the cell (세포의생식과유전)
– Gene development method (유전양식)
– Molecular biology of gene (유전자의분자생물학)
– Control of gene expression (유전자발현의조절)
– DNA control technology and human’s gene (DNA 조작기술과인간의유전체)
– Evolution (진화)
– The origin of species (종의기원)
– Ecology (생태학)
– Ecology and Biosphere (생태학및생물학)
– Population Ecology (조직군생태학)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Textbook
– Campbell Essential Biology, 5th Edition, by E. J. Simon, J.
L. Dickey, J. B. Reece, ISBN-13: 978-0321788238, Pearson
Education, Inc.
• References
– Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, 4th Edition,
by E. J. Simon, J. L. Dickey, J. B. Reece, ISBN-13: 978-
0321772602, ISBN-10: 0321772601, Pearson Education,
Inc.
– Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 7th Edition,
by J. B. Reece, M. R. Taylor, E. J. Simon and J. L. Dickey,
ISBN-13: 978-0321696816, ISBN-10: 0321696816,
Pearson Education, Inc.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Complete class syllabus and rule will be given today
– Class syllabus can be changed without pre-notification
– Please check at course website
• PLEASE READ Syllabus CAREFULLY, and let me
know if you have any questions
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Exams and Quizzes
– Mid Term: 30%
– Final Exam: 30%
– Project (or Report): 30%
o Team project will be given
– Homework assignments and class participation:
10%
– Total: 100%
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Requirements
– Attendance: Regular attendance is required and class
participation is expected. Roll will be called at the
beginning of class. If you are tardy for a class it is your
responsibility to let the instructor know after class has
ended.
– Homework or report assignments: All class assignment
should be completed prior to the next meeting. Late
assignments will not be accepted without the prior
permission of the instructor.
– Reports will be graded based on the technical content and
the presentation of the content material.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Grade
– How to curve an exam and assign grades
We have all given exams where the grades end up
lower than we hoped.
If the class does significantly lower than I think they
should have, I will consider curving the exam. How
do I do it?
What’s the goal of the curve?
How do I curve an exam?
o Flat scale
o Least squares regression
o Linear scale
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Grading Policy
– Only neatly written problems will be graded
– A correct answer without a correct outline of the work
will not carry any grade
– All incorrect work must be clearly crossed out on the
page
– In cases where more than one solution is presented for a
problem, the solution with the most errors will be
graded
– Class attendance and participation in discussions are
not strongly recommended, it is mandatory
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Questions
– Please raise your hand or stop me at any time when you
have a question.
• Please do not talk to your classmates during the
lecture. If you absolutely need to speak with
someone, please feel free to go out the classroom
– Please shut down your cell phone!!!
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Class Materials
– Lecture notes will be provided prior to or after the
class time through School Secretary
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Course Schedule & OutlineWeek # Dates Topics
1 Sept. 18
Ch. 1 Biology Today
Ch. 2 Essential Chemistry
Ch. 3 Molecules of Life
Ch. 4 Tour of Lift
2 Oct. 02
Ch. 5 Working Cell
Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration
Ch. 7 Photosynthesis
Ch. 8 Cell Reproduction
3 Oct. 16
Ch.9 Patterns of Inheritance
Ch. 10 DNA: Structure and Function
Ch. 11 How Genes are Controlled
Midterm Exam - TBD
4 Oct. 23
Ch. 12 DNA Technology
Ch. 13 How Populations Evolve
Ch. 14 Biology Diversity
Ch. 15 Evolution of Microbial Live
5 Nov. 13
Ch. 16 Plants and Fungi
Ch. 17 Evolution of Animals
Ch. 18 Introduction to Ecology
6 Dec. 04
Ch. 19 Population Ecology
Ch. 20 Communities/Ecosystems
Final Exam and Project Presentation
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015
• Read the syllabus in detail!
• Course information is subject to change, so
always check here for the latest info
• Welcome, good luck, and enjoy
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Lectures by Dr. Jong B. Lee, PhD
Chapter 1
Introduction: Biology Today
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Living in a Golden Age of Biology
• We are living in a golden age of biology
• Biology provides exciting breakthroughs
changing our culture.
– Molecular biology is solving crimes
and revealing ancestries.
– Ecology helps us address
environmental issues.
– Neuroscience and evolutionary
biology are reshaping psychology
and sociology.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• Biology is the scientific study of life: It’s a subject of
enormous scope that gets bigger every year.
The Scope of Life
• What is life?
: The phenomenon of life seems to defy a simple, one-
sentence definition.
The properties of Life
모든 생물에서공통적인특징 : 무생물과생물의구분
① 질서(order) : 모든 생물은복잡한 구조를가지고있다
② 조절(regulation) : 외부 환경은다양하게변할 수 있다. 그러나조절 기작은 생명이
유지될수 있는 범위내에서 생명체의내부 환경을 유지한다
③ 성장과 발생(growth and development)
④ 에너지의이용(energy utilization)
⑤ 환경에 대한 반응(response to the environment)
⑥ 생식(reproduction)
⑦ 진화(revolution)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
f Reproduction
g Evolutiona Order b Regulation
c Growth and development d Energy utilization
The properties of Life
e Response to the environment
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Figure 1.2.1
Life at Its Many Levels
• Biologists explore life at
levels ranging from the
biosphere (생물권) to the
molecules that make up cells
• At each new level, novel
properties emerge (새로운
성질의출현), properties that
were not part of the
components of the
proceeding level. “The
whole is greater than the
sum of its parts”Ex) Life emerges at the level of
cell
(생물권)
(생태계)
(군집)
(개체군)(유기체)
(장기군)
(장기)
(세포)(조직)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organ Systems
and Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules and Atoms
Atom
Nucleus
(생물권)
(생태계)(군집)
(개체군)
(유기체)
(장기군및장기)
(세포기관)
(세포)
(조직)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Biosphere (생물권)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Ecosystems (생태계)
Communities (군집)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Populations (개체군)
Organisms (유기체)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Organ Systems and Organs (장기군및장기)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Tissues (조직)Figure 1.2e
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Organelles (세포기관)
Cells (세포)
Nucleus
Figure 1.2f
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Molecules and Atoms
(분자및원자)
Atom
Figure 1.2g
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• Population (개체군 ): Groups of interacting individuals of
one species (ex: A herd of zebras)
The next: Organisms organ systems organs
tissues cells molecules atoms
• The biosphere (생물권) is enriched by a great variety of
ecosystems (생태계).
All the environments on Earth that support life
• An ecosystem (생태계): consists of all organisms in a
particular area, as well as the nonliving, physical
components of the environment that affect the organisms
• Community (군집): All the organisms in a particular area
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• Each organism interacts continuously with its
environment, which includes other organisms as well
as nonliving factors.
Ecosystems (생태계)
– Both organisms and environment are affected by the
interactions
– Ecology is the branch of biology that investigates
these relationships between organisms and their
environment
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
The dynamics of Ecosystem
The dynamics of any
ecosystem depend on
two processes
– Cycling of
nutrients
(recycle)
– Flow of energy
(one way)
Figure 1.3
Chemicalenergy (food)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform
all activities required for life
Cells and Their DNA
– All organisms are composed of cells
(unicellular and multicellular)
– Cells: basis for all reproduction, growth, and repair
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• We can distinguish two major types of cells
– Prokaryotes (원핵생물): bacteria
– Eukaryotes (진핵생물): bacteria 이외의모든생물, 보통식물, 동물들
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Prokaryotic cell
Nucleoid
region
Organelles
Nucleus
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
(bacterium)
•
Simpler structure•
•
•
Smaller
DNA concentrated innucleoid region, whichis not enclosed bymembrane
Lacks most organelles
•
Eukaryotic cell
Larger
More complexstructure
Nucleus enclosedby membrane
Contains many
•
•
•
•
types of organelles
(원핵생물)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• The prokaryotic cell (원핵생물)
is simpler and smaller and
contains no organelles (세포기관)
• The eukaryotic cell is more
complex and contains
organelles
• The nucleus (세포핵) is the largest organelle in most
eukaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic cells is subdivided by internal membranes into
organelles.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
– Genes are the units of
inheritance that transmit
information from parents to
offspring (자식)
• The language of DNA contains
just four letters: A, G, C, TFigure 1.5
• Though very different in structural
complexity, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
have much in common at the molecular level
• All cells use DNA as the chemical material of
genes (유전자)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Genetic engineering and biotechnology have allowed us to
manipulate the DNA and genes of organisms
human insulin hormone production in bacteria
It is only possible because biological information is
written in the universal chemical language of DNA
How is bacteria able to produce human insulin?
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Human genome의 sequence 해독 완성: 2001
– The entire “book” of genetic instructions of an
organism : “Genome”
– Human: 3.2 x 109 base pairs
– The genome sequences of other species
(E. coli (대장균), fruit fly (초파리), mouse) are
completed
– Genomics (유전체학) – a branch of biology that studies
whole genomes
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Diversity is the hallmark (상징) of life
Life in Its Diverse Forms
– The diversity of known life includes 1.8 million
species (종) (insects: more than 1 million)
– Estimates of the total diversity range from 10
million to over 200 million species
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Grouping Species: The Basic Concepts
• Biodiversity (생물의
다양성) can be both
beautiful and
overwhelming
• Taxonomy (분류체계)
is the branch of
biology that names
and classifies species
o It formalizes the
hierarchical ordering
of organismsFigure 1.7
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
DO
MA
IN
BA
CT
ER
IAD
OM
AIN
AR
CH
AE
A
DO
MA
IN E
UK
AR
YA
Kingdom Plantae (식물계)
Kingdom Fungi (균류)
Kingdom Animalia (동물계)
Protists (원핵생물) (multiple kingdoms)
TE
MC
olo
rized
TE
M
The Three Domains of Life
The kingdoms of life can now be
assigned to three even higher
levels of classification called
domains. (Bacteria (세균류), Archaea (고세균류), Eukarya (진핵생물류))
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Bacteria and Archaea (고세균류) are both prokaryotic domains (원핵생물군)
Figure 1.8.2
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom Plantae 식물계 Kingdom Fungi 곰팡이 (균) 계
Kingdom Animalia 동물계 Protists 원생생물계 multiple kingdoms: Generally single celled
LM
Eukarya includes at least four kingdoms
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• These three multicellular kingdoms (식물, 동물, 곰팡이) are
distinguished by how they obtain food.
– Plants produce their own sugars and other foods by
photosynthesis (광합성).
– Fungi are mostly decomposers, digesting dead
organisms.
– Animals obtain food by eating and digesting other
organisms.
• Those eukaryotes that do not fit into the other three
kingdoms are referred the as the protists: generally
singled cells (amoebas..) and multicellular seaweeds
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Underlying (근본) the diversity of life is a striking unity, especially at the lower levels of structure
What can account for this combination of unit and diversity?
“Evolution”
Unity (통일성 ) in the Diversity of Life
Ex: The universal genetic language of DNA, in
another words, all life uses the genetic language
of DNA
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
The history of
life is a saga
(무용담) of a
restless Earth
billions of years
old
EVOLUTION: BIOLOGY’S UNIFYING THEME
: Fossils
document this
history
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Ancestral
bear
Common ancestor of
polar bear and brown bear
Giant panda
Spectacled bear
Sloth bear
Sun bear
American black bear
Asiatic black bear
Polar bear
Brown bear
30 25 20 15 10 5
Millions of years ago
• All of life
is connected
• Each species is one twig of a branching tree of life
extending back in time (화석기록과유전적정보를근거로)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
The
evolutionary
view of life
came into focus
in 1859 when
Charles
Darwin
published The
Origin of
Species (종의기원)
The Darwinian View of Life
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
The Darwinian View of Life
생물의 다양성과 공통점은 진화로 설명된다
– 자연선택에의한종의기원 (1859년 11월, 찰스로버트다윈 Charles Robert Darwin)
– 생명의다양성에내재된공통점을어떻게설명할수있는지를진화를통해보여주었다.
– 진화를자연선택(natural selection)으로설명하였다.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Darwin’s book developed two main points
1) Contemporary species (동시대종) arose from a
succession of ancestors
◦ Darwin called this evolutionary history of species “descent with modification”
(변형되어혈통잇기 곧진화를일컬음)
2) Natural selection (자연선택; 진화의작동원리)
Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with
modification, he called this process natural selection.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Natural Selection
• Darwin was particularly struck by the
diversity of animals on the Galapagos
Islands.
• He thought of adaptation to the environment and the
origin of new species as closely related processes
– If some geographic barrier (an ocean separating
islands) isolated two populations of a single species,
the populations could diverge more and more in
appearance as each adapted to local environmental
conditions. Over many generations, the two
populations could become dissimilar enough to be
designated separate species
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
자연선택1) 단일 종의 딱정벌레 그룹으로 몸
색깔이 다르고 , 교배가 가능한개체들로 이루어진 집단이다 .자연선택이 적용되려면 개체군에는반드시 유전적 변이가 존재하여야 한다.
2) 딱정벌레의 천적인 새가 눈에 잘띄 는 노 란 색 딱 정 벌 레 를 잘잡 아 먹 는 다 . 결 국 노 란 색딱 정 벌 레 는개체수가 줄어들 것이다.
3) 눈에 잘 띄지 않는 색을 가진딱정벌레만 살아남아 번식하게된다. 결국 원래의 그룹과 달라진딱정벌레 그룹이 생기게 된다.
한 개체가 다른 개체들에 비해환경에 잘 적응하면 생식률이 높아지며 이는 자연선택된다.종의 진화는 오랜 시간에 걸쳐자연선택에 의해 야기된 미세한변화들이 축적된 결과라고 설명하였다.
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천산갑 : 여러겹으로된비늘갑옷, 혀
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범고래 : 음파탐지능력
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• Conclusion:
“ Unequal reproductive success”
– It is this unequal reproductive success that Darwin
called natural selection
– The product of natural selection is adaptation, the
accumulation of favorable variations in a population
over time
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Observing Artificial Selection (인위선택)
Artificial selection is the selective breeding of
domesticated plants and animal by humans (humans were
substituting for the environment in screening heritable trait)
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b Domesticated dogs descended from wolves
Domesticated dogs Gray wolves
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The Process of Science (과학적연구과정)
• The word science is derived from a Latin verb
meaning “to know.”
• Science is a way of knowing.
• Science developed from people’s curiosity about
themselves and the world around them.
• This basic human drive to understand is manifest in two
main scientific approaches: discovery science(발견과학, 귀납) and hypothesis-driven science (가설-유도과학, 연역)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
1. Discovery Science
• Verifiable observations and measurements are the data
of discovery science.
– In biology, discovery science enables us to describe
life at its many levels.
Ex) Darwin’s careful description of the diverse plants and animals, The sequencing of the human genomes,
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• Discovery science can
lead to important
conclusions based on
a type of logic called
inductive reasoning (귀납)
: An inductive conclusion is
a generalization that
summarizes many
concurrent observations.
(specific general)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
추론의대표적인방법
연역법 (Deductive Method): 일반적인 원리를가지고 구체적이고 특수한 사실을 증명하는 방법– 모든동물은죽는다. -- 대전제 (일반적원리)
o 사람은 동물이다. -- 소전제 (구체적 사실)
o 그러므로사람은 죽는다. -- 추 론 (구체적 원리)
귀납법 (Inductive Method): 여러 가지 구체적인사실에서 공통적으로 나타난 현상을 통해 일반적인원리를 이끌어내는 방법
– 사람은죽는다.
o 소도죽는다.
o 돼지도 죽는다.
o 개도 죽는다.
o 사람, 소, 돼지, 개는 동물이다.
o 그러므로모든동물은죽는다. -- 추론(일반적원리)
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Observation:
My flashlightdoesn’t work.
Question:What’s wrong
with myflashlight?
Prediction:If I replace thebatteries, theflashlight will
work.
Experiment:I replace the
batteries withnew ones.
Experimentsupports
hypothesis;
make additionalpredictions
and test them.
Experiment does
not supporthypothesis; revise
hypothesis orpose new one.
Revise
Hypothesis:The flashlight’s
batteries
are dead.
2. Hypothesis-Driven Science
• The observations of discovery science stimulate us to
ask questions and seek explanations As a formal process
of inquiry , the scientific method consists of series of steps.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• In the process of science, the deduction usually
takes the form of predictions about experimental
results.
• Then the hypothesis is tested by performing an
experiment to see whether results are as predicted.
• A hypothesis is a tentative answer to some question.
: It is an explanation on trial.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
The Process of Science: Is Trans Fat Bad for You?
• One way to better understand how the process of science
can be applied to real-world problems is to examine
a case study, an in-depth examination
of an actual investigation.
• Dietary fat comes in different forms.
: Trans fat is a non-natural form produced through
manufacturing processes.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• A hypothesis-driven study published in 2004
– Started with the observation that human body fat
retains traces of consumed dietary fat.
– Asked the question: Would the adipose tissue
(지방조직) of heart attack patients be different from a
similar group of healthy patients?
– Formed the hypothesis that healthy patients’ body
fat would contain less trans fat that the body fat in
heart attack victims.
• The researchers set up an experiment to determine the
amounts of fat in the adipose tissue of 79 patients who
had a heart attack.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• The results showed significantly higher levels of trans
fat in the bodies of the heart attack patients.
• They compared these patients
to the data for 167 patients
who had not had a heart
attack.
• This is an example of a
controlled experiment, in
which the control and
experimental groups differ
only in one variable—the
occurrence of a heart attack.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
The Culture of Science
• Scientists build on what has been learned from earlier
research: They pay close attention to contemporary
scientists working on the same problem.
• Cooperation and competition characterize the scientific
culture: Scientists check the conclusions of others by
attempting to repeat experiments.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
Science, Technology, and Society
• Science and technology are interdependent.- New technologies advance science.
- Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies.
ex) the discovery of the structure of DNA about 50
years ago led to a variety of DNA technologies.
• Technology has improved our standard of living in
many ways, but it is a double-edged sword.
- Technology that keeps people healthier has enabled
the human population to double to nearly 7 billion in
just the past 40 years.
- The environmental consequences of this population
growth may be devastating.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
There are many examples of natural selection in action
Evolution connection: Evolution in our Everyday Lives
– Antibiotics have saved millions of human lives, but
there’s a dark side: It has driven the evolution of
antibiotic-resistant populations of bacteria.
– The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is
one (예: 결핵균)
Figure 1.16
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• It is important to note that adaptation of antibiotic-
resistant bacteria does not mean that the drugs created
the favorable characteristics.
• Instead, the environment screened the heritable
(상속가능한) variations that existed among individualsof a population and favored the ones best suited to
present conditions.
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
• Darwin’s publication of The Origin of Species
fueled an explosion in biological research
– Evolution is one of biology’s best demonstrated,
most comprehensive, and longest lasting theories
– Dobzansky (1973)
“ Nothing in biology makes sense except in light of
evolution”
Evolution is the unifying theme of biology
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RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.
연습문제
1. 발견과학과가설-유도과학의차이점은?
2. 진핵생물과원핵생물의차이점은?
3. 생명체에서통일성을나타내는화학적 기초는?
4. 다윈의 자연선택에서집단이 어떻게 환경에적응하게 되는지설명하라
5. 광합성 식물이 탄소와에너지의 흐름에작용하는 역할을설명하라
6. 과학기술이란무엇인가?