the masticatory system under varying functional load · andersen jl, aagaard p (2000). myosin heavy...

25
UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The masticatory system under varying functional load Grünheid, T. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Grünheid, T. (2010). The masticatory system under varying functional load. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 26 Sep 2020

Upload: others

Post on 25-Jul-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl)

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

The masticatory system under varying functional load

Grünheid, T.

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA):Grünheid, T. (2010). The masticatory system under varying functional load.

General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s),other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, statingyour reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Askthe Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam,The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.

Download date: 26 Sep 2020

Page 2: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

111

References

Aagaard P (2004). Making muscles ‘stronger’: exercise, nutrition, drugs. J Musculoskelet

Neuronal Interact 4:165–174. Abed G, Buschang PH, Taylor R, Hinton R (2007). Maturational and functional related

differences in rat craniofacial growth. Arch Oral Biol 52:1018–1025. Adams GR, Hather BM, Baldwin KM, Dudley GA (1993). Skeletal muscle myosin heavy

chain composition and resistance training. J Appl Physiol 74:911–915. Adrian ED, Bronk DW (1929). The discharge impulses in motor nerve fibres. Part II. The

frequency of discharge in reflex and voluntary contractions. J Physiol 67:119–151. Aggarwal P, Kharbanda OP, Mathur R, Duggal R, Parkash H (1999). Muscle response to

the twin-block appliance: an electromyographic study of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 116:405–414.

Agrawal KR, Lucas PW, Bruce IC, Prinz JF (1998). Food properties that influence neuromuscular activity during human mastication. J Dent Res 77:1931–1938.

Alajbeg IZ, Valentic-Peruzovic M, Alajbeg I, Illes D, Celebic A (2005). The influence of dental status on masticatory muscle activity in elderly patients. Int J Prosthodont 18:333–338.

Alajbeg IZ, Valentic-Peruzovic M, Alajbeg I, Cifrek M (2006). The influence of age and dental status on elevator and depressor muscle activity. J Oral Rehabil 33:94–101.

Alford EK, Roy RR, Hodgson JA, Edgerton VR (1987). Electromyography of rat soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior during hind limb suspension. Exp Neurol 96:635–649.

Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104.

Arai C, Ohnuki Y, Umeki D, Saeki Y (2005). Effects of bite-opening and cyclosporin A on the mRNA levels of myosin heavy chain and the muscle mass in rat masseter. Jpn J Physiol 55:173–179.

Ausoni S, Gorza L, Schiaffino S, Gundersen K, Lømo T (1990). Expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in stimulated fast and slow rat muscles. J Neurosci 10:153–160.

Bakke M, Michler L (1991). Temporalis and masseter muscle activity in patients with anterior open bite and craniomandibular disorders. Scand J Dent Res 99:219–228.

Page 3: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

112

Baldwin KM, Haddad F (2002). Skeletal muscle plasticity: cellular and molecular responses to altered physical activity paradigms. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81 (Suppl):S40–S51.

Barrett CJ, Navakatikyan MA, Malpas SC (2001). Long-term control of renal blood flow: what is the role of the renal nerves? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 280:R1534–R1545.

Basmajian JV, Stecko GA (1962). A new bipolar indwelling electrode for electromyography. J Appl Physiol 17:849.

Bekoff A, Lau B (1980). Interlimb coordination in 20-day-old rat fetuses. J Exp Zool 214:173–175.

Benington PCM, Gardener JE, Hunt NP (1999). Masseter muscle volume measured using ultrasonography and its relationship with facial morphology. Eur J Orthod 21:659–670.

Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR (1985). Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types. Am J Orthod 88:466–502.

Blanksma NG, van Eijden TMGJ (1995). Electromyographic heterogeneity in the human temporalis and masseter muscles during static biting, open/close excursions, and chewing. J Dent Res 74:1318–1327.

Blewett C, Elder GC (1993). Quantitative EMG analysis in soleus and plantaris during hindlimb suspension and recovery. J Appl Physiol 74:2057–2066.

Bobbert AC, Bruinvels DJ (1986). Properties of the two circadian oscillators influencing the rabbit’s food intake pattern. Behav Brain Res 19:193–204.

Boivin G, Meunier PJ (2002). Changes in bone remodeling rate influence the degree of mineralization of bone. Connect Tissue Res 43:535–537.

Boivin G, Farlay D, Bala Y, Doublier A, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD (2009). Influence of remodeling on the mineralization of bone tissue. Osteoporos Int 20:1023–1026.

Borromeo GL, Suvinen TI, Reade PC (1995). A comparison of the effects of group function and canine guidance interocclusal device on masseter muscle electromyographic activity in normal subjects. J Prosthet Dent 74:174–180.

Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Pellegrino MA, Reggiani C (1996). Force-velocity properties of human skeletal muscle fibers: myosin heavy chain isoform and temperature dependence. J Physiol 495:573–586.

Boyd SB, Gonyea WJ, Legan HL, Bell WH (1989). Masseter muscle adaptation following surgical correction of vertical maxillary excess. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:953–962.

Bredman JJ, Wessels A, Weijs WA, Korfage JAM, Soffers CA, Moorman AFM (1991). Demonstration of ‘cardiac-specific’ myosin heavy chain in masticatory muscles of human and rabbit. Histochem J 23:160–170.

Bredman JJ, Weijs WA, Korfage JAM, Brugman P, Moorman AFM (1992). Myosin heavy chain expression in rabbit masseter muscle during postnatal development. J Anat 180:263–274.

� References

Page 4: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

113

Bresin A, Kiliaridis S, Strid K-G (1999). Effect of masticatory function on the internal bone structure in the mandible of the growing rat. Eur J Oral Sci 107:35–44.

Bresin A, Bagge U, Kiliaridis S (2000). Adaptation of normal and hypofunctional masseter muscle after bite-raising in growing rats. Eur J Oral Sci 108:493–503.

Buchner R, van der Glas HW, Brouwers JEIG, Bosman F (1992). Electromyographic parameters related to clenching level and jaw-jerk reflex in patients with a simple type of myogenous cranio-mandibular disorder. J Oral Rehabil 19:495–511.

Burke RE (1981). Motor units: anatomy, physiology and functional organization. In: Brooks VB (ed.) Handbook of Physiology. Section 1: The nervous system. Vol. II. Motor control, part I, American Physiological Society, Washington, DC, pp. 345–422.

Burr DB (1997). Muscle strength, bone mass, and age-related bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 12:1547–1551.

Caiozzo VJ, Haddad F, Baker MJ, Herrick RE, Prietto N, Baldwin KM (1996). Microgravity-induced transformations of myosin isoforms and contractile properties of skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 81:123–132.

Canay S, Cindas A, Uzun G, Hersek N, Kutsal YG (1998). Effect of muscle relaxation splint therapy on the electromyographic activities of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85:674–679.

Carlson DS, Ellis E 3rd, Dechow PC, Nemeth PA (1989). Short-term stability and muscle adaptation after mandibular advancement surgery with and without suprahyoid myotomy in juvenile Macaca mulatta. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 68:135–149.

Carrier J, Monk TH (2000). Circadian rhythms of performance: New trends. Chronobiol Int 17:719–732.

Carvalho TC, Gerstner GE (2004). Licking rate adaptations to increased mandibular weight in the adult rat. Physiol Behav 82:331–337.

Castano FJ, Troulis MJ, Glowacki J, Kaban LB, Yates KE (2001). Proliferation of masseter myocytes after distraction osteogenesis of the porcine mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59:302–307.

Cazalets JR, Menard I, Cremieux J, Clarac F (1990). Variability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: an electromyographic study of swimming in the newborn rat. Behav Brain Res 40:215–225.

Cha BK, Kim CH, Baek SH (2007). Skeletal sagittal and vertical facial types and electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscle. Angle Orthod 77:463–470.

Chen XY, Zhang XZ, Guo Y, Li RX, Lin JJ, Wei Y (2008). The establishment of a mechanobiology model of bone and functional adaptation in response to mechanical loading. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 23 (Suppl 1):S88–S95.

Ciochon RL, Nisbett RA, Corruccini RS (1997). Dietary consistency and craniofacial development related to masticatory function in minipigs. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 17:96–102.

� References

Page 5: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

114

Cullen DM, Smith RT, Akhter MP (2001). Bone-loading response varies with strain magnitude and cycle number. J Appl Physiol 91:1971–1976.

Currey JD (2003). The many adaptations of bone. J Biomech 36:1487–1495. Dahlström L, Haraldson T (1985). Bite plates and stabilization splints in mandibular

dysfunction. A clinical and electromyographic comparison. Acta Odontol Scand 43:109–114.

Dahlström L, Haraldson T, Janson ST (1985). Comparative electromyographic study of bite plates and stabilization splints. Scand J Dent Res 93:262–268.

De Deyne PG, Hayatsu K, Meyer R, Paley D, Herzenberg JE (1999). Muscle regeneration and fiber-type transformation during distraction osteogenesis. J Orthop Res 17:560–570.

De Deyne PG, Kinsey S, Yoshino S, Jensen-Vick K (2002). The adaptation of soleus and edl in a rat model of distraction osteogenesis: IGF-1 and fibrosis. J Orthop Res 20:1225–1231.

Dicker GJ, van Spronsen PH, van Schijndel RA, van Ginkel FC, Manoliu R, Boom HPW, Tuinzing DB (2007). Adaptation of jaw closing muscles after surgical mandibular advancement procedures in different vertical craniofacial types: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 103:475–482.

Ding M, Odgaard A, Hvid I (1999). Accuracy of cancellous bone volume fraction measured by micro-CT scanning. J Biomech 32:323–326.

Dudley-Javoroski S, Shields RK (2008). Asymmetric bone adaptations to soleus mechanical loading after spinal cord injury. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 8:227–238.

Easton JW, Carlson DS (1990). Adaptation of the lateral pterygoid and superficial masseter muscles to mandibular protrusion in the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 97:149–158.

Eccles JC, Sherrington CS (1930). Numbers and contraction values of individual motor units examined in some muscles of the limb. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 106:326–357.

Ellis E 3rd, Throckmorton GS, Sinn DP (1996). Bite forces before and after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 54:176–181.

English AW, Eason J, Schwartz G, Shirley A, Carrasco DI (1999). Sexual dimorphism in the rabbit masseter muscle: myosin heavy chain composition of neuromuscular compartments. Cells Tissues Organs 164:179–191.

Eriksson P-O, Thornell L-E (1983). Histochemical and morphological muscle-fiber characteristics of the human masseter, the medial pterygoid and the temporal muscle. Arch Oral Biol 28:781–795.

Farella M, Michelotti A, Carbone G, Gallo LM, Palla S, Martina R (2005). Habitual daily masseter activity of subjects with different vertical craniofacial morphology. Eur J Oral Sci 113:380–385.

� References

Page 6: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

115

Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G (1999). The influence of crossbite on the coordinated electromyographic activity of human masticatory muscles during mastication. J Oral Rehabil 26:575–581.

Ferrario VF, Serrao G, Dellavia C, Caruso E, Sforza C (2002). Relationship between the number of occlusal contacts and masticatory muscle activity in healthy young adults. Cranio 20:91–98.

Ferretti JL, Cointry GR, Capozza RF, Frost HM (2003). Bone mass, bone strength, muscle-bone interactions, osteopenias and osteoporoses. Mech Ageing Dev 124:269–279.

Fischbach GD, Robbins N (1969). Changes in contractile properties of disused soleus muscles. J Physiol 201:305–320.

Fisher E, Staffenberg DA, McCarthy JG, Miller DC, Zeng J (1997). Histopathologic and biochemical changes in the muscles affected by distraction osteogenesis of the mandible. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:366–371.

Fontijn-Tekamp FA, Slagter AP, van der Bilt A, van’t Hof MA, Witter DJ, Kalk W, Jansen JA (2000). Biting and chewing in overdentures, full dentures, and natural dentitions. J Dent Res 79:1519–1524.

Forsén L, Bjørndal A, Bjartveit K, Edna TH, Holmen J, Jessen V, Westberg G (1994). Interaction between current smoking, leanness, and physical inactivity in the prediction of hip fracture. J Bone Miner Res 9:1671–1678.

Fritton SP, McLeod KJ, Rubin CT (2000). Quantifying the strain history of bone: spatial uniformity and self-similarity of low-magnitude strains. J Biomech 33:317–325.

Frost HM (2001). From Wolff’s law to the Utah paradigm: insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications. Anat Rec 262:398–419.

Galler S, Puchert E, Gohlsch B, Schmid D, Pette D (2002). Kinetic properties of cardiac myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat. Pflugers Arch 445:218–223.

Gazith J, Himmelfarb S, Harrington WF (1970). Studies on the subunit structure of myosin. J Biol Chem 245:15–22.

Gedrange T, Luck O, Hesske G, Büttner C, Seibel P, Harzer W (2001a). Differential expression of myosin heavy-chain mRNA in muscles of mastication during functional advancement of the mandible in pigs. Arch Oral Biol 46:215–220.

Gedrange T, Lupp A, Walter B, Harzer W, Bauer R (2001b). Oxidative state and histological changes in muscles of mastication after conditioning training. Exp Toxicol Pathol 53:89–96.

Gedrange T, Lupp A, Kirsch C, Harzer W, Klinger R (2002). Influence of the sagittal advancement of mandibulae on myofibrillar ATPase activity and myosin heavy chain content in the masticatory muscles of pigs. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 40:277–284.

Gedrange T, Büttner C, Schneider M, Oppitz R, Harzer W (2005a). Myosin heavy chain protein and gene expression in the masseter muscle of adult patients with distal or mesial malocclusion. J Appl Genet 46:227–236.

� References

Page 7: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

116

Gedrange T, Hietschold V, Haase I, Haase J, Laniado M, Harzer W (2005b). Computed tomographic examination of muscle volume, cross-section and density in patients with dysgnathia. Rofo 177:204–209.

Gedrange T, Mai R, Richter G, Wolf P, Lupp A, Harzer W (2005c). X-ray microanalysis of elements in the masticatory muscle after paresis of the right masseter. J Dent Res 84:1026–1030.

Goldspink G (1998). Cellular and molecular aspects of muscle growth, adaptation and ageing. Gerodontology 15:35–43.

Gorassini M, Bennett DJ, Kiehn O, Eken T, Hultborn H (1999). Activation patterns of hindlimb motor units in the awake rat and their relation to motoneuron intrinsic properties. J Neurophysiol 82:709–717.

Gorniak GC (1986). Correlation between histochemistry and muscle activity of jaw muscles in cats. J Appl Physiol 60:1393–1400.

Goto TK, Nishida S, Yahagi M, Langenbach GEJ, Nakamura Y, Tokumori K, Sakai S, Yabuuchi H, Yoshiura K (2006). Size and orientation of masticatory muscles in patients with mandibular laterognathism. J Dent Res 85:552–556.

Graham GS, Rugh JD (1988). Maxillary splint occlusal guidance patterns and electromyographic activity of the jaw-closing muscles. J Prosthet Dent 59:73–77.

Grossman EJ, Roy RR, Talmadge RJ, Zhong H, Edgerton VR (1998). Effects of inactivity on myosin heavy chain composition and size of rat soleus fibres. Muscle Nerve 21:375–389.

Grünheid T, Langenbach GEJ, Zentner A, van Eijden TMGJ (2005). Circadian variation and intermuscular correlation of rabbit jaw muscle activity. Brain Res 1062:151–160.

Grünheid T, Langenbach GEJ, Zentner A, van Eijden TMGJ (2006). Duty time of rabbit jaw muscles varies with the number of activity bursts. J Dent Res 85:1112–1117.

Hancock MB (1986). Two-color immunoperoxidase staining: visualization of anatomic relationships between immunoreactive neural elements. Am J Anat 175:343–352.

Hannam AG, McMillan AS (1994). Internal organization in the human jaw muscles. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 5:55–89.

Harper RP, de Bruin H, Burcea I (1997). Muscle activity during mandibular movements in normal and mandibular retrognathic subjects. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55:225–233.

Harzer W, Worm M, Gedrange T, Schneider M, Wolf P (2007). Myosin heavy chain mRNA isoforms in masseter muscle before and after orthognathic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 104:486–490.

Hather BM, Tesch PA, Buchanan P, Dudley GA (1991). Influence of eccentric actions on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training. Acta Physiol Scand 143:177–185.

Hattori Y, Satoh C, Seki S, Watanabe Y, Ogino Y, Watanabe M (2003). Occlusal and TMJ loads in subjects with experimentally shortened dental arches. J Dent Res 82:532–536.

� References

Page 8: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

117

He T, Kiliaridis S (2003). Effects of masticatory muscle function on craniofacial morphology in growing ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Eur J Oral Sci 111:510–517.

He T, Olsson S, Daugaard JR, Kiliaridis S (2004). Functional influence of masticatory muscles on the fiber characteristics and capillary distribution in growing ferrets (Mustela putonusfuro)–a histochemical analysis. Arch Oral Biol 49:983–989.

Hellsing E, Forsberg C-M, Linder-Aronson S, Sheikholeslam A (1986). Changes in postural EMG activity in the neck and masticatory muscles following obstruction of the nasal airways. Eur J Orthod 8:247–253.

Henneman E (1981). Recruitment of motoneurons: the size principle. Prog Clin Neurophysiol 9:26–60.

Hennig R, Lømo T (1985). Firing patterns of motor units in normal rats. Nature 314:164–166.

Hennig R, Lømo T (1987). Effects of chronic stimulation on the size and speed of long-term denervated and innervated rat fast and slow skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 130:115–131.

Hensbergen E, Kernell D (1997). Daily durations of spontaneous activity in cat’s ankle muscles. Exp Brain Res 115:325–332.

Hensbergen E, Kernell D (1998). Circadian and individual variations in duration of spontaneous activity among ankle muscles of the cat. Muscle Nerve 21:345–351.

Herring SW (2007). Masticatory muscles and the skull: a comparative perspective. Arch Oral Biol 52:296–299.

Hersek N, Uzun G, Cindas A, Canay S, Kutsal YG (1998). Effect of anterior repositioning splints on the electromyographic activities of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Cranio 16:11–16.

Hiyama S, Ono PT, Ishiwata Y, Kuroda T, McNamara JA Jr (2000). Neuromuscular and skeletal adaptations following mandibular forward positioning induced by the Herbst appliance. Angle Orthod 70:442–453.

Hiyama S, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Kuroda T, Ohyama K (2003). Effects of experimental nasal obstruction on human masseter and suprahyoid muscle activities during sleep. Angle Orthod 73:151–157.

Hjorth T, Melsen B, Møller E (1997). Masticatory muscle function after unilateral condylar fractures: a prospective and quantitative electromyographic study. Eur J Oral Sci 105:298–304.

Hodgson JA, Wichayanuparp S, Recktenwald MR, Roy RR, McCall G, Day MK, Washburn

D, Fanton JW, Kozlovskaya I, Edgerton VR (2001). Circadian force and EMG activity in hindlimb muscles of rhesus monkeys. J Neurophysiol 86:1430–1444.

Hohl TH (1983). Masticatory muscle transposition in primates: effects on craniofacial growth. J Maxillofac Surg 11:149–156.

� References

Page 9: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

118

Holmgren K, Sheikholeslam A, Riise C, Kopp S (1990). The effects of an occlusal splint on the electromyographic activities of the temporal and masseter muscles during maximal clenching in patients with a habit of nocturnal bruxism and signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil 17:447–459.

Holmgren K, Sheikholeslam A (1994). Occlusal adjustment and myoelectric activity of the jaw elevator muscles in patients with nocturnal bruxism and craniomandibular disorders. Scand J Dent Res 102:238–243.

Horton BJ, Turley SD, West CE (1974). Diurnal variation in the feeding pattern of rabbits. Life Sci 15:1895–1907.

Horton MJ, Brandon CA, Morris TJ, Braun TW, Yaw KM, Sciote JJ (2001). Abundant expression of myosin heavy-chain IIB RNA in a subset of human masseter muscle fibres. Arch Oral Biol 46:1039–1050.

Hsieh YF, Turner CH (2001). Effects of loading frequency on mechanically induced bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 16:918–924.

Huang X, Zhang G, Herring SW (1993). Alterations of muscle activities and jaw movements after blocking individual jaw-closing muscles in the miniature pig. Arch Oral Biol 38:291–297.

Hudson R (1998). Potential of the newborn rabbit for circadian rhythm research. Biological Rhythm Research 29:546–555.

Hunt NP, Cunningham SJ (1997). The influence of orthognathic surgery on occlusal force in patients with vertical facial deformities. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26:87–91.

Hunt NP, Shah R, Sinanan ACM, Lewis MP (2006). Muscling in on malocclusions: Current concepts on the role of muscles in the aetiology and treatment of malocclusion. J Orthod 33:187–197.

Husom AD, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV (2005). Age-related differences in the adaptive potential of type I skeletal muscle fibers. Exp Gerontol 40:227–235.

Ingervall B, Thilander B (1975). Activity of temporal and masseter muscles in children with a lateral forced bite. Angle Orthod 45:249–258.

Ingervall B, Helkimo E (1978). Masticatory muscle force and facial morphology in man. Arch Oral Biol 23:203–206.

Ingervall B, Ridell A, Thilander B (1979). Changes in activity of the temporal, masseter and lip muscles after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. Int J Oral Surg 8:290–300.

Ingervall B, Lindahl L (1980). Masticatory muscle function in patients treated for condylar fractures of the mandible. Int J Oral Surg 9:359–366.

Jarvis JC, Mokrusch T, Kwende MMN, Sutherland H, Salmons S (1996). Fast to slow transformation in stimulated rat muscle. Muscle Nerve 19:1469–1475.

Jilge B (1991). The rabbit: a diurnal or a nocturnal animal? J Exp Anim Sci 34:170–183.

� References

Page 10: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

119

Jilge B, Hudson R (2001). Diversity and development of circadian rhythms in the European rabbit. Chronobiol Int 18:1–26.

Juniper (1981). The superior pterygoid muscle? Br J Oral Surg 19:121–128. Karkazis HC (2002). EMG activity of the masseter muscle in implant supported

overdenture wearers during chewing of hard and soft food. J Oral Rehabil 29:986–991. Karkazis HC, Kossioni AE (1997). Re-examination of the surface EMG activity of the

masseter muscle in young adults during chewing of two test foods. J Oral Rehabil 24:216–223.

Karkazis HC, Kossioni AE (1998). Surface EMG activity of the masseter muscle in denture wearers during chewing of hard and soft food. J Oral Rehabil 25:8–14.

Katsumata A, Fujishita M, Ariji Y, Ariji E, Langlais RP (2004). 3D CT evaluation of masseter muscle morphology after setback osteotomy for mandibular prognathism. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 98:461–470.

Kawai N, Tanaka E, Langenbach GEJ, van Wessel T, Brugman P, Sano R, van Eijden TMGJ, Tanne K (2007). Daily jaw muscle activity in freely moving rats measured with radio-telemetry. Eur J Oral Sci 115:15–20.

Kayukawa H (1992). Malocclusion and masticatory muscle activity: a comparison of four types of malocclusion. J Clin Pediatr Dent 16:162–177.

Kemsley EK, Defernez M, Sprunt JC, Smith AC (2003). Electromyographic responses to prescribed mastication. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 13:197–207.

Kern DS, Semmler JG, Enoka RM (2001). Long-term activity in upper- and lower-limb muscles of humans. J Appl Physiol 9:2224–2232.

Kernell D (1992). Organized variability in the neuromuscular system: a survey of task-related adaptations. Arch Ital Biol 130:19–66.

Kernell D (1998). The final common pathway in postural control–developmental perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22:479–484.

Kernell D, Hensbergen E, Lind A, Eerbeek O (1998). Relation between fibre composition and daily duration of spontaneous activity in ankle muscles of the cat. Arch Ital Biol 136:191–203.

Kiliaridis S (1995). Masticatory muscle influence on craniofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand 53:196–202.

Kiliaridis S (2006). The importance of masticatory muscle function in dentofacial growth. Semin Orthod 12:110–119.

Kiliaridis S, Engström C, Thilander B (1988). Histochemical analysis of masticatory muscle in the growing rat after prolonged alteration in the consistency of the diet. Arch Oral Biol 33:187–193.

Kiliaridis S, Shyu BC (1988). Isometric muscle tension generated by masseter stimulation after prolonged alteration of the consistency of the diet fed to growing rats. Arch Oral Biol 33:467–472.

� References

Page 11: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

120

Kiliaridis S, Kalebo P (1991). Masseter muscle thickness measured by ultrasonography and its relation to facial morphology. J Dent Res 70:1262–1265.

Kiliaridis S, Bresin A, Holm J, Strid K-G (1996). Effects of masticatory muscle function on bone mass in the mandible of the growing rat. Acta Anat (Basel) 155:200–205.

Kiliaridis S, Mahboubi PH, Raadsheer MC, Katsaros C (2007). Ultrasonographic thickness of the masseter muscle in growing individuals with unilateral crossbite. Angle Orthod 77:607–611.

Kim NH, Chung JH, Park RH, Park JB (2005). The use of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic mandibular contouring. Plast Reconstr Surg 115:919–930.

Kitagawa Y, Mitera K, Ogasawara T, Nojyo Y, Miyauchi K, Sano K (2004). Alterations in enzyme histochemical characteristics of the masseter muscle caused by long-term soft diet in growing rabbits. Oral Dis 10:271–276.

Knutson LM, Soderberg GL, Ballantyne BT, Clarke WR (1994). A study of various normalization procedures for within day electromyographic data. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 4:47–59.

Kobayashi T, Honma K, Shingaki S, Nakajima T (2001). Changes in masticatory function after orthognathic treatment in patients with mandibular prognathism. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 39:260–265.

Korfage JAM, Brugman P, van Eijden TMGJ (2000). Intermuscular and intramuscular differences in myosin heavy chain composition of the human masticatory muscles. J Neurol Sci 178:95–106.

Korfage JAM, van Eijden TMGJ (2003). Myosin heavy chain composition in human masticatory muscles by immunohistochemistry and gel electrophoresis. J Histochem Cytochem 51:113–119.

Korfage JAM, Koolstra JH, Langenbach GEJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2005a). Fiber-type composition of the human jaw muscles–(part 1) origin and functional significance of fiber-type diversity. J Dent Res 84:774–783.

Korfage JAM, Koolstra JH, Langenbach GEJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2005b). Fiber-type composition of the human jaw muscles–(part 2) role of hybrid fibers and factors responsible for inter-individual variation. J Dent Res 84:784–793.

Korfage JAM, van Wessel T, Langenbach GEJ, Ay F, van Eijden TMGJ (2006a). Postnatal transitions in myosin heavy chain isoforms of the rabbit superficial masseter and digastric muscle. J Anat 208:743–751.

Korfage JAM, van Wessel T, Langenbach GEJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2006b). Heterogeneous postnatal transitions in myosin heavy chain isoforms within the rabbit temporalis muscle. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 288:1095–1104.

Korfage JAM, Helmers R, de Goüyon Matignon M, van Wessel T, Langenbach GEJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2009). Postnatal development of fiber type composition in rabbit jaw and leg muscles. Cells Tissues Organs 190:42–52.

� References

Page 12: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

121

Kossioni AE, Karkazis HC (1994). EMG study on the effect of ageing on the human masseteric jaw-jerk reflex. Gerodontology 11:30–38.

Kwon TG, Park HS, Lee SH, Park IS, An CH (2007). Influence of unilateral masseter muscle atrophy on craniofacial morphology in growing rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65:1530–1537.

Langenbach GEJ, Brugman P, Weijs WA (1992). Preweaning feeding mechanisms in the rabbit. J Dev Physiol 18:253–261.

Langenbach GEJ, van Ruijven LJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2002). A telemetry system to chronically record muscle activity in middle-sized animals. J Neurosci Methods 114:197–203.

Langenbach GEJ, van de Pavert S, Savalle WPM, Korfage JAM, van Eijden TMGJ (2003). Influence of food consistency on the rabbit masseter muscle fibers. Eur J Oral Sci 111:81–84.

Langenbach GEJ, van Wessel T, Brugman P, van Eijden TMGJ (2004). Variation in daily masticatory muscle activity in the rabbit. J Dent Res 83:55–59.

Lanyon LE (1992). The success and failure of the adaptive response to functional load-bearing in averting bone fracture. Bone 13 (Suppl 2):S17–S21.

Lanyon LE, Magee PT, Baggott DG (1979). The relationship of functional stress and strain to the processes of bone remodelling. An experimental study on the sheep radius. J Biomech 12:593–600.

Larsson L, Moss RL (1993). Maximum velocity of shortening in relation to myosin isoform composition in single fibres from human skeletal muscles. J Physiol 472:595–614.

Larsson L, Li X, Frontera WR (1997). Effects of aging on shortening velocity and myosin isoform composition in single human skeletal muscle cells. Am J Physiol 272:C638–C649.

Lee CJ, Kim SG, Kim YJ, Han JY, Choi SH, Lee SI (2007). Electrophysiologic change and facial contour following Botulinum Toxin A injection in square faces. Plast Reconstr Surg 120:769–778.

Leon LR, Walker LD, DuBose DA, Stephenson LA (2004). Biotelemetry transmitter implantation in rodents: impact on growth and circadian rhythms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286:R967–R974.

Lewis DM, Al-Amood WS, Schmalbruch H (1997). Effects of long-term phasic electrical stimulation on denervated soleus muscle: guinea pig contrasted with rat. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 10:573–586.

Liddell EGT, Sherrington CS (1925). Recruitment and some other forms of reflex inhibition. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 97:267–283.

Lisková M, Hert J (1971). Reaction of bone to mechanical stimuli. Part 2. Periosteal and endosteal reaction of tibial diaphysis in rabbit to intermittent loading. Folia Morphol (Praha) 19:301–317.

� References

Page 13: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

122

Liu ZJ, Ikeda K, Harada S, Kasahara Y, Ito G (1998). Functional properties of jaw and tongue muscles in rats fed a liquid diet after being weaned. J Dent Res 77:366–376.

Lo LJ, Mardini S, Chen YR (2005). Volumetric change of the muscles of mastication following resection of mandibular angles: a long-term follow-up. Ann Plast Surg 54:615–622.

Lobbezoo F, van der Glas HW, van Kampen FMC, Bosman F (1993). The effect of an occlusal stabilization splint and the mode of visual feedback on the activity balance between jaw-elevator muscles during isometric contraction. J Dent Res 72:876–882.

Lømo T, Westgaard RH, Dahl HA (1974). Contractile properties of muscle: control by pattern of muscle activity in the rat. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 187:99–103.

Loveridge N, Power J, Reeve J, Boyde A (2004). Bone mineralization density and femoral neck fragility. Bone 35:929–941.

Lowey S, Risby D (1971). Light chains from fast and slow muscle myosins. Nature 234:81–85.

Lu TW, Taylor SJ, O’Connor JJ, Walker PS (1997). Influence of muscle activity on the forces in the femur: an in vivo study. J Biomech 30:1101–1106.

Lund JP (1991). Mastication and its control by the brain stem. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2:33–64.

Mackool RJ, Hopper RA, Grayson BH, Holliday R, McCarthy JG (2003). Volumetric change of the medial pterygoid following distraction osteogenesis of the mandible: an example of the associated soft-tissue changes. Plast Reconstr Surg 111:1804–1807.

Maeda N, Kawasaki T, Osawa K, Yamamoto Y, Sumida H, Masuda T, Kumegawa M (1987). Effects of long-term intake of a fine-grained diet on the mouse masseter muscle. Acta Anat (Basel) 128:326–333.

Maki K, Nishioka T, Shioiri E, Takahashi T, Kimura M (2002). Effects of dietary consistency on the mandible of rats at the growth stage: computed X-ray densitometric and cephalometric analysis. Angle Orthod 72:468–475.

Manns A, Miralles R, Santander H, Valdivia J (1983). Influence of the vertical dimension in the treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 50:700–709.

Mavropoulos A, Kiliaridis S, Bresin A, Ammann P (2004). Effect of different masticatory functional and mechanical demands on the structural adaptation of the mandibular alveolar bone in young growing rats. Bone 35:191–197.

Mavropoulos A, Ammann P, Bresin A, Kiliaridis S (2005). Masticatory demands induce region-specific changes in mandibular bone density in growing rats. Angle Orthod 75:625–630.

Maxwell LC, McNamara JA Jr, Carlson DS, Faulkner JA (1980). Histochemistry of fibers of masseter and temporalis muscles of edentulous monkeys Macaca mulatta. Arch Oral Biol 25:87–93.

� References

Page 14: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

123

Maxwell LC, Carlson DS, McNamara JA Jr, Faulkner JA (1981). Adaptation of the masseter and temporalis muscles following alteration in length, with or without surgical detachment. Anat Rec 200:127–137.

Mayo KH, Ellis E 3rd, Carlson DS (1988). Histochemical characteristics of masseter and temporalis muscles after 5 weeks of maxillomandibular fixation–an investigation in Macaca mulatta. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 66:421–426.

McCall GE, Byrnes WC, Dickinson A, Pattany PM, Fleck SJ (1996). Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training. J Appl Physiol 81:2004–2012.

McComas AJ (1998). Oro-facial muscles: internal structure, function and ageing. Gerodontology 15:3–14.

McNamara JA Jr (1973). The independent functions of the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Am J Anat 138:197–205.

Michelotti A, Farella M, Gallo LM, Veltri A, Palla S, Martina R (2005). Effect of occlusal interference on habitual activity of human masseter. J Dent Res 84:644–648.

Miehe B, Fanghänel J, Kubein-Meesenburg D, Nägerl H, Schwestka-Polly R (1999). Masticatory musculature under altered occlusal relationships–a model study with experimental animals. Ann Anat 181:37–40.

Miller AJ, Vargervik K, Chierici G (1984). Experimentally induced neuromuscular changes during and after nasal airway obstruction. Am J Orthod 85:385–392.

Miralles R, Hevia R, Contreras L, Carvajal R, Bull R, Manns A (1991). Patterns of electromyographic activity in subjects with different skeletal facial types. Angle Orthod 61:277–284.

Miyamoto K, Yamada K, Ishizuka Y, Morimoto N, Tanne K (1996). Masseter muscle activity during the whole day in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 110:394–398.

Miyamoto K, Ishizuka Y, Ueda HM, Saifuddin M, Shikata N, Tanne K (1999). Masseter muscle activity during the whole day in children and young adults. J Oral Rehabil 26:858–864.

Miyata H, Sugiura T, Kawai Y, Shigenaga Y (1993). Effect of soft diet and aging on rat masseter muscle and its motoneuron. Anat Rec 237:415–420.

Monemi M, Eriksson P-O, Dubail I, Butler-Browne GS, Thornell L-E (1996). Fetal myosin heavy chain increases in the human masseter muscle during aging. FEBS Lett 386:87–90.

Monemi M, Eriksson P-O, Eriksson A, Thornell L-E (1998). Adverse changes in fiber-type composition of the human masseter versus biceps brachii muscle during aging. J Neurol Sci 154:35–48.

� References

Page 15: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

124

Monemi M, Eriksson P-O, Kadi F, Butler-Browne GS, Thornell L-E (1999a). Opposite changes in myosin heavy chain composition of human masseter and biceps brachii muscles during aging. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 20:351–361.

Monemi M, Thornell L-E, Eriksson P-O (1999b). Diverse changes in fibre type composition of the human lateral pterygoid and digastric muscles during aging. J Neurol Sci 171:38–48.

Monemi M, Liu J-X, Thornell L-E, Eriksson P-O (2000). Myosin heavy chain composition of the human lateral pterygoid and digastric muscles in young adults and elderly. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 21:303–312.

Monster AW, Chan HC, O’Connor D (1978). Activity patterns of human skeletal muscles: relation to muscle fiber-type composition. Science 200:314–317.

Morimoto T, Inoue T, Nakamura T, Kawamura Y (1985). Characteristics of rhythmic jaw movements of the rabbit. Arch Oral Biol 30:673–677.

Morimoto T, Inoue T, Masuda Y, Nagashima T (1989). Sensory components facilitating jaw-closing muscle activities in the rabbit. Exp Brain Res 76:424–440.

Mork PJ, Westgaard RH (2005). Long-term electromyographic activity in upper trapezius and low back muscles of women with moderate physical activity. J Appl Physiol 99:570–578.

Moss JP (1985). A cephalometric and electromyographic investigation of patients treated for the correction of mandibular prognathism by mandibular surgery only. Int J Orthod 23:10–19.

Moss ML (1981). Genetics, epigenetics, and causation. Am J Orthod 80:366–375. Moss ML, Salentijn L (1969). The primary role of functional matrices in facial growth. Am

J Orthod 55:566–577. Muir GD (2000). Early ontogeny of locomotor behaviour: a comparison between altricial

and precocial animals. Brain Res Bull 53:719–726. Mulder L, Koolstra JH, van Eijden TMGJ (2004). Accuracy of microCT in the quantitative

determination of the degree and distribution of mineralization in developing bone. Acta Radiol 45:769–777.

Mulder L, van Groningen LB, Potgieser YA, Koolstra JH, van Eijden TMGJ (2006). Regional differences in architecture and mineralization of developing mandibular bone. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 288:954–961.

Muller J, Vayssiere N, Muller A, Marti-Mestres G, Mornet D (2000). Bilateral effect of a unilateral occlusal splint on the expression of myosin heavy-chain isoforms in rat deep masseter muscle. Arch Oral Biol 45:1017–1024.

Naeije M, Hansson TL (1991). Short-term effect of the stabilization appliance on masticatory muscle activity in myogenous craniomandibular disorder patients. J Craniomandib Disord 5:245–250.

� References

Page 16: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

125

Nakamura Y, Katakura N (1995). Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstem. Neurosci Res 23:1–19.

Nakata Y, Ueda HM, Kato M, Tabe H, Shikata-Wakisaka N, Matsumoto E, Koh M, Tanaka E, Tanne K (2007). Changes in stomatognathic function induced by orthodontic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65:444–451.

Navarrette R, Vrbová G (1993). Activity-dependent interactions between motoneurones and muscles: their role in the development of the motor unit. Prog Neurobiol 41:93–124.

Negoro T, Ito K, Morita T, Hiraba K, Mizutani M, Ohno N, Goto S (2001). Histochemical study of rabbit masseter muscle: The effect of the alteration of food on the muscle fibers. Oral Med Pathol 6:65–71.

Newton JP, Abel EW, Robertson EM, Yemm R (1987). Changes in human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles with age: a study by computed tomography. Gerodontics 3:151–154.

Newton JP, Yemm R, Abel RW, Menhinick S (1993). Changes in human jaw muscles with age and dental state. Gerodontology 10:16–22.

Newton JP, McManus FC, Menhenick S (2004). Jaw muscles in older overdenture patients. Gerodontology 21:37–42.

Nielsen IL, McNeill C, Danzig W, Goldman S, Levy J, Miller AJ (1990). Adaptation of craniofacial muscles in subjects with craniomandibular disorders. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 97:20–34.

Nuijens FW, Snelderwaard PC, Bout RG (1997). An electromyographic technique for small animals. J Neurosci Methods 76:71–73.

Nuzzo S, Peyrin F, Cloetens P, Baruchel J, Boivin G (2002). Quantification of the degree of mineralization of bone in three dimensions using synchrotron radiation microtomography. Med Phys 29:2676–2681.

Ohira Y, Yoshinaga T, Ohara M, Nonaka I, Yoshioka T, Yamashita-Goto K, Shenkman BS, Kozlovskaya IB, Roy RR, Edgerton VR (1999). Myonuclear domain and myosin phenotype in human soleus after bed rest with or without loading. J Appl Physiol 87:1776–1785.

Ohira Y, Nomura T, Kawano F, Sato Y, Ishihara A, Nonaka I (2002). Effects of nine weeks of unloading on neuromuscular activities in adult rats. J Gravit Physiol 9:49–59.

Ohnuki Y, Saeki Y, Yamane A, Yanagisawa K (2000). Quantitative changes in the mRNA for contractile proteins and metabolic enzymes in masseter muscle of bite-opened rats. Arch Oral Biol 45:1025–1032.

Oishi Y, Ishihara A, Yamamoto H, Miyamoto E (1998). Hindlimb suspension induces the expression of multiple myosin heavy chain isoforms in single fibres of the rat soleus muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 162:127–134.

� References

Page 17: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

126

Pancherz H, Anehus-Pancherz M (1982). The effect of continuous bite jumping with the Herbst appliance on the masticatory system: a functional analysis of treated Class II malocclusions. Eur J Orthod 4:37–44.

Parfitt AM (1994). The two faces of growth: Benefits and risks to bone integrity. Osteopor Int 4:382–398.

Pellegrino MA, Canepari M, Rossi R, D’Antona G, Reggiani C, Bottinelli R (2003). Orthologous myosin isoforms and scaling of shortening velocity with body size in mouse, rat, rabbit and human muscles. J Physiol 546:677–689.

Pette D (2001). Plasticity in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Historical perspectives: Plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 90:1119–1124.

Pette D (2002). The adaptive potential of skeletal muscle fibers. Can J Appl Physiol 27:423–448.

Pette D, Staron RS (1997). Mammalian skeletal muscle fibre type transitions. Int Rev Cytol 170:143–223.

Pette D, Vrbová G (1999). What does chronic electrical stimulation teach us about muscle plasticity? Muscle Nerve 22:666–677.

Pette D, Staron RS (2001). Transitions of muscle fibre phenotypic profiles. Histochem Cell Biol 115:359–372.

Peyron M-A, Lassauzay C, Woda A (2002). Effects of increased hardness on jaw movement and muscle activity during chewing of visco-elastic model foods. Exp Brain Res 142:41–51.

Piancino MG, Bracco P, Vallelonga T, Merlo A, Farina D (2008). Effect of bolus hardness on the chewing pattern and activation of masticatory muscles in subjects with normal dental occlusion. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 18:931–937.

Pierotti DJ, Roy RR, Bodine-Fowler SC, Hodgson JA, Edgerton VR (1991). Mechanical and morphological properties of chronically inactive cat tibialis anterior motor units. J Physiol 444:175–192.

Principato JJ (1991). Upper airway obstruction and craniofacial morphology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 104:881–890.

Proctor DN, Balagopal P, Nair KS (1998). Age-related sarcopenia in humans is associated with reduced synthetic rates of specific muscle proteins. J Nutr 128:351S–355S.

Proffit WR, Fields HW, Nixon WI (1983). Occlusal forces in normal and long-face adults. J Dent Res 62:566–571.

Proffit WR, Turvey TA, Fields HW, Phillips C (1989). The effect of orthognathic surgery on occlusal force. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:457–463.

Raustia AM, Oikarinen KS (1994). Changes in electric activity of masseter and temporal muscles after mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 23:180–184.

� References

Page 18: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

127

Raustia AM, Salonen MAM, Pyhtinen J (1996). Evaluation of masticatory muscles of edentulous patients by computed tomography and electromyography. J Oral Rehabil 23:11–16.

Raustia AM, Oikarinen KS, Pernu H (1997). Changes in electrical activity of masseter and temporal muscles after temporomandibular joint surgery. A one-year follow up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26:253–257.

Reader M, Schwartz G, English AW (2001). Brief exposure to testosterone is sufficient to induce sex differences in the rabbit masseter muscle. Cells Tissues Organs 169:210–217.

Reid SA, Boyde A (1987). Changes in the mineral density distribution in human bone with age: image analysis using backscattered electrons in the SEM. J Bone Miner Res 2:13–22.

Renders GAP, Mulder L, van Ruijven LJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2006). Degree and distribution of mineralization in the human mandibular condyle. Calcif Tissue Int 79:190–196.

Ricketts RM (1960). A foundation for cephalometric communication. Am J Orthod 46:330–357.

Riggs CM, Vaughan LC, Evans GP, Lanyon LE, Boyde A (1993). Mechanical implications of collagen fibre orientation in cortical bone of the equine radius. Anat Embryol 187:239–248.

Rittweger J, Frost HM, Schiessl H, Ohshima H, Alkner B, Tesch P, Felsenberg D (2005). Muscle atrophy and bone loss after 90 days’ bed rest and the effects of flywheel resistive exercise and pamidronate: results from the LTBR study. Bone 36:1019–1029.

Robling AG, Hinant FM, Burr DB, Turner CH (2002). Improved bone structure and strength after long-term mechanical loading is greatest if loading is separated into short bouts. J Bone Miner Res 17:1545–1554.

Ross CF, Dharia R, Herring SW, Hylander WL, Liu Z-J, Rafferty KL, Ravosa MJ, Williams SH (2007). Modulation of mandibular loading and bite force in mammals during mastication. J Exp Biol 210:1046–1063.

Rowlerson A, Raoul G, Daniel Y, Close J, Maurage C-A, Ferri J, Sciote JJ (2005). Fiber-type differences in masseter muscle associated with different facial morphologies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 127:37–46.

Roy RR, Baldwin KM, Edgerton VR (1991). The plasticity of skeletal muscle: Effects of neuromuscular activity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 19:269–312.

Rubin C, Turner AS, Mallinckrodt C, Jerome C, McLeod K, Bain S (2002). Mechanical strain, induced noninvasively in the high-frequency domain, is anabolic to cancellous bone, but not cortical bone. Bone 30:445–452.

Rubin CT, Lanyon LE (1985). Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude. Calcif Tiss Int 37:411–417.

� References

Page 19: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

128

Rubin CT, Lanyon LE (1987). Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: function as a determinant for adaptive remodeling in bone. J Orthop Res 5:300–310.

Saifuddin M, Miyamoto K, Ueda HM, Shikata N, Tanne K (2001). A quantitative electromyographic analysis of masticatory muscle activity in usual daily life. Oral Dis 7:94–100.

Saito T, Ohnuki Y, Yamane A, Saeki Y (2002). Effects of diet consistency on the myosin heavy chain mRNAs of rat masseter muscle during postnatal development. Arch Oral Biol 47:109–115.

Sant’ana Pereira JA, Wessels A, Nijtmans L, Moorman AFM, Sargeant AJ (1995). New method for the accurate characterization of single human skeletal muscle fibres demonstrates a relation between mATPase and MyHC expression in pure and hybrid fibre types. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 16:21–34.

Sato I, Konishi K (2004). Effects of soft diet on rat masseter muscle mitochondrial development. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 81:67–74.

Sato M, Maruoka Y, Kunimori K, Imai H, Kabasawa Y, Ichinose S, Harada K, Omura K (2007). Morphological and immunohistochemical changes in muscle tissue in association with mandibular distraction osteogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65:1517–1525.

Schiaffino S, Reggiani C (1994). Myosin isoforms in mammalian skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 77:493–501.

Schwartz G, Enomoto S, Valiquette C, Lund JP (1989). Mastication in the rabbit: a description of movement and muscle activity. J Neurophysiol 62:273–287.

Sciote JJ, Rowlerson AM, Hopper C, Hunt NP (1994). Fibre type classification and myosin isoforms in the human masseter muscle. J Neurol Sci 126:15–24.

Sciote JJ, Kentish JC (1996). Unloaded shortening velocities of rabbit masseter muscle fibres expressing skeletal or alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chains. J Physiol 492:659–667.

Sciote JJ, Horton MJ, Rowlerson AM, Link J (2003). Specialized cranial muscles: how different are they from limb and abdominal muscles? Cells Tissues Organs 174:73–86.

Scutter SD, Türker KS (1998). Recruitment stability in masseter motor units during isometric voluntary contractions. Muscle Nerve 21:1290–1298.

Sfondrini G, Reggiani C, Gandini P, Bovenzi R, Pellegrino MA (1996). Adaptations of masticatory muscles to a hyperpropulsive appliance in the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 110:612–617.

Shaughnessy T, Fields H, Westbury J (1989). Association between craniofacial morphology and fiber-type distributions in human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles. Int J Adult Orthodont Orthognath Surg 4:145–155.

Shupe RJ, Mohamed SE, Christensen LV, Finger IM, Weinberg R (1984). Effects of occlusal guidance on jaw-muscle activity. J Prosthet Dent 51:811–818.

� References

Page 20: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

129

Skedros JG, Bloebaum RD, Mason MW, Bramble DM (1994). Analysis of a tension/compression skeletal system: possible strain-specific differences in the hierarchical organization of bone. Anat Rec 239:396–404.

Smith A, Weber CM, Newton J, Denny M (1991). Developmental and age-related changes in reflexes of the human jaw-closing system. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 81:118–128.

Song HS, Park CG (1997). Masseter muscle atrophy after ostectomy of the mandibular angle in rabbits. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:51–60.

Spencer MA, Demes B (1993). Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neandertals and Inuits. Am J Phys Anthropol 91:1–20.

Stålberg E, Eriksson P-O, Antoni L, Thornell L-E (1986). Electrophysiological study of size and fiber distribution of motor units in the human masseter and temporal muscles. Arch Oral Biol 31:521–527.

Staron RS (1991). Correlation between myofibrillar ATPase activity and myosin heavy chain composition in single human muscle fibers. Histochemistry 96:21–24.

Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Gordon SE, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS (1994). Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women. J Appl Physiol 76:1247–1255.

Stephenson GMM (2001). Hybrid skeletal muscle fibres: a rare or common phenomenon? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 28:692–702.

Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Houe L (1998a). Muscle pain modulates mastication: an experimental study in humans. J Orofac Pain 12:7–16.

Svensson P, Graven-Nielsen T, Matre D, Arendt-Nielsen L (1998b). Experimental muscle pain does not cause long-lasting increases in resting electromyographic activity. Muscle Nerve 21:1382–1389.

Svensson P, Wang K, Sessle BJ, Arendt-Nielsen L (2004). Associations between pain and neuromuscular activity in the human jaw and neck muscles. Pain 109:225–232.

Tabe H, Ueda HM, Kato M, Nagaoka K, Nakashima Y, Matsumoto E, Shikata N, Tanne K (2005). Influence of functional appliances on masticatory muscle activity. Angle Orthod 75:616–624.

Tallgren A, Holden S, Lang BR, Ash MM Jr (1980). Jaw-muscle activity in complete denture wearers–a longitudinal electromyographic study. J Prosthet Dent 44:123–132.

Tallgren A, Tryde G, Mizutani H (1986). Changes in jaw relations and activity of masticatory muscles in patients with immediate complete upper dentures. J Oral Rehabil 13:311–324.

Tallgren A, Tryde G (1991). Chewing and swallowing activity of masticatory muscles in patients with a complete upper and a partial lower denture. J Oral Rehabil 18:285–299.

� References

Page 21: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

130

Talwar RM, Ellis E 3rd, Throckmorton GS (1998). Adaptations of the masticatory system after bilateral fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56:430–439.

Tamm AS, Lagerquist O, Ley AL, Collins DF (2009). Chronotype influences diurnal variations in the excitability of the human motor cortex and the ability to generate torque during a maximum voluntary contraction. J Biol Rhythms 24:211–224.

Tanaka E, Sano R, Kawai N, Langenbach GEJ, Brugman P, Tanne K, van Eijden TMGJ (2007). Effect of food consistency on the degree of mineralization in the rat mandible. Ann Biomed Eng 35:1617–1621.

Taylor AB, Jones KE, Kunwar R, Ravosa MJ (2006). Dietary consistency and plasticity of masseter fiber architecture in postweaning rabbits. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 288:1105–1111.

Tecco S, Caputi S, Festa F (2007). Electromyographic activity of masticatory, neck and trunk muscles of subjects with different skeletal morphology–a cross-sectional evaluation. J Oral Rehabil 34:478–486.

Thomas NR, Peyton SC (1983). An electromyographic study of mastication in the freely-moving rat. Arch Oral Biol 28:939–945.

Thomason DB, Booth FW (1990). Atrophy of the soleus muscle by hindlimb unweighting. J Appl Physiol 68:1–12.

Throckmorton GS, Talwar RM, Ellis E 3rd (1999). Changes in masticatory patterns after bilateral fracture of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 57:500–509.

Tipton KD, Ferrando AA, Williams BD, Wolfe RR (1996). Muscle protein metabolism in female swimmers after a combination of resistance and endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 81:2034–2038.

Tuominen M, Kantomaa T, Pirttiniemi P (1993). Effect of food consistency on the shape of the articular eminence and the mandible. Acta Odontol Scand 51:65–72.

Turkawski SJJ, van Eijden TMGJ (2000). EMG power spectrum and motor unit characteristics in the masseter muscle of the rabbit. J Dent Res 79:950–956.

Turner CH (1998). Three rules for bone adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Bone 23:399–407.

Turner CH (2000). Muscle-bone interactions, revisited. Bone 27:339–340. Turner CH, Forhood MR, Rho JY, Yoshikawa T (1994). Mechanical loading thresholds for

lamellar and woven bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 9:87–97. Turner CH, Takano Y, Owan I (1995). Aging changes mechanical loading thresholds for

bone formation in rats. J Bone Miner Res 10:1544–1549. Tüz HH, Kisnisci RS, Günhan O (2003). Histomorphometric evaluation of short-term

changes in masseter muscle after lengthening the rabbit mandible by distraction osteogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61:615–620.

� References

Page 22: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

131

Ueda HM, Ishizuka Y, Miyamoto K, Morimoto N, Tanne K (1998). Relationship between masticatory muscle activity and vertical craniofacial morphology. Angle Orthod 68:233–238.

Ueda HM, Miyamoto K, Saifuddin M, Ishizuka Y, Tanne K (2000). Masticatory muscle activity in children and adults with different facial types. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 118:63–68.

van der Meulen JH, Borschel GH, Lynch JB, Nicklin S, Ho KCK, Gianoutsos MP, Walsh WR, Kuzon WM Jr (2005). The effect of rate of distraction osteogenesis on structure and function of anterior digastric muscle fibers. Plast Reconstr Surg 115:831–837.

van Eijden TMGJ (1990). Jaw muscle activity in relation to the direction and point of application of bite force. J Dent Res 69:901–905.

van Eijden TMGJ, Korfage JAM, Brugman P (1997). Architecture of the human jaw-closing and jaw-opening muscles. Anat Rec 248:464–474.

van Eijden TMGJ, Turkawski SJJ (2001). Morphology and physiology of masticatory muscle motor units. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12:76–91.

van Hof MW, Rietveld WJ, Tordoir WE (1963). Influence of illumination on locomotor activity of rabbits. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Neerl 12:266–274.

van Limborgh J (1972). The role of genetic and local environmental factors in the control of postnatal craniofacial morphogenesis. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand 10:37–47.

van Ruijven LJ, Mulder L, van Eijden TMGJ (2007). Variations in mineralization affect the stress and strain distributions in cortical and trabecular bone. J Biomech 40:1211–1218.

van Spronsen PH, Weijs WA, Valk J, Prahl-Andersen B, van Ginkel FC (1991). Relationships between jaw muscle cross-sections and craniofacial morphology in normal adults, studied with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Orthod 13:351–361.

van Spronsen PH, Weijs WA, Valk J, Prahl-Andersen B, van Ginkel FC (1992). A comparison of jaw muscle cross-sections of long-face and normal adults. J Dent Res 71:1279–1285.

van Wessel T, Langenbach GEJ, Brugman P, van Eijden TMGJ (2005a). Long-term registration of daily jaw muscle activity in juvenile rabbits. Exp Brain Res 162:315–323.

van Wessel T, Langenbach GEJ, Kawai N, Brugman P, Tanaka E, van Eijden TMGJ (2005b). Burst characteristics of daily jaw muscle activity in juvenile rabbits. J Exp Biol 208:2539–2547.

van Wessel T, Langenbach GEJ, Korfage JAM, Brugman P, Kawai N, Tanaka E, van Eijden TMGJ (2005c). Fibre-type composition of rabbit jaw muscles is related to their daily activity. Eur J Neurosci 22:2783–2791.

van Wessel T, Langenbach GEJ, van Ruijven LJ, Brugman P, van Eijden TMGJ (2005d). Daily number and lengths of activity bursts in rabbit jaw muscles. Eur J Neurosci 21:2209–2216.

� References

Page 23: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

132

van Wessel T, Langenbach GEJ, Brugman P, Korfage JAM, van Eijden TMGJ (2006). Daily activity of the rabbit jaw muscles during early postnatal development. Neuroscience 140:137–146.

Vickers PD (1998). Respiratory obstruction and its role in long face syndrome. Northwest Dent 77:19–22.

Visser A, Naeije M, Hansson TL (1995). The temporal/masseter co-contraction: an electromyographic and clinical evaluation of short-term stabilization splint therapy in myogenous CMD patients. J Oral Rehabil 22:387–389.

Voudouris JC, Woodside DG, Altuna G, Angelopoulos G, Bourque PJ, Lacouture CY, Kuftinec MM (2003). Condyle-fossa modifications and muscle interactions during Herbst treatment, Part 2. Results and conclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 124:13–29.

Warden SJ, Turner CH (2004). Mechanotransduction in the cortical bone is most efficient at loading frequencies of 5–10 Hz. Bone 34:261–270.

Weijs WA, Dantuma R (1981). Functional anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 31:99–147.

Weijs WA, Hillen B (1984). Relationships between masticatory muscle cross-section and skull shape. J Dent Res 63:1154–1157.

Weijs WA, Hillen B (1986). Correlations between the cross-sectional area of the jaw muscles and craniofacial size and shape. Am J Phys Anthropol 70:423–431.

Weijs WA, Brugman P, Klok EM (1987). The growth of the skull and jaw muscles and its functional consequences in the New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Morphol 194:143–161.

Weijs WA, Brugman P, Grimbergen CA (1989). Jaw movements and muscle activity during mastication in growing rabbits. Anat Rec 224:407–416.

Weijs WA, Sugimura T, van Ruijven LJ (1999). Motor coordination in a multi-muscle system as revealed by principal components analysis of electromyographic variation. Exp Brain Res 127:233–243.

Wessberg GA, O’Ryan FS, Washburn MC, Epker BN (1981). Neuromuscular adaptation to surgical superior repositioning of the maxilla. J Maxillofac Surg 9:117–122.

Westerga J, Gramsbergen A (1993). Changes in the electromyogram of two major hindlimb muscles during locomotor development in the rat. Exp Brain Res 92:479–488.

Westgaard RH, Lømo T (1988). Control of contractile properties within adaptive ranges by patterns of impulse activity in the rat. J Neurosci 8:4415–4426.

Whiteley AT, Kendrick GS, Matthews JL (1966). The effects of function on osseous and muscle tissues in the craniofacial area of the rat. Angle Orthod 36:13–17.

Widmer CG, Carrasco DI, English AW (2003). Differential activation of neuromuscular compartments in the rabbit masseter muscle during different oral behaviors. Exp Brain Res 150:297–307.

� References

Page 24: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai

133

Widrick JJ, Trappe SW, Costill DL, Fitts RH (1996). Force-velocity and force-power properties of single muscle fibers from elite master runners and sedentary men. Am J Physiol 271:C676–C683.

Willems NMBK, Mulder L, Langenbach GEJ, Grünheid T, Zentner A, van Eijden TMGJ (2007). Age-related changes in microarchitecture and mineralization of cancellous bone in the porcine mandibular condyle. J Struct Biol 158:421–427.

Windsich A, Gundersen K, Szaboles MJ, Gruber H, Lømo T (1998). Fast to slow transformation of denervated and electrically stimulated rat muscle. J Physiol 510:623–632.

Xie L, Jacobson JM, Choi ES, Busa B, Donahue LR, Miller LM, Rubin CT, Judex S (2006). Low-level mechanical vibrations can influence bone resorption and bone formation in the growing skeleton. Bone 39:1059–1066.

Yaffe A, Tal M, Ehrlich J (1991). Effect of occlusal bite-raising splint on electromyogram, motor unit histochemistry and myoneuronal dimensions in rats. J Oral Rehabil 18:343–351.

Yamada K, Kimmel DB (1991). The effect of dietary consistency on bone mass and turnover in the growing rat mandible. Arch Oral Biol 36:129–138.

Yanagisawa Y, Tamura A, Akasaka M, Teramoto Y (1985). Physical properties of food and eating functions. 1: An objective method for the measurement of the physical properties of foods, and classification of foods. The Japanese Journal of Pedodontics 23:962–983.

Yang S, Alnaqeeb M, Simpson H, Goldspink G (1997). Changes in muscle fiber type, muscle mass and IGF-I gene expression in rabbit skeletal muscle subjected to stretch. J Anat 190:613–622.

Yellich GM, McNamara JA Jr, Ungerleider JC (1981). Muscular and mandibular adaptation after lengthening, detachment, and reattachment of the masseter muscle. J Oral Surg 39:656–665.

Yu XM, Sessle BJ, Vernon H, Hu JW (1995). Effects of inflammatory irritant application to the rat temporomandibular joint on jaw and neck muscle activity. Pain 60:143–149.

Zarrinkelk HM, Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Sinn DP (1995). Functional and morphologic alterations secondary to superior repositioning of the maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 53:1258–1267.

� References

Page 25: The masticatory system under varying functional load · Andersen JL, Aagaard P (2000). Myosin heavy chain IIX overshoot in human skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 23:1095–1104. Arai