the macromolecules of life. carbon life on earth is carbon based the large molecules found in cells...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Macromolecules of The Macromolecules of LifeLife
![Page 2: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CarbonCarbon• Life on earth is carbon based
• The large molecules found in cells are carbon based.
• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, so its VERY versatile!
• Organic refers to carbon
![Page 3: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Monomers & PolymersMonomers & Polymers
Monomer = Greek ‘mono’ & ‘meros’
Polymer = ‘polu’ & ‘meros’
![Page 4: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesFunctions:
•Main energy source
•Stored as reserve energy supplies
•Composes plant cell walls
3 types of carbohydrates:
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
![Page 5: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Sugars with 6 carbon atoms
“Simple sugar”
Sugars end in –ose
• Glucose: sugar that green plants produce
• Fructose: sweetest- found in fruits
• Galactose: found in milk
![Page 6: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DisaccharidesDisaccharides 2 simple sugar building blocks
• Sucrose: table sugar
•Maltose: malt sugar
•Lactose: milk sugar
![Page 7: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesMany sugar building blocks
• Starch: storage of excess sugar in plants
•Glycogen: storage of excess sugar in animal livers
•Cellulose: plant structure: cell walls & wood
•Chitin: exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters
![Page 8: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Contains the elements…….
Sucrose is a disaccharide
• H2SO4 + C12H22O11 12C + 11H2O
Sulfuric Acid + sucrose yields carbon solid & water vapor!
![Page 9: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Lipids (fats)Lipids (fats)Functions:
•Secondary source of energy
•Form the cell membrane
•Protection
•Insulation
• Contains Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen
4 types of lipids:
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Waxes
![Page 10: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Triglycerides:Triglycerides:Stored in fat tissue in the body, also provides insulation beneath skin; cushions
•Saturated: solid fats, all single bonds holding carbon atoms together
•Unsaturated: oils, double bonds between one or two carbon atoms
![Page 11: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Components of cell membrane
![Page 12: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SteroidsSteroidsVariety of roles including…..
• Cholesterol is part of cell membranes
• Steroid hormones transmit messages
• Bile acids break down fats
• Vitamin D assists in biological/chemical reactions
• illegal use of anabolic steroids among athletes
![Page 13: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
WaxesWaxes
Waterproofing agent
Protective covering on leaves
Bees secrete wax
![Page 14: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Proteins (Polypeptide)Proteins (Polypeptide)
Functions:
• Structural material
• Control metabolism
• Communication, transportation, defense
• Movement
• Third energy source
![Page 15: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ProteinsProteinsTypes:
1. Keratin: hair, silk, feather
2.Collagen: connective fibers in tendons, ligaments, skin
3.Peptide Hormones: chemical messengers that regulate body functions
• Insulin / glucagon: hormones that control blood sugar in animals
![Page 16: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ProteinsProteins
Types:
4. Hemoglobin: transports oxygen throughout bloodstream
5. Antibodies: substances that protect animals against disease
6. Actin & myosin: muscle movement
![Page 17: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ProteinsProteins
Types:
7. Enzymes: allow complex chemical reactions to take place
8. Fibrinogen: helps blood clot & forms a scab
Contain the elements: C, H, O, N
![Page 18: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsFunction:
1.Stores information
2.Controls cell activities
3.Large role in heredity
![Page 19: The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e725503460f94b71374/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids1.DNA: Stores information
in a code – directs cells to construct proteins
2.RNA: help synthesize proteins
Contain the elements C, H, O, N, P