the life and times of philip ii
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The Life and Times of Philip II. Philip II: Family. Passionately Catholic: enforced Catholicism in Spain, spread Catholic influence in Europe Son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; Great-grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Life and Times of Philip II
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Philip II: Family• Passionately Catholic:
enforced Catholicism in Spain, spread Catholic influence in Europe
• Son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; Great-grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella
• Married 4 times, incl Mary Tudor (“Bloody Mary” of England, daughter of Henry VIII)
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Wealthy Colonial Empire• Built on existing wealth of
Castile with gold and silver from America
• “Vale un Potosí” became a phrase for unthinkable wealth (Potosí, Bolivia)
• The Great Inflation: Prices rose 2.5% per year through early 1600s with uneven effects
– European population rose, gold and silver coinage increased
– But agricultural production remained constant, creating higher food prices
– So prices rose, but wages remained relatively constant
– Gap between “haves” and “have nots” grew throughout western Europe
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European Successes• Allied with his half-
brother, Don John of Austria, defeated Moors in Granada
• 1571: Allied with Don John and Venice, defeated Turkish navy at Lepanto
• 1580: Annexed Portugal, uniting Spanish and Portuguese colonial holdings
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Failures: The Low Countries• Low Countries: Wealthy, mostly
Calvinist, profited from trade and location
• Philip instructed Cardinal Granvelle to reorganize Dutch churches under Catholic control
– insisted on Council of Trent doctrine to be established in Netherlands
– Dutch Calvinists revolted, shocking even Dutch Calvinist nobles
– Philip sent Duke of Alba with Papal troops to put down revolt
– 1576 Spanish severity (massacre by mercenaries of 7,000 in Antwerp) united northern Calvinist areas and southern Catholic areas against Spain into Pacification of Ghent
The Duke of Alba
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Low Countries Continued• Spanish intervention split
area in two: Union of Utrecht (Protestant north) and Union of Arras (Catholic south)
• Spain became distracted and overextended with conflict with England (Armada, etc.),– Northern Protestant area
became independent Netherlands
– Southern Catholic area stayed with Spain, and eventually became Belgium (1831)
Soldiers Plundering a Farmhouse, by
Vrancx
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Philip II and England• Philip married Mary Tudor after
she ascended to the throne, but while he was prince
• 1558: upon Mary’s death, Elizabeth I took power in England
• Under Elizabeth, England supported Netherlands against Spain
• 1588: Philip launched Armada to attack England and bring Catholicism back to England
– Execution of Mary Queen of Scots ended hopes for peaceful reconversion of England
– Philip believed in divine providence for the mission: Armada had soldiers and priests
– Weather and English navy defeated the Armada, crushing Spain’s naval power
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Death of Philip II• Spain began slow slide into
military weakness, but played important role in 17th C. events
• Armada defeat: signaled dominance of the English navy and rise of English power
• Philip II died with large debt, defaulted on royal loans, leading to decline of royal power