the lexicon-grammar of french verbs: a syntactic database

17
HAL Id: hal-00192888 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00192888 Submitted on 29 Nov 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database Christian Leclère To cite this version: Christian Leclère. The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database. Yuji KAWAGUCHI, Susumu ZAIMA,Toshihiro TAKAGAKI, Kohji SHIBANO, Mayumi USAMI. The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database, 2003, Tokyo, Japan. pp.33-46, 2003, Linguistic Informatics 1. <hal-00192888>

Upload: lengoc

Post on 31-Dec-2016

261 views

Category:

Documents


4 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

HAL Id: hal-00192888https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00192888

Submitted on 29 Nov 2007

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.

The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntacticdatabase

Christian Leclère

To cite this version:Christian Leclère. The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database. Yuji KAWAGUCHI,Susumu ZAIMA,Toshihiro TAKAGAKI, Kohji SHIBANO, Mayumi USAMI. The Lexicon-Grammarof French Verbs: a syntactic database, 2003, Tokyo, Japan. pp.33-46, 2003, Linguistic Informatics 1.<hal-00192888>

Page 2: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

������������ ������������������! " #�$�%��&(')��*�����,+-��/.0�1

�20�3!�54��6�/47����8�64��9.�60:

;<>=@?BADC�?FEHGJI!KL;I!MONLKQPDR@SUT,V>WXG/?ZY\[�=7A@?ZC^]�_�`�TQE�=aGb[HcadeEHcDfgEHdhdeiH[�V�j�=kElG�mH[�n�o

prq�s@t�u/v�w�x�s@yeu/q

z </[UI�{U|XI,P}I�E�~*_*=@E�C^_/?�=@[���� {U�/C�_*��E�Ca?F���\[U|)_�m��\��[HG�C�EH?�=k[J[�C9I?FG��>��?BADC�?F����[�na�@Vb</[HEH�/[���~/]TQE��b=@?Fm:[�S�N�������`B=k_�� ���/���"C}_��b�/�>�bV�E�?F� [:��C^_�mHdFE>A7A@?�`^]�EldFd��/=@EH� ��E�C�?FmHEHd��)_*=k�mHdFE>A�A@[>A ?FG�j�=@[HG�ml<¡EHmHmH_/=@�/?FG>�"C�_¢C^</[H?�=-Aa]/G:C�E�m�C^?�m¤£b=@_*£b[�=BC^?F[>A@VXEHG/�¢C^</[¢�/?BADC^=a?�~��/Ca?F_/G/EHdm�_*GbADC^=@E�?FG:C@A$C^<�E�C5m�_��bdF��mH</E�=@E�m�C�[�=a?F¥:[UC^</[XA@[HG�C�[�G/m:[�A?FG �g</?eml<XC^<�[�]%_bmHm��b=�¦�{UC�C^<�[J_>�>C@Ak[�C^V?§C¨�)E>A©[�A�A@[HG�C�?FEHd�dF]�E"de?hG/�>�\?BADC�?Fm�E�£/£/=@_�E�m�</VX��?ZC^<�Gb_�?FG�C�[�G:Ca?F_/G�C�_ª~���?Fde��E�C�_/_/d `^_/=m�_*�X£>�/C�E�C^?F_*G�EHdE�£/£bd�?em:E�C^?F_/G�A�¦�«L�/CLC^</[��)E�]©?FG ��</?emH<¨C^</[¬�b[�A@m�=­?F£>C�?F_/G¨��E>A�`^_/=­�)Elde?F¥:[H�EHdFdF_>��[����6A5C�_ ?hGbm�_*=a£�_*=kErC�[UC^</[X�/E�C�E®�X?§C^</?hG�E��b[lGb[�=@E�d!Aa]�A^C�[l�¯mHE�£bE�~bde[X_b`6C�E��/��?FG��°Y*[�=­]deE�=��b[(mH_*=�£/_/=@EHV/E�G�Eld�]�¥�?FG/�XC�[�±�C@A5E�G/�X£/=@_b���\m�?FG>��EJAa]�G�CkEHm�C^?Fm(�/[�A�m�=­?²£>Ca?F_/G�_/`!A@[HG�C�[�Gbm�[�A�¦���b=�[HdF[Hm�C^=@_/G/?Fm��*?em�C�?F_/G/E�=a]³£/=@_�Yb?e�/[�A�?FG/`^_/=­��E�C�?F_/G E�~\_>�>C5C^</[��/=@EH����E�C�?FmHEHd�mHE�C�[��b_/=D]

P^£bE�=}C�c^_/`^c­Aa£b[H[�ml<�_/`![HE�ml<�?ZC�[H��n@V�?§C@A!£b_�A�A@?�~�de[(?hGb`ade[Hm�C�[���`^_/=a�¬A@VbElG��/V�?FGXC^</[(mHE>A@[(_b`�Yb[�=k~\A@VE©mH_b�/[2?hG��*?emHE�Ca?FG>�¢��</?emH<�Aa]�G�C�EHm�C�?Fm©mldeE>A7AkPa[>Aan¬?ZC�~*[ld´_�G>��A C�_�Pa;µ�¶6·�¸�µ9¹Bº¢���/�/»>n�¦Oj9_/=[�±bEH��£�de[HVbEHG�[�G�C^=a]�dF?F¼b[½C^</[(`^_�dFdF_>��?FG/�9¾

EH`^`D?emH<b[�=!fg�)¿³�/V/À�ÁHN�V�À/�HI!|

?FGb�/?emHE�C�[�A5C^</E�C!C^<�[gY*[�=D~¬Â^ÃeÃ/Ä�Å�ÆbÇ�È�<bE�AÉEJfg��CD]�£b[�_/`m:_/G�ÊD�b�bE�C�?F_*G%Pa?B¦§[>¦>C�_*�b[7C^</[�=5��?ZC^<�C^<�[E:A7A@_bmH?FE�C�[H��?FG/`ade[Hm�C�[H�¢`^_/=­��Aan@V�E�G/��C^<�E�C�?ZC�~b[HdF_�G���A C}_ªA^]/G�C�E�m�C^?Fm¤mHdeE�A�A@[>A��/V�À�ÁHNËE�G/�À��HI!|%¦RJA�</EHd�d!~/=@?e[H`DdF]-�/[>A@m�=­?�~\[ <�_��ÌC^</[�mHdFE�A�A@?F`a?em:E�C^?F_/G _�`Y*[�=a~�A(<�E�AÉ~b[H[HG³_*=a�bE�G/?h¥l[H�/V!EHG/�

�g</E�C6¼b?FG/��_/`6?FG/`^_*=@��E�Ca?F_/G�?ZCÍmH_/G�C�E�?FG�A�¦

Î:Ï�Ð/Ñ\q�s@Ò/x�sky�xUv�ÓHÔ�xHt�y�Õ�s@y�u/q

Ö:×BÖgØ Ç�ÙbÇ�È7ÂbÚ�ÛÈ�ÜbÝ>Ú�Ç�Þz </[XI�[�±b?�m�_*G�caS®=kEl����E�=(?BA�_*=a�bE�G/?h¥l[H� ?hG:C�_-E%Ak[�=@?F[�A�_/`OC�E�~bd´[�AkV![HEHm�<³_�`OC^<�[H�ß�/=@_>�b£/?FG>�?§C�[l�¬A¤��</?emH<ßA@</E�=@[�E�C2de[HE:ADCà_*G�[ª��EH?FG¯mH_*GbADC^=D�\m�CB?F_�G\¦ z </?BA�~*E�A@?em�mH_/G�A^C^=D�\m�C^?F_/GÌ?BAá6â6ãÍä7åHæ²çXæ�èZé�êëFä®ë²ìHí@î�é�ï6î�ëFä�è�îHêaë§ëFê½ð�ê­î�ä7å�ñ9ñBä�ò5ìHêaò!ìHêaæ§ó>ô�õ/ì�êLëFò�í@î:öBæ§í­ë²è�ä�î:ö$ó�òBä@÷Hè�ç�ê@çXí@òBêLí�öOø@æ�ä�öBêUíröó�ä�ö^ö}èúùHæFê�ëFä$ë²ìHê�ë�ìHê�û:òBê@îHø�ì½ê@ü�í�ýþó�æ²ê7ö^ÿ�òBêaîHç�êaòBèZî��LöBä�ýLê6ä7ñ>ë´ìHêaý òBíaë²ìHê@ò>å�î�î�í­ë§å�òBí@æ�ô� õbìHê��bï����gùHê­æFä�î���ö�ëFäOëFì�ê��!ð ����û>òBê@îHø�ì�5í­ë²è�ä�îHí@æ:ð�ê�öDê@í7òBøaì���ê�î�ëFêaò��^ô�â�ë�èFö�îHä7ã¨ó�í7ò�ë�ä7ñ�ë´ìHê!â�î:ö�ë²èZë�å�ë� í@ò�ó�í@ò�ç���ä�î���ê6íaëHë²ìHê��ÍîHèú÷Hê@ò^ö}èúë��ä�ñ���í�ò�îHê��FæZí�� �!í@æ�æ"!@ê���ì�ë�ë�ó$# %&%�è§î�ñeä�æ�è�î���å�ô å�îHèú÷'�FýLæú÷>ô ñ´ò��Dô

Page 3: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

m�_*GbA@?��/[�=@[H�¬E�A5C^</[��@�/[H`a?FG�?FG/�¬£/=@_/£b[�=BCB]��É_/`6C^</[�?§C�[l�%¦*j9_/=L[�±*El��£bde[HV�C^</[JYb[�=a~%ÅHÜ>Þ6ÛÂ/È�Ç�È� mH_*�g£bE�=@[��6<�E�A9C^</[(mH_/G�A^C^=D�\mrC^?´_*G�¾��

���� o Â� HÇHÅ�� ��g</[�=@[½C^</[U£/=@[�£b_�A�?ZCa?´_*GJÂ� �ÇHÅ��h��?ZC^<��!mHEHG�EHdZC�[�=aG�E�C�[½��?ZC^<gÇ����BE�G�����¾

P���n �/Ü>Æ/Ù� Å�Ü>Þ6ÛÂ/È����>Â/ÙbÇ��hÂ� �ÇHÅ��2Ç�� ��7Â�Þ���È�Ç��� _/<>G�mH_b�X£bE�=@[H� � ElG�[(P}C^_�¿ E�G/�>n!</?�A5��_>C^</[�=

z </?BA(m�_*G�A^C^=D�\mrC^?´_*G-</E:AU~\[H[HG m�_*G�A@?e�/[�=@[�� mH</E�=@E�m�C�[�=@?�AaC^?Fm�_�`OC^</?BA(Yb[�=D~*V$`^_/=(E G:���X~\[�=�_�`=k[HE�A@_/G�AkV*C^</[���EH?hG�_/Gb[�~*[H?hG/��C^</E�CÍ?ZC5m�_*G:C�E�?FG�AEHdFd�C^<�[ �@E�=a�>�\��[HG�C@A��$C^</E�C�C^<�[J��[HEHG/?FG/�¬_/`C^<�[ Y*[�=a~ ?F��£bd�?e[�AkV"C^</[ A@[HmH_/G/� _*G�[ ~b[H?FG/� C^</E�C _�C^</[�=ÌYb[�=D~\A </E�Y*[ C^</[ A@EH��[m�</E�=@E�m�C�[�=@?�ADC�?Fm>A5cac6dF?F¼b[½Þ�Â/È�Ä�ÇHÈ!�B��E�=a=a]���V�`^_*=5[�±bEH�X£bd�[�¾

PD�/n "OÇ�ÛÈ�#��´ÈrÇUÂ�ÞJÂ/ÈrÄ$���/Ü>Æ/Ù%�FÂ� HÇHÅ��2Ç�� �&�>Â/ÙbÇz <�[U£/=­?´[�ADCÍ��E�=a=@?F[H� � _*</G�PBC^_�¿�E�G/�>n � E�Gb[

z </?BAX�/=@_>�b£¤_/`(Yb[�=D~�A)mH_/G�ADC�?ZCB�/C�[�A)E'�aG/E�CB�b=@EHdLmHd�E:A�A(��_*`¬���b�)�7Aa]b��� [�C^=a?emHEHd*�JC^=kE�G�A@?ZC�?�Y\[Y*[�=a~�A6�)</?�mH<�E�=@[(mHdFE>A7A@?�`�?�[���?FGJC^</[JAkEH� [��DC�E�~bd�[+�OP z E�~bde[(À/���bV�A@[H[½j9?��>�b=@[ �~*[ld´_��gn�¦

Ö:×-,/. È�ÜaÛLÇ�È0�hÄeÇ1�;L_/G�A^C^=D�\mrC^?´_*G�A�P���n�E�G/��PD�/n�E�=k[2_>~>Yb?F_>�6A@d�]#G/_>CXC^<�[¤_*G/d�] _*Gb[�A�`^_/= C^</[�Ak[ Yb[�=a~\A�¦½j9_/=[�±bEH��£�de[HV>��[(m�E�G�</E�Yb[(E(mH_/G�A^C^=D�\m�C^?F_/G��2� o Ç���� � �43�5���Ç6�!¾

PaÀ>n �/Ü>Æ/Ù�Ç��7�>Â/ÙbÇ&�rÇUÞJÂ/ÈrÄ�Ç�Ù8�� _/<>G�EHG/� � ElG�[U�b[�C9��E�=a=@?F[H��P}I�?ZC�¦ � _/<>G�EHG/� � ElG�[®�)E�=a=a]�[HEHmH<�_�C^<�[�=an

�g</[�=@[½C^</[½CB�)_ m�_*�g£�de[H��[lG:C@A5_/`6P^�/n5E�=@[(?hG�AD�b~�Ê7[�m�C9£b_�A�?ZCa?´_*G�PBC^</[UYb[�=D~�?BA?FGX£/=k_*G�_���?hGbE:d`^_/=@�Ë?hG2C^</?BA�mHE:A@[�n�¦!RaG,[�EHmH< C�E�~bde[ _�`UC^</?BA�CD]�£b[HVYbEH=@?F_���Ag£/=@_/£b[�=BC^?F[>A�E�=k[ [HG/mH_b�/[H�¤Pa?FGm�_*dZ�\��G/n6C^_X?FG/�/?em�E�C�[½�X<�E�C9_�C^</[�=5m�_/G�A^C^=D�\mrC^?´_*G�A5E�=@[U£b_�A�A@?�~bd�[(PBj6?F�>�b=@[ ��nr¦�®G-C^</[-_�C^</[�=X<bEHG/�/VLE¨Yb[�=D~ dF?F¼�[½ÛLÇ�È7Þ:9���Ç�È;�DA^��?ZC�mH<��aVO�g</?FmH<�?BA�?FG2C^</[2A@EH��[-mHd�E:A�A

~*[Hm:E���A@[½�)[(mHEHGX<bE�Yb[JAk[HG�C�[�G�mH[>AOdF?F¼b[/¾

�/Ü>Æ/Ù�ÂOÛLÇ�È7Þ:9��<�(ÚhÂ%Ý>Ü�9��FÇHÄ�ÚeÚ�Ç�FÂ� HÇHÅ��©Ç�� ��Ú�Ç/ HÇ�È�È�Ç� _/<>G A^��?ZC�mH<b[H�JC^</[½~*_�CeC^dF[(P}��?ZC^<g¿ E�G��>n6C^</[U�bdFE�A�A

�/_b[�A�Gb� CÍEHm�mH[�£>C9EU£�=a_/G/_/��?hGbEHd\mH_/G�ADC^=^�\m�C^?F_/G�_*`�CB]�£\[(PaÀ>n@V��2� o Ç���� � �43�5���Ç6�!¾

P*=/n?>@"!Â%Ý>Ü�9��hÇHÄeÚ�Ú�ÇÉÇ���ÚeÇ& HÇ�È�È�Ç&�rÇ&��Ü>Ù8�­ÛLÇ�È�Þ�9��-���z <�[½~b_>C�C^dF[(EHG/�JC^<�[U��dFE:A�AAD��?§C�ml<�[H��[HEHmH<�_�C^<�[�=

A�BDC�èFö*í@æZãÍí �Hö*ë´ìHê!ö�å�ùFE^ê@øaë>í�î�ç6B á ÿFB � ÿ�êaëFø�ô­ë²ìHê9ø­ä�ýó�æ�ê@ýLê­î�ëeö^ÿró�òBêaó�ä�ö}è§ëFè�ä�î�í7æHä�ò�îHä7ëBô

Page 4: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

À

3� 3 o ������� 3 �

�� �� ��

�� �� �� ��

�� ������

������ Ò����eÓ�����Ð

�� ��� ! �"#$ �

��%&�' #(

��%&� )

�*+ #, �� )

�*��- " �� )

�*�*)

��%& .�' #(

��%&+ �� ,�/ #�

��%& .�� )�%&+ � �*��

� $� )%&0

� $� )%&1 �

��%&�' #(

��%&� .' #(

��%&+ �� ,�/ #�

��%& .�� )�%&+ #,

� )�%&2� )�%&��

�* ��� ))3� $� )��4

�� ����� "�� #� .�

.���� $��� ����

576 6 598�:<;<=?> � 6 6 5@5A5@5B5B5@576 6 6 5C6 5B5@5A5B5@576 5B5576 6 6 DFEHG�I J<G 6 6 5@5A5@5B5B5K6 6 6 6 5C6 5B5K6 5B5@576 6 6576 6 598�: �ML > � 6 5B5@5A5@5N6 5@576 6 6 5@5N6 5@5A5B5@5A5@5N6576 6 598 ��O :�PRQ�> � 576 6 6 5C6 6 6 576 5K6 5C6 6 6 576 5@576 6 5576 6 598TS O > � 6 6 6 5A5@5N6 6 576 5K6 5C6 6 6 576 5@576 5B5576 6 598 �<U : O O L > � 576 5@5A5@5B5B5@576 6 6 5C6 5B5@5A5B5@576 6 6576 6 598 LWV > � 5A5B5@5A5@5N6 5@576 5@5A5@5N6 5@5A5B5@576 5B5576 6 5 5 ��� 5 U > � 576 6 5A5@5N6 6 576 5K6 5C6 6 6 576 5@576 6 5X 5A5@5ZYRJ<G�D�[?\�J<G 576 6 6 5@5N6 6 576 6 5A5C6 6 6 5A5B5@576 6 5576 6 5 � :�] L ] 5�^�_ > � 576 5@5A5@5B5B5@576 5@5A5C6 5B5@5A5B5@576 5B5

`LÄba 9>ÈrÇ Ö ¾lK5±>C^=@EHm7C9_/` z E�~bde[(À/���

R�G�ADC�[�EH�/V��)[½�g_>�bdF� A@E�]�P­A^C^=D�\mrCB�b=k[�2� o Ç��7� � � 3�5 ��n�¾

P­Á:n "$Â%Ý>Ü�9��FÇHÄ�ÚeÚ�Ç(Ç��/Ú�Ç/ HÇ�È7È�Ç(Ü>Ù8�@ÛLÇ�È7Þ:9��<�z <�[½~b_>C�C^dF[(EHG/�JC^<�[U��dFE:A�AAD��?§C�ml<�[H��PaE�=@[JA^��?ZC�m�<�[H�>n

�g</?emH<�mH_/G�ADC^=^�\m�C^?F_/G�?BA!G�_�C9£�_�A�Aa?�~bde[®`^_/=6ÞJÂ/ÈrÄ�Ç�È �}�)E�=a=D] ��¾

P­�:nCc �/Ü>Æ/Ù�Ç��7��Â/ÙbÇ(Ü>Ù��*Þ�Â/È�Ä �� _/<>G�EHG/� � ElG�[®��E�=�=­?´[H�

d _�C®E�dFdOC^</[¬Yb[�=D~�AgEHm�mH[�£>C�?hG��¢A@[HG�C�[�G/mH[>Ag_*`LCD]�£b[�P­Á:ngE�=@[�mld´E�A�A@?F`a?e[�� C^</[ A@EH��[%�)E�]�¦�b[H[U`^_/=5[�±*El��£bde[/¾

Pa�>n �/Ü>Æ/Ù�Ç��7�>Â/ÙbÇ�Ã/Ú�ÄhÈ �hÇ�Ù8�� _/<>G�EHG/� � ElG�[®`^d�?F=DC

z </[JA^C^=D�\m7CB�b=@[U?�A6C^<�[JA@EH��[(E�A5P­Á:n�¾

�fe � Phg ?ZC^<&�iekj �(Â�Ç��7�gÝ>n

l�monpm ÿ�è§îOó�í­òBê�î�ë�ì�ê7öBèFöBÿ�ýLê­í@î:ö>ë²ìHíaëHë�ì�êaòBê6èFö/í6ø@ìHä�è²ø­ê�ô

Page 5: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

=

~��/C�C^</[�=@[®?eAOG�_JC^=@E�G�A@?§Ca?�Yb[(m�_*GbADC^=D�\m�C^?´_*G�E:AO?FG�P^�/n6�X</? m�<�Pa�>n5mHE�GX=@[HdFE�C�[½C}_6¾

c��/9/ÇHÚ���9�� 9>Ù�Â�Ã/ÚeÄhÈ0�-���/Ü>Æ/Ù%�hÂ� �ÇHÅ��2Ç�� �&�>Â/ÙbÇ��_/��[�~b_b�>]�`Dde?�=DC�[H� � _*<�G�P}��?ZC^<g¿ EHG/�>n � EHG/[

�b_�Ã/ÚeÄhÈ �hÇ�ÈÉm�E�G/G/_>C�~b[(?FG�mHdeE�A7A5À/����¦��®G�C^</[(_�C^</[�=!</E�G���VbPa��n5m�E�GJ~b[(E:A7A@_bmH?eE�C�[H�®C}_�P�»>n�¾

Pa»>n �/Ü>Æ/Ù9Ã>Ú�ÄFÈ0�FÇUÂ� HÇHÅ��>Â/ÙbÇ� _/<>G�`Dde?ZC�A6��?ZC^< � EHG/[

;½_/G�A^C^=D�\m�C^?F_/G�A�Pa�>n�EHG/��Pa»>n�/[H`a?FGb[ z E�~bde[�À�Á¬�¬P���À =¬?FG:C^=@EHG�A@?ZC�?�Y\[ �7Aa]b� ��[�C^=a?emHEHd �OYb[�=k~�AkVAk[H[½j9?F�>�b=@[U�/n�¦

3����$3 =�8 � �M��� 3 o

�*%&�' #(

�*%&� .' #(

�*%&� �$

�*%&, �� �*%& .� � �����������*

�* ��� .��

�* ��� ))

� $� )%&1 ��

� $� )%&0

� $� )%& "�� $�

� $� )%&��

� $� )%&1 � 1 � ��

��%&�' #(

��%&� .' #(

��%&+ �� ,�/ #�

� )�%&+ #, 2� )�%&��

�' #(�#$ �)", ��

�* ��� .��� $� )��

,+ 2 .���� $��* ����

�* ��� �� .��� ��

,+�*

6 5@5B5A5�� :�=���> � 6 5B5@5B5A5C6 5K6 5B5@5B5A5@5B5@5766 5@5B5A5��M> � � : L OWO > � 6 5B5@5B576 6 5K6 6 5@5B5A5@5B5@5766 5@5B5A5���� IWG�\MJ<G 6 5B5@5B5A5C6 5K6 6 5@5B5A5@576 5766 5@5B5A5�� 5 � P L ;<=?> � 6 5B5@5B5A5C6 5K6 5B5@5B5A5@576 5766 5@5B576 � � :���> � P LWU > � 5A5B5@5B5A5C6 5K6 5B5@5B576 576 5766 5@5B5A5�� � :�� > � 5A5B5@5B5A5C6 5K6 5B5@5B5A5@576 576

`LÄ a 9>È�Ç , ¾lK5±>C^=@E�mrC9`B=@_/� z E�~bd�[(À�Áb�

Ö:×������ ǧÃ/ÄhÙbÄFÙ a � ÛÈrÜaÛLÇ�È0�FÄ�Ç1�{�A�R�A�EH?F�/V!C^</[¨£/=@?F��E�=a] �9A@[�_�`�[�E�ml<-�b?�Y\[lG2Y*[�=D~,?BA��/[H`^?FGb[H�à~/]àE¨��EH?FG,mH_/G�ADC^=^�\m�C^?F_/G�g</?emH<-�/[H`D?FGb[>A�EHd�d6C^<�[%Y*[�=a~�AU��</?emH< <bE�Yb[�C^<�[¨A@EH��[%~*[H</E�Yb?F_>�b=�E�CC^</[ `^?�=�ADCÉdF[�Y\[HdB¦ z <�[£/=k_*£b[�=}C^?´[�A5C^</E�C�E�=@[X?hG>Y*_�d�Y\[H�¨?FG C^</[��/[H`^?hGb?ZC�?F_�G�_/`$C�E�~bd�[>AþE�=@[�_*`!C^<>=k[H[®C^]>£b[>A�¾�Aa]/G:C@E�m�C^?emHV�/?�A^C^=­?�~��/Ca?F_/G/EHdbEHG/� Ak[l��EHG�C�?Fm(P}I��! #"%$�·#���b�/�>�/n�¦{�A%`^E�=¬E>A�A@?���£�de[ Y*[�=a~�A�E�=k[2mH_/G/mH[�=­G�[H�/V½�)[2�/?}A^Ca?FG/�>�\?�A@< �/�¢�*?e`a`�[�=@[HG�C�mHdFE:A�A@[�A%_�`

Y*[�=a~�A�Pa?B¦§[>¦��/�àC�E�~bd´[�A�n�P}T�¦�S�·\µOºHº,���/»�ÁlV � c'&¦6«Éµ6µ�(Lº�V½{�¦�S�¶Í¹)"*"*�b¸,+ ;(¦!I��� #"*�>·#����/»/�/E�V½���/»/��~bV�{�¦�SU¶!¹�"-"*�b¸.+ ;(¦*I��! /"*��·#�,���/�>�/n�¦ g�[�</E�Yb[�`D?F=7A^COC�E�¼b[�G¨?FG:C^_ EHm�mH_��bGHCC^<�[®`^_/=@��EHd6ADC^=^�\mrCB�b=@[(_/`�C^</[XA@[HG�C�[�G/mH[>A5?FG���</?emH<�[HE:mH<XY\[�=D~%mHEHG�_�mHm��b=�¦ z </[�=@[(E�=@[JA@?�±%_�`C^<�[H��¾

Page 6: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

Á

� �� �� o� � . È0��Û;� o� �� o . È(��Û;� �� � . È0��Û;� o . È0��Û;� �� �� o . È(�eÛ � � . È(��Û;� �

R^C�� A�?F��£b_*=BC�E�G:CC^_¤A@E�]-<�[�=@[�C^<�E�C�V$?FG-EHded$C^<�[�A@[¬EHGbEHdh]\A�[�A@V6C^</[¬EH��Y*[�=a~b?eEld5£b<>=@E�Ak[>A�E�=@[ G�_�CC�E�¼b[�G2?FG�C�_¤E�mHm�_>�bG�C�V6~b[�mHE���A@[ C^</[�]àE�=@[�G/_>C�m�_*GbA@?F�/[H=@[H�2E:AXm�</E�=@E�m�C�[�=@?�ADC�?Fm�_�`½C^<�[%Y\[�=D~�¦K5Yb[�=k]�_/Gb[½��?Fd�d\E��/=@[H[½C^<�E�CbC^</[(EH��Y*[�=a~b?�EHdb£�<�=@E�Ak[�A5_�`�£/deEHmH[(_/=�C^?F��[®?FG�¾

�/Ü>Æ/Ù�Â�Ã/Ú�ÄFÈ0�<�UÂ� �ÇHÅ��>Â/ÙbÇ����/Â/Ù��LÚ�Ç��:Â/È��bÄhÙ �2ÅHÇUÞ�Â8�hÄhÙ �� _/<>G�`Dde?F=DC�[H�J��?ZC^< � EHG/[(Pa?FGJC^</[U�bE�=k�/[�GX¿¬C^</?�A5��_*=�G/?hGb�/n

E�=@[JG/_>C�E�=a�>�b�)[lG:C@AOC^<�E�C�m�</E�=@EHm�C�[�=�?h¥l[®C^</[JYb[�=k~ÍÃ/Ú�ÄFÈ0� × d [�Y*[�=DC^<�[lde[>A7AkV�E�Cd´[HE>ADCLA@_/��[®C^]�£b[>A_/` d´_�mHE�C^?´Y*[¤mH_��X£bde[H� [HG:C@A@V�mH_*GbA@?F�/[�=@[��"E:A�EH�>Yb[�=a~b?eEHdJ?FG¢C^=@EH�>?ZC�?F_/G/EHd��/=@EH����E�=�AkV®<�E�Y*[~*[H[HGX=@[�C�EH?FG/[���?FGJC^</[(�/[:A@m�=@?F£>C^?F_/G�_�`!A@[�Yb[�=@EHdbmldeE>A7A�[:A5_*`�Y*[�=a~�A�¦b�b[H[/¾

�/Ü>Æ/Ù�Â�ÞgÄ<� �7Â6 HÜ/Ä �-9>È�Ç��/Â/Ù��LÚeÇ���Â/È��bÄhÙ� _/<>GX£>�/C9</?BA5mHE�=5?FGJC^</[U�bE�=@�/[�G�/Ü>Æ/Ù� Ç�ÙbÚ�Ç� ��&��Â6 HÜ/Ä �-9>È�Ç���9���Â/È��bÄhÙ� _/<>GX=@[H��_/Yb[H�X</?BA5m:E�=!`B=@_���C^<�[U�bE�=@�/[�G

{�dZC�</_>�b�/< C^</[�] m:EHG C�E�¼b[ C^</[ A@EH��[ `^_*=@� E�A�`�_/= _�C^</[�=ªY*[�=a~�A@V¤C^</[�Ak[ dF_bmHE�C�?´Y*[m�_*�X£bde[H� [HG:C@A��/_ G�_�CÉ</E�Y*[�C^</[ A@EH��[ Aa]�G�C�E:m�C^?em =@_/d�[ �g<b[lG�C^</[�]àE�=@[���A�[H�¨��?ZC�< Yb[�=a~\Ade?F¼b[³Þ)Ç��$��È�Ç ��£>�/C ��_*=�Ç�ÙbÚeÇ� HÇ�È �e=@[H��_�Y*[��7¦ z <�[�=@[2E�=@[2�/_/¥:[�GbA¬_/`XYb[�=D~�A�d�?F¼b[ C^</[�Ak[HVU`^_*=�g</?emH< C^<�[�A�[�mH_*�g£�de[H��[lG:C@AX<�E�Y*[%C�_ ~b[�mH_/G�A@?e�/[�=@[H�¤E:AXm�=D�\mH?FEHdLE�=a�>�\��[lG:C@AgE�G/�2G�_�C®E�AE���Yb[�=a~b?eEHd}Ar¦KLE�m�<-_/`þC^<�[�ߣb_�A@?ZC^?F_/G�A�?FG¨C^</[¨Ak[lG:C�[�GbmH[¨A^C^=D�\mrCB�b=k[lA�E�~b_>Yb[¬mHEHG ~b[¬_bmHm��b£b?F[H� ~/]©E

G�_��bG _/=¬EQAk[�G�C�[�G/mH[©PkG�_�C�[H� �/9 . � z </E�C¬���Dn�¦Oj9_>=�[�±bEH��£bd�[�V½C^</[QA^C^=D�\m7CB�b=@[ �!�� � om�_*=^=@[�A�£b_*G���A6C^_®C^<�=@[H[(mH_/G�A^C^=D�\m7C^?F_*GbA�¾

P���n � � � o z E�~bde[�A$À>�PD�/n � 9 . � � o z E�~bde[&=PaÀ>n � � � 9 . z E�~bde[(�

�g</?emH<�mHEHGX~b[(?hded���ADC^=@E�C�[��J=@[�A�£b[Hm�C^?�Yb[Hdh]�~/]�C^</[(`^_�dFdF_>��?�G��)C^<�=@[H[([�±*EH��£bde[>A�¾

P���n �/Ü>Æ/Ù�Â�Â\Ý>ÄFÞ��(ÚeÇUÚeÄ$ �ÈrÇ�� � _/<>G��/EH��E���[H�JC^<�[½~b_b_*¼��PD�/n � 9/Ç��>Â/ÙbÇ/ �Ä�Ç�Ù/ÙbÇUÂ/Þ:9 ��Ç��/Ü>Æ/Ù � z </E�C � E�G�[(mH_���[:A5EH����A@[:A � _/</G��PaÀ>n �/Ü>Æ/Ù5ÛLÇ�Ù���Ç���9/Ç��>Â/ÙbÇ(Ç0�0�BÃ/Ü/Ú�Ú�Ç�� � _/<>G�C^</?hG�¼�A9C^</E�C � E�G/[(?�A5m�=@E�¥l]��

z </[(£/=@[�Ak[HG/mH[�_�`!E �/9 . �FC^</E�C����Om�_/�X£�de[H��[HG�C!?FGXC^<b[�mH_*GbADC^=D�\m7C^?F_/G ?BA�_*G�[J�/[�C�[�=a��?FG�?FG/�`�EHm�C�_/=?FG C^</[�mH</_b?Fm:[�_/`!C^</[�mHd�E:A�A��</?eml< C^<�[)Y*[�=a~¬~\[ld´_*G���AC}_ E�G/� C^<���AÉ_/`!C^</[JC�E�~bde[�?eG

Page 7: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

�g</?emH<�?§C!E�£/£b[HE�=7Ar¦ z </[½Y*[�=a~�ÅHÜ>Ù^Ã/Ä�Ç�È!�Bm�_*G/`^?e�/[HV�[�G�C^=D��A^C �DV/`^_*=Í[�±bEH��£bd�[�V�E�A5?FG�¾

P*=/n . Â�9/Ú\ÅHÜ>Ù^Ã/Ä�Ç&�rÜ>ÙOÛÈrÜbÝ>Ú$��ÞgÇ�����Â/ÈrÄ�Ç&ÍE��\db[HG�C^=D��ABC@A!</?BA!£/=k_�~bdF[H��C�_XT,E�=D]

P­Á:n . Â�9/Ú\ÅHÜ>Ù^Ã/Ä�Ç����,Â/È�Ä�Ç���9 � ÄeÚ �bÜ/Ä �­ÛÂ/È0�FÄhÈ&ÍE��\dbmH_/G/`D?e�/[>A6C}_)T,E�=D]JC^<�E�C9</[U�J�9ADC9��_

�)?hded�~b[(mHdeE>A7A@?e`D?e[:��E�A5EXA@[HG�C�[�G�mH[�mH_*�g£�de[H��[lG:C�Y\[�=D~�P z E�~bde[(�>n6~\[HmHE���A�[(_/`9P­Á:n�¦b��[�G�C�[�G�mH[P =/nU?�A�mH_/G�A@?��/[�=@[H� E�AÉ~b[H?FG/�-�/[�=@?�Y\[H� `B=@_*� P­Á:n(P���Æ/Â8�6ÆbÇ�Þ:9 �0��a�Ü Ä-�JÆbÄ-�6ÛÈrÜbÝ>Ú�Ç�Þgn@V!E�G��?FG>Y\[HG�C�_/=a?F[���E:AAD�\mH<�?FG z E�~bde[(��¦:RaG�m�_*G:C^=@E�ADC}V�C^</[JAk[�G�C�[�G�m:[/¾

Pa�>n "D9/Å(ÅHÜ>Ù^Ã�Ä�Ç&�7Â6 �ÂbÚeÄ<�rÇ�����Â��I!�\m([�G:C^=D��ADC@AÍ</?}A�AD�\?ZC�mHE�Ak[½C�_gTQE�±

m�E�G/G/_>C(~b[ �/[�=­?�Y\[H�¤`B=@_�� EàAk[HG�C�[�G�m�[³mH_��X£bde[l��[HG�C�V�E�G/�¢A@_�?§CgE�£/£b[HE�=7A�?FG,E°C�E�~bd�[ `^_/=m�_*GbADC^=D�\m7C^?F_/G�AO��?ZC^<¬G�_���?FGbEld9mH_b�X£�de[H��[HG�C@ALP z E�~bd´[XÀ���| z ?hG�C^</?BALmHE>A@[�n�¦/RDC�� AL?hG:C�[�=@[�A^C^?FG>�C}_ G�_�C�[ C^</E�C�V°?FGÌ��ElG>] mHE:A�[�A@V C^</["��A�[�A©��[ �*?BA^C^?hG/�>�\?BA@<�~\[�CB��[�[�GÌ</E�Y\[ �*?F`a`�[�=@[HG:CC^=kE�G�A@dFE�Ca?F_/G�AkV®~>�/C%G/_�C%EHdZ�)E�]\A ?FG¢C^</[¢A@EH��[�m�_*GbADC^=D�\m�C^?´_*GbA@V�E�A�<�[�=@[�`^_/=¬ÅHÜ>Ù^Ã/Ä �bÇ,E�G/�Ç�Ù8�´È(9 � �D¦�>�\m�<�E�£>�b=@[Hd�]³`^_*=@��EHd!mHdeE�A�A@?�`^?em�E�Ca?F_/G/V�C^</_>�b�/< ��A@[H`B��dÍE�CLEX`^?F=7ADCLde[�Yb[HdFV!E�£/£b[HE�=7AC�_°~*[

C}_/_¬m�_bE�=7Ak[>¦ z _ _>~�C�EH?FG �)_*=@[(</_b��_*�b[�G/[H_>��A�mld´E�A�A@[>A�_*`�Y\[�=D~�AkV*��[(G/[�[H�)C�_�E�A7Ak_�mH?FE�C�[½C^<�[Aa]�G�C�EHm�C^?�m��/[H`a?FG�?§Ca?F_/G�A!��?ZC�<¬�/?BADC^=a?�~>�/C�?F_/G/EHd�£/=@_/£b[�=DC^?´[�A�/C^</E�C5?�A!C�_¨AkE�]�¾�Aa£b[HmH?�`^]��)<bE�C!¼b?FG/�_/`�£/=@[�£b_�A@?ZC�?F_*G�?BA�£b_�A�A@?�~�de[HVU��</?emH<"`�[HE�CB�b=k[�A�E�=@[¤E�CBC�EHm�</[�� C�_�C^<�[¤�*?F`a`�[�=@[HG�C�£b_�A7A@?�~bde[G�_��bGbA(?FG2AD�b~�Ê�[Hm�CÉE�G/� mH_/�X£bde[l��[HG�Cþ£b_�A�?ZCa?´_*GbA@V!EHG/� A�_³_*G\¦�j�_/=([�±*EH�X£�de[HV6ÜbÝ ��ÄhÈ �B_�~*[�]��E�G/� a�ÈrÜ�9/Ä�ÚeÚ�ÇHÈ �DAD�)E�=@���¬</E�Y\[àC^<�[ AkEH� [,mH_/G�A^C^=D�\m�C^?F_/G � � . È���Û � o V(~>�/C��>?F`a`�[�=@[HG:C£/=k[�£b_�A�?ZC�?F_*GbA@VbmH_/=a=@[�A�£b_*G��>?hG��XC�_®CB�g_ �>?F`^`a[�=k[lG:C�C�E�~bdF[>A�¾

�!���!� o z E�~bde[(À/À �/Ü>Æ/Ù�ÜbÝ �HÄ ���!�>Â/ÙbÇ�� � _*<�G�_>~b[�]�A � EHG/[��� � �bÇ�� o z E�~bde[(À�ÁHN �/Ü>Æ/Ù�Â�Å�Æ/Â/Ù a ���bÇ/ HÜ/Ä �<9>È�Ç:� � _/<>G)ml<�EHG>�b[H�X</?BA5m:E�= �

�UC^</[�=U£/=@_/£b[�=BC^?F[>A�mHEHG ~*[)��A�[H�¬C�_àAk[�£bE�=@E7C�[)C^<�[)��Ak[�A�_/`þY*[�=a~�A(�)_*=@[�£/=@[HmH?BA�[Hdh]�VþAk_¨C^</E�CC^<�[J`^?hGbEHd9mHdeE�A�A@[�A5��[�_>~>C�EH?FG¬E�£/£b[HE�=$C�_�~*[J��_/=@[J_/=dF[>A�A</_b��_*�b[�Gb[H_���A�P}�g</[HG�C^</[�]%E�=@[HV�)[ªA�£b[:E�¼Ì_�` �@GbE�CB�b=@E�d�mldeE�A�Ak[�A0�an�¦Jj9_/=¤[�±\El�g£�de[HV�C^<�[ª`^[:E�CB�b=@[ �@_�~bdF?F�bE�C�_/=a?Fd�]Ì£�d��b=@EHd �E�C�C�EHm�<�[H� C�_%C^<�[��/?�=@[�m�CLm�_*�X£bde[H� [HG:CL_/`E `�[��ÌYb[�=k~\A(P��(=b»%Y*[�=a~�AanÉ_�`LADC^=^�\m�CB�b=@[&�! � � ode[HE���A(�9A®C�_2£>��C�?FG C^<�[ A@EH��[°C�E�~bde[�PaÀ>�-&�I5nJYb[�=k~�Ag_/`U��</?emH< C^</[�� [�ElG/?FG/�,?BAX=@_>�b�/</d�]�a�bE�C^</[�=¨C^</?FG���A-_/= £b[H_/£/dF[ ��¾®Å�Ç�Ù8�hÈ7ÂbÚeÄ<��Ç�È �BmH[HG:C^=@EHdh?F¥�[��aVXÅHÜ/ÚeÚ�ÇHÅ �hÄ�Ü>ÙbÇ�È �Bm�_*dFde[:m�C �aV®È�ÂbÚ�ÚeÄ�Ç�È�e=@E�dFdh] �aV�È�Â�� �rÇlÞ)Ý>Ú�Ç�È!���bE�C^<�[�= �aVb[rC�m�¦�b[�Yb[�=kEld�£/=@_/£b[�=DC^?´[�AÉmHEHG�_*`�mH_>�b=7A@[J~*[�m�_��X~b?hGb[��%C}_¨�/[H`^?hGb[�E�mHdFE>A7Ar¦ z </?}AÉ?BAC^</[�mHE�Ak[

?FG z E�~bde[ =bVX`^_/= [�±*El��£bde[HV®�g<b[�=@[,_*G�[�mHEHG `^?FGb� E¢mHdFE>A7A-_/`;�a£�Aa]bmH<�_�dF_/��?Fm:EHdXYb[�=a~\A(�PBÂ/Þ�9 �rÇ�È!�BEH�J�9A@[���V ���FÜ>Ù/ÙbÇ�È!�DA^�b=a£/=a?�Ak[��aV/Ç�Ã�Ã>È�Â��Ç�È!�e`B=­?F�b<�C�[�G��aVb[�C�m�¦

��C =D�\m7CB�b=@[/¾ �!:� � o&6=�_/£b[�=}C^?´[�A�¾ � � ¾-�/9 .� o ¾ �(Æ�9>Þ���Ý>Ú�P<� �a<��\��EHG��5_*G/dF]�n

Page 8: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

»

�/9/Ç��/Ü>Æ/Ù6 HÄ�Ç�Ù/ÙbÇ��hÂ/Þ:9 ��Ç�� ��9>È�ÛÈrÇ�Ù�� �2Ç�Ã�Ã>È�Â��Ç �&�>Â�ÙbÇz <�E�C � _/<>G�mH_/��[>A5PaEH�J��A�[:A!¿ A^�b=a£/=@?�A�[�A!¿³`B=­?²��<:C�[�G�Aan � ElG�[

d _�C�[ C^</E�C�C^<�[àCB�)_�£/=�_*£b[�=}C^?´[�A³�/_�G�_�C%</E�Yb[2C^</["A�EH��[�ADC�E�CB��A�¾þC^</[,�*?²=@[:m�C�_>~�Ê@[Hm�C�?eA_>~bdF?F�bE�C�_>=a?Fdh] E <��\��ElG�V�~>�/CC^<�[°A^�/~�Ê7[�m�CÉmHE�G�~b[ E G�_��bG³E�AL��[Hded5E�A�E m�_*�X£bde[�C�?´Y*[ P �>ÆbÄ-���Ü � ÇUÂ/Þ:9 ��Ç1� ��Â/ÙbÇ:V ��Ü>Æ/Ù�Â/Þ:9 ��Ç0� �>Â/ÙbÇHn�¦

�®G�[X=@[H���\?�=@[H��[lG:C?FG C^<�[%Ak[Hd�[�m�Ca?´_*G%_�`AD��mH< £/=@_/£b[�=BC^?F[>AL?}A5C^<bE�C!C^</[�]%mHEHG¬~b[X`^_*=@��EHdFd�]�/[H`^?FGb[H�/V�`B=@_b�ÌEXd�?FG/�>��?BA^Ca?Fm�£b_�?FG�C�_/`$Yb?e[��%¦>T,EHG>]�_�`!C^</[X`^[HE�CB�b=@[�AOC^<�E�C!�)[J</E�Yb[gml<�_�Ak[HGE:A�£/=@_/£b[�=BC^?F[>A E�=@[ß[HE:A@?�dh] =@[Hm�_*�/G/?F¥:[H� ~*[�m�E���A@[�C^</[�]ËE�=@[ß`^_*=@��EHdedh]Ë��E�=a¼b[�� Pad�?F¼b[�@_>~bdF?F�bE�C�_*=�?hdF]#£�d��b=@EHd �@V®�g</?�mH<#?}A³�b[HG/[�=@EHdedh] ��E�=�¼b[H�"~/] ��A�� _/='�D± � ?FG�j�=@[�Gbml<�n�¦½j9_/=_�C^<�[�=7AkV)?§C ?�A-G�[HmH[>A7AkE�=a]�C�_"��Ak[¢mHdFE�A�A@?F`a?em:E�C^?F_/G"C�[�A^C@A�¦Uj9_/=¨?FG�ADC�E�G/mH[HV�E�G�_��bG <�E�A¨C^<�[£/=k_*£b[�=}CB] �(Æ�9>Þ PD<��\��ElG�n���<�[HG¢?ZC�EHG�A^��[�=7A�C^<�[2����[�ADC^?´_*G �@���\?�� � �F��</_��0��¾��JÆbÜ¢Ä-�Â/Þ:9 ��Ç �¬Ý ����Ü>Æ/Ù�� �LÅ�Ü>ÞXÄFÙ a��RaG�mH[�=DC�EH?hG)mHE>A@[�AkV�_/G/dh]�A@[H��EHG�C�?FmU£/=@_/£b[�=BC^?�[:A5m:ElGX~*[½�6Ak[H��¦ z </[(m�_*G��*?ZC�?F_�G�?FGXC^</?BAm�E�Ak[

P�E�A ?FG,_�C^<�[�=7A@VU?FG,`^EHm�C^n@VL?BAXC^</E�C(C^<�[ ?FG:CB��?ZC�?F_/G�?BA%�a=@[H£/=@_b���\m�?�~bde[ �@Vþ�g</_b[�Yb[�=XC^<�[ G�E�C�?´Y*[A�£b[HE�¼b[�=5?BA�¾

�@;L_/G�A@[HG�A^��A5EH��_�G>�¬A�£b[HmH?�EHde?}A^C@A5?}AÍ=@[HEHm�<b[��gC^<�=@_>�b�/<�[r±�£b[�=@?���[HG�C@AkV�~��/C6`^E�m�C@A5E�G��[�±�£b[�=@?h��[HG�C@A5�J�9ADC�~*[½È�Ç�ÛÈrÜ ��9/Å��hÄ Ý>Ú�Ç × �5P�%¦��·�µOºHº��b�>�>�9¾´Á/�:n

j�_*=5[�±*EH�X£�de[HVbEH��_/G>�XC^</_�A@[½Y*[�=a~�A6��?§Ca<JC^<�[(mH_/G�ADC^=^�\mrC ?F_�G&� �� o V��)[U</E�Y*[(�/[H`a?FGb[H��EA^�/~bcamHdeE>A7AkV�_/GJC^</[½~*E�A@?BA6C^</E�C�C^</[½Y*[�=a~ �)[HEHG�A �DC^=@E�GbA@`^_�=@��[�=5[�G%� �^Ù � �FC^=@E�G�A@`^_/=@��?FG:C�_ � �Ù8���7¦>�(G/[(m�E�G�`D?FGb�/V�?FGJC^</?�A9C�E�~bde[HV$��À6�Y*[�=D~�A5dF?h¼b[UÅ�Â/È7ÂbÞ��HÚeÄ<�rÇ�È!�BmHE�=@EH� [HdF?F¥�[��aV a�Â��1�HÄ Ã/Ä�Ç�È�e�bE�A@?F`D]��!_*=HÛÈrÜ>ÙbÜ>ÞXÄFÙ/ÂbÚ�Ä<�rÇ�È!��£/=�_/G/_/��?FGbEHd�?F¥:[ ��¾

�/Ü>Æ/Ù� Å�Â/È7Â/Þ:�HÚ�Ä-�(�(ÅHÇUÞgÜ>È�ÅHÇ�Â�9 �bÇ&��9/Å�È�Ç� _/<>G�mHE�=@EH� [Hde?h¥l[H�JC^</?}AÍ£�?e[HmH[(_/`!AD�b�bE�= C^=@E�GbA@`^_*=@��[���?ZCÍ?hG:C�_�mHE�=@E��)[ld��Ù5ÛLÇ�9��­ÛÈrÜ>ÙbÜ>ÞXÄFÙ/ÂbÚ�Ä-��Ç�ÈLÅ�Ç(ÅHÜ>Þ6ÛLÚ ��ÞgÇ�Ù8��®G�[(mHEHGX£/=@_/G/_/��?FGbEHd�?F¥:[½C^</?BA5m�_��X£bd�[H��[HG�C CB=kE�G�A@`^_/=a��?ZC!?FG�C�_�EU£>=�_*G�_��bG

Ö:×���Ø Ç�ÙbÇ�È7ÂbÚ�ÛÈ�Ü/ÅHÇ1� ��Ç��LÜBÃ�ÅHÚFÂ�� ��Ä Ã/ÄeÅ�Â8�hÄeÜ>Ùz _¨AD�b����E�=@?F¥:[HV�_/G/[gmHEHG ?���E��b?FGb[XE(��?eEHG�C �7AD�b£b[�=@cBC�E�~/de[ �O��</?emH<�mH_>��dF��C�E�¼b[�C^<�[J`^_*=@��_�`j9?F�>�b=@[�À�¦ z </[Jde?hGb[:ALmH_/=a=@[�A�£b_*G��)C}_�Yb[�=D~*EHd�[HG�C^=a?e[�A�PaE�~b_>�/C(�HÁlVF�/�/��?FG�j�=k[lG�mH< `^_/=½A@?e��£bde[Y*[�=a~�A�n@VOE�G/�¨C^</[¬�/?�`^`a[�=@[HG�CÉ£/=@_/£b[�=}C^?´[�A�E�=@[¬?FG©mH_�dZ�\��G�A�PaE�~*_��/C�À/�/� _/`C^</[H� <�E�Yb[ ~b[:[HGC�[:A}C�[��>n�¦ z </?}AÉAD�b£\[�=@c}C�E�~bdF[X�/_b[�ALG/_>C�EHm7CB�\E�dFdh]³[�±b?BADC�V�~/�/C5?ZC5=@[�£/=k[�A@[�G:C@AO��<�E�C�_>�b=O�g_*=�¼¬_/`mHdFE>A�A@?�`a?emHE�C�?F_/GX<bE�A5?FG>Yb_�d�Y\[H��_>Yb[�=Ak[�Y\[�=@EHd/]b[HE�=�Ar¦ z </[�_*=@[7C^?FmHEHdedh]�V�?ZC9=@[�£/=k[�A@[HG�C@A =bV Á��/�/VF�/�/�CB]�£b[>Ag_*`�A@[HG�C�[�G/m:[>¦6RaG©`^EHm�C�VOG�_�C�EldFd�_�`½C^<�[H� E�=k[ A^CB�\�*?F[��2`^_*=gE°�/?�Y\[HG Yb[�=a~�¾9C}_ C�E�¼b[�EA@?F��£bd�[¤[�±\EH�X£bde[HVJ`^_/=�E�G�?hG:C^=@EHG�A@?ZC�?�Y\[àY*[�=a~bVJ?§C�� A°mlde[:E�=@d�]¢�\G/G/[HmH[>A�A@E�=a]¢C�_QC�[:ADC%E�dFd®C^<�[£/=k_*£b[�=}C^?´[�A _�`,�/?h=k[Hm�C _>~�Ê@[Hm�C@Ar¦%TQ_*=k[H_�Y*[�=@V-mH[�=BC�E�?FG £/=@_/£b[�=BC^?F[�A�<bE�Yb[�~b[�[lG Ak[Hd�[:m�C�[��~*[Hm:E���A@[�_�`LC^</[H?F=J=@[Hde[�YbEHG/m:[ C�_¤E°£bE�=}C^?Fm���deE�=gmHd�E>A�A�_/`®Y*[�=a~�AJ~��/C�</_/dF�¤G/_�A@?��bG/?�`a?emHEHG�mH[

������� ö�ë�í@îHç�ö*ñeä�ò/í@î �îHä7å�îã!ì�è�ø@ìèFö/ýLä7ò�ó�ìHä�æ�ä ��è�ø@í7æ²æ �òBê@æZí@ëFê@ç$ëFä!ë²ìHê�÷Hê@òFù ���������! #"%$�&'�(�!���� )"�$+*-,." �^ô

Page 9: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

�)?ZC^</?FG _>C^</[�=ÉmHdFE>A7A�[:A�¦���`LmH_>�b=7A@[�EHd�d�C^</[���[H`^?FG�?FG/�-mH_/G�A^C^=D�\m�C^?F_/G�A�</E�Yb[JC�_°~*[gC�[:ADC�[H�¨`^_/=[�EHmH<JYb[�=a~*V�~*[l`^_/=@[½C^<�[½C�E�~bdF[(?ZC�~b[HdF_�G���A6C^_�mHE�GJ~*[(�/[HmH?��/[���¦

`LÄ a 9>È�Ç � ¾ z </[�_*=@[7C^?Fm:EHd/�b[HG/[�=@EHd/C�E�~bde[

I�[�C��A�mH_/G�A@?F��[�=(_/G/dh]�C^</[�A�[��/[l`�?hGb?FG/� £/=@_/£b[�=BC^?F[>A���¦ z </[�]©mHEHG/G�_�C~*[ mH</_�A@[HG-A@_¨C^</E�CC^<�[�]¬�/[H`a?FGb[ A@[�£bE�=@E�C�[XmHdFE>A�A@[>AL_/`OYb[�=D~�A�¦b{ªY*[�=D~¬�\[HG/[H=@EHdFdh]�<�E�AL��_/=@[®C^</EHG%_*Gb[X�/[H`^?FG�?FG/�£/=k_*£b[�=}CB]\¦ z _°C�E�¼b[�E A@?F��£�de[�[�±*EH��£bde[/¾�E�Yb[�=k~³_/`�C�[HG � EHm:mH[�£>C@A@�lC^<�E�Cþ_*G�[�_/=C^</[�_�C^</[�=U_/`?§C@A�mH_��X£bde[l��[HG�C@A�E�=@[-�/[lde[�C�[-P . Â�9/ÚUÞ�Â/Ù a�Ç;9>Ù ��Â/Ù ���LÄ�Å�Æ�� . Â�9/ÚUÞJÂ/Ù a�Ç � &ÍE��\d([�E�C@A�EAkEHG/����?emH<���&!E���d\[HE�C@A �Dn�¦ g�[�mH_/G�A@?e�/[�=5</[�=@[UC^</E�C�C^</?eA?BA!C^</[JA@EH��[®Y*[�=a~XÞJÂ/Ù a�ÇHÈÉPBC^</[�=@[(E�=@[��EHG>] _�C^<�[�=½Y*[�=D~�ALÞJÂ/Ù a�Ç�È�V���?ZC�< _�C^<�[�=(��[HEHG/?FG/��Aan �5A@_¨�)[ �>_ G�_�CÉm�=@[HE7C�[JCB�g_-[�G�C^=a?´[�A@V_/G/[X?FG¬E(C�E�~bde[X��[H`^?FGb[H�%~/]��! � � o ElG���C^</[X_�C^<�[�=L?FG�E®C�E�~bdF[X�/[H`a?FGb[H� ~/]��! � × R�G�ADC�[�EH�/V�)[ �b?´Y*[ £/=@?F_*=@?ZC^]�C^_¨C^</[ dF_/G>�b[�=�mH_*GbADC^=D�\m�C^?F_*G�VÍ~*[Hm:E��9A@[¬?ZC(?�AÉC^</[¬_/G/[¬mH_/G�C�E�?FG/?FG/�2�)_*=@[?FGb`^_*=@��E�Ca?F_/G©E�~b_>�/CC^</[�E�=a�>�\��[HG�C@Ag_/`½C^</[ Yb[�=k~�¦ z </[¬`aEHm�C½C^<�E�C��! ��V$�g</?FmH<2m�ElG-~b[�E�/[H`^?FG�?FG/�,£/=@_*£b[�=}CB],`^_/=�_�C^</[�=)Y*[�=D~\A@VU?BA�£b_�A�A@?�~bd�[�Vþ��?Fd�dL~b[ =@[��bE�=@�/[H�¤<b[�=@[-E�A�E2A@?F��£bde[£/=k_*£b[�=}CB]�V�EHG/��[HG/mH_b�/[H�¬?hG�E�mH_bdZ����G�?FG Ca<�[®C�E�~bde[��/[l`�?hGb[��%~/]��! � � o P z E�~bde[XÀ��:I��°?FGC^</?eA�m:E�A@[�n���¦LRaG�C^<�[�A@mH</[H��E�C�?Fm¤mHE>A@[¤_b`�j9?��>�b=@[¤À/V(£�=k_*£b[�=}CB]��©P�&É��n¬<bE�A¬~b[:[HG¢�b?´Y\[HG£/=@?F_/=a?ZC^] _>Yb[�= &6�bV½�g</?FmH<¢<�E�A £/=@?F_/=@?ZC^] _�Y*[�= &ÍÀ�¦(�/_2C^</[ Yb[�=a~ f¨�¨�)?hded®~*[2mHdeE�A�A@?F`a?e[H��)?ZC^</?FG z E�~bde[ ��V�?FGJ��</?emH<X£/=@_/£b[�=BCB]�ÀJ��?Fded�~b[(G/_>C�[H�X?FG�mH_�dZ�\��G/VbE>A &9�)�)?hded*~\[UG�_�C�[��)`^_/=f!=bV>�X</?FmH<�?BA5mHdeE�A�A@?�`a?e[H�J��?§C^</?hG z E�~bd�[ �ÉE�A9��[HdFd^¦>�JG�C^</[(_�C^</[�=!</E�G��/V*f��bV��g</?emH<�<�E�A &ÍÀ~��/C!G�_¬_�C^<�[�=O£/=�_/£b[�=}CB]�V*�)?�d�d�~*[XmHd�E:A�A@?h`�?�[�����?ZC�</?hG z E�~bde[�À�¦ z </[gmH_*GbA@[H���\[HGbmH[�?}A5C^</E�C�V�?F`Ak_*��[�~b_b�>]2?BAg?hG:C�[�=@[>ADC�[��2?hG©E¬��?�Y\[HG2£/=k_*£b[�=BCB]àEHG/� �)E�G�C@A(C�_2¼/G/_>�ßC^<�[¨dF?BADC�_b`(EHd�dOC^<�[Y*[�=a~�A(��</?emH<2<�E�Y*[¨?ZC�V½A�B<b[¨�)E�]à</E�Y\[ C^_2dF_b_*¼©?�G©�*?e`D`�[�=@[HG:C(£bdFEHmH[>A�¦�j9_*=g[�±*El��£bde[HV$C^</[Y*[�=a~�A6�)</?�mH<�E�mHmH[�£>C &ÍÀ�E�=@[/¾c!E�dFd*C^<�[½Yb[�=a~\A5_�` z E�~bd�[(ÀJ~/])��[H`^?FG�?ZC�?F_�G)PDfJ��<�[�=@[�nc!E�dFd*C^<�[½Yb[�=a~\AO`^_/=6�g</?�mH< &ÍÀ�?�A5[HG/mH_b�/[H���a¿D�O?FG�_�C^<�[�=�C�E�~bde[�A$PDf¨�L<�[�=@[HV�?FG z E�~bde[ ��n�¦

/âFë�ö}ìHä7å�æ�ç!ùHê9îHä7ëFè�ø@ê@çOëFì�í­ë�â/ä7ñFëFê@îå:öBê9meóHòBä7ó�ê@ò�ë�� mbí7î�ç�mBø@ä�î:ö�ë�òFå�økë´è�ä�î m��hä�ò m^öBê­î�ëFê@îHø@ê m��/è§î�ëFêaòBøaì�í­î���ê­í�ùHæ���ôõ/ì�ê6òBê@í�öBä�îLèFö*ë²ì�í@ë>ê@í�øaìóHòBä7ó�ê@òhë��Lø7ä�òeòBê7ö�ó�ä�îHçHö/ëFäOí5öBê@î�ëFê@îHø@ê�ô�� ê!ø@ä�î:öBè�ç�ê@ò*ë²ìHíaë�êD÷Hê@ò �þñ ê@í­ë�å�òBê9ìHí�ö*ë´ä6ùHêö�ë�å�ç�è²ê­ç5è§î½ø@ä�î�ëFê@ü�ëhÿrë²ìHê9ö}ê@î�ëFê@îHø@ê�ùHê@è�î��!ë²ìHê�ýèZî�èZýLí@æ�ö}è���îHèZñeè�ø@í@î�ëHå�îHèúëBô õbì�è´ö�ã5ä7åHæ�ç(î�ä7ë/ùHêOë´ìHêLöBí7ýLêOñBä�ò�ë�ì�ê!÷�ê@òFù���� * ��"��§ç�òBèZî�é�� #Hë�ìHê�ö�å�ù'�eö ëFò�å�øaë�å�òBê������ � ��� *������Dä�ì�îJç�òBè§î�é:ö��ì�ía÷Hè²î �Xí�ö�ó�ê­ø@è�í�æ�ýLê@í­î�èZî�� �hm��Dä�ì�î�èFöOí@îXí7æ²ø­ä�ì�ä�æ�è�ø m��Bÿ/èZë9ç�ê7öBê@ò�÷HêröOí7î�êaî�ë²ò �Xè�î�íUë²íaùHæ�êÉç�êañeè�îHê@ç(ù��)ë´ìHêö�ëFòFåHøaë�å�òBê�B C � ô

"!#�$�%�&('*)+'*)�,-�.0/+1 % !�2

43#5$�%�&�'*)+'6)�,-7.�/+1 % 3�2

98#�$�%�&('*)+'*)�,-:.0/+1 % 8;2

9<= ?>@ BA@ ?C

D %�E /F! G H GD %�E /I3 H H GD %�E /�8 H G HD %�E /I< G G H%0J�K�L

M %�&�'*)+'�J�'ONP) .�1�Q E(N Q %�ERJS'T%�UV9V4V9V4V9V9V4V9V E�'TN�E('�J5W V9V4V9V9V4V9V4V9V

X"J5YZ%�EQ E(N Q %�ERJS'T%�U

Page 10: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

Ö:×���� ÛLÚ�Ä �$��ÄhÙ a�Ç�Ù8��È�ÄeÇ1�g </?�de[X?ZC�E�£/£b[HE�=�AOC^</E�C6C^</[(Yb[�=a~!Ã/ÚeÄhÈ �hÇ�È®_*`5P­Á:n�?}A5C^</[�AkEH��[XE>AOC^<�[X_*G�[X_/`5P*=/n@V*C^<�?}AL?BALG�_�CEHdZ�)E�]�A5C^</[XmHE>Ak[>¦/{���_/=a£/<�_�dF_/��?Fm�Eld�Yb[�=a~%</E>ALE�AL��EHG>]�[HG:C^=a?F[>ALE�AL?§C5</E�A5��A�[�AOC^<�E�C5</E�Y*[~*[H[HGXÊa�\�>�b[H� C�_°~b[��/?}A^Ca?FGbm�C�¦ z <�[��*?BADC�?FG/m�C�?F_/G°~*[�CB�)[H[HG CB��_ [�G�C^=a?e[�A(`^_/=C^</[ A@EH��[�Yb[�=k~*V~*E>A@[H� _/G ?FG�CB�\?ZC�?F_�G E�C¢C^<�[ ~b[���?FG/Gb?hG/�bV¤</E>A�C�_ ~b[���G���[�=a£�?FG/G�[H� ~/] E�£/£/=@_/£/=a?FE�C�[£/=k_*£b[�=}C^?´[�Ar¦ z <�E�C-~b[Hm�_���[>A¤_>~/Yb?F_>��A2��<�[lG C^</[#�*?e`D`�[�=@[HG:C2��[HEHG/?FG/��A,mH_/=a=@[:Aa£b_/G/�ªC}_�/?F`D`�[�=@[HG:C³mH_*GbADC^=D�\m�C^?F_*GbA�¦ z E�¼b[¢`^_*=-[�±*El��£bde[ C^<�[�Y\[�=D~ È(��ÂbÚ�Ä<�rÇHÈ�¾JEH��_bG>��?ZC@A¤Ak[�Yb[�=@E:d��[HEHG/?FG/��A@V½?§CX?BA�[HE�Aa]©C�_��/?�A^Ca?FG>�>�\?BA@<Q~*[�CB�)[H[�G,_/G/[¨�X</?emH<,mHEHG C�E�¼b[ E-mH_��X£bde[�Ca?�Y*[ E>A�/?�=@[�m�C9_>~�Ê@[:m�CÍE�G/��E�G�_�C^<�[�=!`^_*=6�g</?FmH<JC^</?BA5?BAO?F��£b_�A7A@?h~bde[/¾

�/Ü>Æ/Ù�Â�È���ÂbÚ�Ä-�(����9/Ç��>Â/ÙbÇ/� �´ÂbÄ �@ÛÂ/È0�hÄeÇ(P z E�~bdF[(�>n� _/<>GX=@[�Elde?F¥:[H�JC^</E�C � E�G/[½�)E�A!�b_/G/[(PD<�EH�X�b_*G�[�n�/Ü>Æ/Ù�Â�È���ÂbÚ�Ä-�(�/9>ÙbÇ�� 9� �ÈrÇ���� Â/È ��P z E�~bdF[(À>�b{(n� _/<>GX=@[�Elde?F¥:[H���9m�=@[�E�C�[H��E½��E�A^C�[�=a£b?F[HmH[

«L�/C©A�_*��[�Ca?F��[>A@V)CB�g_ ��[:EHG/?FG/��A©Pa_*=-��_/=@[�n©mHE�G�mH_*=^=@[�A�£b_*G��"C^_�C^</[�A@EH��[¢£/=@?F��E�=a]m�_*GbADC^=D�\m7C^?F_/G�¦/R@G�C^</?BAÉmHE�A�[HV��)[Xm�=@[�E�C�[®CB�)_¨[�G:C^=a?F[>ALP�_*=L��_/=@[�nL?FG�C^<�[%AkEH� [JC�E�~bde[>¦b�UC^</[�=£/=k_*£b[�=}C^?´[�Aà[HG/mH_b�/[H��?FGªC^</?eA C�E�~bde[#EldedF_>� ��A-C^_¢ÊD�9ADC^?F`D] C^<b[#�*?eADC�?hG�m�C�?F_*G\¦JI�_�_/¼/V `^_/=[�±bEH��£�de[HV�E�C!C^<�[gY*[�=a~¬ÅHÜ>Þ�Þ:9>ÙbÄ���9/ÇHÈ��Bm�_����)�\G/?emHE�C�[���¦*RBC5</E:ACB�g_¨[�G:C^=a?e[�AL?FG z E�~bde[�À�Áb�PBC^</[XA@EH��[UC�E�~bde[J_/`!?FG�C^=@E�G�A@?§Ca?�Y\[XAa]b� ��[�C^=a?Fm:EHd�Y*[�=a~�A�E>A�Ã/ÚeÄhÈ �hÇ�È:��`^d�?�=^C �OE�~*_�Y*[�n�P­A@[H[Uj9?F�>�b=@[=/n�n�¾

"! Å�Æ/Â/Þ�Ý�ÈrÇ(ÅHÜ>ÞJÞ:9>ÙbÄ���9/ÇUÂ� �ÇHÅ(ÚhÂ�Å�9/Ä-��ÄhÙbÇ ��"!Â�Å�Æ/Â>Þ)Ý�È�Ç(Ç��bÚhÂ�Å�9/Ä<�rÄhÙbÇÅHÜ>Þ�Þ�9>ÙbÄ���9/Ç�Ù8�z <�[¨~\[H�>=@_/_/� m�_����)�\G/?emHE�C�[�AX�)?ZC^<2C^</[ ¼b?ZC�m�</[HG � z <�[¨~\[H�>=@_/_/� EHG��àC^<�[ ¼b?ZC�m�<�[HGmH_/���X�\G/?emHE�C�[�/Ü>Æ/Ù�ÅHÜ>Þ�Þ�9>ÙbÄ���9/ÇUÂ� HÇHÅ��>Â/ÙbÇ ����Ü>Æ/Ù Ç � �>Â/ÙbÇ(Å�Ü>ÞJÞ!9>ÙbÄ���9/Ç�Ù8�@� ÛÂ/ÈLÇ��DÞ�ÂbÄ�Ú �� _/<>G�m�_����)�\G/?emHE�C�[�A9��?ZC^< � ElG�[ � � _/</G�E�G�� � ElG�[(mH_/���X�\G/?emHE�C�[(P}~/])[Hca��El?ed�n

3��� �$3 = 8 ���M��� 3 o

�*%&�' #(

�*%&� .' #(

�*%&� �$

�*%&, �� �*%& .� � �9.��a���� �*

�* ��� .��

�* ��� ))

� $� )%&1 ��

� $� )%&0

� $� )%& "�� $�

� $� )%&��

� $� )%&1 � 1 � ��

��%&�' #(

��%&� .' #(

��%&+ �� ,�/ #�

� )�%&+ #, 2� )�%&��

�' #(�#$ �)", ��

�* ��� .��� $� )��

,+ 2 .���� $��* ����

�* ��� �� .��� ��

,+�*

5N6 5B5A5 ^$5 8�8�=RP L ;<=R> � 5K6 5B5@5A5C6 5B5K6 5B5@5A5C6 6 6 66 5@5B5A5 ^$5 8�8�=RP L ;<=R> � 6 5A5B5@5A5C6 576 5A5B5@576 5N6 6 6

`LÄba 9>ÈrÇ � ¾HKG:C^=a?F[�A5_/`�ÅHÜ>Þ�Þ�9>ÙbÄ���9/ÇlÈ �BmH_/���X�\G/?emHE�C�[���?hG z E�~bde[(À�Áb�

Page 11: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

���

{(£bE�=DC(`B=@_/�ßC^<b[¬`a[HE�CB�b=@[ �a<��\��ElG �@V5E�CeC�EHm�</[��³C�_ ~b_�C^<2A^��~�Ê�[Hm�C(E�G/�-_�~�Ê�[:m�C�?hG _*G�[¨mHE:A@[HVE�G/��?F��£\[�=@��?BA�A@?�~\d�[(?FGJC^</[(_�C^<�[�=5_/G/[/¾

c �/Ü>Æ/Ù�ÅHÜ>Þ�Þ�9>ÙbÄ���9/ÇUÂ� HÇHÅ(ÚF Š9/Ä<��ÄFÙbÇ� _*<�G�mH_����X��G/?emHE�C�[�A6��?ZC^<�C^</[U¼b?ZC�m�</[HG

c "!Â�Å�Æ/Â/Þ�Ý�ÈrÇ(ÅHÜ>Þ�Þ�9>ÙbÄ���9/ÇUÂ� HÇHÅ��>Â/ÙbÇz </[½~*[H�>=@_b_*��mH_/���X��G/?em:E�C�[�A6�)?ZC^< � EHG�[��

CB�g_g_�C^</[�=!£/=�_*£b[�=}C^?F[>AkV � Ç1� � � �DÂ/Ù8��E�G��&�fe6Ç0�0� � �DÂ/Ù8� . È���Û;� o mH_*G/`^?F=@��C^</[(�/?h`�`a[�=k[lG�mH[/¾

"!Â�Å�Æ/Â/Þ)Ý�È�Ç(Ç1� ��ÅHÜ>Þ�Þ�9>ÙbÄeÅ�Â/Ù8�hÇ��FÂ� HÇHÅ(ÚF Š9/Ä<��ÄFÙbÇ �z <�[½~b[H�>=@_b_/��?BA5mH_/���X��G/?emHE�C�?FG>�X��?ZC�<JC^<�[U¼�?ZC�m�</[HG> �/Ü>Æ/Ù�Ç1�0��Å�Ü>ÞJÞ:9>ÙbÄ�Å�Â/Ù8� �hÂ� HÇ�Å��>Â/ÙbÇ �� _*<�G�?BA5m�_����)�\G/?emHE�C�?FG>�X��?ZC^< � EHG/[

{UC�C^<�[2£/=@[�A@[HG:C¨A^C�E��b[¤_/`¬mHdeE�A�A@?�`^?em�E�Ca?F_/G/V�E�~b_>�/C�Á:VF�>�/����_*=�£/</_�dF_/�b?FmHEHdJj�=@[HG�ml<�Yb[�=^~�A]b?e[Hde��E�~*_��/C��HÁ�VF�/�/�¤�>?F`D`�[�=@[HG:C�[�G:C^=a?e[�A�?hG,�/�2C�E�~bde[�A�5C^</E�Cg?�AXC�_¢A@E�]�VUE�G,E�Yb[�=@E��b[-_*`gÀ[�G�C^=@?F[�A³£�[�=�Yb[�=a~ �J~��/C³_*`�m�_��b=7Ak[¢E¢dF_>C�_/` C^</[H� <�E�Y*[¢_/G/dh]�_/Gb[¢[HG�C^=^]/V�EHG/��A@_b��[£b_/d�]�A�[H��?em�Y*[�=a~�A5��E�]g]b?�[Hde��E�A5��ElG>]�E�A5À/��[�G�C^=@?F[:A�¦

R�G�mH_/G/mHdZ�9A@?F_�G/Vb[HEHm�<�[HG�C^=a]�`^_/=5EþYb[�=D~�?hG)E½C�E�~bde[JAD�b£/£\_�Ak[�A�C^<�E�Cr¾c�C^</[½Y*[�=a~�mHE�GX~b[½��Ak[H��?FGJC^<�[(�/[H`D?FGb?hG/��mH_/G�A^C^=D�\m�C^?F_/G�_/`�C^</[½C�E�~bdF[ �c,?ZC,mHEHG/G�_�C©~b[���A@[H� ��?§Ca<�C^</[ÌA@EH��[ ��[HEHG/?FG/� ?hG EHG>] ��_/=@[�mH_/�X£bde[�± �/[H`a?FG�?FG/�m�_*GbADC^=D�\m7C^?F_/GJ��?ZC�<X</?F��<�[�=!£/=@?F_/=a?ZC^] �

c!C^</[�mH_/G�ADC^=^�\m�C^?F_/G¨?FG����\[>ADC�?F_/G¨?BAÉG/_�CþE��/[�=a?�Yb[H� A�[HG>C�[�G/mH[�¦�Ra`!C^</?BAU?BAC^</[�mHE>Ak[HV6?ZCL?�AC^<�[Ak_��b=kmH[JA@[�G:C�[�G/m�[½C^</E�C9�J��A^C�~*[(mH_/G�A@?e�/[�=@[H��¦

�bÏ�Ð\w�Õ�Õ�u/t�s��\ÓHt ��ÔÒ/q�v¨x�u��¨Õ�u/w�q�v��\ÓHt ��Ô�b_¨`^E�=@V�RL</E�Yb[�mH_/G�A@?��/[�=@[H��_*G/d�]©A@?���£�de[XYb[�=D~�Ar¦ g�</?edB[�mHE�=�=k]�?FG/� _>�>C�_>�b=Ém�dFE�A�A@?F`a?em:E�C^?F_/G/V�)[¨`^_>�bG/� C^</E�CÉC^</[��/[�A�m�=@?�£>C�?F_*G©_�`LC^</[ Ak[HG�C�[�G�mH[¨£/=@[H�/?FmHE�C�[¨`B=@[H���\[HG�C�d�]©=@[H���\?h=k[H� �9A(C�_C�E�¼b[J?FG�C�_¬EHmHm�_��bGHC!G�_�CÍ_/G/d�]�C�</[(Yb[�=a~�?ZC@Ak[lde`^V�~��/C5E�mH_*�X~\?FGbE�Ca?´_*G�_�`�C^</[JYb[�=a~%EHG/�¬_/G/[X_/=�)_*=@[UG�_��bG�Ar¦

,/×BÖ�� 9aÛ/ÛLÜ>È0�� HÇ�È�Ý7�I�[�C���A$m�_/G�A@?e�/[�=6C^<�[U`^_�dFdF_��)?hG/��[�±bEH��£bd�[:A�¾

P���n �/Ü>Æ/Ù5ÛÈ�Ü �>Ç �$�hÇ��bÇ�ÛÂ/È �hÄFÈ� _/<>GX£bdeElGbA6C�_XdF[:E�Yb[

PD�/n �/Ü>Æ/Ù �hÂ�Ú�Ç�ÛÈrÜ �>Ç�� � �bÇ�ÛÂ/È0�FÄhÈI?ZC�¦ � _/<>G ��</E>A6C^<�[U£/d�EHG���C^_XdF[HE�Y\[

�/õ/ì�ê7öBê!öBê@î�ëFê@îHø@ê�ö�í@òBê�ó�ä�öDöBèúùHæ�ê9èZñ>ë´ìHê@òBê6èFö�ýLêaëFä�î ��ý � � � ���� & "0�� $ ")* � � � " � ���� �Bô�õ/ì�è´ö�èFö/í ��å�ê�ö ëFè²ä�îâø@í�î�îHä7ë�ç�èFöBøaå:ö^ö6ìHê@òBê�ÿ�ù�å�ë�èúë�èFö!ä@ù�÷Hè²ä7å:ö6ëFìHí@ë�ë²ìHêó�òBä�ø@ê7ö�ö}ê�öOø�ä�î:öBèFöhëFè§î��(è§îXí�ö�é�è§î��Xö �Hö�ëFê@ýLí­ëFè²ø���å�ê7ö�ëFè�ä�îlöí�ùHä7å�ë�ö å�ø@ìJñeê­í@ë�å�òBê7ö!í�öZmBì�å�ý�í­î m!í@îHç meîHä�îJì�å�ýLí@î m9íaùHä7å�ë�êa÷:ê@ò �Jí�ò���å�ýLêaî�ë�ä7ñ�ëFìHê5÷Hê@òFù:ö!èFö$íLñeò�åHèZë²ñhå�æãÍí �OëFä5è�î�÷Hê�ö ë´è"��í@ëFê�í6æ�ä7ë�ä7ñ�óHòBä@ùHæ�ê@ýÉö�ä7ñ�ëFìHèFö>ë���ó�ê6í�î�ç5ó�òBä@÷Hè�ç�ê�ö ��ä�ä�çê@ü�í7ýóHæ²ê7ö>ëFä5è�æ§æZå:ö�ë²ò�í­ë´ê�ë²ìHê@ý(ô

Page 12: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

�/�

R^C!?�Aþmlde[HE�=$C^<�E�C5?FG P^�/n@V*C^</[(£/=@[H�/?emHE�C�?�Yb[(=@_�dF[J?BA5C�E�¼b[�G�~/]�C^<�[)G�_��bG!ÛÈrÜ �>Ç��D��£�d´ElG��EHG/� G�_�C~/]�C^<�[gY*[�=a~�Â� HÜ/ÄhÈ ��<bE�Yb[��7¦�RDC!?BA!C^</[JG�_��bG�C^</E�C$�/[HmH?F�/[>A!C^</[��*?BADC^=@?�~>�/C�?F_/G�_�`AD�b~�Ê�[Hm�C@A�EHG/�m�_*�X£bde[H� [HG:C@A@V6?FG C^<b[ A@EH��[)�)E�] E�AÉ�/_b[�AC^</[¬A@?���£bd�[XYb[�=a~LÛLÈ�Ü ��Ç��hÇ�È ��£bdFEHG��L?hG³P���n�¦ z <�[Y*[�=a~¨Â� �Ü/ÄhÈ ��<bE�Yb[��U?BA�_*G/d�]���</E�C���[�mHEHdhd5E%�kY*[�=a~b[¬Aa�b£/£b_*=BC ��^AD�b£/£b_>=BCYb[�=^~��UP�� �(9aÛLn(_/`C^<�[®£/=k[H�>?emHE�C�?´Y*[®G�_��bG�P<��ÛÈ0� �bnr¦��>�\m�<�mH_*�X~b?FGbE�C�?F_/G�A�� � �(9aÛ'��ÛÈ0� �8�5E�=@[UYb[�=k]�G:����[�=@_>��A�¦�b_/��[�_�`½C^<�[l� mH_/=a=@[:Aa£b_/G/� C}_¤E%Y*[�=a~àE�Ag?FG¤P���n@c�PD�/naV!~>�/C�VO?FG¤��_�ADC®mHE�A@[>AkV$C^</[�=k[¨?BA�G/_[�����?�YbEHde[HG�C5A@?F��£�de[UYb[�=D~�PaE�C9dF[HE>ADC9?FGJj�=k[lG�mH<>n�¦b�b[H[U`^_*=5[�±bEH��£�de[/¾

�/Ü>Æ/Ù � Ã>ÂbÄ � 9>Ù���Ä a�ÙbÇ�� �/�>Â/ÙbÇ� _/<>G��B��E�¼b[�A5EJA@?F�bG���C}_ � E�G/[�/Ü>Æ/Ù � �bÜ>Ù/ÙbÇ/9>ÙXÈ�Ç�Ù��bÇ�� �F �Ü�9 �0� �!�>Â/ÙbÇ� _/<>G����b?�Y\[�A5EU=@[�G/�/[H¥UYb_>��A ��C^_ � E�G/[(Pa��E�¼b[�A$EU=@[�G/�/[�¥®Y*_���A6�g?ZC^<�n

� �bG/�>=k[H��A¬_b` AD��mH<¢mH_b�)~b?FGbE�C^?´_*G�A¬<�E�Yb[ ~b[:[HG¢?ZC�[H��?�¥l[H�¢EHG/��<bE�Y*[2[HG�C^=a?e[�A%?hG#Aa£\[HmH?�E:dC�E�~bdF[>A�P­Ak[H[ `^_*=�[�±bEH��£�de[ � ¦OS(¹�·���� ��#(��/¹�� ��· ������»�V½S�¦5S½·�µOº�º �������¤E�G�� NX¦!f�¹�� $�º������À>nkV!_>=a�bE�G/?F¥:[H�¤?FG2C^</[2A@EH��[°�)E�] E:AJC^</[¬C�E�~bde[�A�_/`XA@?���£bde[³Y*[�=a~�A�Pa[�±\mH[�£>C(C^</E�CUC^</[[�G�C^=@?F[�A5E�=@[UG/_>�bG�Aan�¦

,/×-, Ü>Þ6ÛLÜ�9>Ù��6 HÇ�È�Ý7�Â/Ù�� � Ã>È�Ü ��Ç�Ù � �rÇ ��9/Ç�ÙbÅHÇ0�{�G©_�C^<�[�=gmHE�A@[¬��</[�=k[¨?ZC�?BAXGb[Hm�[�A�A@E�=a]-C�_¤m�_*GbA@?��/[�=�mH_/�X£b_��bG�� £/=@[��*?emHE�C�[:AX?BAJ��<�[�=@[�EY*[�=a~©?}AgE�A�Ak_�mH?FE�C�[H�¨��?ZC^<-_/Gb[¬_*=���_/=@[ G/_>�bG�AkVþAk_ C^<�E�CÉ?ZC(?BA�?���£b_�A7A@?�~bde[%C�_©�/[H���\mH[�C^</[��[HEHG/?FG/�¬_b`�C^</[�[�±�£/=@[>A7A@?F_�G�`B=@_�� C^</[J��[HEHG/?FG/�¬_/`�C^<b[U�)_*=@��A$_*`��X</?emH< ?ZC5?BA�mH_��g£b_�Ak[H��¦�b[H[½C^<�[U`^_�dFdF_>��?FG/�°Ak[HG�C�[�G�mH[>A�¾

PaÀ>n �/Ü>Æ/Ù �BÝ�È(9/ÚeÇ(Ú�Ç1�/ÛLÚFÂ/ÙbÅ�ÆbÇ1� �� _/<>GX�b?�Y\[�A5EJAa£b?F=@?ZC�[H�X£b[�=@`^_*=���EHG/m:[(P}I�?ZC�¦ � _*<�GJ~>�b=@GbA$C^<�[½~b_bE�=@��A�n

P*=/n �2"5ÇUÈ�Ä �bÇ�Â�9�Ç0�0���FÜ>Þ�Ý ���@��9>ÈLÅHÇ�� �hÇU Ã�Ã>Â/ÄFÈ�Çz <�[(m��b=DC�E�?FG�mHEH��[(�/_>�XG�_/G(C^</?}A$El`^`�El?²=

z </[-A@?���£�de[¨Yb[�=k~\A�Ý�È�9/Ú�ÇHÈ;�h~��b=@G��XEHG/� �FÜ>Þ�Ý>Ç�È;�B`^EHd�d ���/_�[�±b?eADCgE�A)[lG:C^=a?F[>A�?FG C�E�~bde[>A�_/`A@?F��£bd�[ Yb[�=D~�A(P z E�~bde[¬À>�b;�EHG/� À�ÁHI#=@[�A�£b[Hm�C�?�Yb[Hdh]�n�¦ z <�[�A@[�C�E�~bd�[:A@V!_�`Lm�_��b=7Ak[HV!mHE�G _*G/d�]�/[:A@m�=@?�~\[�C^</[ £/=�_*£b[�=(��[HEHG/?FG/�2_/`ÉPaÀ>n�E�G�� P =/n�¦�«L��CO�)[ </E�Yb[¬</[�=@[¨Aa£b[HmH?eEHd�?BA�[H�¨��A@[:A�_�`C^<�[�A@[ Y*[�=a~�A�¾½?FG�PaÀ>n@VUG�_�C^<�?hG���?}A%=@[HEHd�dF]¢~>�b=aG:C�V(E�G/�¢?FG�P*=/nkV½C^</[�=@[2?eA¬G/_�m��b=DC�E�?hG\¦ z <�[Ak[HG�C�[�G�mH[>A(E�=k[�G/_>CÉm�_*�g£/=@[H</[HG�A@?�~\d�[ ?e`]/_>�©_/G/dh]³¼�G�_��ÌC^<�[ ��[HEHG/?FG/�-_*`þÝ�È�9/Ú�Ç�È �h~>�b=@G��aVÛLÚFÂ/ÙbÅ�ÆbÇ1�:�h~*_�E�=k���aV*È�Ä��bÇ�Â�9%�Bm��b=BC�E�?FG��5EHG/� �FÜ>Þ�Ý>Ç�È��B`^EHd�d �7¦ z <�[J_/G/d�]��)E�]�C�_ �/[�Akm�=@?´~*[)A^�\mH<?e�/?F_���E�C�?Fm m�E�A�[�A(?BALC�_°C�E�¼b[ ��� o �h~/=^�bd�[�=(dF[>AU£bdeElG�mH<b[��UE�G�� � � �Bde[�=@?F�/[�E�� C�_/�)~*[��UE:Am�_*�X£bde[�±"�\G/?ZC@Ar¦ g [2C^</[HG#m�=@[HE�C�[,[�G:C^=a?F[>A ?FG¢C�E�~bd�[:A-_/` �@`B=@_*¥l[�G#[�±�£/=@[>A7A@?F_bG�A0��¦(�UC^</[�=m�_*GbADC^=@E�?FG:C@AÉmHE�G¬~b[�_�~\A@[�=aY*[H�¨?FG C^</[>A@[�mH_/�X£bde[�±¬�\G/?ZC�A@V�?hG¬£bE�=DC^?em���deE�=(Aa]�G�C�EHm�C^?em�_/G/[�AkV6E�A`^_/=5[�±*El��£bde[®?FG�¾

�/Ü>Æ/Ù a�Â/È��bÇ �HÛLÇ�È�����Ü>Ù��7Â/Ù a�� Ã>È�Ü/Ä��� _/<>GX¼b[H[�£�A��9dF_�A@[:A!</?BAO<�[HEH��P}I�?ZC�¦:¼b[H[�£�A���d´_�Ak[�A5</?}A$m�_/dF�J~bdF_b_��>n

Page 13: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

���

�g</[�=@[½C^</[(�/[�C�[�=a��?hGb[�=5_�`��7Â/Ù a�� Ã>ÈrÜ/Ä �%mHE�G�_/G/d�]�~b[(EU£\_�A�A@[�A�A@?´Y\[(P�mH_�c^=@[�`^[�=@[HG:Ca?FEHd/��?ZC^<JC^<�[A^�/~�Ê�[�m�C^n�¦z <�[�=@[¬E�=k[�C^</_>��A@E�G���A�_*`(Ak_2mHEHdFde[�� �@`B=@_/¥:[�G ��mH_/�)~b?eG/E�C�?F_/G�A�_b`þC^</?BAUCB]�£b[HV6��</?emH<-�/_

G�_�C�_>~b[�]JC^<�[®G�_*=���EHd�=D�\dF[>A5_/`!A@?���£�de[½Y\[�=^~�A5E�G/���/[�A�[H=DY*[JAa£b[HmH?eEHd*C^=k[HErC^��[HG�C�¦z <�[¬[Hd�[�m�C^=@_/G>?em¬�*?em�C^?´_*G�E�=a]©_�`I{U|gI EHdBA@_©mH_/G�C�E�?FG�Ag_�C^<�[�=�mH_/�X£b_��bG��¨��_/=@��A@VAD�\m�<

E:A5mH_/�X£b_��bG���G�_��bG�A5dF?F¼b[�ÛLÇlÈ �hÇ��bÇ!�FÇ�Þ6Û�� �}d´_�A�A5_�`�C^?F� [ �!_*=5EH��Y*[�=D~\AOde?F¼b[ ���FÜ�9��hÇ/ HÄ �hÇ1� ��Ç�B?FG�EU<:�b=a=a]���¦

,/×���� ��Â/Þ6ÛLÚeÇUÜeà ��ÆbÇ�ÛÈrÜ/ÅHÇ1� �rÇ��LÄhÙ �´ÆbÇ(Å�ÚhÂ�� �rÄ Ã/ÄeÅ�Â8�hÄeÜ>Ù�Ü�ÃJÂ6 HÇ�È�Ýg [¨A@</_>�¯</[�=k[ P}j9?F�>�b=@[°Á:nkV���?ZC^<¬C^</[)Y*[�=a~¨Â^ÃBÃ/ÄeÅ�ÆbÇ�È�V6E�G³[�±bEH��£�de[ _b`OC^</[X��E�]���[ <�E�Y*[m�=@[HE�C�[H�,[�G:C^=a?F[>A `^_/=�E Y*[�=a~ ElG���£>�/C�C^</[H� ?FG�C�_ E�£/£/=@_/£>=a?FE�C�[³C�E�~bd�[:A@VUE�m�m�_*=@�>?FG��QC�_�?§C@AAa]�G�C�EHm�C^?�m�EHG/���*?BADC^=�?´~��/Ca?´_*G�Eld\£/=@_*£b[�=}C^?F[>Ar¦ z <�[)Ak[HG�C�[�GbmH[:AOR5�b?´Y*[J</[�=@[JE�=@[J_/G/d�]%[�±*EH��£bde[>A_/`JAk_���[�_�`½C^<�[ Ak[HG�C�[�GbmH[:AX_/G/[³mHEHG2`^?hGb�2?FG-C^</[ C�E�~bde[�AgP mH_/G�ADC^=kEl?FG:C(G/_>�bG/V!I�_�m d´_�mHE�Ca?�Yb[U£/=k[�£b_�A@?§Ca?F_/G�E�G��%� �DÙ G�_��bG���_/=a£/</_bdF_*�b?FmHEHdedh]�de?hG/¼b[��gC�_(C^</[½Yb[�=k~�n�¦

BDC � B á B á������� õbíaùHæ�ê������ � ��� ��* ����"�� ��� * $�"�� ������� *�� ����**��^ä�ìHîè§î�ç�è�ø@íaëFê�ö*ë²ì�í@ëHìHê9èFöbö}í@ë�èFö�ñeè�ê@ç����� � ��� ��* ����"��.���.��� * � �(� � � * � � � B á � ����� ��^ä�ìHîç�èFö�ó�æ�í ��ö�ì�è´ö�ö}íaëFè´ö ñeí7øaëFè²ä�î����� � ��� ��* ����"�� � ��� ��� **� � � B á�� B � � � ��^ä�ìHîê@ü�ìHèúùHè§ëeö>ìHèFö/ê@ý½ä7ë´è�ä�î

B C � B á�� ����B � õbíaùHæ�ê ��� � �

������ "!�#%$�& ����� � ��� ��* ����"�'�"(� �����*�)�*� � � $ " � ��^ä�ìHîLö�ë�è²økélö*ó�ìHä7ë´ä�ö*å�óþä�îOë�ì�ê�ãÍí7æ�æ� � ���"' * � ��� " � ���+�,��* ��� " $ "�� � � � � � �����-� � � $ � � �%�.� �õ/ìHê9ø@ä�ýþó�å�ëFê@ò/ç�èFö ó�æ§í �Hö/ëFìHê�òBê�ö å�æZëeö/ä�îOë²ìHê!öBøaòBê@ê@î� � � � ��� � ������* � � " $ "(� � � � � $*�+����� � B � ��B á �õ/ìHêÍö}ø@òBê@ê@îç�èFö�óHæ§í �:ö/ë�ìHê�òBê�ö�åHæZëhö

BDC � B á B á-.0/ õbíaùHæ�ê ��1 ������ � ��� ��* ����" $ �)�0� � $ " � �2 " � �^ä�ìHîæ§í ��ö�ìHèFö�ø@í@ò�ç�ö�ä�îOë²ìHê�ë²íaùHæ�ê�bèZë ô0�^ä�ì�î�ç�èFö�ó�æZí �Hö*ëFì�ê6ø@ä�æ�ä7å�ò

�43 ï6û:û>â �65�7bð B C�� � � � B á õbíaùHæ�ê ��8 ð����� � � � ��� ��* � ��" �)9("(�4� � � "�^ä�ìHîø@í@ò�òeè�ê�ö�ä�îLä7óHê@î�æ �è�îOó�å�ùHæ²è�ø�ãÍèZë�ì �Dí@îHê

� � � &B � � ' �bèZë ô0�^ä�ì�î�ç�èFö�ó�æZí �Hö�ìHè§ýÉö}ê@æZñ�ã!èZë´ì �Dí@îHê

û�ï!âFð-7 �*3 ï6û:û>â �65!ï � 7 � B � � ' . ����� � û:�^ä�ìHîOñeí7è§ë:æ+3 í@ñhñeè�ø@ìHí���ê�ç�ê�ö*ó�ìHä7ëFä�ö � � �;� � ��

`LÄ a 9>È�Ç � ¾ &ÍE�=BC9_/`�C^<�[(mHdFE�A�A@?F`a?em:E�C^?F_/G�_�`�C^</[½Y*[�=D~XÂ^ÃBÃ/ÄeÅ�ÆbÇ�È

Page 14: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

��
,/×���� Ç1�(9/Ú � ��U�b= Ó �eÓHx�s�t�u/q�y�x(v�y�x�sky�u/q�Ò/t�yeÓHÔ ��E�¼\[½�b£X�X<�E�C���[(mHE�dhdbC^</[(� |JK5I�{X�HAa]�A^C�[l����¦:RBC9m�_/G�C�E�?hG�A�¾

c!E(�>?Fm�C�?F_/G/E�=a])_�`9E�~b_>�/CÍ�/�>VF�/�/� Aa?F��£�de[½�)_*=@��A$P}|(KOI5{��/n �c!E(�>?Fm�C�?F_/G/E�=a])_�`9mH_*=�=@[�Aa£�_*G��*?FG���£b</_/G/[�Ca?Fm(`^_/=a�¬A5P}|�KOI5{ &9n�c!E(�>?Fm�C�?F_/G/E�=a])_�`6��_/=@[C^</E�G ���/�/VF�/�/��mH_/�X£b_>�bG/�J��_/=���A5P}|�KOI5{�;n�¦

z </[ ?FG/`ade[:m�C�[H�¤`^_*=��°A)_�`XA@?���£bde[°��_/=@��A)E�=@[ E��/C�_/��E�C^?FmHEHdedh]¤�b[HGb[�=kE�C�[H� C^_¤£>=�_b���\mH[°C^</[� |�KOI�{(j!���/?�m�C^?F_*GbE�=k]\¦

RaG¤_>�b=�� Ó���yBxHu/q�� t�Ò � ��Ò�t VUE�A�`�E�=�E>AXY*[�=a~�A�E�=@[³m�_/G/m�[�=aG/[��/V��)[ <�E�Yb[ [HG�C^=@?F[>A�?eGC�E�~bdF[>AO`^_/=�¾

c!E�~b_>�>CÉ�HÁlVh�/�/���a`B=@[�[ �5mH_*GbADC^=D�\m�C^?F_*GbA6��?ZC�< A@?F��£�de[UYb[H=D~\A�c!E�~b_>�>C9��ÁlVh�/�/���a`B=@_/¥:[�G8�5mH_*GbADC^=D�\m�C^?F_*GbA6��?ZC�<�mH_/�X£b_>�bG/�JY\[�=D~�A�c!E�~b_>�>C5Á���Vh�/�/��m�_*GbADC^=D�\m7C^?F_/G�A6�)?ZCa<�AD�b£/£b_/=}C�Yb[�=D~�A5EHGb�X£/=@[H�>?´m�E�C^?´Y\[UG�_��bGbA�¦

{�ALR(A�EH?��/V���?ZC^<³[HEHmH<¨Y*[�=D~\EHd![HG�C^=a]�?FG³_��b=É�/?Fm�C�?F_*G�E�=a] ?BA�E>A7A@_bmH?FE�C�[H� C^</[�mH_b�/[HP­AanÉ_/`$C^<�[C�E�~bdF[HP­A�n½?FG ��</?emH<¬?ZC�?BAÉmldeE>A7A@?e`a?e[H��¦ z </?BAÉEHdFdF_*��AO�9AOC�_¬E�A�A@_bmH?�E�C�[X[HEHm�<¬Yb[�=D~\EHd6[HG:C^=D] ��?§C^<EHdFd>C^<b[(��EH?hG�CD]�£\[�A5_/`$Ak[HG�C�[�GbmH[(?FGJ��</?emH<�?ZC9?}A5dF?F¼b[Hdh]XC�_�E�£/£b[HE�=!?hG�C�[�±>C@Ar¦

�bÏ � u/xHÒ � �/t�Ò � ��ÒbtHÔÒ/q�v��/t�Ò/Õ���Ô

z </[¬C^</?�=@�2£\E�=DC�_/`�_>�b= Aa]�A^C�[�� mH_*GbA@?BADC@A�_b`�E A�[�=@?F[>A�_*`��@dF_bm:Eld��/=@EH� ��E�=7A0�J��</?emH<¤E�=@[`^_/=@��EHd�?F¥�[H��E�A½j$� z PD`D?FGb?ZC�[ ADC�E�C�[�E���C^_/��E�C�E�n�¦ z </[�]�<bE�Yb[X~b[:[HG�m�=@[HE�C�[H�%C}_¨�/[:A@m�=@?�~b[ A@[�C@A_/`¢A@[HG:C�[�G/mH[>A,��</?eml< E�=@[ª��Ak[H� ?hG EÌAa£b[HmH?�`�?�m��/_>� EH?FG9¾¨[�±�£/=@[�A�A@?F_/G�A�_/`,�/E�C�[�AkV _/`C�[��X£b[�=@E�CB�b=k[HVUA}C}_�m�¼,[�±bm�<�EHG>�\[ �)E�=a¼b[�C�=@[�£/_/=}C@A)P­A@[H[ z ¦ d E�¼bE����b=@E ?hG-C^</?BAXYb_�dZ�\��[�n�¦!RA�<bEHdhd�G/_>C©�/[�Akm�=a?�~b[¢C^</[>A@[#E��/C�_/��E�C�E"<�[�=@[>¦ z </[�?FG>C�[�=k[�ABC^?hG���£b_�?FG�C </[�=@[�?eA C^<�E�C C^</[I�[�±b?emH_/G/caS(=@EH����E�=@V6_/=LE7Cd´[HE>ADC�£bE�=}C$_*`�?ZC�V6mHE�G ~\[�m�_>G>Yb[�=DC�[��°?FG�C�_-AD�\m�<¬�/=@E�£/<�A@V9EHG/� A@_E�£/£�dF?e[H�JC�_®C�[�±�C@A5P­A@[�[þK�¦�NUµ � �-���/�/�/V���¦ &�6¶��g¹��>·¬���/�6��n�¦�bm�</[H��E�C�?FmHEHd�dF]bVbEJA@?h��£bde[®?FG�C^=kE�G�A@?ZC�?´Y\[JAk[HG�C�[�G�mH[(mHEHG�<bE�Yb[½C^<�[®`^_/=@��¾

���'��>ÿ������Éí@î�ç����:ò�!aó��,ö ë²í@îHç!ñ�ä�òbí@î �îHä7å�î:ÿ@÷Hê@òFù½ä�ò>ó�òBêaó�ä�ö}è§ëFèZä�î�òBê7ö�ó�ê­øaëFè ÷Hê­æ����Dô

z </[��/[H`a?FG�?FG/�©£/=@_*£b[�=}CB]©_b` z E�~bde[�À�Áb�bVþ`^_/=g[�±\EH�X£�de[�VmH_/=D=@[:Aa£b_/G/��A(C^_¤E¨�)_*=@[¬£/=@[HmH?�Ak[�/=kE�£/<�¾

���7 �bï³ö ë²í@îHçHö>ñeä�ò-3 �5è�øaë²è�ä�î�î�í�èZòBê-7\æ�ê@økë²òBä�î�è ��å�ê6ç�å�bï����*3�� 7�æ²êaøaëFòBä�î�è²ø��5è�øaë²è�ä�îHí@ò �ä7ñ��bï���9�Dô

Page 15: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

�(=

z <�[�£/=@_/£b[�=BC^?F[>A([HG�mH_��/[�� ?FG z E�~bde[ À�Áb�bV!mH_/=a=@[�A�£/_/G/�>?FG/�¨C�_-�>?F`D`�[�=@[HG�C½mH_*GbADC^=D�\m�C^?F_*GbA@Vm�E�G°~*[�mH_*G>Y*[�=DC�[H�¬?FG�C�_ E:AL��EHG>]¬£\E�C^<�AÉ?FG C^</[X�/=@E�£/<³E�AC^</[�=@[�E�=@[��a¿D�®A@?��bG�AÉ?hG C^<�[�dF?FGb[_/`!E(�b?´Y\[HG�[HG�C^=D]�P}C^</[(£bE�C^<�A�mH_/=a=@[:Aa£b_/G/�/?hG���C�_ �@c ��E�=�[J_/`!mH_>�b=7Ak[J[HdF?���?hGbE�C�[H�>n�¦ z <�[�Y\[�=^~Ã/ÚeÄhÈ �hÇ�È ��`Dde?F=DC �aV�`^_*=þ[�±bEH��£�de[HV�</E�AC^<�[J£/=@_/£b[�=BC^?�[:A � �(Æ�9>ÞÌEHG�� � o �(Æ�9>Þ¬¦/RDC�m�E�G°~*[E:A7A@_bmH?FE�C�[H�J��?§C^<JC^</[(`^_*dFdF_>��?FG/���/=@E�£b<�¾

����ñeæ�è§ò�ëFêaò ��ö ë²í@îHç�ö*ñeä�ò/í7æ§æ�ë�ì�ê6è§î�ñeæ�ê@økë´ê­ç5ñ�ä�òBýÉö�ä7ñ�ë�ì�ê�÷Hê@òFù��

RaG�C^</[H_/=D]�V�EHded*C^<�[U£b_�A�A@?´~bde[XA@[HG�C�[�G/m:[�A5�/[>A@m�=­?�~\[H��?FGJC^<b[½C�E�~bdF[>A5mHEHGX~b[U=k[�£/=@[�Ak[lG:C�[H�~/])�/=@E�£/<�A5_/`�C^</?}A9CD]�£b[>¦b�b_/V��g?ZC^<�[HE�ml<XY*[�=a~�_*`�C^<�[(�*?em�C^?F_/G/E�=k]�Vb_*=kV*��_/=@[U£/=@[�m�?BA@[Hdh]�V>��?ZC�<[�EHmH<X£bEH?�= ��f�¿³mH_b�/[U_/`�C�E�~bdF[��aV>�)[(mHEHG�E�A7Ak_�mH?eE�C�[(E(m�_*�g£�de[�±��/=@E�£/<g=@[�£/=@[�Ak[HG�C�?hG���Elded*C^<�[Ak[HG�C�[�G�mH[>A��[�</E�Yb[�=@[�C�E�?FGb[H��E�A�ml<�E�=@EHm�C�[�=a?BADC�?Fm�_�`!C^<b[�m�_*=a=k[�Aa£�_*G��*?FG>�¬�9A@[�_�`!C^</?}ALYb[�=k~�¦z </[:A@[¬�/=@E�£b<�Agm:ElG ~\[�E�£/£bdh?e[:� C}_¤E�C�E��/�b[H�©m�_/=a£>��A@V6~>�/C�_/`(mH_>�b=7Ak[¨E¨d´_�C�_/`U£/=@_>~bdF[H�¬A<�E�Yb[(G/_>C�]�[�C�~b[H[HG Ak_�d�Yb[H��¾c�?FG £/=@EHm�C�?FmH[�VQ��EHG>] £/=k_*£b[�=^C^?F[�A¡P­A�[H� EHG:C^?�m�VQ`^_/= [�±\EH�X£bde[�n�mHEHG/G/_>C¢~*[ß[�±/£bdF_�?ZC�[��m�_*�X£>�/C�E�C^?F_*G�EHd�dh] �c ��EHG>]ª�/[�=@?´Y\[�� mH_*G�A^C^=D�\m7C^?F_*G�A Pa?h��£b[�=kE�Ca?�Y*[HV�`^_/=-[�±*El��£bde[�n-E�=@[¢G�_�C�=@[�£/=@[�A@[�G�C�[H� ?FGC�E�~bdF[>A �cLEH��Y*[�=a~b?eEld9£�<�=@E>A@[�AkV6E>A�)[lded5E�AUY*E�=@?F_���AL¼b?FGb��AÉ_b`½A�[:���\[�G�m�[J��</?emH<³mHEHG°~*[ ?hG�Ak[�=DC�[H��E�CAk[�Yb[�=@EHd�£bd�E�mH[>AL?hG Ak[HG�C�[�G�m�[:A@V�E�=@[XG/_>C6C�E�¼b[�G¬?FG�C�_�EHmHmH_>�bG�C�P­A�_/��[X_�`6C^<�[H�ß</E�Y*[�EHd�=k[�E���]~*[H[HG ADCB�\�/?F[H� �bA@[H[HVb`^_*=5[�±*EH��£bde[HV>j�!¹�·�µ ( �b�/�/�>nc![7C�m>¦

� u/q�x �ew�Ô7y�u/q

z </[JAa]\ADC�[H��E�C�?Fm(�/[>A@m�=­?²£>Ca?F_/G�_/`�Y*[�=a~�A5PaEHG���_�C^<�[�=5?ZC�[��¬Aan5?FG°Aa]�G�C�EHm�Ca?Fm½C�E�~bd�[:AO?BA!YbEHd��\E�~bde[HV`B=k_�� E°de?FG/�>��?BADC�?em £b_*?FG:C(_/`½Y*[��)VO?FG =kEl?BA@?FG/�2��EHG>]©�>�\[�ADC^?´_*G�AU�)</?�mH<-</E�Y*[¨G/[�Yb[�=®~*[H[HG

Page 16: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

�HÁ

[�±bEH� ?FGb[H��¦ z </[X`D?FGbEHd�=@[>A^��dZC$mH_/G�ADC�?ZCB�>C�[�A�E®Y*[�=a]¬deE�=a�b[X`^_/=@��EHd�?F¥:[H����E�C�E�~bE�A�[U��</?emH<¬?}AþEHG?FG>Y\EHd��\E�~bd�[JAk[�CÍ_*`9?FG/`^_*=@��E�C�?F_/G�`^_*=!=@[:A@[HE�=km�</[�=�A�¦{�A-`^_/=¨C^<�[¢mH_/�X£>�/C�E�C^?F_/G/EHd�E�£/£bd�?emHE�C�?F_/G�A@V�?FG:C�[�=@[�A^C^?hG�� =@[�A^��dZC�A-</E�Y*[¢EHdh=k[HEH�>] ~b[:[HG

_>~>C�E�?hG�[H��¾!�*?em�C�?F_/G/E�=@?e[�AgEHG/� Y*E�=@?F_���A(C^]�£b[�Ag_/`U�/=@E�£�<©</E�Yb[�EHdh=k[HEH�>]2~b[:[HG2?FGbmH_/=a£�_*=@E7C�[H�?FG:C�_ £�d´E�C^`^_*=@� A#d�?F¼b[�R d�z K�� P}T ¦2�/¹�"�� ��·��b¸ �/¹ ( ���/�/À/V"���/� =/n#E�G�� W d R z K�� P���¦&��9¶ �g¹��>·��b�/�>�/n¬`^_/=�C�E��/�/?FG���EHG��"£bE�=7A@?FG/��Yb[�=a]#deEl=��b[¤mH_*=�£/_>=@E>¦ z </[¤mH_/�X£>�/C�E�C^?F_/G/EHdE�£/£�dF?emHE�C�?F_/G,_�`XEHdFd½C^<�[ ?FGb`^_*=@��E�C�?F_/G,mH_/G�C�EH?FG/[H��?FG¤C^</[-d�[�±b?emH_/G/cD�/=kEl����E�=�=@EH?BA@[>A¬A@_b��[£/=k_�~bdF[H�¬A���</?eml<,E�=@[ G�_��Ë~b[H?FG/��A^CB�\�>?�[���¾þ?ZC)_/£b[�G�A¬E-dF_>C�_/`X?FG�C�[�=k[�ADC�?FG>��E�Yb[HG:�\[�A¬_/`=k[�A@[HE�=@mH<ß?FG C^<�[�E��/C�_/��E�C�?Fm¡C^=k[HE�C^��[HG�CQ_*`2C�[�±>C@A@V ?FG/`^_/=­�)E�Ca?´_*G¯=@[�C^=a?F[�Y*EldeV EHG�� [�Y*[HGE��/C^_/��E�C�?FmQC^=@E�GbA@deE�Ca?´_*G¡Pk��EHG>]�_>C^</[�= d´ElG��>�\E��\[�A-d�?F¼\[QKG���de?BA@< P}T ¦�� ��"��9µ��� ���/��Á:n@VR^C�E�dF?�EHG�V �/£bElG/?BA@<�V�g_/=@[HE�G E�=@[¤~b[H?FG/� �b[�A@m�=@?�~\[H� EHm:mH_/=@�>?FG>��C�_ C^<�[ A�EH��[àC^<�[H_/=@[�C^?FmHEHd£/=@?FG/mH?F£bd�[:A5E�A5`^_*=6j�=@[�G/mH<�n�¦

��y����ey�u �/t�Ò/Õ��\Ñ«���� d �bV � ¦§c�&�¦úV�{�¦(S�WgRDI!I!K z Vg;®¦I!Kþ;�I!M5NLK ���/»/�/E� !"$Â?�0��È(9/Å��-9>È�Ç �bÇ�ÚF ÛÆ/È7Â��rÇ��ÄFÞ6ÛLÚeÇ(Ç�Ù9Ã>È7Â/Ù���ÂbÄ-� � Ü>Ù��0��È(9/Å��FÄ�Ü>Ù��LÄFÙ8�´È�Â/Ù���Ä �FÄ$ HÇ0��V>|�=@_/¥HVbSJ[�G���Y*[>¦

«���� d �bV � ¦§c�&$¦ZV({�¦(SUWXR^I!I!K z VX;(¦þI!Kþ;OI!MONLK ����»/��~� !"$Â?�0��È(9/Å��-9>È�Ç �bÇ�ÚF ÛÆ/È7Â��rÇ��ÄFÞ6ÛLÚeÇ(Ç�Ù9Ã>È7Â/Ù���ÂbÄ-� � ÚhÂ��(��Ç0� ��Ç(Å�Ü>Ù��0�hÈ(9/Å �hÄ�Ü>Ù�� �hÈ7Â/Ù���Ä �FÄ$ HÇ0��V>N(E�£/£b_*=BC@A5�/[½N�[HmH</[�=kml<�[����I5{U|XIà�/V�WgG/?�Yb[�=�A@?ZC�i &ÍE�=@?�A5»�¦

;L�UWJN z �®Rr��V�«g¦���/�/»�¾��7Ù��bÇ � ��9 �0� "�� �b× ���� Ç � ��9 "5Ç�>Ä���9/Ç�� Ø È7Â/Þ�ÞJÂbÄFÈ�Ç �bÇ1�� :Ç�È�Ý>Ç��Ã>È7Â/Ù���ÂbÄ-��VON�E�£/£b_/=}C z [Hm�</G/?����\[³����I�{U|XI�G��°Á�=bVOC�_>��[�A)E [�C(~*V &ÍE�=@?BA@VOW�G/?�Y\[�=�A@?ZC�i&ÍE�=@?�A5»�¦

j9{(RDN�� d VL;(¦!�b�/�/��¾ � ��È(9bÅ��<9>ÈrÇ ��ÙbÜ>Ù �aÅHÜ>Ù/ÙbÇ��Ç � ×eØ È�Â�Þ�ÞJÂbÄFÈ�Ç �bÇ��%ÄhÙbÅHÄ-��Ç1�¬Ç�ÙgÃ>È7Â/Ù���ÂbÄ<� �bÇ1��Å�È�Ä Û��FÄ�Ü>Ù-ÚeÄhÙ a 9/Ä-�0�hÄ���9/Ç Ç��!Ü�9��hÄeÚ<�gÄhÙ^Ã/Ü>È�ÞJÂ8�FÄ���9/Ç1��V z <��>Ak[HV�I{U|�I�V�W�G/?�Y\[�=7A@?§C�i &ÍE�=@?BA»�¦

S(RDN��gc7�b; � d KRD|�K5N(V � ¦6���/»��\¾1"5Ç1�LÙbÜ>ÞXÄFÙ/ÂbÚ�Ä-�7Â8�hÄeÜ>Ù �ÉÇ�ÙÍÃ>È7Â/Ù���ÂbÄ-� × " � ÜaÛ ��È7Â8�FÇ�9/È � Ã>ÂbÄhÈrÇ ��/Â/Ù��LÚ�Ç(ÚeÇ�>Ä���9/Ç/¦l|g=�_*¥�V�S�[�G���Yb[>¦

SUN������bV>T�¦����/»�Á/¦ �)����ÆbÜ �bÇ1�LÇ�Ù�� ��Ù8�´Â��>ÇlV � [�=a��EHG/G�V &ÍE�=a?�Ar¦SUN������bVbS�¦���������¾ "5Ç1�LÅHÜ>Ù�� �´È(9/Å �hÄ�Ü>Ù��þÅHÜ>Ù� HÇ�È(�rÇ � ��9�Ã�È�Â/Ù���ÂbÄ<��V�|g=@_/¥HVbSJ[�G���Y\[>¦SUN������bV)T ¦J�b�/�>�9¾ �@;L_/G�A�[H���\[HG/m�[�A©_b`°C^<�["��[�C�EHdeE�G>�>�\E��\[ ~*[H?hG/��?hGbmHd��\�/[H��?FGªC^<�[deElG��>�\E��b[��@V6?FG�¾�«X¦/K(¦ d [�Yb?hG³Pa[H��¦ún@V �>ÆbÇ "5Ç a�ÂbÅ �2ÜBÃ���ÇHÚeÚ�Ä a ��Â/È7ÈrÄ<��V � _/</G°«�[HG�Ê�EH� ?FG�A@V{J�¬A^C�[�=@�/EH����&Í</?�deEH�/[HdF£�</?eE/¾/Á�»/ca�/»�¦

SUWgRDI!I!K z V�{�¦§V�;(¦>I!Kþ;�I!M5NLK����/�>�9¾�"! � �´È(9bÅ��-9>È�Ç �bÇgÚhÂLÛÆ/È7Â���Ç��rÄhÞ9ÛLÚ�ÇXÇ�Ù�Ã>È7Â/Ù���ÂbÄ<� � Ü>Ù��0�´È�9/Å��hÄeÜ>Ù � �´È7Â/Ù��rÄ �FÄ$ HÇ1�þÚ�Ü/Å�Â8�FÄ$ HÇ���V>|g=a_/¥:V/S�[�G���Yb[�¦

I!Kþ;OI!MONLKþVL;½<�¦!�b�/�>�9¾ �@�®=a�bEHG/?F¥:E�C�?F_/G¤_�`UC^<�[¨I�[�±b? mH_/G/caS(=@EH��� E�=�_*`(j�=@[HG�ml<¤Yb[�=k~\A(�@V"5ÄhÙ a HÄ-�0�hÄeÅ!"��Ù� HÇ1�0�FÄba�Â8�FÄ�Ü>ÙbÇ1�#�$�¬¾B��V � _*</G�«�[HG�Ê�El��?FG�A@V {��°A^C�[�=@�/EH����&!</?FdeE��/[HdF£b</?�E�¾�b�/c*=��b¦

d {%X{(T2W�N({�V z ¦2�b�/�/À�¾)�a{�GbEldF]�A@?FG/� C�[�±>C@A�?FG E A�£b[HmH?�`a?em �/_���EH?FG ��?ZC�< d´_�mHE:d�/=@EH��� E�=7A�¾ z </[(m�E�A�[(_*`!A^C�_�m�¼)[�±bmH</EHG��b[®��E�=a¼b[�C�=@[�£b_/=}C@A��5PD?�GJC^</?BA!Yb_�d§����[�n�¦

&9{UW�T¤RDK5N�VX��¦�b�/�6��¾&����_/��[-=@[H��E�=a¼�A%_*G¤C^</[©E�£/£/d�?emHE�Ca?F_/G _*`�E2de[�±b?emH_/G/cD�/=@EH����E�=(�@V"5ÄhÙ a HÄ-�0�hÄeÅ!&�7Ù� HÇ1� �hÄ a�Â8�hÄ�Ü>ÙbÇ��'�(��Raf%¾ �bV � _/</G «�[lG�Ê�EH� ?FG�AkV�{��°A^C�[�=@�/EH����&!</?�deEH�/[HdF£b</?�E�¾��=�Á�cD��Á���¦

Page 17: The Lexicon-Grammar of French Verbs: a syntactic database

���

&9{UW�T¤RDK5N�VJ��¦O�b�/�>�9¾��OÙbÄ �FÇ� �XÞJÂ/Ù�9/ÇHÚ���� 9��hÄeÚ�Ä-�7Â8�hÄBÜ>Ù\VN�E�£/£b_*=BC)�/[ =k[Hm�</[�=@mH</[HVLR@S�TQVWXG/?�Y\[�=�A@?ZC�i(�/[½T,E�=@G�[Hcad�E�cDfXEHdFdei:[HV*<:C�C^£9¾ �5�B?FG/`^_�dF?FG/�>�9¦ ��G/?FYbca��d�Y9¦Z`B=�¦

N���; � KþV�K�¦O���/�/��¾��Dj9?FG/?ZC�[°A^C�E�C�[®C^=@E�G�A@���\m�[�=7A�¾�£bE�=7A@?�G�� `B=�[H[�ElG��¨`B=@_/¥:[HG A�[HG�C�[�G�mH[�A0��¦�R�G� ���hÇ�Ù��bÇ �gÃ/ÄhÙbÄ �hÇ;�0�´Â8�FÇ ÞgÜ �bÇHÚ<�³Ü�à ÚhÂ/Ù a 9> a�Ç�VU{�¦ g_>=aG/EH?(P�[H��¦ún@VX��CB�\�>?F[>A¬?FG¢G�E�CB�b=@EHddeElG��>�\E��b[U£/=@_bmH[�A�A@?hG/�bVb;LEH�)~�=@?��>�b[½WgG/?�Y\[�=�A@?ZC^] &9=@[�A�A@Vb;LEl�X~�=­?e�>�b[HV>W$%¾�������c����b��¦

�/RDI!«LK5N�� z K�R d VÍT ¦½���/�/À�¾ � Ä�Å �hÄ�Ü>Ù/Ù/ÂbÄFÈ�Ç1�6�HÚeÇHÅ���È�Ü>Ù\Ä���9/Ç1��Ç �$Â/Ù/ÂbÚ � ��Ç Â�9��FÜ>ÞJÂ8�FÄ���9/Ç �bÇ�hÇ���hÇ1� �Ú�Ç&� �8�0�<��ÞXÇ �F� � ��� V�TQE�A7Ak_*G�V!&ÍE�=a?BAr¦

�/RDI!«LK5N�� z K�R d VÍT ¦½���/� =9¾ �aR d�z K��¬¾�E¬mH_>=a£>��A�£/=a_/mH[:A7A@?FG/�¤Aa]�ADC�[H�%��¦�RaG . È�Ü/ÅHÇ:Ç �bÄFÙ a��ÜBà � " �F� Ø Ö���� � ¾ J]�_>C^_�¦

f�Raf(M(�bV Ng¦�������À�¾ {UYb_�?²=@VQ£/=k[�G/�>=@[�VQ£b[�=k�>=@[/¾ ÅHÜ:Ù��0��È(9/Å��FÄ�Ü>Ù�� � HÇHÈ�Ý>Ç ��9aÛ/ÛLÜ>È0��Ç �Ç���FÇ�Ù���ÄeÜ>Ù��Â���ÛLÇ:Å��-9/ÇHÚ�ÚeÇ1� ×\z <���A@[(�/[½C^=�_/?�A@? �l��[(m�]bmHde[HV*I�{U|�I�V�WgG/?�Y\[�=�A@?ZC�i &ÍE�=@?�A5»�¦

�/{UI ��Uj�j9VªTQ_*=a=�?�A�¦Ì���/��Á\¾ �@�JG �9A@?hG/� C^<�[ de[�±b?emH_/G/c^�/=@EH����E�= ?hG E ~b?Fde?hG/�>�\EHd�*?´m�Ca?´_*G�E�=a] �@V "5Ç�>Ä���9/Ç1����a�È�Â/ÞJÞ�ÂbÄ�È�Ç0�XÅHÜ>Þ9ÛÂbÈ(���XÇ � ��È�ÂbÄ �hÇ�ÞXÇ�Ù8�6Â�9��hÜ>Þ�Â8�hÄ���9/Ç:V &9=@[�A�A@[�A�/[®de� WJ{UT,V>T,_/G�C^=@i�Eld}¾>À6�/��caÀ>��Áb¦

p��� ����

z [Hm�</G/?emHEHd/C�[�=a�¬A�¾;L_*�X£b_>�bG/�XYb[�=a~�£�¦B�/�Kde[Hm�C^=a_/G/?Fm(�/?�m�Ca?F_/G/E�=k]g£�¦B��V$��Àj9?hGbEHd�ADC�E�C�[ÉE��>C}_*��E�C�EU£�¦B��ÀI�[�±b?�m�_*G�cD�/=@EH��� E�=!£�¦}��V!��À�>�b£/£b_>=}C�Yb[�=D~�£�¦B����*]�G�C�EHm�C^?´m z E�~bde[>A!£�¦B��V�=/Vb»>V!���

&9=�_*£b[�=!G/_>�bG�A�¾S®=k_�A�A@V>T,E��b=a?´mH[ ��V�»

� � � �P��� � � ��' '!� "�� ���

��ì�ò�èFö�ë²è�í@î��bê@ø­æ��­òBê��� ò�åHê �6èZë²ò�å�÷Hê�48������ �:í@òBèFöû�òBí@îHø@êæ²ê­ø@æ�ê@òBê��)å�î�èú÷'�hýæ ÷>ô ñeò