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Syntactic Alternations of Hindi Verbs with Syntactic Alternations of Hindi Verbs with Reference to the Morphological ParadigmReference to the Morphological Paradigm

Debasri ChakrabartiDebasri Chakrabarti

Dr. Pushpak BhattacharyyaDr. Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Center forCenter for Indian language Technology Solution, Indian language Technology Solution,

Computer Science Department.Computer Science Department.

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OverviewOverview

IntroductionIntroduction MotivationMotivation MethodologyMethodology ConclusionConclusion Future workFuture work

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IntroductionIntroduction

1. Importance of Verbs

• Verbs are the most important categories in parts of speech

• Sentence without a verb is unthinkable

2. Inspired by Beth Levin’s English Verb classes and Alternations

3. Syntactic Alternations

• Refer to the argument structure of the verbs

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MotivationMotivation

1. Absence of deep hierarchical semantic tree.

2. Hypothesis of Beth Levin : Semantic nature of verbs are largely predictable by their syntactic structure.

3. Absence of any such work in Indian languages.

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Type of AlternationType of Alternation

Transitivity AlternationTransitivity Alternation Middle alternation, Causative alternation, SubstanceMiddle alternation, Causative alternation, Substance alternation.alternation.

Dative AlternationDative Alternation Locative AlternationLocative Alternation Clear alternation, Material Product alternation,Clear alternation, Material Product alternation,

Fulfilling alternation.Fulfilling alternation.

Oblique Subject AlternationOblique Subject Alternation Passive alternation.Passive alternation.

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Transitivity AlternationTransitivity Alternation

a. Jannet broke the cup.

b. The cup broke.

Hindi: rama nao kp taoD,a.

kp TUT gayaa.

  Alternation Pattern: ‘NP1 NP2 V’ with ‘NP

cause to V intransitive’.

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Tree Diagram of Transitive AlternationTree Diagram of Transitive Alternation

S

NP VP

N V NP

spec N

Jannet broke the cup

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Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation (contd…)(contd…)

S

NP VP

V

The broke

spec N

cup

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Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation (contd…)(contd…)

S

NP VP

NP VN Post-position

N V

rama nao kp taoD,a

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Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation (contd…)(contd…)

S

NP VP

V

TUT

N

kp

Aux

gayaa

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Dative AlternationDative Alternation

a. Bill sold a car.a. Bill sold a car. b. Bill sold Tom a car.b. Bill sold Tom a car.

Hindi: Hindi: rama nao gaaD,I baocaI.rama nao gaaD,I baocaI. rama nao Syaama kao gaaD,I rama nao Syaama kao gaaD,I

baocaI.baocaI.

Alternation Pattern: ‘NP1 P NP2 V’ with Alternation Pattern: ‘NP1 P NP2 V’ with ‘NP1 NP2 P NP3 V’.‘NP1 NP2 P NP3 V’.

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Tree Diagram of Dative alternationTree Diagram of Dative alternation

NP VP

N V NP

Bill sold

spec N

a car

S

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NP VP

N V NP

Bill sold

NP

car

Tree Diagram of Dative alternation Tree Diagram of Dative alternation (contd…)(contd…)

N

Tom a

spec N

S

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Tree Diagram of Dative alternation Tree Diagram of Dative alternation (contd…)(contd…)

NP VP

VNP

N

N Post-position

rama

nao

gaaD,I baocaI

S

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Tree Diagram of Dative alternation (contd…)Tree Diagram of Dative alternation (contd…)

NP

VNP

N

N Post-position

rama

nao

gaaD,I baocaI

S

NP

N Post-position

Syaama

kao

VP

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Locative alternationLocative alternation

a. The eggs mixed with the cream.a. The eggs mixed with the cream.

b. The eggs and the cream mixed.b. The eggs and the cream mixed.

Hindi: Hindi: AMDo ko saaqa ËIma imalaaš AMDo ko saaqa ËIma imalaaš gaš hO.gaš hO.

AMDa AaOr ËIma imalaayaa AMDa AaOr ËIma imalaayaa gayaa hO.gayaa hO.Alternation Pattern: ‘[NP NP1 P NP2 ]V’ and ‘[NP NP1 and NP2] V’.

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Tree diagram of Locative alternationTree diagram of Locative alternation

NP VP

NV PP

P NP

S

spec

spec N

The eggs mixed with the cream

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Tree diagram of Locative alternation Tree diagram of Locative alternation (contd)(contd)

NP

V

mixed

VP

creamand

spec N

NP

eggsThe

spec N

conj

the

S

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Tree diagram of Locative alternation Tree diagram of Locative alternation (contd…)(contd…)

NP VP

Post-position V

S

N N Aux

AMDo ko saaqa ËIma

imalaaš gaš hO

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Tree diagram of Locative alternation Tree diagram of Locative alternation (contd…)(contd…)

VP

N

NP

N conj V Aux

ËImaAMDa AaOr imalaayaa gayaa hO

S

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Structure of Verbs in HindiStructure of Verbs in Hindi

Simple verbsSimple verbs KanaaKanaa,, ilaKnaa. ilaKnaa. Conjunct verbsConjunct verbs Noun and verb Noun and verb AarMBa krnaa.AarMBa krnaa. Adjective and verb Adjective and verb maIza laganaa.maIza laganaa. Adverb and verb Adverb and verb dUr hTnaa.dUr hTnaa. Compound verbsCompound verbs

PaZ,naa PaZ,naa – – ilaKnaailaKnaa,, Kanaa Kanaa –– pInaa. pInaa. Causative verbsCausative verbs Kanaa Kanaa ,, iKlaanaa iKlaanaa ,, iKlavaanaa. iKlavaanaa.

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Morphological paradigms of verbs in Morphological paradigms of verbs in HindiHindi

Nominal verb formationNominal verb formation Intransitive- causative formationIntransitive- causative formation Transitive- causative formationTransitive- causative formation

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Process of Nominal verb formationProcess of Nominal verb formation

Nominal RootNominal Root AffixAffix Nominal StemNominal Stem Verb FormVerb Form

gama-gama- AaAa gamaa-gamaa- gamaa-naagamaa-naa

duKduK AaAa duKaduKa duKanaaduKanaa

zgazga AaAa zgaazgaa zgaanaazgaanaa

Nominal RootNominal Root AffixAffix Nominal StemNominal Stem Verb FormVerb Form

laatlaat [yaa[yaa laityaalaityaa laityaanaalaityaanaa

baatbaat [yaa[yaa baityaabaityaa baityaanaabaityaanaa

haqahaqa [yaa[yaa hiqayaahiqayaa hiqayaanaahiqayaanaa

Nominal Form Nominal Form

Verbal FormVerbal Form

fTkarfTkar fTkarnaafTkarnaa

ApnaaApnaa ApnaanaaApnaanaa

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Process of Intransitive-causative formationProcess of Intransitive-causative formation

IntransitiveIntransitive Causative(1Causative(1stst degree) degree) Causative(2Causative(2ndnd degree) degree)

DrnaaDrnaa DranaaDranaa DrvaanaaDrvaanaa

igrnaaigrnaa igaranaaigaranaa igarvaanaaigarvaanaa

Syllable structure of igarnaa and igaranaa

g i r n a

o n c o n

syllable

g i r n a

o n o n

syllable

a

o n

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Process of Intransitive-causative formation Process of Intransitive-causative formation Contd…Contd…

Verb (primary form)Verb (primary form) Causative(1Causative(1stst degree) degree) Causative(2Causative(2ndnd degree) degree)

fTnaafTnaa faD,naafaD,naa fD,vaanaafD,vaanaa

jauD,naajauD,naa jaaoD,naajaaoD,naa jauD,vaanaajauD,vaanaa

Verb (primary form)Verb (primary form) Causative(1Causative(1stst degree) degree) Causative(2Causative(2ndnd degree) degree)

jaanaajaanaa BaojanaaBaojanaa iBajavaanaaiBajavaanaa

Verb (primary form)Verb (primary form) Causative(1Causative(1stst degree) degree) Causative(2Causative(2ndnd degree) degree)

saaonaasaaonaa saulaanaasaulaanaa saulavaanaasaulavaanaa

raonaaraonaa $laanaa$laanaa $lavaanaa$lavaanaa

Verb (primary form)Verb (primary form) Causative(1Causative(1stst degree) degree) Causative(2Causative(2ndnd degree) degree)

lajaanaalajaanaa laijjat krnaalaijjat krnaa laijjat krvaanaalaijjat krvaanaa

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Process of Transitive-causative formationProcess of Transitive-causative formation

Transitive VerbTransitive Verb Causative(1Causative(1stst degree) degree) Causative(2Causative(2ndnd degree) degree)

pZ,naapZ,naa pZ,anaapZ,anaa pZ,vaanaapZ,vaanaa

ilaKnaailaKnaa ilaKanaailaKanaa ilaKvaanaailaKvaanaa

saunanaasaunanaa saunaanaasaunaanaa saunavaanaasaunavaanaa

l i kh n a

o n c o n

syllable

l i kh n a

o n o n

syllable

a

o n

Syllable structure of ilaKnaa and ilaKanaa

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Process of Transitive-causative formation Process of Transitive-causative formation Contd…Contd…

Transitive VerbTransitive Verb Causative(1Causative(1stst degree) degree) Causative(2Causative(2ndnd degree) degree)

jaItnaajaItnaa ijatanaaijatanaa ijatvaanaaijatvaanaa

saIKnaasaIKnaa isaKanaaisaKanaa isaKvaanaaisaKvaanaa

Transitive VerbTransitive Verb Causative(1Causative(1stst degree) degree) Causative(2Causative(2ndnd degree) degree)

pInaapInaa iplaanaaiplaanaa iplavaanaaiplavaanaa

saInaasaInaa isalaanaaisalaanaa isalavaanaaisalavaanaa

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ConclusionConclusion

1. Present work deals only with the syntactic pattern and does not handle the semantic part.

2. The work deals only with the simple verbs.

3. It gives detail phonological, morphological and syntactic information of Verbs in Hindi.

4. Inclusion of such information crucial to Machine translation.

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Future WorkFuture Work

1. Semantic categorization according to syntactic pattern.

2. Extend the work to other Indian languages.