the impact of the industrial revolution. working conditions and wages
TRANSCRIPT
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The Impact of theIndustrial Revolution
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Working Conditions and Wages
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Working Conditions and Wages• The factory system was a major change
for European workers:Factory work became less skilledFactory conditions were dirty, dangerous,
and unhealthyWorkers worked long hours (12-16 hr day) Factory workers were not paid well; Women
& children were paid less than menOwners required workers “clock in” & limited
their breaks to increase production
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Conditions in the Coal Mines
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Conditions in Coal Mines• The invention of the steam engine
increased demand for coal:Coal production grew from 5 million tons
in 1750 to 23 million tons in 1830Men, women, children were used in minesMines were unhealthy & dangerous: Lung
disease, poison gas, drowning, explosions cave-ins were common for workers
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Child Labor
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Changing Role of Women
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Changing Role of Women • The Industrial Revolution changed the
lives of many women:Rather than working with their husbands on
family farms and taking care of children, poor women in cities worked in factories
Some women worked as domestic servants Factory jobs for women required long hours
away from their children and could leave women crippled, sick, or deformed
Women were paid ½ or ⅓ of a man’s salary
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Urbanization
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Urbanization• Urbanization increased dramatically:
The increase in population and enclosure of farms forced people to move to cities
Poor families lived in poorly constructed apartments built by factory owners called tenements in neighborhoods called slums
Many families shared cramped apartments that lacked running water or sanitation
Hard factory jobs and disease led to short life expectancies for urban workers
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Changing Class Structure
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Changing Class Structure • During the Industrial Revolution, the social
class system changed as ownership of land stopped being the most important factor:At the top were the industrial capitalists who
gained wealth by owning factoriesThe middle class grew because of growth of
engineers, managers, shopkeepersThe bottom class grew because of the size of
the urban poor who worked for low wages in factories
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How did people respond to the changes & abuses of the Industrial Revolution?
The economy of the Industrial Revolution was
based on capitalism As Adam Smith explained, businesses operated in a
free market economy based on competition,
profits, supply & demandGovernments applied
laissez-faire principles & avoided heavy taxes,
regulations, or interference in business
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How did people respond to the changes & abuses of the Industrial Revolution?
Some believed that was the reason for the growing gap between the rich and poor…
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How did people respond to the changes & abuses of the Industrial Revolution?
…and rejected capitalism in favor of socialism
Socialists argued that the government should
plan the economy by controlling factories,
farms, railroads, mines, & important industries
This would create equality & end poverty by redistributing wealth from rich capitalists to
the poor workers
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Capitalism vs. Socialism
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How did people respond to the changes & abuses of the Industrial Revolution?
Karl Marx introduced a radical form of socialism
called communism Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist
Manifesto which predicted a war between
the “haves” & “have nots” Marx encouraged workers
to overthrow owners, seize control of factories, distribute goods evenly, & create economic equality
for all people
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
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Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
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The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
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Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
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Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
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Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
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Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today
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The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
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Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
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QUESTIONS
1. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to migration into cities? Write a paragraph demonstrating your knowledge.