INTL 6000- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THEORY AND PRACTICE. DR. ALEXANDRE VAUTRAVERS

The Impact and Effectiveness of Sport on

the Millennium Development Goals

Rachael David

Friday 2nd July, 2010.

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Table of Contents:

INTRODUCTION- The Impact and Effectiveness of Sport on the Millennium Development Goals

Part One: The Role of Sport beyond Pastime and Competitive Activity

• Physical, economic and social benefits of sport

• Sport as a tool in healing and rehabilitation

•Sport as a tool in peace-building and conflict-resolution

Part Two: The Role of Sport in Peace and Development

• The Olympic Movement

•The Advancement of the MDGs through sport

•The U.N.-IOC Partnership

Part Three: The Effectiveness of Sport on the MDGs

• Case study- Tanzania

•Case study- Zambia

•Case study- Uganda

Part Four: Measuring Impact

• Current challenges

• Recommendations

CONCLUSION- Building on current successes, addressing challenges and using more evidence,

exploration and evaluation of sport’s potential to achieve the MDGs

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Introduction:

The headline of the May 21st article of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) read

“Sport to Push U.N. Millennium Development Goals.” As time draws near to the 2015 target for

the achievement of these Goals, many of which are seemingly unattainable, sport officials and

U.N. representatives assembled in Lausanne. Their mission was to assess how sport can best be

used to make progress in the fields of human development, health and gender equality, in what

was the first joint forum between the Committee and the U.N. opened by the IOC’s President

Jacques Rogge. Apart from the perceived positive effect of sport on the above-mentioned

Goals, former U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated in the 2010 Sport Accord Convention in

Dubai that sport can also play a bigger role in protecting the environment. So what is it about

sport that seems to align with development? What is the link between the Olympic Movement

and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? The Lausanne Forum exemplified the spirit of

the Olympic Movement and the commitment of the United Nations to make the achievement

of the MDGs a priority. At the Forum, IOC Vice-President Mario Pescante stated of the U.N.-IOC

partnership and the granting of Observer Status to the IOC by the U.N. that “for the first time in

modern history, sport has a voice within the most important of all international institutions, the

U.N.” (IOC website- First UN-IOC Forum). Special Advisor Wilfried Lemke concurred that

“through collaboration and partnerships between the U.N. system and the IOC, we can use

sport to play a crucial role in achieving each of these important goals” (Sports Features

website).

Suffice it to say then that sport is now more than a mere pastime. It is an international

phenomenon. It motivates, empowers and inspires and it brings athletes, coaches, volunteers

and spectators together. It contributes to the economy and is important to the television and

tourism industries through sponsors and fans. However, in looking at the basic definition of

sport as an activity involving physical exertion in which an individual/s or teams compete

against each other, its capacity for social capital, peace-building and humanitarian aid initiatives

seems to be far-fetched but in reality its societal benefits range from unifying conflict-torn

societies to providing post-disaster trauma relief, to mobilising support for social causes, to

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breaking down barriers and facilitating communication. In children, “sporting activities are said

to teach tolerance, acceptance and the value of inclusion” (Levermore and Beacom 2008, 16).

Moreover, while its health benefits such as preventing several chronic diseases including

diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease are well documented, the benefits for society as

aforementioned are multi-fold, especially when it targets the youth. Another point is that the

richest as well as the poorest people identify with sport in some way as evidenced by the World

Cup and the Olympic Games. For example, for the impoverished street children who

participated in their very own World Cup Tournament in South Africa, playing football has

offered them an escape from constant hunger and deprivation. More than that, however, it has

given them hope for a better life away from the street and committing crime. It has also built

their self-esteem and self-confidence, not to mention the psycho-social aspect of feeling

included and part of something important. In fact, two youngsters on the team testified that

football has renewed their sense of self-worth and given them a chance for a new life.

Elsewhere in South Africa, at Zonderwater Prison, inmates held their own World Cup

tournament as well, decked out in football uniforms as they played with gusto against English

fans. While all of these inmates have been committed for violent crimes, the South African

Prison Services hope to use sport as a method of rehabilitation. According to the authorities,

“playing sport reinforces teamwork, teaches the men to control aggression and forces them to

stick to rules” (Bierley 2010). Yet another case is that of Lizo Sitoto, former Robben Island

prisoner who was incarcerated during the apartheid regime for sabotage and trying to

overthrow the government, along with Nelson Mandela. Sitoto, who was 20 years old when he

was arrested, was among the inmates who formed the Makana Football Association which

formed football leagues on the island. In his interview with reporter Tariq Panja he stated that

“football is more than just a game for us because it kept us living” (Panja 2010). This proves

that by its very nature, sport engagement does wonders for the psyche, which can be rendered

fragile after physical and mental trauma. These examples also prove that sport is seen as a

catalyst not just for a healthy lifestyle but for hope, healing, empowerment, inclusion,

confidence, leadership, rehabilitation and peace and in turn, because of these far reaching

social impacts, an agent of development. To illustrate this point, I will use as my main sources,

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the websites of the IOC and the U.N. with the focus on the latter’s Office on Sport for

Development and Peace and books from sports management as well as international

development experts. I will also use BBC reports and the websites of Right to Play, a non-

governmental humanitarian and development organisation whose mission is to improve the

lives of children in disadvantaged areas of the world through sport, and finally, Sport and

Development, an international platform dedicated to this very theme.

Research Question:

The main focus of this paper then is to examine first and foremost, the social and

economic benefits of sport in general as well as its potential as an instrument of development.

Examples of the latter include giving disadvantaged children a chance to hope and dream,

rehabilitating prisoners, building bridges in otherwise conflicted relationships and promoting

the potential for the income generated from global events like the World Cup and the Olympic

Games, to improve the lives and well-being of the citizens where these events take place. It will

then examine sport as a catalyst for peace as exemplified by the history of the Olympic

Movement and its ideals. Next, it will delve into the recent attention given to sport in

development, hence the U.N.’s proposal to use the universality of sport to drive social change.

This recent attention has also forged a crucial partnership between the International Olympic

Committee and the U.N. who seek to use this partnership to bring further awareness to the

Millennium Development Goals and the timeline of 2015 to achieve them. One Goal which is

not to be underestimated therefore is that of Goal Number 8, the creation of global

partnerships, which is exactly what the Lausanne Forum set out to do. This partnership will seek

to implement programmes and activities that advance the other Goals such as women’s

empowerment, universal primary education and the fight against HIV/AIDS. Thus my research

question is what is the impact and effectiveness of Sport Engagement on the U.N. Millennium

Development Goals? In attempting to answer this question I will look at sport programmes and

activities that have been implemented in developing countries as case studies and which have

had direct positive effects on the achievement of these Goals. My hypothesis is thus that in

countries where sport, along with other broad-based initiatives, has been used as a tool for

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development, concrete progress has been made on quite a number of the MDGs and indeed on

the social, economic and political aspects of development. That said, it then bears examining

what has been said about this ‘powerful’ instrument that is sport, its impact on the community

and its potential for peace-building and development in the world at large. With that I will now

turn to the works of various scholars who have written on the subject.

Literature Review:

U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon stated that “sport is a language each of us can

speak” (UNOSDP website) thus it crosses racial, cultural, religious, political and economic

barriers. Former Special Advisor to the U.N. Secretary-General on Sport for Development and

Peace Adolf Ogi concurs, as he states that “sport helps us demonstrate that there is more that

unites than divides us” (UNOSDP website). Sports studies professor Grant Jarvie points out that

some of its potential functions are socio-emotional as it contributes to the maintenance of

socio-psychological stability, and integrative, as it contributes to the inclusion of diverse

individuals (2006, 24). That said, recognition of the impact and effectiveness of sport on

development has however only recently been studied in depth. In fact the United Nations

Office on Sport and Development was only introduced in 2001 by Former Secretary- General

Kofi Annan who nominated Mr. Ogi as then Special Advisor to promote sport as a way to

achieve development and peace; and it was only in November 2003 that the General Assembly

of the U.N. adopted a resolution affirming its commitment to sport as a tool that assists in

achieving the MDGs. In the recent development initiative, sports management and policy

professors Matthew Nicholson and Russell Hoye concur that “in recent times the notion of the

‘power of sport’ to do social good has increasingly come to prominence on social policy

agendas and is conferred with a whole series of positive attributes to the exclusion of the social

ills facing wider society” (2008, 22). In looking at the role of governments in sport promotion as

an instrument of MDG achievement, international development expert Roger Levermore and

sport development and international politics expert Aaron Beacom have asserted, that while

the economic and social potential for sport has long been acknowledged by governments, “this

recent expansion of sport as an agent for social change especially in low-income countries is

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partially a result of the recognition that the orthodox policies of ‘development’ have failed to

deliver their objectives” (2009, 1). So how exactly will sport succeed where other development

objectives have failed previously and how will its impact be measured?

The “International Inspiration” campaign, whose vision is to harness the power of the

London 2012 Olympic Games, is contributing to the MDGs by investing almost $100 million in

sport for development. This campaign seeks to benefit 12 million children in 20 countries. In

addition, since UNICEF is the international development partner of the 2012 Games, this

collaboration is the aim of U.N. Goal Number Eight with its emphasis on global partnership. The

agency has also announced various activities planned in developing countries such as

Azerbaijan, Brazil, India and Zambia and has partnered with the International Cricket Council

(ICC) in the Caribbean, South Asia and Africa to address the impact of HIV/AIDS on young

people as well as its prevention, thus focusing on MDG Number Six. Other countries such as

Mozambique, Sierra Leone and Tanzania have integrated sport into their Poverty Reduction

Strategy Papers and there has been some measure of success in Tanzania and Uganda. In

Tanzania for instance, the Sport Development Department Peer Coach Programme’s

collaboration with the Youth Department, which helps unemployed youth form sport teams

and find work in small businesses, has seen a reduction in poverty levels among them (Right to

Play website- Sport for Development and Peace At Work). In other countries too, sport

programmes have contributed greatly to attracting and retaining students in primary and

secondary schools. Such is the aim of MDG Number Two. By and large however, many

developing countries are still unaware of the ways in which sport engagement can be used to

further their development objectives and promote peace. Therefore, this means that not

enough is done to measure the impact and effectiveness of sport on the MDGs. While sport

alone cannot achieve these Goals, it can be used as a valuable tool to foster a more broad-

based approach to their achievement though far more advocacy. Further monitoring and

evaluation will be needed to measure its long term impact on development. With that, the

focus will now turn to sport as an instrument of peace through the history of the Olympic

Movement.

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“Sport as a Force for Social Change”- the Olympic Movement:

In looking at the long-standing ability of sport to foster peace, the history of the Olympic

Games is the yardstick by which it is measured. Held from 776 B.C. to 394 A.D. in Olympia, the

Games were more than just a sporting event, they were a cultural experience in which youth

prepared themselves physically, morally and spiritually to optimise their performance and

cultivate “the spirit of fair competition and sportsmanship, while seeking to achieve harmony in

everything” (the International Olympic Academy- The Legacy of Ancient Greece). They were

said to have been created by Heracles and later re-established by Ifitos who demanded that

during this period hostilities be stopped and soldiers put down their weapons; thus an Olympic

truce was called and the ideals of peace, freedom, equality and mutual respect were promoted.

After being abolished for 1500 years, Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin tried to revive the Games

but he encountered more than mild disinterest and an appalling lack of enthusiasm. Eventually

Coubertin got his way and the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896. As

stipulated in its Charter, the Olympic Movement has as its goal to contribute to building a

peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport. The supreme authority of the

Olympic Movement is the International Olympic Committee and its President is responsible for

representing the IOC as a whole. In 2007, the current President of the IOC, Jacques Rogge, won

the UNEP Champion of the Earth Award for the IOC’s work in environmental sustainability. The

role of the Committee includes but is not limited to the following: “to encourage and support

the role of ethics in sport; to ensure that the spirit of fair play prevails and violence is banned;

to endeavour to place sport at the service of humanity and thereby to promote peace; to

encourage and support the promotion of women in sport at all levels; to encourage and

support a responsible concern for environmental issues and to promote sustainable

development in sport” (IOC website- Olympism in Action). Thus while research on this paper

focuses on the impact and effectiveness of sport on the Millennium Development Goals,

nevertheless it is of utmost importance to examine the impact of sport on conflict resolution

and as a catalyst for peace, for development cannot advance without peace and stability.

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The Contribution of Sport to Peace and Development:

In looking at the effect of sport on peace and indeed on development, it is important to

note that sport is not the be-all and end-all of conflict resolution or attainment of the MDGs.

Rather, it is a tool that can be applied to other more broad-based initiatives but an effective

tool it is. The contribution of sport to peace-building is significant. For instance, the re-

integration of child soldiers and ex-combatants is extremely challenging, but sport participation

may help these groups to adjust their behaviour patterns from one of day to day violence to

one of more acceptable social behaviour and help them to rebuild trust (Sport and

Development website-Reintegration of Child Soldiers through Sport). In healthy relationships

among athletes for instance, peace-building is established and maintained as “sports are

founded upon specific laws that regulate play, thereby ensuring that participants must behave

in a rule-governed way” (Sports and Development website- Sport and Peace-building) and

furthermore, in societies torn by conflict and division, sport can help to bridge these divisions

and promote reconciliation. One of the most powerful and poignant examples of this is

highlighted by Lucie Thibault in her Journal of Sports Management article entitled “the

Globalization of Sport.” She tells of the famous case of Nelson Mandela, who shared in the

victory of the South African Springbok rugby team and united South Africans through his

support of the team despite being in a country brutally divided by race. Thibault states that

“South Africa Springbok’s World Cup victory not only led to a successful nation-building

achievement, it put the new South Africa and the anti-apartheid regime on the global map”

(Thibault 2009, 4). She also cited the example of South Korea and Japan who have had tense

relations since 1945 yet were able to put these tensions aside to co-host the 2002 FIFA World

Cup. Yet another example occurred in June 2009, where a football tournament organised by the

U.N. Peacekeeping Operation in Côte d’Ivoire brought together the armed forces of the rebel-

led FAFN (Armed Forces of New Forces) and the government-led FDS (Les Forces de Défense et

de Securité) to promote reconciliation and unity. Still another example of healing through sport

comes from Honduras where in 2009 the team qualified for the 2010 World Cup against a

backdrop of political turmoil and violence as President Manuel Zelaya was forced to exile

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through a power struggle and plans for constitutional change. The team waited with bated

breath as their qualification hung in the balance between their victory over El Salvador and the

U.S.’ victory over Costa Rica. When both were realised, any political tension was dissipated as

the country was united by triumph and joy. Later, the president of the Honduran Football

Association Rafael Callejas stated “if we had not qualified for the World Cup the differences in

Honduras would have become enhanced and probably we would have had high levels of

violence. People were tranquilised by the game. It gave them hope and happiness” (Fletcher

2010). These are powerful examples of sport as a tremendously effective tool for healing and

peace, but what of sport as a tool for development?

In looking at the physical, economic and social benefits of sport as well as the objective

of the U.N.-IOC partnership in using sport as an instrument to promote development, the

potential of sport as a means for reconciliation and improving the lives of victims of conflict is

finally being recognised, while its use as a tool to promote development has largely been

underestimated. Nonetheless, with respect to sport-for-development initiatives, early

collaborative efforts between a sporting organisation and a U.N. agency date as far back as

1922 with an exchange of letters from then IOC President Pierre de Coubertin and then

International Labour Organisation (ILO) Director General Albert Thomas, whose

recommendations called for “harmonising the activities of the various institutions providing

means of recreation” (ILO website- A Common Framework for Sport and Development), but the

history of using sport in a systematic way to promote development largely remained untapped

until recently. For example, while 1978 saw UNESCO’s adoption of the Charter on Physical

Education and Sport and 1997 saw the Heads of State and Government of the European

Commission emphasise the social significance of sport, it was not until the aforementioned

Sport for Development and Peace Initiative that sport, development and peace were linked. In

2002 the U.N. Inter-Agency Task Force was convened to “promote the coherent use of sport in

development, generate greater support among Governments and sport-related organisations,

establish an inventory of sport-for-development programmes and encourage the United

Nations to include sport in its activities and work towards achieving the Millennium

Development Goals” (UNOSDP website- Sport for Development and Peace). A year later in

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2003, the first Conference of its kind was held in Magglingen, Switzerland involving U.N.

agencies, governments, athletes, businesses and civil society and it was also the year for the

Next Step Conference which was established to target practitioners at the grassroots level. The

2004 Olympic Games in Athens brought political leaders and experts together to discuss

achieving the Development Goals and laid the foundation for the Sport for Development and

Peace International Working Group (SPD IWG). The subsequent years saw the Declaration of

the International Year of Sport and Physical Education (2005) whose Charter cited sport as a

fundamental human right for all. Thereafter there were follow up conferences in Switzerland,

Zambia and Namibia and the unveiling of the White Paper on Sport, a document underlining

the use of sport as a tool for development in international policy. Notwithstanding the

importance of these various conferences, perhaps the most comprehensive in terms of

partnership is that of the International Olympic Committee and the United Nations in 2008 who

agreed on an expanded framework for action to use sport to achieve the Millennium

Development Goals. So how exactly can sport promote the achievement of these Goals?

The Right to Play document on Sport for Development and Peace outlines the

contribution of sport to the MDGs as the following: for Goal One, which is to eradicate hunger

and extreme poverty, sport programmes provide jobs and skills development, and participants,

volunteers and coaches acquire transferable life skills which will make them more employable.

For Goal Two, that of achieving universal primary education, school sport programmes

motivate children to enrol and stay in school. This in turn can improve academic performance.

In addition, sport-based community education programmes provide educational opportunities

for children who are unable to attend school. For Goal Number Three, promoting gender

equality and empowering women, sport can give girls and women greater control over their

lives and help them to access leadership opportunities and experiences; not to mention give

them increased self-esteem and self-confidence. Goal Number Four, reducing child mortality, is

one in which sport as a fitness tool can improve children’s resistance to some diseases and

reduce the rate of high-risk teenage pregnancies. Goal Number Five, reducing maternal

mortality, ties into Goal Number Four as sport programmes targeting health can provide much-

needed information and education to girls and women who will in turn make better decisions

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concerning their own health. For Goal Number Six, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other

diseases, sporting activities and programmes provide information, education and

empowerment that can result in lowered high-risk behaviour, leading to reduced HIV rates.

Goal Number Seven, encouraging environmental sustainability, can be achieved through sport

by the use of sport-based campaigns and initiatives that focus on environmental awareness. In

fact, in the Sport Accord Convention in Dubai earlier this year, Kofi Annan praised the Olympic

Movement for emphasising environmental responsibility at the Games in Beijing, Vancouver

and the upcoming London 2012 Games. In the same vein, Grant Jarvie in his book “Sport,

Culture and Society,” states that “the Olympic Movement places special emphasis on Agenda

21 which promotes sports facilities that better meets social needs and integrates development

and environmental concepts into sports policies” (Jarvie 2006, 246). Last but by no means least,

Goal Number Eight, developing a global partnership for development, sport can increase

networking among governments, NGOs and sport organisations. A case in point is the ILO and

the IOC’s 1922 agreement as well as the IOC and U.N. Partnership and subsequent Conferences,

including the aforementioned Sport Accord. With that, this paper will now turn to the work of

the U.N. Office on Sport for Development and Peace and the programmes that they have either

implemented or collaborated with in order to further their objectives of achieving the MDGs.

United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace:

The United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace (UNOSDP) in its

emphasis on the value of sport, states that “sport can no longer be considered a luxury within

any society but is rather an important investment in the present and the future, particularly in

developing countries” (UNOSDP website). The Office asserts that its partnership with sport is

natural considering that sport is a fundamental human right. More and more governments,

NGOs and other agencies are recognising that sport is an effective tool, not just in terms of

cost, but in terms of positive impact in peace-building and development efforts. So what has

the Office done since its inception in 2001? As a jumping off point, the Sport for Development

and Peace International Working Group (SDP IWG) was created with the aim of putting forward

recommendations to the national and international development strategies of governments,

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but also sharing information about strategies that work. Thus, it provides a forum whereby

governments can share best practices, implement policy recommendations and sustain

awareness and momentum. On this very point, sports management and development expert

Vassil Girginov, with regard to successful sport programmes, emphasizes that the key also lies

in not “falling short of delivering developmental outcomes because of their short-term

orientation and failure to build on what has been achieved” (2008, 22). To continue along such

momentum, their strategy objectives include hosting international and regional meetings as a

way to increase awareness and create dialogue and they encourage governments and

multilateral organisations to be part of this dialogue as well. They also support advocacy and

outreach efforts which seek to promote sport, invest in programmes that have proven to have

worked and research in sport for development and peace initiatives. This research assists with

furthering these initiatives with other specialised U.N. agencies so that it is included on their

agenda. With respect to the activities of national governments, they conduct research and

reports, track progress and identify challenges to these governments’ implementation of policy

recommendations. Lastly, with respect to supporting the work of the latter, they encourage

knowledge exchange and participation in the SDP IWG. They also link governments with experts

to identify common approaches and assist with further integration of development policies and

programmes.

With regard to integration, the internationalism of sport is of course well known and its

cross-cutting effects are felt worldwide. It is due to this that the U.N. enlists the volunteer

services and support from prominent personalities and athletes around the world. These

personalities draw attention to the cause of development and furthering the MDGs through

their advocacy, appeal and generosity. Goodwill Ambassadors to different U.N. agencies include

German footballer Michael Ballack, Côte d’Ivoire’s Didier Drogba and Swiss tennis star Roger

Federer. Ballack, along with fellow footballer Emmanuel Adebayor, teamed up for a public

service announcement speaking up for those stigmatised by HIV/AIDS and Ballack has reached

out to young people highlighting the importance of HIV prevention and safe sex. Drogba

meanwhile, is teaming up with UNDP in a campaign against poverty and garnering support for

the achievement of the MDGs. He is also committed to promoting peace, conflict prevention

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and supporting free and fair elections in his country. Federer, a UNICEF ambassador since 2006,

has been involved in charity work even before this appointment as he set up his own charity in

his mother’s native South Africa working with Imbewu, an organisation which runs

development projects and sponsors schooling for children in a township outside Port Elizabeth.

As a UNICEF ambassador, he has travelled to India to visit tsunami recovery programmes in the

hardest-hit state of Tamil Nadu and on the eve of the Australian Open Final in January 2010, he

organised “Hit for Haiti,” which saw him and fellow tennis players Rafael Nadal, Lleyton Hewitt,

Serena Williams and Kim Clijsters engage in an exhibition match to raise funds for the victims of

the devastating earthquake in Haiti. Apart from these athletes, others have invested in the local

communities of developing countries which have helped to boost the economy of those

countries. For example, research conducted in Kenya shows that their runners invested their

earnings made from running in international circuits back into the local economy in an

agricultural town called Eldoret to purchase a farm and start local businesses. These sports

celebrities share a passion for changing the lives of people worldwide and their mass appeal

brings more awareness to the plight of the disadvantaged. Their appeal motivates others to

help as well and through their various projects, they show that sport for peace and

development is indeed linked. Still others have established fitness centres to further develop

sporting activities. Such sporting activities in turn can create local industries like handicraft

which is typically made by women. Sport tourists who come to these events and purchase this

handicraft can generate income for these women and empower them to be self-sufficient, and

as a result, contribute to the development of their own country. Such is the focus of Goal

Number Three. This however, is not meant to imply that only athletes who have been

successful on the world stage can bring about change, for even those who are not famous, be

they athletes or coaches, students or teachers, can bring awareness to and spread knowledge

about the Millennium Development Goals and the role of sport in achieving them.

Apart from the above listed efforts, the United Nations Office on Sport for Development

has a mandate by which its current Special Advisor, Wilfried Lemke, has many roles. First, as an

advocate, leading and coordinating the efforts of U.N. member states to support sport’s

contribution to the attainment of the MDGs as well as conflict resolution. Second, as facilitator,

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encouraging dialogue and collaboration between the U.N. and Member States, civil society, the

private and public sector and the media and finally as representative, being the key figure

acting on behalf of the Secretary General and the U.N. at important global sporting events. In

this role, Mr. Lemke has stated that he has seen “the remarkable power of sport in helping

vulnerable and disadvantaged communities plagued by poverty and violence” (Sport and

Development website). He also visited the Youth Development through Football Project in

South Africa and went prior to the World Cup to promote sport as a tool for positive social

change. Not to be left out, Former Advisor Mr. Adolf Ogi also did his part by visiting Liberia in

2007, a country that had just emerged from many years of internal conflict, to promote sport as

an instrument of peace and reconciliation. When asked how he would go about this seemingly

insurmountable task, he replied that he would launch a five week Sport for Peace Programme

focusing on the young generation as sport will teach them how to play fair and respect rules as

well as the opponent (UN Radio website- UN and Africa). This Programme he stated will be

launched with President Ellen Sirleaf Johnson, the President of the National Olympic

Committee, the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Liberia and other partnership

networks. The pending success of this programme will also serve as an incentive for other

conflict-ridden areas and calls to mind the importance of partnerships. In September 2008,

Liberia celebrated its 2nd annual Peace Dream Cup, a two week football tournament for children

under 14 which demonstrated how sport initiatives can contribute to peace-building by having

youth play together and cooperate as part of a team. These children are also learning that

inclusion and teamwork can play a crucial role in their development, thus sport for peace is

surely at work and its benefits for society are far-reaching. This paper will now highlight three

different case studies in which the positive impact and effectiveness of sport on peace and on

the MDGs has indeed made a difference in the communities in which it is promoted.

Case Studies:

TANZANIA.

In Tanzania, the National Sport Policy emphasises the development of sport as a means

of poverty eradication (Right to Play website- Sport for Development and Peace in Action).

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Moreover, its Peer Coach Programme, which focuses on Goal Number Six, HIV/AIDS prevention

and education, along with its Ministry of Health, compiled data in 2006 on infection rates and

found that the project has been successful in contributing to their reduction. Apart from that,

the Sport Development Department has been able to bring together refugees from

neighbouring Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda and through sport, fostered

conflict resolution and peaceful co-existence. It must be stated that one of the key reasons for

this success is the government’s willingness to acknowledge sport as a tool for development

hence the establishment of the Sport Development Department and the implementation of the

National Sport Policy. Among other objectives, this policy seeks to achieve mass participation of

citizens in sports, improve the tools needed to strengthen sport development and coordinate

with other nations to enhance sporting activities. The government has also encouraged the

participation of girls and women in sport as well as leadership development and training

activities, the aim of Goal Number Three. Such policies are the basis on which sport for peace

and development was established and thanks to these all encompassing initiatives by the

Tanzanian government, attainment of the MDGs will be more viable within such a framework.

That said, a key challenge that the Sport for Development Programme in Tanzania faces is a

shortage of facilities and equipment for which funds may not be available. Another challenge is

in the area of expertise at the grassroots and high performance level, thus it welcomes experts

to provide physical education training to aspiring teachers, but all in all, Tanzania has taken

important first steps in promoting sport and effectively showing its positive impact on Goals

Three and Six.

ZAMBIA.

Thanks to the inauguration of the Sport for Development and Peace Programme,

Zambia too has had its share of successes in taking steps towards achieving the MDGs. Like

Tanzania, the objectives of its National Sports Policy is to promote mass participation in sport

and gender inclusiveness but it also seeks to include persons with disabilities and raise

awareness of HIV prevention strategies. Their ‘Focus on Youth’ Sport Programme has reported

that efforts have been successful in bringing out-of-school children back into the school system

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so much so that enrolment as well as school attendance rates have improved. Again, this is

Goal Number Two at work and again like Tanzania, credit must be given to Zambia’s

government for sustaining the momentum from the Sport for Development and Peace

Programme by including it in the Cabinet’s budget. It has gone one step further and the

Ministry of Sport has designated representatives who receive training. These representatives

are also the contacts for any questions or concerns on the Programme. Apart from that, the IOC

Sports for Hope Project established the Olympic Youth Development Centre in Lusaka. Besides

providing sporting facilities, the plans for the Project include educational facilities and

programmes focusing on girls’ empowerment and health issues like HIV/AIDS and malaria.

Thus, this Centre is a means through which excellence can be achieved not just in sport but in

attainment of key MDGs. A constant challenge that remains though is funding, whether for

community programmes or for athletes to compete internationally. Another is lack of

infrastructure, but with the opening of the Centre earlier this year to accommodate outdoor

sports fields, an indoor multi-purpose sports venue, administrative offices, support areas and a

gazebo, Zambia will now have a first class facility that is of an international standard. This in

turn will give them the impetus to maximise the role of the Sport for Development and Peace

Programme.

UGANDA.

In Uganda, Sport for Development Initiatives have served to attract and retain students

in primary and secondary schools, once again honing in on the achievement of Goal Number

Two. What is also significant about this is that reports on this Goal in developing countries have

shown that typically, while there has been an improvement at the primary school level,

challenges tend to remain in enrolment at the secondary school level but with this Initiative,

enrolment at the secondary school level has also improved. Uganda’s success is thus quite

encouraging. Another positive aspect of the programme is that it contributed to young sports

talent emerging from the school system. A continuing thread throughout this and the stories in

Tanzania and Zambia is the government’s willingness to recognise the value of sport and

engage its citizens in mass participation. In the case of Uganda, it included sport in its Poverty

David 17

Reduction Strategy Paper as a step towards poverty reduction. In the Ministry of Education and

Sport Policy of 2004, “it articulated the government’s commitment to using sport as a tool for

achieving the country’s main development objectives” (Right to Play website- Sport for

Development and Peace in Action), though unfortunately this is not the case in many other

countries. In this case however, as with Tanzania and Zambia, focus is placed on girls and

women, strengthening education and raising awareness of HIV/AIDS prevention. The Sport

Policy also seeks further engagement with NGOs and the private sector, thus promoting Goal

Number Eight. Nevertheless, the challenge that Uganda faces is not unlike the above

mentioned two countries which is that of inadequate funding especially in the areas of

monitoring and assessment. This paper will now look more into detail on other challenges

facing Sport for Development and Peace Initiatives.

Challenges:

In examining the programmes in these countries and the effect that sport has had on the

achievement of the MDGs, some issues still facing them are a shortage of sporting facilities and

equipment, limited expertise and lack of infrastructure albeit due to a lack of funding. With

such challenges, sporting activities and programmes cannot be practised nor can their potential

be realised even at the grassroots level, so again, sport remains an untapped resource. Such

programmes, as I have previously underlined, can do wonders for social interaction, bridge-

building and the advancement of development. Still however, in terms of funding, pervasive

throughout developing countries is that investment in sport is not a top priority for their

governments, thus it is not accommodated either in their budgets or education programmes. It

is therefore still a challenge to get them to formally commit to using sport as a tool for

development, or to even become aware of its capability. Another factor throughout not just

these but other Sport for Development and Peace programmes, is that even with concrete

evidence of the positive effects of sport on the Millennium Development Goals, its impact is

somewhat hard to measure as these initiatives and the whole idea of sport for development

has only recently been explored. In other words, many of these policies, though they certainly

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had favourable results, need specific mechanisms and more detailed data to better assess their

impact.

Another way in which the advantages of sport can be realised will be using events like the

FIFA World Cup in South Africa to transform the lives of the millions of poor on the continent.

Reviews of whether this will take place are mixed. With respect to the street children for

instance, it was reported that prior to the World Cup, Durban police were forcibly removing

them and dumping them elsewhere as part of a ‘World Cup clean-up campaign’ but officials

have denied this (BBC News online- 13 Jun 2010). Other such stories of ‘hostile raids’ came

from traders like Clement Zulu, a vendor who has been selling ice-cream for the past twenty-

five years, yet he and others have been barred from promoting their products in the immediate

vicinity of World Cup sites. Zulu accuses the Durban police of promoting inequalities between

the “haves and have-nots” in South Africa (BBC News online- 13 Jun 2010). He is not alone.

Some African citizens have expressed doubtful or pessimistic views on the long term benefits of

the tournament as they surmise that its proceeds will go into the pockets of FIFA officials and

big businesses while the poor will be forgotten after the tournament ends. Others worry about

the ‘white elephants’ that is, the stadia. Many wonder what will become of them after the

World Cup ends and many question whether they will be put to good use after a small fortune

has been spent to construct them. Still others feel, that while the tournament is a good way to

show case South Africa and the African continent as a whole and will help to diffuse the

negative images and stereotypes commonly associated with it, they wonder how the country

was able to afford these facilities while large numbers of people living in their midst are

starving. While opinions differ far and wide, all are hoping that when the last goal is scored and

tourists have returned to their respective countries, the benefits of hosting the tournament will

have positive and lasting effects in Africa such as job creation, infrastructure and development;

with the ultimate aim of lifting its citizens out of poverty. In the weeks and months following,

this will be the ultimate challenge of FIFA, big businesses and the African governments and

while the world looks on, the fulfilment of this expectation will also be the ultimate yardstick

which will measure the impact and effectiveness of sport and such international sporting

activities on the MDGs.

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Recommendations:

Notwithstanding the pending outcome of the FIFA World Cup as far as benefits for

Africa and mindful of the gaps that hinder the use of sport as a tool for development, the IOC

and U.N. Partnership forum in Lausanne agreed upon the following recommendations to set the

wheels in motion. In recognising the honour bestowed upon it, the IOC aims to use its newly

granted U.N. Permanent Observer Status to act as an advocate for sport and its role in

development and peace. The Committee also resolves to maximise its Observer Status as an

opportunity to further the U.N.’s objectives of a peaceful world. Moreover, it wishes to use this

as leverage to interact with and influence national governments with the formulation of policies

that entrench sport into what it calls “an indispensable tool for peace and development” (IOC

website- The Importance of Partnership). The Olympic Movement, in keeping with its Charter

and Principles, seeks to emphasize its duty to carry out these principles by promoting the use of

sport in social and economic development, and recognises that in order to do so, it must go

beyond seeing sport as a competitive activity. To go one step further, it seeks to prioritise

dialogue with the U.N. so that sport can be embedded in humanitarian programmes with active

support for specific proposals from the U.N. itself. This next recommendation is the crux of the

collaboration between the IOC and the U.N. as it acknowledges the importance of partnership,

not only between the two organisations, but at all levels from local, regional and international

to stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society and even the military to realise the

vision of a peaceful, healthy society. The Movement also wishes to build upon those

partnerships by creating new alliances with the aim of furthering common goals but with a

more coordinated approach to complement ongoing initiatives. At the same time, it wishes to

make such collaborations effective so as not to duplicate or overlap on current activities.

Continuing along the collaborative theme, the IOC aims to develop working relationships with

other entities that have been granted U.N. Observer Status, in particular the International

Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies as well as National Olympic

Committees. This is especially due to joint programmes in areas such as HIV/AIDS, disaster

David 20

prevention and disaster response. On this, the U.N.’s Sixth Millennium Development Goal, the

IOC also wishes to underline its commitment to continue in the fight against the disease.

As the Olympic Committee gets ready to participate in the U.N. Summit on MDGs in

September this year, it opens the way for recognition of its contribution to sport and to the

promotion of sport in development. The Committee also wishes to stress its commitment to the

Goals but more than that, to accelerate efforts to achieve them by the targeted year of 2015.

Among the other recommendations that were borne out of this U.N.-IOC Partnership Forum

was highlighting the importance and responsibility of the sporting movement to ensure

environmental sustainability in sport. In addition, the Forum served as a platform to

acknowledge the contribution of the Games in promoting the Olympic ideals to youth

particularly on the eve of the first Youth Games to be held in Singapore this August. The

achievements of the International Olympic Truce Foundation and the World Taekwondo

Federation Sport Peace Corps were also praised for promoting peace through successful

outreach to youth. Gender equity and the empowerment of women and girls, including those

with disabilities, was also on the list of recommendations as the Forum aims to seek ways to

give them more of a leadership role in sport and other decision-making structures. The

Tanzania, Zambia and Uganda case studies highlighted earlier show that this Goal has made

inroads in these countries and this is indeed a good sign. As part of a more broad-based

initiative, the IOC is also resolved to promoting more health-enhancing initiatives and in doing

so, forge alliances with the World Health Organisation (WHO) to push for healthier lifestyles

and to address obesity along with poor nutrition. A key factor emphasized in these

recommendations is that they do recognise that sport alone cannot rid society of its evils, they

do acknowledge its contribution to peace-making and peace-building in the world and with that

in mind, propose to organise more activities in post-conflict regions along with U.N. agencies.

Similarly, the IOC hopes to create a web-based network where information on sport for

development and peace can be shared through experts, case studies and research, and most

importantly, impact can be measured. In further exploring this theme, efforts are being made

to really tap into ‘healing through sport’ both in post-conflict situations, and in communities

torn by natural disasters. To make these efforts count, the need for collaboration with local

David 21

community networks such as NGOs, U.N. agencies, coaches and volunteers is emphasized with

the aim of enacting durable and sustainable change within these communities. In the last two

of IOC’s recommendations, the Committee seeks to (a) recognise the work of volunteers in

advancing peace and development through sport and (b) propose the continuation of the

Working Party of the International Forum on Sport for Peace and Development by holding a

second International Forum which will review the outcome of the first. This is another very

important aspect in measuring impact as this Partnership, along with respective NGOs,

volunteers, governments and civil society can examine the strategies and best practices that

have had the desired effects in fostering peace and contributing to development, as well as

where challenges to these goals still lie.

Conclusion:

This paper has sought to examine the ways in which sport can be used as a catalyst to

achieve the Millennium Development Goals. In doing so, sport has been the primary focus in

that, first and foremost, its most obvious capacity is that of pastime and competitive activity

between individuals or teams as well as its known health benefits in staving off heart disease,

diabetes and high cholesterol. Thereafter sport’s capacity beyond this scope has been

underlined to include its all-encompassing ability to foster social interaction and inclusion,

healing and inspiration, empowerment and hope. The power it has had to transform lives was

showcased by the testimonies of individuals such as former Robben Island prisoner Lizo Sitoto,

the street children in South Africa and the president of the Honduran Football Association.

Sports studies expert Grant Jarvie concurs as he speaks of the function of sport as being socio-

emotional and contributing to one’s socio-psychological stability. International development

experts Russell Hoye and Matthew Nicholson also reveal that sport has, in recent times, been

increasingly appearing on the policy agendas of governments who recognise its potential as an

inexpensive and effective tool in promoting peace and development. In speaking of sport as an

instrument of peace, the history of the Olympic Movement was used as the yard stick by which

this is measured in that in ancient Greece, while the games were in session, weapons were put

down and hostilities ceased. The Games’ revival by Pierre de Coubertin saw the Olympic

David 22

Movement as the pinnacle of youth education through sport. Through the ideals of the Olympic

Movement and the mandate of the Olympic Committee, the role of sport was widened to

encompass the promotion of women in sport, concern for the environment and sustainable

development. It also opened the way for the United Nations Office on Sport for Development

and Peace Initiative set up by Kofi Annan in 2001 which hones in on sport as a tool for the

achievement of peace and the U.N. Millennium Development Goals. Subsequently the U.N.

Inter Agency Task Force was convened and thereafter, the Magglingen Conference in

Switzerland and the Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group, with the

broader focus of implementing sport-for-development programmes, encouraging the U.N. to

include sport in its activities and garnering support from U.N. agencies, athletes, governments,

NGOs and civil society to discuss how to go about incorporating sports as part of international

policy. In raising awareness of the MDGs, the United Nations Office on Sport and Development

uses the voices of Goodwill ambassadors, who give their time and use their fame and universal

appeal to lend support to the achievement of the Goals and/or focus on the use of sport as a

tool to resolve conflict. That said, the Lausanne forum emphasized the importance of

partnership between the U.N. and the IOC and is the aim of the Eighth MDG. Goal Number

Eight. This forum outlined some much needed recommendations going forward such as the IOC

using its newly acquired U.N. Observer Status to advocate for sport as a tool for development

and advance the work of the U.N. in striving for a peaceful world. This partnership also seeks to

encompass not just local, regional and international stake holders, but also the private sector

and civil society. Moreover, plans have been made to continue along this path and host a

second Forum to follow up on what has been achieved so far and where further scaling up is

needed. In speaking of further scaling up, the cases of Tanzania, Zambia and Uganda were

highlighted where initiatives have been taken to appeal to the masses to participate in sport,

encourage girls and women in sport participation including those with disabilities and in doing

so, focus on the education and prevention of HIV/AIDS. These initiatives have served to see a

higher number of girls enrolled and staying in school, the aim of Goal Number Two and a

decrease in high risk behaviour ultimately resulting in reduced rates in the disease, the aim of

Goal Number Six. This is indeed good news for the U.N. and for these countries in which

David 23

achievement of the MDGs seems unattainable given the not-too-distant timeline of 2015.

Moreover, it will make a powerful statement to governments who have yet to see sport beyond

competition and formally recognise it as a tool for development. Herein lies the challenge,

however, as sport is unfortunately still not a priority on their agenda thus provisions are not

made for it in their budget. Funding then is crucial and is reported as an ongoing shortfall in

developing countries. Another crucial issue is that with international sporting events such as

the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup currently being hosted in South Africa and thus on

the continent where the MDGs lag behind the most, the long term economic benefits of this

sporting spectacle to the poor remain to be seen as hopes are that they will not be forgotten

once the tournament is over. Last but by no means least, is that the sport for development

concept is relatively new thus sport as a resource still remains untapped. This then makes

measuring its long term impact and effectiveness somewhat difficult. At its 15th session of the

EU/ACP Parliamentary Assembly in Slovenia, UNICEF acknowledged that many more baseline

studies, longitudinal research and more comprehensive monitoring and evaluating indicators

are needed to demonstrate the effect of sport on development. In the words of Philip O’Brien,

UNICEF Director of the Private Fundraising and Partnerships Division, “it is essential to have a

valid evidence base to scale them up and irrefutably demonstrate the impact and effectiveness

of sport engagement in MDGs” (Europarl website-Keynote address at the 15th annual EU/ACP

Parliamentary Assembly). It bears repeating and thus, it must be re-emphasized, that sport is

not the cure all for society’s ills and cannot alone bring world peace or achieve the Millennium

Development Goals. However, with continuous research, documented evidence and targeted

monitoring, and with the help of the U.N.-IOC partnership, governments, NGOs, athletes, the

public sector and civil society, the impact of sport and its effectiveness can finally get much

deserved recognition and a place in international policy agendas. In examining the solutions to

fill the gaps that still exist to measure the effectiveness of sport on development and peace,

governments in developing countries where so many of the MDGs seem unattainable, will do

well to adopt initiatives involving sport that have worked as in the cases outlined so that they

can in turn experience the positive results sport yields. While they may hesitate to include it in

their budgets due to fiscal constraints, and while it may not seem a viable option in the short-

David 24

term, it bears remembering that a healthy society is one where the incidence of diseases such

as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis and infant and maternal mortality will be on the lowered

and education, women’s empowerment and environmental well-being can lead to sustainable

development and poverty reduction. For the cases where sport initiatives have worked and

have had a favourable impact on the MDGs, the key is to continue along the path they have

started to tread, to show sport’s positive impact to governments who may still be hesitant, to

show stakeholders, businesses and civil society that sport is worth investing in and that its

effects go way beyond the football field, tennis court or stadium. In other words, to echo the

sentiments of Vassil Girginov, to not fall short of building on what has been achieved, for surely

that defeats the purpose of implementing what are in most instances, life-altering programmes

(Girginov 2008, 22). One has only to look at former child soldiers, for whom sport has been able

to channel their aggression towards a positive activity, or disabled athletes who, by their very

tenacity are not held captive by their physical limitations, or the young woman whose

confidence soars and who feels empowered to make decisions concerning her own health and

life to unearth the uplifting power of sport. Having said that, once these programmes and

initiatives are firmly put in place and their effectiveness can be seen to transform those for

whom they are meant to target, long term impact should be measured, monitored and

evaluated in a timeline of say, two years, and thereafter, four to five years. This will (a) give the

programme or initiative time to take effect, (b) convince governments that sport indeed should

be made a priority as a tool for development, (c) encourage other countries to utilise this to

their advantage according to their individual needs and (d) provide a platform whereby those

who have benefitted from these programmes can be in a position as educators, coaches and

administrators, affecting policy change and in turn influencing the upcoming generation in a

positive manner. Moreover, the above-mentioned timeline will serve to close the current gap

that exists in measuring the long term impact and effectiveness of sport on the MDGs as it will

highlight what aspects of these programmes work and what aspects need further scaling up. In

addition, with the U.N.-IOC partnership and the latter’s proposed web-based network, the work

of many NGOs, local community networks, coaches and volunteers, MDG 8 will fulfil its aim of

strengthening these collaborations and provide the impetus for the achievement of the other

David 25

Goals. As the 2012 London Olympics looms in the near future, sport will undoubtedly be in the

forefront of the international agenda and its impact on the MDGs will be closely monitored as

2015 approaches. If the cases in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia are anything to go by, sport

engagement will indeed continue to have a positive impact on development and peace.

David 26

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