the immune system dr. jena hamra. immune system 3 major functions protects body from disease ...
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The Immune SystemThe Immune System
Dr. Jena Hamra
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Immune SystemImmune System
3 major functions Protects body from disease
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites ANTIGEN: Anything that causes immune response
Remove dead or damaged tissue Recognizes and removes abnormal cells
2 types of immune responses Innate immunity
Nonspecific, immediate Acquired immunity
Specific, can take several days
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Anatomy of the Immune SystemAnatomy of the Immune System
Lymphoid tissuesPrimary
Bone marrowThymus gland
SecondarySpleenLymph nodesDiffuse tissues
• Tonsils• GALT
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Cells of the Immune SystemCells of the Immune System
LeukocytesEosinophilsBasophils/Mast cellsNeutrophilsMonocytes/MacrophagesLymphocytesDendritic cells
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Cell FunctionCell FunctionGRANULOCYTESEosinophils
Fight parasitesAllergic reactions
BasophilsRelease histamine, heparin
NeutrophilsIngest and digest bacteriaMost abundant WBC in bloodRelease pyrogens, mediators of inflammation
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Cell FunctionCell Function Lymphocytes
Secrete antibodies Memory cells Cytotoxic cells
Monocytes Macrophages in tissue Primary scavengers
Bacteria, tissue Antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells Recognize, capture antigen Antigen presenting cells
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Innate ImmunityInnate Immunity
Nonspecific responsePhysical barriers
SkinMucous membranesCiliated epithelium
PhagocytesMacrophages and neutrophilsPhagocytosis
Receptor mediatedExtravasation and diapedesis
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Chemical MediatorsChemical Mediators
InflammationCytokines from macrophages
ChemotaxisIncrease capillary permeabilityFever
Acute phase proteinsProduced by liverReleased early in immune responseOpsonins, antiprotease
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Chemical MediatorsChemical Mediators Histamine
Located in granules of mast cells and basophils Initiates inflammatory response
Increase capillary permeability• Edema
Vasodilation• Increased local blood flow
Interleukins Interleukin-1
Secreted by activated macrophages Increase capillary permeability Stimulates acute phase protein synthesis Induces fever Stimulates cytokine release
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Chemical MediatorsChemical Mediators
BradykininVasodilatorStimulates pain receptors
Complement proteinsCascadeFormation of membrane attack complex
Lipid soluble moleculesInsert into pathogen membrane, form pores
• Cell lysis
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Acquired ImmunityAcquired Immunity
Selective reaction to a specific antigenMediated by lymphocytes
Membrane receptors specific for particular ligand
Same specificity = clonesClonal expansion
First exposure to antigenCells divide = new clonesProduces effector cells and memory cells
Second exposure to antigenActivation of memory cells
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Lymphocyte CytokinesLymphocyte Cytokines
Required for activation and normal immune response
InterleukinsClonal expansion and differentiation
InterferonsAlpha and beta: activate pathways against viral
infectionGamma: Activates macrophages
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Lymphocyte SubtypesLymphocyte Subtypes
B lymphocytesSecrete antibodies
T lymphocytesHelper T cells (CD4): Secrete cytokines
required for development of immune responseCytotoxic T cells (CD8): Attack and destroy
foreign cellsNatural killer cells: Attack and destroy virally
infected or cancer cells
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Antibody Secretion Antibody Secretion (Humoral Immunity(Humoral Immunity
B cellsActivated B cells Plasma cells
Plasma cells secrete antibodiesPrimary and secondary antibody response
Primary: Slower and and weakerIgM
Secondary: Faster, more antibodies producedIgG
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AntibodiesAntibodies
IgG 75%, Secondary response
IgM Primary antibody response
IgA Secretory: saliva, tears
IgE Allergic responses
IgD Cell surface receptor on B lymphocytes
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Antibody StructureAntibody StructureY shaped proteins
2 heavy chains, 2 light chainsFab region: antigen binding sites
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Antibody FunctionAntibody Function
Opsonins Coat antigens, facilitate phagocytosis
Make antigens clump Activate other immune cells
Cytotoxic T cells Phagocytic cells B lymphocytes
Activate complement Activate mast cells
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Cellular ImmunityCellular Immunity T lymphocytes
Mature in thymus Require antigen presenting cells Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells
T cell receptor Required for recognition of antigen
Major histocompatibility complexes Required for antigen presentation CD4 recognize MHC II CD8 recognize MHC I
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