the history of the people’s republic of china
TRANSCRIPT
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The History of the People’s
Republic of China
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Macau
People’s Republic of
China Taiwan
Hong Kong
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Pronunciations
• Z pronounced “dz” (President Jiang Zemin)
• X pronounced “sh” (Deng Xiaoping)
• Q pronounced “ch” (Emperor Qin)
• ZH pronounced “j” (Zhongguo, Chinese for China)
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General Information•Capital – Beijing•Area – 3,705,286 mi2 (slightly
larger than U.S.)•Population – 1,306,000,000•Unitary system of gov’t•Constitution – published in
1982•GDP: $1.16 trillion•Literacy – 91%
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General Information•Despite great economic
growth, estimated 1/3 of population live in poverty
•2/3 live in rural areas and make living off land
•Biggest coal producer and was self-sufficient in oil production until mid-1990s
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General Information•China is relatively homogeneous•Vast majority are ethnic Han
Chinese and only 8.1% from minority
•17 million Thais, 6 million Mongols, and 5 million Tibetans
•Poor record of assimilating minorities as Chinese tend to see aliens as culturally inferior
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Imperial China•1766 B.C.E. – 1911 C.E.•Dynasties had right to govern
through Mandate of Heaven only so long as emperor ruled with honor and virtue – dynastic cycle
•Confucianism played major role – emphasized importance of obeying the authority of emperor and citizens knowing their roles
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Imperial China•Emperors ruled though senior
gov’t officials (Mandarins) who won appointment through civil service exam (merit-based)
•Theoretically open to anyone but was based largely on test of “morality” and knowledge of Confucian ethics
•HUGE BUREAUCRACY!!!!!•Urbanization occurred much
sooner than in Europe
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Imperial China•Qing (pronounced Ching) was last
dynasty•Manchus (seen as foreigners) were
in power•Were unable to respond to needs
of growing population for land & food
•Further weakened by Opium War with Britain, which forced China to open doors to Eur. traders & missionaries (spheres of influence)
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Nationalism and Chaos•1910-1911 – Fall of Qing dynasty; warlords battle for power
•1912 – Sun Yat-sen helped establish Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang (KMT) and attempts to address China’s problems
•1913 – Dalai Lama returns to Tibet & declares independence
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Nationalism and Chaos•Sun’s gov’t relied heavily on military for authority and Westerners continued to make inroads into China; lost control
•1916-1926 – warlords fight for power though Sun was leader with no power or credibility
•1921 – founding of CCP
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Nationalism and Chaos•Brief & acrimonious coalition formed between CCP and KMT
•1925 – Chiang Kai-shek took over after Sun’s death & he abhorred communism
•1927 – “Shanghai Massacre” – Chiang launched lightning strike against CCP & set up own gov’t
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Nationalism and Chaos•KMT centered in Nanjing and was recognized by West as legitimate gov’t of China
•Chiang improved administrative & educational systems & modernized army in German style
•But fatal mistake was ignoring peasants
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Nationalism and Chaos•Turn to CCP for solutions to land reform though was outlawed in 1927
•Mao Zedong goes underground and sets up gov’t in Jiangxi
•1934 – KMT campaign forced Mao to uproot 150,000 followers & move west
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Nationalism and Chaos•Became known as LONG MARCH (6,000 mile trek lasted 1 year)
•1936-1945 – Chiang obliged to ally w/CCP to stave Japanese invasion but clashed frequently
•1945 – Japan surrendered at end of WWII and China broke out into civil war
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Nationalism and Chaos•Attempts by U.S. to mediate and help KMT financially and militarily failed
•1949 – Chiang and KMT fled to Taiwan
•Oct 1, 1949 – People’s Republic of China officially proclaimed in Beijing
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Mao in 1949Mao in 1949
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The Communist Era•CCP forge new political structures, w/network of party branches in every village
•Declare men and women legally equal
•People organized into work units, which provide housing, employment, health care, & edu
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Maoism•Peasantry much more important than traditional urban proletariat
•Mass line – need to connect with peasants and workers so CCP policy is legitimized
•Stressed communalism & rejected elitism
•Thought reform & indoctrination
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The Communist Era•Mao first in authority followed by Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping
•1950 – 300 million landless peasants organized into cooperatives
•Industry – 5-yr. plans which produced growth but…
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The Communist Era•Relied too heavily on professionals and bureaucrats, ignoring the peasants
•China isolated itself except for reliance on USSR for loans & industry advisors
•This alliance broke in 1958 when Mao threatened to invade Taiwan
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The Communist Era•1958-1960 – disastrous Great
Leap Forward – Mao said China would progress “20 years in a day”
•Mobilized peasant masses, put unemployed to work, forced employed to work harder under military discipline, & to create classless society he promoted indoctrination
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The Communist Era•1959-1960 – floods and famine led to 15-20 million deaths
•Mao came close to losing power and Liu Shaoqi effectively became president
•1966 – Mao attempted to regain lost influence through Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
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Mao during the cultural revolutionMao during the cultural revolution
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The Communist Era•Deng Xiaoping exiled to remote village, Liu Shaoqi was attacked, beaten, & put under house arrest for 2 years (died in remote prison)
•Red Guard – radical student factions who ran criticism sessions
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The Communist Era•Leaders, bureaucrats, “intellectuals”, those following “capitalist road” sent to rural areas to work on land and discuss Maoist thought (Little Red Book)
•Education came to standstill•1966-1976 – came to be known as Ten Catastrophic Years
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The Communist Era•1976 – death of Mao•Power struggle between Mao’s successor (Hua Guofeng) and Gang of Four (Mao’s widow w/3 others)
•Gang of Four arrested & jailed for life
•Deng Xiaoping functioned as power behind the throne
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The Communist Era•Introduced FOUR MODERNIZATIONS
•Industry, agriculture, national defense, & science & techno.
•Combination of socialist planning and capitalist free market
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The Communist Era•1978 – drafting of new constitution that established liberalizing tendencies, leading some to call democracy the FIFTH MODERNIZATION
•But cracked down on Democracy Wall movement
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The Communist Era•1982 – Thatcher visits & agreement signed regarding handover of Hong Kong
•1988-1989 – gov’t split b/t hardliners who want to restore old order and reformers seeking openness
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The Communist Era•1989 – Tiananmen Square – student & worker demonstrations
•Deng sees as challenge to his authority & joins hardliners in brutal crackdown
•Reformers dismissed
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The Communist Era•Jiang Zemin named new Party chief
•1997 – takes over after Deng dies
•Continued process of economic reform & growth
•Admitted into WTO 2001
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The Communist Era•But CCP still repressed challenges to authority
•2002-2003 – Hu Jintao, Zemin’s protégé, brings renewal as new Party secretary
•Hu and Jiang new type of leader
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The Communist Era•Technocrats – officials with academic training who worked way up party ladder through professional competence & political loyalty
•Mao & Deng were career revolutionaries
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The Communist Era•Transfer of power from Jiang to
Hu was predictable & orderly•First relatively tranquil top-
level political succession in more than 200 yrs.
•Hu holds 3 titles – CCP general secretary, PRC president, and Chair of Central Military Commission (controls armed forces)