The History of JazzThe History of Jazz

America’s original art formAmerica’s original art form

Jazz MusicJazz Music

Originated in the Originated in the 1920’s in New Orleans1920’s in New Orleans

Characterized by blue Characterized by blue notes, syncopation, notes, syncopation, swing, call and swing, call and response, and response, and improvisationimprovisation

Picture is of Bourbon Picture is of Bourbon Street in New OrleansStreet in New Orleans

Origins of jazzOrigins of jazz

West African Folk MusicWest African Folk MusicEuropean Classical Form and European Classical Form and

HarmoniesHarmoniesNew Orleans Marching BandsNew Orleans Marching BandsThe BluesThe Blues Influences of other styles of modern Influences of other styles of modern

musicmusic

Jazz InstrumentsJazz Instruments

Styles ( Eras) Of Jazz MusicStyles ( Eras) Of Jazz Music

1880’s to 19101880’s to 1910 1910-19201910-1920 1920-19451920-1945 1943-19521943-1952 1955-19691955-1969 1970-19861970-1986 1987-present1987-present

Ragtime MusicRagtime Music

1897 Harlem Rag1897 Harlem Rag1899 Maple Leaf 1899 Maple Leaf

RagRag1902 The 1902 The

EntertainerEntertainer1906 Frog Leg’s 1906 Frog Leg’s

RagRag1919 Bohemia 1919 Bohemia

RagRag

Tom TurpinTom TurpinScott JoplinScott Joplin James ScottJames Scott Joseph LambJoseph Lamb

Ragtime MusicRagtime Music

1897 starts the 1897 starts the influence of Ragtimeinfluence of Ragtime

Ragtime predated Ragtime predated the availability of the availability of sound recordings so sound recordings so its popularity was its popularity was by word of mouth. by word of mouth.

Was distributed by Was distributed by sheet musicsheet music

With With industrialization, industrialization, railroad railroad construction its construction its popularity quickly popularity quickly spreadspread

Piano rolls and Piano rolls and player pianos play player pianos play an important role an important role with ragtime musicwith ragtime music

Ragtime MusicRagtime Music

Invention of the Invention of the phonograph helped phonograph helped spread ragtime spread ragtime music and helped music and helped the music industrythe music industry

Stride piano is an Stride piano is an important aspect of important aspect of Ragtime music that Ragtime music that had a direct had a direct influence on influence on modern music modern music todaytoday

Primarily written Primarily written for piano but for piano but towards the mid towards the mid 1910’s, some 1910’s, some songs were songs were arranged for arranged for different different ensembles thus ensembles thus leading the way leading the way into Dixieland into Dixieland musicmusic

Styles of Ragtime MusicStyles of Ragtime Music

CakewalkCakewalk-popular -popular in 1904, music is in 1904, music is intended to intended to represent of dance represent of dance contests where the contests where the prize is a cakeprize is a cake

Two-StepTwo-Step-Popular -Popular in 1911, dance in 1911, dance craze that was craze that was popular in the early popular in the early 1900’s1900’s

Ragtime Song-Ragtime Song- version of ragtime version of ragtime music that was music that was influential to Irving influential to Irving Berlin, American Berlin, American composer, composer, influential in early influential in early Hollywood and Hollywood and BroadwayBroadway

Styles of Ragtime MusicStyles of Ragtime Music

Classic Rag-Classic Rag- Style Style made popular by made popular by Scot Joplin, main Scot Joplin, main style of ragtime style of ragtime musicmusic

Fox-TrotFox-Trot- dance - dance style started in style started in 1913, became 1913, became popular in 1920’spopular in 1920’s

Stride Piano-Stride Piano- emerged after emerged after WW1 fast paced WW1 fast paced moving bass line, moving bass line, direct influence on direct influence on early Rock & Rollearly Rock & Roll

Ragtime RevivalsRagtime Revivals 1950’s1950’s better recording devices were better recording devices were

invented so older songs were recorded on invented so older songs were recorded on record and published causing a revival in record and published causing a revival in popularitypopularity

1970’s-1970’s- Joshua Rifkin recorded a series of Joshua Rifkin recorded a series of Scott Joplin music and won a Grammy, re-Scott Joplin music and won a Grammy, re-introduced Joplin’s music to the publicintroduced Joplin’s music to the public

New York Public LibraryNew York Public Library released a 2 released a 2 volume set of Scott Joplin music which volume set of Scott Joplin music which introduced a new audience to his musicintroduced a new audience to his music

19741974- the movie - the movie The StingThe Sting staring Robert staring Robert Redford and Paul Newman used Scott Joplin Redford and Paul Newman used Scott Joplin songs as its theme songs.songs as its theme songs.

Scott JoplinScott Joplin

Father Of Father Of RagtimeRagtime

1899 Maple Leaf 1899 Maple Leaf RagRag

Most Famous Most Famous Ragtime SongRagtime Song

1902 The 1902 The EntertainerEntertainer

Scott JoplinScott Joplin

Best known ragtime Best known ragtime musician and musician and composercomposer

Father of Ragtime Father of Ragtime musicmusic

1891-Part of a 1891-Part of a minstrel troupe minstrel troupe

1895 started selling 1895 started selling his musichis music

Worked as a pianist in Worked as a pianist in Maple Leaf and Black Maple Leaf and Black 400 gentlemen clubs400 gentlemen clubs

1899 Sold his most 1899 Sold his most famous piece Maple famous piece Maple Leaf Rag to John StarkLeaf Rag to John Stark

Boosted his popularity Boosted his popularity and made ragtime and made ragtime famousfamous

Treemonisha- opera Treemonisha- opera based on ragtime based on ragtime musicmusic

The Maple Leaf RagThe Maple Leaf Rag

Named after a bar Named after a bar Joplin worked at in Joplin worked at in Sedalia MissouriSedalia Missouri

ragtime's biggest ragtime's biggest hit hit

The success of the The success of the Maple Leaf Rag Maple Leaf Rag sparked a sparked a nationwide ragtime nationwide ragtime craze. craze.

18991899 Publication of Publication of the Maple Leaf Rag the Maple Leaf Rag

becomes a becomes a nationwide best-nationwide best-seller seller

19031903 The first The first recording of Maple recording of Maple Leaf Rag is made, Leaf Rag is made, in Minneapolis in Minneapolis

The EntertainerThe Entertainer

1902 The 1902 The EntertainerEntertainer

Featured in the Featured in the 1973 movie the 1973 movie the sting featuring sting featuring Paul Newman Paul Newman and Robert and Robert RedfordRedford

Helped to launch a Helped to launch a ragtime revival ragtime revival which increased which increased the popularity of the popularity of ragtime musicragtime music

Song influenced Song influenced John Williams to John Williams to write the cantina write the cantina song in Star Warssong in Star Wars

Joseph LambJoseph Lamb

Influential Influential ComposerComposer

1908 Met Joplin1908 Met Joplin1908 Sensation1908 Sensation1919 Bohemia 1919 Bohemia

RagRag

Joseph LambJoseph Lamb White influential ragtime White influential ragtime

musician and composermusician and composer Self taught musicianSelf taught musician Big fan and influenced by Big fan and influenced by

JoplinJoplin 1908- New York, was 1908- New York, was

purchasing Scott Joplin purchasing Scott Joplin music in record store when music in record store when he met Scott Joplinhe met Scott Joplin

Introduced to John StarkIntroduced to John Stark

Lambs music was Lambs music was published for the next published for the next decadedecade

1908- Sensation1908- Sensation 1914- Cleopatra 1914- Cleopatra

NightingaleNightingale 1919 Bohemia Rag1919 Bohemia Rag When popularity of When popularity of

Ragtime faded, decided to Ragtime faded, decided to work as an accountantwork as an accountant

1950’s revival had him 1950’s revival had him come out of retirement come out of retirement and start performing againand start performing again

James ScottJames Scott

1902 worked for 1902 worked for Charles Dumars Charles Dumars and met Joplinand met Joplin

1903 A summer 1903 A summer BreezeBreeze

1906 Frog Legs 1906 Frog Legs RagRag

James ScottJames Scott One of the big three One of the big three

composers of ragtime composers of ragtime musicmusic

Born in Neosho MissouriBorn in Neosho Missouri 1902 worked in music 1902 worked in music

store of Charles Dumars as store of Charles Dumars as menial labormenial labor

Showed musical ability so Showed musical ability so Dumars published his Dumars published his musicmusic

A Summer Breeze in 1903A Summer Breeze in 1903 1906 moved to St. Louis1906 moved to St. Louis Met Scott Joplin and John Met Scott Joplin and John

StarkStark

1906 Frog Legs Rag1906 Frog Legs Rag 1914 moved to Kansas City1914 moved to Kansas City Married, taught music, Married, taught music,

directed theater orchestradirected theater orchestra Talking movies began so Talking movies began so

he lost his first fortune. he lost his first fortune. Wife died, bad healthWife died, bad health

Continued to compose Continued to compose until Starks retirement in until Starks retirement in 19221922

Tom TurpinTom Turpin

Father of St. Father of St. Louis RagtimeLouis Ragtime

1896 Harlem 1896 Harlem RagRag

First Politically First Politically Powerful African Powerful African Americans in St. Americans in St. LouisLouis

Tom TurpinTom Turpin

Ragtime composer Ragtime composer and businessmanand businessman

Opened saloon in St. Opened saloon in St. Louis which became a Louis which became a meeting place for meeting place for musiciansmusicians

First African American First African American to publish a ragtime to publish a ragtime song “Harlem Rag” in song “Harlem Rag” in 18971897

Other famous song Other famous song was St. Louis Ragwas St. Louis Rag

Owned several Owned several businesses in St. Louis, businesses in St. Louis, theater, saloons, theater, saloons, gambling housesgambling houses

Was a deputy sheriff Was a deputy sheriff and one of the first and one of the first politically powerful politically powerful African Americans in African Americans in St. Louis.St. Louis.

His influence on local His influence on local music earned him the music earned him the nickname Father of St. nickname Father of St. Louis Ragtime.Louis Ragtime.

John StarksJohn Starks Was the publisher of the Was the publisher of the

most famous ragtime most famous ragtime composition from the composition from the 1900’s-1920’s1900’s-1920’s

Money he earned by Money he earned by publishing Maple Leaf Rag publishing Maple Leaf Rag enabled him to increase enabled him to increase his publishing companyhis publishing company

Moved from Sedalia Moved from Sedalia Missouri to St. Louis and Missouri to St. Louis and finally to New Yorkfinally to New York

He and Scott Joplin moved He and Scott Joplin moved togethertogether

One of the first music One of the first music Promoters and AdvertisersPromoters and Advertisers

persistently challenged the persistently challenged the musical (and racial) musical (and racial) prejudices that prevented prejudices that prevented true ragtime from true ragtime from

receiving its due.receiving its due. Competed against Tin Pan Competed against Tin Pan

Alley ProducersAlley Producers

Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley

Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley Was the popular music Was the popular music

publishing center of the publishing center of the world from around 1885 to world from around 1885 to the 1920's the 1920's

Before it was established, Before it was established, publishers were scattered publishers were scattered all over the countryall over the country

these early publishers these early publishers played important roles in played important roles in the printing and distribution the printing and distribution of sheet music. Most music of sheet music. Most music publishers also published publishers also published church music, music church music, music instruction books, study instruction books, study pieces and classical items pieces and classical items for home and school use. for home and school use.

After the Civil War, people After the Civil War, people started to play the piano.started to play the piano.

By 1887 500,00 young By 1887 500,00 young Americans were learning Americans were learning the pianothe piano

The demand for sheet The demand for sheet music was great.music was great.

Publishers decided to Publishers decided to consolidate in New York.consolidate in New York.

New York was becoming a New York was becoming a cultural center in the cultural center in the United States.United States.

Performers lived there, Performers lived there, music thrived there, music thrived there, musical trends happened musical trends happened therethere

Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley Thomas B. Harms (Harms, Thomas B. Harms (Harms,

Inc. started in 1881)Inc. started in 1881) Isadore Witmark. M. Isadore Witmark. M.

Witmark & Sons published Witmark & Sons published their first sheet music their first sheet music I'll I'll Answer That Question Answer That Question TomorrowTomorrow in 1885. in 1885.

Soon every major music Soon every major music publisher in America had a publisher in America had a presence in what would presence in what would become Tin Pan Alley become Tin Pan Alley

Irving Berlin, Inc., Remick Irving Berlin, Inc., Remick Music Co., Robbins Music Music Co., Robbins Music Corp, and E. B. Marks Corp, and E. B. Marks Music CompanyMusic Company

These visionaries These visionaries concentrated almost concentrated almost exclusively on popular exclusively on popular music, and the key to their music, and the key to their success was their use of success was their use of market research to select market research to select music and the use of music and the use of aggressive marketing aggressive marketing techniques to sell the techniques to sell the product.product.

Song composers were Song composers were hired under contract hired under contract giving the publisher giving the publisher exclusive rights to exclusive rights to popular composer's popular composer's worksworks

Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley The market was surveyed The market was surveyed

to determine what style of to determine what style of song was selling bestsong was selling best

Then the composers were Then the composers were directed to compose in that directed to compose in that

style.style. a song was actually a song was actually

tested with both tested with both performers and performers and listeners to determine listeners to determine which would be which would be published and which published and which would go to the trash would go to the trash binbin

music was becoming an music was becoming an

industry more than an artindustry more than an art Song pluggersSong pluggers

(performers who (performers who worked in music shops worked in music shops playing the latest playing the latest releases,) were hired releases,) were hired

Performers were Performers were persuaded to play the persuaded to play the new songs in their new songs in their acts to give the music acts to give the music exposure to the public exposure to the public

Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley

28th street between 5th 28th street between 5th Avenue and Broadway. Avenue and Broadway. This street (28th) became This street (28th) became known as "Tin Pan Alley. known as "Tin Pan Alley.

the first to establish the first to establish themselves in the area themselves in the area known as Tin Pan Alley was known as Tin Pan Alley was most probably most probably Leo FeistLeo Feist, , a corset salesman who had a corset salesman who had a penchant for writing a penchant for writing catchy lyrics catchy lyrics

In 1897 Feist rented a room In 1897 Feist rented a room at 1227 Broadway and with at 1227 Broadway and with a piano and a partner a piano and a partner began the music began the music publication business with publication business with his first song, his first song, Does True Does True Love Ever Run SmoothLove Ever Run Smooth. .

The name symbolizes the The name symbolizes the sound of the many pianos sound of the many pianos being pounded in being pounded in publisher's rooms which publisher's rooms which was characterized as was characterized as sounding as though sounding as though hundreds of people were hundreds of people were pounding on tin pans.pounding on tin pans.

Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley vaudeville replaced the vaudeville replaced the

minstrel show as the most minstrel show as the most popular form of stage popular form of stage entertainment entertainment

enormous amounts of money enormous amounts of money were to be made from the were to be made from the sale of songs popularized by sale of songs popularized by these shows these shows

In the first two decades of its In the first two decades of its existence, Tin Pan Alley existence, Tin Pan Alley produced a succession of produced a succession of songs, remarkable from a songs, remarkable from a commercial standpoint and commercial standpoint and for their endurance in for their endurance in American culture. American culture.

Large numbers of songs Large numbers of songs from this period became from this period became widely known and are a widely known and are a part of our traditions even part of our traditions even today. today.

Give My Regards To BroadGive My Regards To Broadwayway (1904), (1904), Shine on Harvest Shine on Harvest MoonMoon (1908,), (1908,), Down by the Down by the Old Mill StreamOld Mill Stream (1910) and (1910) and

Let Me Call You SweetheartLet Me Call You Sweetheart

Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley The lyrics of music from this The lyrics of music from this

period suggest that the USA period suggest that the USA was a peaceful, happy and was a peaceful, happy and prosperous place. prosperous place.

The many songs about the The many songs about the past describe warm past describe warm memories of happy and memories of happy and innocent times in rural or innocent times in rural or small town settings.small town settings.

The persistent image of one The persistent image of one of the happiest and least of the happiest and least troubled times in American troubled times in American history has been derived history has been derived largely from these songs.largely from these songs.

Compare those images to Compare those images to today's music which is mostly today's music which is mostly in an urban setting with very in an urban setting with very disturbing and violent disturbing and violent images. images.

Tin Pan Alley was not Tin Pan Alley was not about love peace and about love peace and happiness, it was about happiness, it was about selling songs. selling songs.

There were no altruistic There were no altruistic desires on the part of the desires on the part of the publishers to solve the publishers to solve the problems of society nor problems of society nor were they attempting to were they attempting to create a happy world create a happy world

provide musical provide musical entertainment that entertainment that allowed people to allowed people to escape the realities of escape the realities of the hardships of life the hardships of life and their own life's and their own life's troubles. troubles.

Tin Pan AlleyTin Pan Alley

the publishers of Tin Pan the publishers of Tin Pan Alley not only established Alley not only established an industry that continues an industry that continues in grand tradition but they in grand tradition but they also are responsible for the also are responsible for the beautiful music and covers beautiful music and covers we enjoy today we enjoy today

what remains of Tin Pan what remains of Tin Pan Alley was put up for sale Alley was put up for sale and the buildings will most and the buildings will most probably be razed to make probably be razed to make

way for "progress."way for "progress."

The buildings, at 47, 49, The buildings, at 47, 49, 51, 53 and 55 West 28th 51, 53 and 55 West 28th Street, are being sold as a Street, are being sold as a group for - hold on to your group for - hold on to your hat in these cacophonous hat in these cacophonous economic times - a mere economic times - a mere

$44 million."$44 million."

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show a theatrical entertainment a theatrical entertainment

consisting of songs, dances, consisting of songs, dances, comic turns, etc., comic turns, etc., performed by a troupe of performed by a troupe of actors wearing black face actors wearing black face make-up make-up

troupe, company - troupe, company - organization of performers organization of performers

and associated personneland associated personnel corner man, end man - corner man, end man -

a man at one end of a man at one end of line of performers in a line of performers in a minstrel show; carries minstrel show; carries on humorous dialogue on humorous dialogue with the interlocutor with the interlocutor

interlocutor, middleman - interlocutor, middleman - the performer in the the performer in the middle of a minstrel line middle of a minstrel line who engages the others in who engages the others in

talktalk minstrel - a performer in a minstrel - a performer in a

minstrel show minstrel show

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show

The most popular musical The most popular musical stage shows of the early stage shows of the early and mid 19th Century, and mid 19th Century,

In the US they began in the In the US they began in the 1840s1840s

Both white and black Both white and black performers donned performers donned blackface, and audiences blackface, and audiences of all colors loved it. of all colors loved it.

minstrel shows were the minstrel shows were the first form of musical first form of musical theatre that was 100% theatre that was 100%

American-born and bred.American-born and bred.

performing songs and skits performing songs and skits that sentimentalized the that sentimentalized the nightmare of slave life on nightmare of slave life on

Southern plantationsSouthern plantations By the end of the Civil War By the end of the Civil War

the minstrel show had the minstrel show had become world famous and become world famous and respectable respectable

Between 1750 and 1843, Between 1750 and 1843, over 5,000 theater and over 5,000 theater and circus productions included circus productions included

blackface.blackface.

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show Some of the most famous Some of the most famous

songs in American history--songs in American history--Dixie, Camp town Races, Dixie, Camp town Races, Oh Susannah, My Old Oh Susannah, My Old Kentucky HomeKentucky Home----began as began as minstrel songs. minstrel songs.

Thomas "Daddy" RiceThomas "Daddy" Rice caused a nationwide caused a nationwide sensation by donning burnt sensation by donning burnt cork to perform the song cork to perform the song "Jump Jim Crow" on stage. "Jump Jim Crow" on stage.

"Jim Crow" turned out to be "Jim Crow" turned out to be more than a popular song. It more than a popular song. It became the name of one of became the name of one of minstrelsy's stock comedy minstrelsy's stock comedy characters, and a by-word for characters, and a by-word for legalized racial oppression. legalized racial oppression.

three stock characters three stock characters were among several that were among several that reappeared in minstrel reappeared in minstrel shows throughout the shows throughout the nineteenth century. nineteenth century.

"Jim Crow" was the "Jim Crow" was the stereotypical carefree stereotypical carefree slave slave

"Mr. Tambo" a joyous "Mr. Tambo" a joyous musician, musician,

Zip Coon" a free black Zip Coon" a free black attempting to "put on airs" attempting to "put on airs" or rise above his station or rise above his station

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show

Dan Emmett, Frank Dan Emmett, Frank Bower, Frank Bower, Frank Pelham and Billy Pelham and Billy WhitlockWhitlock became the became the first troupe to offer a first troupe to offer a full evening of full evening of blackface variety blackface variety entertainment. entertainment.

Most historians mark Most historians mark this production as the this production as the beginning of beginning of minstrelsy. minstrelsy.

Most of the entertainment Most of the entertainment was improvisedwas improvised

They insulted each They insulted each other, they baited other, they baited each other, they made each other, they made mincemeat of the mincemeat of the language, they took language, they took the audience into their the audience into their fun, and, in one night, fun, and, in one night, they added a new they added a new form to show business form to show business in Americain America

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show

in the twentieth century, in the twentieth century, several of the most famous several of the most famous minstrels were actually minstrels were actually black me who wore black me who wore makeup--the most famous makeup--the most famous being Bert Williams, who being Bert Williams, who performed in blackface performed in blackface into the 1920s. into the 1920s.

The first talking picture, The first talking picture, "The Jazz Singer," (1927) "The Jazz Singer," (1927) was a blackface film was a blackface film

Minstrel shows continued Minstrel shows continued to be popular well into the to be popular well into the 1950s,1950s,

High schools, fraternities High schools, fraternities and local theater groups and local theater groups would often perform would often perform minstrel shows in minstrel shows in blackface.blackface.

It became unpopular as It became unpopular as African Americans asserted African Americans asserted more political power in the more political power in the 1950s. 1950s.

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show The long-running radio The long-running radio

series series Amos n' AndyAmos n' Andy featured two white actors featured two white actors impersonating impersonating contemporary black contemporary black characters that were direct characters that were direct descendants of "Zip Coon" descendants of "Zip Coon" and "Jim Crow.“and "Jim Crow.“

Stephen Foster- American Stephen Foster- American song writer of Camp town song writer of Camp town Races," "My Old Kentucky Races," "My Old Kentucky

Home," "O SusannaHome," "O Susanna

Minstrel star Minstrel star Dan EmmettDan Emmett composed the unofficial composed the unofficial

Southern anthem "Dixie.Southern anthem "Dixie. George M. CohanGeorge M. Cohan and and

Irving BerlinIrving Berlin.. Al Jolson- most famous Al Jolson- most famous

actor who got his start in a actor who got his start in a minstrel showminstrel show

Jolson immortalized Jolson immortalized blackface in several blackface in several films, including the films, including the talking landmark talking landmark The The Jazz SingerJazz Singer (1928). (1928).

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show

Jolson said that blackface Jolson said that blackface gave him the emotional gave him the emotional freedom he needed to take freedom he needed to take

risks as a performerrisks as a performer In the first half of the 20th In the first half of the 20th

Century, he was billed as Century, he was billed as "The World's Greatest "The World's Greatest Entertainer“Entertainer“

last star of minstrelsylast star of minstrelsy legend in vaudeville,legend in vaudeville,

Al Jolson had Al Jolson had dozens of top dozens of top selling recordingsselling recordings

Became the first Became the first talking film startalking film star

Was a popular Was a popular presence on presence on network radio. network radio.

The Minstrel ShowThe Minstrel Show The bizarre minstrel show The bizarre minstrel show

might be easier to might be easier to understand in modern understand in modern terms.terms.

Think of white rappers, or Think of white rappers, or white rock musicians who white rock musicians who play blues-derived music. play blues-derived music.

When they imitate black When they imitate black musicians, are they musicians, are they expressing admiration, or expressing admiration, or are they just stealing? are they just stealing?

Are they sincerely trying to Are they sincerely trying to come to some come to some understanding of cultural understanding of cultural difference, or are they just difference, or are they just engaging in minstrel engaging in minstrel parody without the make parody without the make up up

Similarly, are black Similarly, are black musicians who play to a musicians who play to a predominantly white predominantly white audience, particularly audience, particularly those produced by Sean those produced by Sean "Puffy" Combs, doing "Puffy" Combs, doing something similar to what something similar to what Bert Williams did? Bert Williams did?

VaudevilleVaudeville In the 1880’s after the In the 1880’s after the

Industrial Revolution, Industrial Revolution, people started to people started to concentrate in cities and concentrate in cities and towns instead of rural towns instead of rural communitiescommunities

Looking for higher paying Looking for higher paying jobs and more jobs and more opportunities of successopportunities of success

Worked hard and long Worked hard and long hours and wanted to be hours and wanted to be entertained after hoursentertained after hours

variety shows were too variety shows were too coarse for women or coarse for women or children to attend,children to attend,

minstrel shows were minstrel shows were already declining in already declining in popularity popularity

In a world where In a world where phonographs, film, radio phonographs, film, radio and television did not yet and television did not yet exist, something new was exist, something new was needed to fill the gap. needed to fill the gap.

Vaudeville also tried to Vaudeville also tried to bridge a social gap that had bridge a social gap that had divided American audiences divided American audiences

Vaudeville was developed Vaudeville was developed by entrepreneurs seeking by entrepreneurs seeking higher profits from a wider higher profits from a wider audience.audience.

VaudevilleVaudeville

Tony Pastor-Invented Tony Pastor-Invented Vaudeville in 1881Vaudeville in 1881

music and comedy" music and comedy" designed for family designed for family audiences audiences

Pastor showcased the Pastor showcased the finest talents on the finest talents on the variety stage, giving variety stage, giving crucial opportunities to crucial opportunities to future stars future stars

Pastor never expanded Pastor never expanded beyond his small theatre beyond his small theatre

near Union Square.near Union Square.

A place families could call A place families could call home for their home for their entertainmententertainment

Pastor's "clean" variety Pastor's "clean" variety show was an instant show was an instant success, drawing an success, drawing an enthusiastic audience from enthusiastic audience from all age groups and classes all age groups and classes – including some of the – including some of the most influential people in most influential people in

New York. New York. 

VaudevilleVaudeville

Benjamin Franklin KeithBenjamin Franklin Keith and and Edward F AlbeeEdward F Albee made made a quick fortune with a quick fortune with unauthorized productions of unauthorized productions of Gilbert and Sullivan Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. operettas.

started build a chain of started build a chain of ornate theatres across the ornate theatres across the northeastern United Statesnortheastern United States

they instituted a policy they instituted a policy of continuous multiple of continuous multiple daily performances, daily performances, which they called which they called "vaudeville.""vaudeville."

vaudeville spread through vaudeville spread through the United States, major the United States, major theatre chains or theatre chains or circuitscircuits were built were built

By 1907 Vaudeville was By 1907 Vaudeville was

earning $30 million a yearearning $30 million a year A successful act toured for A successful act toured for

forty or more weeks a forty or more weeks a year, doing "one nighters," year, doing "one nighters," split-weeks or weekly split-weeks or weekly stands depending on a stands depending on a

theatre’s sizetheatre’s size

VaudevilleVaudeville

In 1919, when the average In 1919, when the average factory worker earned less factory worker earned less than $1,300, a small time than $1,300, a small time circuit performer playing a circuit performer playing a forty-two week season at forty-two week season at $75 per week earned $75 per week earned $3,150 a year. $3,150 a year.

The most celebrated The most celebrated vaudeville house of the vaudeville house of the early 1900s was New early 1900s was New York's York's VictoriaVictoria

The The Orpheum Circuit-Orpheum Circuit- The The Palace TheatrePalace Theatre

An act could be anything An act could be anything that was inoffensive and that was inoffensive and entertaining. A entertaining. A performer's gender, race performer's gender, race and appearance were no and appearance were no barrier to success,barrier to success,

While singers and While singers and dancers were part of dancers were part of every bill, the every bill, the specialty specialty actsacts set vaudeville apart set vaudeville apart

VaudevilleVaudeville

mind readers mind readers instrumentalists instrumentalists escape artistsescape artists flash acts - any "showy" flash acts - any "showy"

act boasting its own lavish act boasting its own lavish set, a large chorus, special set, a large chorus, special effects, etc. effects, etc.

high divers high divers

quick-change artists quick-change artists strong men strong men living statuary living statuary contortionists contortionists balancing acts balancing acts freak acts - anyone acting freak acts - anyone acting

crazy or silly - eccentric crazy or silly - eccentric dancers, etc. dancers, etc.

VaudevilleVaudeville

HoudiniHoudini Hadji AliHadji Ali would swallow would swallow

water & kerosene, then water & kerosene, then spew kerosene onto open spew kerosene onto open flames, followed by the flames, followed by the water to put the flames water to put the flames out. Not pretty, but out. Not pretty, but audiences were fascinated. audiences were fascinated.

W.C. FieldsW.C. Fields Will RogersWill Rogers Babe RuthBabe Ruth

Douglas Douglas FairbanksFairbanks

Judy GarlandJudy Garland George BurnsGeorge Burns Abbot & CostelloAbbot & Costello The Three StoogesThe Three Stooges Kate SmithKate Smith Mickey RooneyMickey Rooney

VaudevilleVaudeville As stars got more popular As stars got more popular

they went on to bigger they went on to bigger projectsprojects

Movies started to gain Movies started to gain popularitypopularity

audiences tastes changed audiences tastes changed and vaudeville theaters and vaudeville theaters started to change over to started to change over to movie theatersmovie theaters

1930’s talking movies1930’s talking movies Great DepressionGreat Depression

vaudeville singers and vaudeville singers and comics found a new home comics found a new home on radio, where "variety on radio, where "variety shows" offered something shows" offered something like audio vaudevillelike audio vaudeville

Vaudeville led to the Vaudeville led to the immergence of family immergence of family friendly entertainment on friendly entertainment on radio, television, and radio, television, and moviesmovies

Ed Sullivan ShowEd Sullivan Show Leave it to beaverLeave it to beaver Carol Burnet showCarol Burnet show Vaudeville was precursor to Vaudeville was precursor to

Broadway and Motion Broadway and Motion PicturesPictures

TOBATOBA

Theater Owners and Theater Owners and Booking AgencyBooking Agency

Black version of VaudevilleBlack version of Vaudeville vaudeville had black and vaudeville had black and

white performers sharing white performers sharing the same stage as early as the same stage as early as

the 1890sthe 1890s Most southern states did Most southern states did

not allow blacks and whites not allow blacks and whites to sit in the same theatre to sit in the same theatre

the only venues below the the only venues below the Mason-Dixon Line that Mason-Dixon Line that welcomed "colored" welcomed "colored" customers in the early part customers in the early part of the 20th Centuryof the 20th Century

offered all-black bills for offered all-black bills for

all-black audiencesall-black audiences It was the only way they It was the only way they

could reach the could reach the appreciative black appreciative black audiences of the deep audiences of the deep South South

Mason Dixon LineMason Dixon Line

TOBATOBA

Ethel Waters Ethel Waters - who went - who went on to Broadway and film on to Broadway and film stardom stardom

Ma RaineyMa Rainey - jazz vocalist - jazz vocalist Bert WilliamsBert Williams - Ziegfeld - Ziegfeld

FolliesFollies star star Bessie SmithBessie Smith - jazz - jazz

vocalistvocalist Bill Bill

"Bojangles"Robinson"Bojangles"Robinson - - tap dance legendtap dance legend

Many jazz artists got their Many jazz artists got their start in TOBAstart in TOBA

black audiences saw the black audiences saw the same kinds of acts found in same kinds of acts found in standard vaudeville standard vaudeville

Faded in popularity due to Faded in popularity due to the Great Depressionthe Great Depression

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

1865- Period called 1865- Period called reconstruction Government reconstruction Government provided civil right provided civil right protection for African protection for African AmericansAmericans

1877- End of reconstruction 1877- End of reconstruction and withdraw of federal and withdraw of federal troops from the southtroops from the south

Legislature of the south Legislature of the south passed the Jim Crow Lawspassed the Jim Crow Laws

Prohibited African Americans Prohibited African Americans from using same facilities as from using same facilities as whiteswhites

Supported racial segregationSupported racial segregation

Jim Crow comes from Jim Crow comes from minstrel song called Jump minstrel song called Jump Jim Crow written in 1828 Jim Crow written in 1828 performed by Thomas performed by Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” RiceDartmouth “Daddy” Rice

1896-Plessy vs. Ferguson-1896-Plessy vs. Ferguson-resulted in 58 years of legal resulted in 58 years of legal discriminationdiscrimination

1954 Brown vs. Board of 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education - Thurgood Education - Thurgood MarshalMarshal

1954- Supreme court 1954- Supreme court overturned Plessy vs overturned Plessy vs FergusonFerguson

1964-Modern Civil Rights Act1964-Modern Civil Rights Act