Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Geography of the RomansGeography of the Romans

Rome’s central location contributed to its success in unifying Italy and then all the lands ringing the Mediterranean Sea which it called the “Middle of the Earth.”

Italy was a crossroads within the Mediterranean and Rome was a crossroads within Italy.

The Tiber River on one side and a double ring of seven hills on the other afforded natural protection to the site.

The Apennine Range runs along its length like a spine, separating the eastern and western coastal plains.

The mild Mediterranean climate affords a long growing season and conditions suitable for a variety of crops and the conditions for sustaining large populations.

The mountainous regions were abundant in timber and iron and other metal were found in the northwest region of Etruria.

Rome’s central location contributed to its success in unifying Italy and then all the lands ringing the Mediterranean Sea which it called the “Middle of the Earth.”

Italy was a crossroads within the Mediterranean and Rome was a crossroads within Italy.

The Tiber River on one side and a double ring of seven hills on the other afforded natural protection to the site.

The Apennine Range runs along its length like a spine, separating the eastern and western coastal plains.

The mild Mediterranean climate affords a long growing season and conditions suitable for a variety of crops and the conditions for sustaining large populations.

The mountainous regions were abundant in timber and iron and other metal were found in the northwest region of Etruria.

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

From Kingdom to RepublicFrom Kingdom to Republic Modern scholars do not support the myths of Romulus and

Remus but it appears bands of Indo-European migrants crossed the Alps and settled throughout the Italian Peninsula.

Like their distant cousins in India, Greece, and northern Europe, these migrants blended with the Neolithic inhabitants of the region, adopted agriculture, and established tribal federations. Bronze metallurgy appeared around 1800 B.C.E. and iron around 900 B.C.E.

The first major group of Italy were the Etruscans. Coming from Anatolia, they settled from the Po River in the north to modern-day Naples in the south.

The Etruscans deeply influenced the early development of Rome. Several of the first Roman kings were Etruscan and

ruled through the seventh and sixth century B.C.E.

Modern scholars do not support the myths of Romulus and Remus but it appears bands of Indo-European migrants crossed the Alps and settled throughout the Italian Peninsula.

Like their distant cousins in India, Greece, and northern Europe, these migrants blended with the Neolithic inhabitants of the region, adopted agriculture, and established tribal federations. Bronze metallurgy appeared around 1800 B.C.E. and iron around 900 B.C.E.

The first major group of Italy were the Etruscans. Coming from Anatolia, they settled from the Po River in the north to modern-day Naples in the south.

The Etruscans deeply influenced the early development of Rome. Several of the first Roman kings were Etruscan and

ruled through the seventh and sixth century B.C.E.

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans WritingWriting

ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

Apennine Peninsula in Apennine Peninsula in 753 BCE753 BCE

Apennine Peninsula in Apennine Peninsula in 753 BCE753 BCE

Formation of an EmpireFormation of an Empire About 509 B.C.E., Romans drove out the Etruscan

kings and declared Rome a republic, a government in which power resides in a body of citizens and consists of representatives elected by them.

The Roman Republic which lasted from 507 to 31 B.C.E. was not a democracy. Sovereign power resided in assemblies and while all male citizens were eligible to attend, the votes of the wealthy classes counted for more than the votes of poor citizens.

In Rome, as in classical China and Greece, patterns of land distribution caused serious political and social tensions. Conquered lands fell into the hands of wealthy elites who organized large plantations known as latifundia.

About 509 B.C.E., Romans drove out the Etruscan kings and declared Rome a republic, a government in which power resides in a body of citizens and consists of representatives elected by them.

The Roman Republic which lasted from 507 to 31 B.C.E. was not a democracy. Sovereign power resided in assemblies and while all male citizens were eligible to attend, the votes of the wealthy classes counted for more than the votes of poor citizens.

In Rome, as in classical China and Greece, patterns of land distribution caused serious political and social tensions. Conquered lands fell into the hands of wealthy elites who organized large plantations known as latifundia.

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

• The real center of power was the Roman Senate. Technically an advisory council, first to kings and later to Republican officials, the Senate increasingly made policy and governed. Senators nominated their sons for public offices and filled Senate vacancies from the ranks of former officials.

The Senate whose members served for life brought together the state’s wealth, influence, and political and military experience.

The inequities in roman society led to periodic unrest and conflict between the elite (patricians) and the majority of the population (plebeians).

It became apparent in time the republic which was constructed for small city-states was not suitable for a large and growing republic.

• The real center of power was the Roman Senate. Technically an advisory council, first to kings and later to Republican officials, the Senate increasingly made policy and governed. Senators nominated their sons for public offices and filled Senate vacancies from the ranks of former officials.

The Senate whose members served for life brought together the state’s wealth, influence, and political and military experience.

The inequities in roman society led to periodic unrest and conflict between the elite (patricians) and the majority of the population (plebeians).

It became apparent in time the republic which was constructed for small city-states was not suitable for a large and growing republic.

Expansion of the EmpireExpansion of the Empire As it expanded, Rome often offered its opponents a

choice between alliance and conquest. If they accepted Roman rule, they would receive Roman citizenship and protection.

Rome fought protracted and bloody wars against the Carthaginians (Hannibal) called the Punic Wars. The Carthaginians were the heirs of the Phoenicians which controlled much of the southern and eastern Mediterranean.

During the early first century B.C.E., Rome fell into civil war as individuals fought for land and power in the new lands of the Romans. While there were attempts to reform the empire under Tiberius in 132 B.C.E. and Gaius in 121 B.C.E., they were both assassinated and the die had been caste for a move away from the Republican ideals and a move toward a centralized imperial form of government.

As it expanded, Rome often offered its opponents a choice between alliance and conquest. If they accepted Roman rule, they would receive Roman citizenship and protection.

Rome fought protracted and bloody wars against the Carthaginians (Hannibal) called the Punic Wars. The Carthaginians were the heirs of the Phoenicians which controlled much of the southern and eastern Mediterranean.

During the early first century B.C.E., Rome fell into civil war as individuals fought for land and power in the new lands of the Romans. While there were attempts to reform the empire under Tiberius in 132 B.C.E. and Gaius in 121 B.C.E., they were both assassinated and the die had been caste for a move away from the Republican ideals and a move toward a centralized imperial form of government.

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

PompeyPompeyPompeyPompey

First TriumvirateFirst TriumvirateFirst TriumvirateFirst Triumvirate

Julius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius Caesar

Crassus (Licinius)

Imperial Rome EmergesImperial Rome Emerges In addition to the Carthagians, the Romans also fought with the

Gauls (Celts) from Modern-day France. Under Julius Caesar, Rome expanded its empire across the

Mediterranean and the continent of Europe. The conquest of Gaul helped to create a political crisis. As a

result of his military victories, Caesar had become very popular in Rome. As tensions arose in early 49 B.C.E., Caesar had turned his armies toward Rome.

By early 46 B.C.E., he had made himself master of the Roman state and named himself dictator-an office he claimed for life rather than the usual six-month term.

Caesar’s policies pointed the way toward a centralized, imperial form of government for Rome and its possessions but Caesar’s rule had alienated many members of the Roman elite and he was assassinated in 44 B.C.E. which led to continued civil conflict until the acceptance of Octavian, Caesar’s nephew and adopted son.

In addition to the Carthagians, the Romans also fought with the Gauls (Celts) from Modern-day France.

Under Julius Caesar, Rome expanded its empire across the Mediterranean and the continent of Europe.

The conquest of Gaul helped to create a political crisis. As a result of his military victories, Caesar had become very popular in Rome. As tensions arose in early 49 B.C.E., Caesar had turned his armies toward Rome.

By early 46 B.C.E., he had made himself master of the Roman state and named himself dictator-an office he claimed for life rather than the usual six-month term.

Caesar’s policies pointed the way toward a centralized, imperial form of government for Rome and its possessions but Caesar’s rule had alienated many members of the Roman elite and he was assassinated in 44 B.C.E. which led to continued civil conflict until the acceptance of Octavian, Caesar’s nephew and adopted son.

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Pax RomanaPax Romana Octavian known now as Augustus, a term with strong religious

connotations suggesting the divine nature of its holder, would rule virtually unopposed and fashioned an imperial government that guided Roman affairs for the next three centuries.

During the two centuries following Augustus’s rule, Roman armies conquered much of the Mediterranean. The empire had expanded to include not only the lands of Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, and most of the Iberian Peninsula, but it would go onto conquer lands as far as Britain, most of northern Africa, SW Asia, and Anatolia.

Roman Expansion had especially dramatic effects on European lands embraced by the Empire. Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia had long been sites of complex city-based societies but Gaul, Germany, Britain, and Spain were not.

When Roman soldiers, diplomats, governors, and merchants arrived, they stimulated the development of local economies and

states.

Octavian known now as Augustus, a term with strong religious connotations suggesting the divine nature of its holder, would rule virtually unopposed and fashioned an imperial government that guided Roman affairs for the next three centuries.

During the two centuries following Augustus’s rule, Roman armies conquered much of the Mediterranean. The empire had expanded to include not only the lands of Italy, Greece, Syria, Gaul, and most of the Iberian Peninsula, but it would go onto conquer lands as far as Britain, most of northern Africa, SW Asia, and Anatolia.

Roman Expansion had especially dramatic effects on European lands embraced by the Empire. Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia had long been sites of complex city-based societies but Gaul, Germany, Britain, and Spain were not.

When Roman soldiers, diplomats, governors, and merchants arrived, they stimulated the development of local economies and

states.

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Empire Stops Expanding

The Empire Stops Expanding

One noticeable difference during this time is the building of walls to keep out the Barbarians of the Empire.

The most famous was Emperor Hadrian’s Wall (117 - 138 C.E.) which defined the most northern extent of Roman expansion on Britain.

As military commanders were more focused on defensive strategies than on offensive strategies, these changes started to sow seeds for future conflict.

One noticeable difference during this time is the building of walls to keep out the Barbarians of the Empire.

The most famous was Emperor Hadrian’s Wall (117 - 138 C.E.) which defined the most northern extent of Roman expansion on Britain.

As military commanders were more focused on defensive strategies than on offensive strategies, these changes started to sow seeds for future conflict.

Roman LawRoman Law Under conditions of political stability and the Pax Romana,

jurists constructed an elaborate system of law. Romans began a tradition of written law about 450 B.C.E.,

when they created the Twelve Tables. As armies spread Roman influence, jurists worked to

construct a rational body of law that would apply to all peoples under Roman rule.

They established the principle that defendants were innocent under proven guilty and they also had the right to challenge their accusers in a court of law.

Like transportation and communication networks, Roman law helped to integrate diverse lands that made up the empire and the principles of Roman law continued to shape Mediterranean and European society long after the empire had disappeared.

Under conditions of political stability and the Pax Romana, jurists constructed an elaborate system of law.

Romans began a tradition of written law about 450 B.C.E., when they created the Twelve Tables.

As armies spread Roman influence, jurists worked to construct a rational body of law that would apply to all peoples under Roman rule.

They established the principle that defendants were innocent under proven guilty and they also had the right to challenge their accusers in a court of law.

Like transportation and communication networks, Roman law helped to integrate diverse lands that made up the empire and the principles of Roman law continued to shape Mediterranean and European society long after the empire had disappeared.

Roman SocietyRoman Society As Rome expands, it did levy tribute, taxes, rents, and recruited

soldiers from the peoples in conquered. They settled their own soldiers in captured lands, turning those lands into Roman estates and enslaving millions of people.

The Supplying of Rome, the construction of cities, and trade across the Eurasian land mass transformed the Empire dramatically.

Even though it was law for the peoples of the empire to worship Roman deities, as conditions worsened and contact with other areas increased, new religious thoughts would permeate the empire.

The two groups who were creating the greatest concern for the Romans were the Jews of Palestine and a Jewish sect, known as Christians.

As Rome expands, it did levy tribute, taxes, rents, and recruited soldiers from the peoples in conquered. They settled their own soldiers in captured lands, turning those lands into Roman estates and enslaving millions of people.

The Supplying of Rome, the construction of cities, and trade across the Eurasian land mass transformed the Empire dramatically.

Even though it was law for the peoples of the empire to worship Roman deities, as conditions worsened and contact with other areas increased, new religious thoughts would permeate the empire.

The two groups who were creating the greatest concern for the Romans were the Jews of Palestine and a Jewish sect, known as Christians.

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

“Third Century Crisis”

“Third Century Crisis”

235 to 284 C.E.235 to 284 C.E.

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

Empire in CrisisEmpire in Crisis From 235 to 284 C.E., Rome was beset and nearly destroyed when

political, military, and economic problems befell the empire because of a frequent change of rulers.

Twenty or more men claimed the office of emperor during this period and most only reigned for a period of months or years.

Diocletian implemented radical reforms that saved the Roman state by transforming it. One thing he did was to divide the empire into two: One primarily Latin-speaking and one primarily Greek-speaking which led to a period of multiple emperors ruling the West and East Roman Empires.

In addition, the barbarians were also gathering and attacking the Empires outer flanks (Celts,Goths, Huns, Saxons, Vandals, Franks, and others).

From 235 to 284 C.E., Rome was beset and nearly destroyed when political, military, and economic problems befell the empire because of a frequent change of rulers.

Twenty or more men claimed the office of emperor during this period and most only reigned for a period of months or years.

Diocletian implemented radical reforms that saved the Roman state by transforming it. One thing he did was to divide the empire into two: One primarily Latin-speaking and one primarily Greek-speaking which led to a period of multiple emperors ruling the West and East Roman Empires.

In addition, the barbarians were also gathering and attacking the Empires outer flanks (Celts,Goths, Huns, Saxons, Vandals, Franks, and others).

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

The New RomeThe New Rome When Diocletian resigned in 305 C.E., the old divisiveness

reemerged as various claimants battled for the throne. The eventual winner was Constantine who reunited the

entire empire under his sole rule by 324. In 312, Constantine won a key battle near Rome. He later

claimed he had seen a cross superimposed on the sun before battle. Believing the Christian God had helped him achieve victory, he would later legalize Christianity called the Edict of Milan.

This ended the persecution of Christians in the empire.

When Diocletian resigned in 305 C.E., the old divisiveness reemerged as various claimants battled for the throne.

The eventual winner was Constantine who reunited the entire empire under his sole rule by 324.

In 312, Constantine won a key battle near Rome. He later claimed he had seen a cross superimposed on the sun before battle. Believing the Christian God had helped him achieve victory, he would later legalize Christianity called the Edict of Milan.

This ended the persecution of Christians in the empire.

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

ConstantinopleConstantinople In 324, Constantine transferred the imperial city from Rome

to Byzantium, an ancient Greek city on the Bosporus Strait between the Black and the Mediterranean Seas.

This move reflected and accelerated changes in the empire. Constantine and his mother, Helena, studded the city and the Empire with churches and involved himself in doctrinal disputes over which beliefs constituted heresy. This discussion will eventually give way to a further break of the empire and the Christian faith.

However,the heavy involvement with religion of the emperors in Constantinople did not prevent them from playing conqueror and lawmaker.

In 324, Constantine transferred the imperial city from Rome to Byzantium, an ancient Greek city on the Bosporus Strait between the Black and the Mediterranean Seas.

This move reflected and accelerated changes in the empire. Constantine and his mother, Helena, studded the city and the Empire with churches and involved himself in doctrinal disputes over which beliefs constituted heresy. This discussion will eventually give way to a further break of the empire and the Christian faith.

However,the heavy involvement with religion of the emperors in Constantinople did not prevent them from playing conqueror and lawmaker.

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The “Barbarians”The “Barbarians”

Rome labeled many of its neighbors on its borders barbarians, including the Celts of central Europe, the various Germanic groups of northern and eastern Europe, and the steppe nomads of central Asia.

Many of these groups did not have cities, written languages, formal governments, established geographical boundaries, nor codified laws.

The view of the Barbarian peoples as being beneath the true “Roman” would shape harsh treatment and sow the seeds of conflict with the Roman Empires.

Rome labeled many of its neighbors on its borders barbarians, including the Celts of central Europe, the various Germanic groups of northern and eastern Europe, and the steppe nomads of central Asia.

Many of these groups did not have cities, written languages, formal governments, established geographical boundaries, nor codified laws.

The view of the Barbarian peoples as being beneath the true “Roman” would shape harsh treatment and sow the seeds of conflict with the Roman Empires.

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Rise of the BarbariansRise of the Barbarians Continuing imperial vitality in the Eastern Empire

contrasted with deepening decline in the Western Empire, which became a separate entity after 395.

While the Byzantine armies were able to stop the warring bands north of the Danube River, many of these groups would move toward the west and create havoc for the Western empire.

The primary “Barbarian” groups were the Huns, Vandals, Goths, Saxons, and Franks.

The Goths, a Germanic People, would go on to sack Rome in 410. By 530, with the old Roman economy and urban centers in shambles, the Western Roman empire would eventually fall to numerous tribes from across Europe and Asia.

Continuing imperial vitality in the Eastern Empire contrasted with deepening decline in the Western Empire, which became a separate entity after 395.

While the Byzantine armies were able to stop the warring bands north of the Danube River, many of these groups would move toward the west and create havoc for the Western empire.

The primary “Barbarian” groups were the Huns, Vandals, Goths, Saxons, and Franks.

The Goths, a Germanic People, would go on to sack Rome in 410. By 530, with the old Roman economy and urban centers in shambles, the Western Roman empire would eventually fall to numerous tribes from across Europe and Asia.

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire originated as the eastern half of the classical Roman empire, which survived the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E.

In the early days, the Byzantine Empire embraced Greece, the Balkan region, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Northern Africa.

Under Justinian (527-565), armies were sent out to regain control of lost territories and he would regain some of the areas and establish a legal code which will influence most of the modern European systems.

One of the reasons why the Byzantine Empire was able to survive 1000 years after the fall of Rome may be due to its administrative system. The ruling classes were never isolated and alienated as they were in the west.

The Byzantine Empire originated as the eastern half of the classical Roman empire, which survived the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E.

In the early days, the Byzantine Empire embraced Greece, the Balkan region, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Northern Africa.

Under Justinian (527-565), armies were sent out to regain control of lost territories and he would regain some of the areas and establish a legal code which will influence most of the modern European systems.

One of the reasons why the Byzantine Empire was able to survive 1000 years after the fall of Rome may be due to its administrative system. The ruling classes were never isolated and alienated as they were in the west.

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

Justinian’s EmpireJustinian’s Empire

Constantinople: (Istanbul Today)Constantinople: (Istanbul Today)

Empress TheodoraEmpress Theodora

Church of Hagia Sophia [Holy Wisdom]

Church of Hagia Sophia [Holy Wisdom]

Interior of the Church of Hagia SophiaInterior of the Church of Hagia Sophia

Byzantine & Sassanid Empires, 6c

Byzantine & Sassanid Empires, 6c

Rome’s Last DaysRome’s Last Days

Even though by the end of the 5th century Rome would cease to be symbol of the capital of the past, the legacy of Roman rule would live on in the Byzantine Empire (East Roman) until Muslim invaders would eventually control the capital of Constantinople in 1453 and rename it Istanbul.

The Ottomans and many other Islamic groups were also influenced by the splendor of Justinian’s Hagya Sophia…so in many ways Roman Architecture lives on in the west and the east.

Even though by the end of the 5th century Rome would cease to be symbol of the capital of the past, the legacy of Roman rule would live on in the Byzantine Empire (East Roman) until Muslim invaders would eventually control the capital of Constantinople in 1453 and rename it Istanbul.

The Ottomans and many other Islamic groups were also influenced by the splendor of Justinian’s Hagya Sophia…so in many ways Roman Architecture lives on in the west and the east.

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic and Easter Roman Catholic and Easter

Orthodox ChurchesOrthodox Churches City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Cultural Distinctions (Ethnicity)Cultural Distinctions (Ethnicity) Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch

Model of RomeModel of RomeModel of RomeModel of Rome

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics

1.1.During the Republic – During the Republic – TempleTemple ArchitectureArchitecture::

K blended Etruscan, Greek, blended Etruscan, Greek, Persian, etc. features.Persian, etc. features.

K emphasis on the front of emphasis on the front of the building.the building.

K example: Temple of example: Temple of FortunaFortuna Virilis Virilis..

Temple of “Temple of “Fortuna VirilisFortuna Virilis””Temple of “Temple of “Fortuna VirilisFortuna Virilis””

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics

2.2.CONCRETECONCRETE::

K created a revolution in created a revolution in architectural design.architectural design.

K create larger, heavier create larger, heavier buildings.buildings. ** example: example: - The Sanctuary of - The Sanctuary of Fortuna PalestrinaFortuna Palestrina..

SanctuarySanctuaryof of Fortuna PalestrinaFortuna Palestrina

SanctuarySanctuaryof of Fortuna PalestrinaFortuna Palestrina

Model of Roman ForumModel of Roman ForumModel of Roman ForumModel of Roman Forum

ModelModelofof

Trajan’sTrajan’s

ForumForum

ModelModelofof

Trajan’sTrajan’s

ForumForum

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics

3.3.ARCH & VAULTARCH & VAULT::

K Coliseum Coliseum

K Race Track – Race Track – Circus Circus MaximusMaximus

K Public BathsPublic Baths

K AmphitheatersAmphitheaters

Triumphal Triumphal Arch of TitusArch of TitusTriumphal Triumphal

Arch of TitusArch of Titus

Arch of ConstantineArch of ConstantineArch of ConstantineArch of Constantine

Barrel or Barrel or “Tunnel” Vault“Tunnel” Vault

Barrel or Barrel or “Tunnel” Vault“Tunnel” Vault

K Windows can be Windows can be placed at any placed at any point.point.

K These vaults These vaults requirerequirebuttressing to buttressing to counter-act thecounter-act thedownward thrust downward thrust ofofweight.weight.

Groin VaultGroin VaultGroin VaultGroin Vault

K Also called a Also called a cross vault.cross vault.

K Needs less Needs less buttressing.buttressing.

Multi Groin VaultsMulti Groin VaultsMulti Groin VaultsMulti Groin VaultsK A series of groin vaultsA series of groin vaults

can have open lateral can have open lateral arches that form arches that form Clerestories. Clerestories.

K Windows that allowWindows that allow light into the interior light into the interior of churches. of churches.

K These concrete windowsThese concrete windows are fireproof [an are fireproof [an important consideration important consideration since many early since many early churches burned!] churches burned!]

Early Roman AmphitheaterEarly Roman AmphitheaterEarly Roman AmphitheaterEarly Roman Amphitheater

Seats about Seats about 20,00020,000

Roman TheaterRoman TheaterRoman TheaterRoman Theater

Theater of MarcellusTheater of MarcellusTheater of MarcellusTheater of Marcellus

Roman ColiseumRoman ColiseumRoman ColiseumRoman Coliseum

Roman ColiseumRoman ColiseumRoman ColiseumRoman Coliseum

Interior of the ColiseumInterior of the ColiseumInterior of the ColiseumInterior of the Coliseum

ArenaArena is Latin for the sand, coating the is Latin for the sand, coating the floorfloor that soaks up the blood of the that soaks up the blood of the combatants.combatants.

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

300,000 seat 300,000 seat capacity!capacity!

Roman BathRoman Bathin Englandin England

Roman BathRoman Bathin Englandin England

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics4.4.DOMEDOME::

K BasilicasBasilicas - Large and relatively open - Large and relatively open space. space. - examples: - examples: ► ► PantheonPantheon ► ► early Christian churchesearly Christian churches

Cylindrical DomeCylindrical DomeCylindrical DomeCylindrical Dome

K With the dome, With the dome, thetheRomans could Romans could surpass earlier surpass earlier cultures by their cultures by their ability to span ability to span space.space.

K Light enters Light enters throughthroughthe the oculusoculus on top. on top.

The Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon PlansThe Pantheon Plans

The PantheonThe PantheonThe PantheonThe Pantheon

Pantheon’s DomePantheon’s DomePantheon’s DomePantheon’s Dome

The Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon Interior

The Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon InteriorThe Pantheon Interior

Painting Painting byby

Giovanni Giovanni Paolo Paolo

PanniniPannini

(18c)(18c)

Innovative Engineering Innovative Engineering TechniquesTechniques

Innovative Engineering Innovative Engineering TechniquesTechniques

1.1. Roads – Roads – macadammacadam

2.2. AqueductsAqueducts

3.3. Arch Bridge Arch Bridge

Via AppiaVia AppiaVia AppiaVia Appia

All roads lead to All roads lead to Rome!Rome!

Roman AqueductRoman AqueductRoman AqueductRoman Aqueduct

Aqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in SegoviaAqueduct in Segovia

Roman Arch Bridge Roman Arch Bridge in Spainin Spain

Roman Arch Bridge Roman Arch Bridge in Spainin Spain

Hadrian’s Wall in BritainHadrian’s Wall in BritainHadrian’s Wall in BritainHadrian’s Wall in Britain

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsof Roman Sculptureof Roman Sculpture

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsof Roman Sculptureof Roman Sculpture1.1. Collectors and copiers of Greek Collectors and copiers of Greek

works [more idealistic]. works [more idealistic].

2.2. CategoriesCategories::

K Portrait sculpturePortrait sculpture

K StatuesStatues

K Paintings & mosaicsPaintings & mosaics

K Relief sculpturesRelief sculptures

3.3. More realism [show the wrinkles, More realism [show the wrinkles, the bulges, and ageing!] the bulges, and ageing!]

Roman Copy of Greek ArtRoman Copy of Greek ArtRoman Copy of Greek ArtRoman Copy of Greek Art

Original created by the Greek sculptor, Original created by the Greek sculptor, Polyclitus, 5c BCE Polyclitus, 5c BCE

Republican CoupleRepublican CoupleRepublican CoupleRepublican Couple

Realistic portraits – like Hellenistic Greek Realistic portraits – like Hellenistic Greek style.style.

Portraits of EmperorsPortraits of EmperorsPortraits of EmperorsPortraits of Emperors

Julius Julius CaesarCaesar

NeroNero

HadrianHadrian MarcusMarcusAureliuAureliu

ss

Mosaics on a Mosaics on a Roman Villa FloorRoman Villa Floor

Mosaics on a Mosaics on a Roman Villa FloorRoman Villa Floor

Roman CitizensRoman CitizensRoman CitizensRoman Citizens

ColumnColumn

OfOf

TrajanTrajan

ColumnColumn

OfOf

TrajanTrajan

Base Relief Legionnaires Base Relief Legionnaires on Trajan’s Columnon Trajan’s Column

Base Relief Legionnaires Base Relief Legionnaires on Trajan’s Columnon Trajan’s Column

Roman SarcophagusRoman SarcophagusRoman SarcophagusRoman Sarcophagus

Marble base relief – Etruscan Marble base relief – Etruscan influence?influence?

Roman VillaRoman VillaRoman VillaRoman Villa

House in HerculaneumHouse in HerculaneumHouse in HerculaneumHouse in Herculaneum

Frescoes on aVilla’s Frescoes on aVilla’s

WallsWalls

Frescoes on aVilla’s Frescoes on aVilla’s

WallsWalls

Roman Roman CraftsCraftsRoman Roman CraftsCrafts

1c BCE glass 1c BCE glass bowlbowl

1c BCE glass 1c BCE glass bowlbowl

Ivory CameoIvory CameoIvory CameoIvory Cameo

Gold earringsGold earringsGold earringsGold earrings

Jefferson MemorialJefferson MemorialJefferson MemorialJefferson Memorial

Lincoln MemorialLincoln MemorialLincoln MemorialLincoln Memorial

The US Capitol BuildingThe US Capitol BuildingThe US Capitol BuildingThe US Capitol Building

Statue of JusticeStatue of JusticeUS Supreme Court US Supreme Court

BuildingBuilding

Statue of JusticeStatue of JusticeUS Supreme Court US Supreme Court

BuildingBuilding

Federal Court Federal Court Building in NYCBuilding in NYCFederal Court Federal Court Building in NYCBuilding in NYC

Metropolitan Museum Metropolitan Museum of Artof Art

Metropolitan Museum Metropolitan Museum of Artof Art

Statue of LibertyStatue of LibertyStatue of LibertyStatue of Liberty