the great war: there and here section 7.3. today’s agenda review america’s foreign policy and...
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The Great War: There and HereThe Great War: There and Here
Section 7.3
Today’s Agenda
• Review America’s foreign policy and outbreak of WWI
• 7.3 slide show
• Homework– Notebook check Thursday!!!!– 1st Quarter over Friday– Read 7.4
Review• Term for when one nation dominates
another• TR foreign policy• Great White Fleet• Reason for building Panama Canal• Roosevelt Corollary• White Man’s Burden• Zeitgeist of Europe in 1914• Gavrilo Princeps• Triple Entente/Central Powers• Lusitania• Wilson’s 1916 Election Platform• Zimmerman Note• Wilson’s reason for going to war
Today’s Objectives:
• Define mobilization
• Explain how the United States– Raised an army– Financed the war– Managed Public Opinion– Produced Industrial
Materials– Enlisted the support of
labor
What is mobilization?• When a government
takes a nation to war– Forming, training &
deploying an army– Utilizing businesses,
citizens, and natural resources
• Schlieffen Plan– Germany rapid
mobilization plan– Defeat France
before Russia has time to mobilize
America Goes To War
What does a nation need to do in order to prepare for and conduct a war?
1. Finance the war
2. Raise an army
3. Convert factories from peacetime to wartime
4. Cooperation from organized labor
5. Shape Public Opinion
How did the government finance the war?
• Tax Increases– $10 Billion
• Government Loans– war bonds and
stamps– $23 Billion
• War costs over $30 billion (a huge increase in federal spending)– total federal
spending in 1913 was only $970 million
• Voluntary recruitment campaigns
• Conscription (draft)
– The Selective Service Act of 1917
– mandatory enrollment for all men ages 18-45
– Lottery system
– No substitutions allowed
• Progressive reaction
– Great equalizer
• Upper & lower classes together = brotherhood
• African-Americans segregated
– 600 black officers never rose to high rank
How did the government raise an army?
• Yes: Article I Sec. 8 of the US Constitution
– To raise and support Armies
• No: 13th Amendment
– "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude...shall exist within the United States."
Does the government have the power to draft?
• George Creel
– Headed the Committee on Public Information
– Propaganda agency
– Edited/carefully chosen information meant to shape public opinion
– Used flyers, movies, conferences, speeches, posters to shape public opinion
• 75 thousand 4 minute men
– Used peer pressure, fear, patriotism stirred the public
How did the government shape public opinion?
Role of Propaganda
How Did Government Enlist the Cooperation of Big Business?
• War Industries Board took direct control over all economic activity – Headed by Bernard
Baruch• Wall Street stock
broker, speculator• Allocated resources, fixed
prices, directed production of all factories
• But ensured businesses that they would make a profit
• Profits tripled Where is our government on the political spectrum?
War Industries Board
How did the government control other economic resources?
• Food Administration– Herbert Hoover– Conserve food for Allies– “wheatless Tuesdays”,
“meatless Fridays”– Victory gardens
• Fuel Administration– Daylight saving time– Rationing coal, gasoline– 4 day workweek for
nonessential factories
War Industries Board
How did the government attempt to win the support of Labor?
• Samuel Gompers (AFL)
– Agreed to No-Strike contracts
– Funneled $ to discredit socialists (IWW)
• War Labor Board
– Standardized wages (even for women), working hours, gave right of collective bargaining
– Strongly discouraged strikes
– Nationalized telephone & arms manufacturers when they went on strike
What happened to civil liberties and free speech during the war?
• Espionage Act of 1917– Any obstruction to the war
effort illegal• Sedition Act of 1918
– forbade "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language"
– Encouraged reporting on disloyal people
• Post Office read socialist mail• Emma Goldman
– Led “No Conscription League”
– Imprisoned for 2 years
We say that if America has entered the war to make the world safe for democracy, she must first make democracy safe in America. How else is the world to take America seriously, when democracy at home is daily being outraged, free speech suppressed, peaceable assemblies broken up by overbearing and brutal gangsters in uniform; when free press is curtailed and every independent opinion gagged? Emma Goldman
Describe the Schenck v. U.S. Case.• Charles Schenck• circulated Anti-war
pamphlets– cited the Thirteenth
Amendment– War driven by
capitalist• Charged with violating
Espionage Act• Supreme Court
unanimous decision in favor of U.S.
• Oliver W. Holmes – Clear & Present
Danger Decision
The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent."The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic.
Free Speech During WWI
How far does/should free speech go?
SNL Palin
I Rack
Big QuestionThe government needs extra power in a time of war. How much is enough?
Sedition/Espionage ActsPatriot Act “Illegal Combatant” Redefining Geneva Convention NSA Warrant-less Wire Tap GITMOWaterboardingKhalid Sheikh MohammedTrial in Civilian or Military Tribunal?
Post 9/11 America