By: Juliana Silva & Mariana Gutiérrez. & Alejandra Rodriguez.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Explores from the western Europe

redefine the nature of international exchange. New places in the world like Africa, the Americas and the Polynesia come into the system for the first time.

A. INTRODUCTION.

European attempts enter to the word trade system, to break the barrier that was presented in the Atlantic ocean. The ottoman empire new need efforts to discover routs Asia.

THE WEST’S FIRST OUTREACH MARITIME POWER.

The technical devolvement like the new ships designed , the weaponry more sophisticated , the improved map making and the compass made ocean passage possible.

B. NEW TECHNOLOGICAL TO A KEY OF POWER.

Portuguese sailors succeeded in sailing around the cape of god hope at Africa’s southern tip. A expedition to India was blown to brazil. the Portuguese made a series of forts in the Indian ocean coast of India to protect there commercial interest.

Christopher Columbus discover America with the help of the exploration of the western route to Asia. Spain claimed the Philippines and most of the Americas.

C. PORTUGAL AND SPAIN LEAD THE PACK.

Northern European nation start to do voyages for discovery, using lighter and faster vessels. England put colonies in the Atlantic coast of Northern America.

The Dutch rivaled to the Portuguese in the Asia trade system. The private companies played a mayor rote in the colonization and the exploration of England and Dutch. The Dutch and British east india company’s financed their activities from privately raised capital.

A. INTRODUCTION

Europe’s enter to the pacific and the Atlantic end create a world wide economy.

3. TO WARD A WORLD ECONOMY.

The new trade system was the dissemination of European diseases. The indigenous people of America and Polynesia supported their population with corn and potatoes.

B. THE “COLOMBIAN EXCHANGE” OF DISEASE AND FOOD.

The west displace others from the world trade system. The control of the sea was the result of the new technology , military advances and the European navies more powerful.

European merchants enter to the local trade net works through the establishment of enclaves in cities.

C. THE WEST’S COMMERCIAL OUTREACH.

IV. COLONIAL IV. COLONIAL EXPANSIONEXPANSION A. INTRODUCTION:

The western control permited that Europeans achieve dominancy, between a variety of people and cultures.

The Spanish lands, begun in the Caribbean Islands, in the new world. In 1531 the Spaniards in South America defeated the Incas. Colonial administrations were established by small groups that controlled from other mom countries, France, Britain, and Holland established colonies in North America.

B. THE AMERICAS LOOSELY CONTROLLED COLONIES.

C. THE BRITISH AND FRENCH NORHT AMERICA: BACWATER COLONIES.

British colonies were closer to European models of government, religion, & political theory. British regulate the colonial trade that came trade in the 18th century & contributed the rebellion. Colonists did not intermarry with the indigenous groups, in Latin America. Colonists imported African Slaves. The interaction with the African culture was a characteristic that separate the colonies from the culture of the mom countries.

Family patterns are more closely to the European norms. Canada was foundaded as a French colony, the relations between the original French and new British settlers were stainled. The economic equality was greater in the colonies than in Europe.

D. NORTH AMERICA AND WESTERN CIVILIZATION.

In the dependent areas, some were able to take advantage of local trade to grow to rich, involvement in the world trade system, increasingly involved in Latin America, many indigenous peoples were brought into a estate system that was able to extract labor. Forced labor & European control of exchange resulted in weaker colonial governments.

E. A SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL INEQUALITY.

East Asia, remained outside the world trade system. China, ignored European trade in favor of it’s traditional reliance on an internal system of exchange. Japan, showed some interest in trade with Europe, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empire within the Islamic world similarity limited European merchants to enclaves with their cities. Much of Africa, remained outside the orbit of European trade.

F. HOW MUCH WORLD IN THE WORLD ECONOMY?

The British and French east India companies regarded India for incorporation as a depend region, and a producer cotton. India was introduced to the world trade system as a supplies of raw materials for the looms of Britain.

G. THE EXPANNSIONIST TREND.

Columbus convinced the king and the queen of Spain to give him some boats, so that he could prove his theory right. Puritans and Indians created Thanksgiving, by eating turkey, singing songs, and praying God. They all lived happily ever after.European motivations for colonization, and how these motivations impacted both the Native Americans and the Africans, we can better understand the true nature of America colonization, and the impact ii effect on the world.

NEW WORLD COLONIZATION IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY.

Established myths of popular culture provide an uplifting account of America colonization, they neglect essential truths that help the piece the puzzle together; as frontiers moved westward, household formation of family patterns more closely approximated the European norms. Relations between the original French colonist and new British settlers were strained.

Greater density of population, a sense of political independence from the mother countries, and a sense of identity contributed to the colonial rebellion.

E. The Dutch on the cape of Good Hope, Dutch settlers fanning out from a trade station created the Cape Colony. Few Europeans ventured t these settlements.

Britain and France began to contest control of the potentially valuable trade with India. Follow Mughal rulers, French and British East India Companies were able to construct trade forts along the coast of the subcontinent. In favor of the British.

Outright war between the military forces of the two companies broke out during the Seven years’ war, British emerged as winners and expelled the French from India, extended island Ceylon, eighteenth century, British government took over the administration of India from East India Company.

F. The glass negative used in both wet and dry late photography presented a sharp image enabling the prints made from it to have fine detail, could be produced, and process that made one-of-a-kind images.

14) Film was extremely flexible and unlike its predentecessors, it came sheets and rolls, called: hazardous nature. It are highly flammable, burning nitrate produces carbon monoxible fumes that are noxious, detonating nitrate film should be copied and then destroyed.

15) Early nitrate film, that which was produced before 1913 had no markings along the edge of the film, the film should burn easily, like nitrate film there are problems with acetate, deterioration can be greatly accelerated by poor storage conditions, exposure to high temperatures and humidity causes a more rapid advance of the decomposition process and collections in hot and humid areas have experienced the highest incidence of loss.

The salt print was invented in 1839. It was the most common paper print until the introduction of albumen prints, it was made from both paper negatives (Calotypes) and glasses negatives. The highlights in a salt print were white. Cyanotypes were popular from 1840 to 1915 and are easily identify by their blue color, Cynotype prints exposed to sunlight and then washed in rainwater, Cyanotypes’ lacked chemical complexity and were generally printed on a high grade of paper, and thus, they were very hardy and stable.

The albumen photograph was introduced in 1850 an it became the most common kind of print in the nineteenth century, most albumens were put on heavy mounts because the prints themselves were thin; unmounted prints curled, cracked and tone easily.

Stereo vies was another photographic technique used from 1851 to 1940, it appeared as a three dimensional image, the earliest stereo views were daguerreotypes and the rarest were tintypes.

Film was extremely flexible and unlike its predentecessors, it came sheets and rolls, called: hazardous nature. It are highly flammable, burning nitrate produces carbon monoxible fumes that are noxious, detonating nitrate film should be copied and then destroyed. Early nitrate film, that which was produced before 1913 had no markings along the edge of the film, the film should burn easily, like nitrate film there are problems with acetate, deterioration can be greatly accelerated by poor storage conditions, exposure to high temperatures and humidity causes a more rapid advance of

the decomposition process and collections in hot and humid areas have experienced the highest incidence of loss.

GLOSSARYGLOSSARYSeizure: The act of using force to take control

of a country. Raw: In it’s natural state.Coercive: Using force. Intermarry: To marry of a different race, or a

different religious group. Core: The central part of an object.Relied: To trust or have faith.Spice: Extra interest or excitement.Hacker: person with advances skills in using

and exploiting “technology”.Emulate: try to equal or excel.

Hesistancy: irresolute.Encouragement: give courage or confidence

to, promote.Weaponry: weapons collectively.Tip: lean or slant.Dissemination: spread , widelySmallpox: acute contagions disease with

fever and pustules.Muslim: follower of Islam Incursions: invasion or raid.Population: The number of people in one

house, town, city, etc. Achieve dominance: It means that is like a

sure goal, to something that isn’t resigned because it has almost gained.

Cultures and peoples: They are different cultures (That are behaviors) or different ways of life, that are shaped by people used to own behaviors depends of the country that they belong.

Fostered: It means that someone is get up to a better place on job or hobby.

Technological advantages: It is the profit, luxury of rapidity and modernity of the employment of the technological.

Agricultural: It is I harvest of food or plants (floors) for the profit of the human beings and in occasions of the animals, it is realized by agriculture people or farming people.

Settlements: Are places for one purpose. Native Americans: Are the original American

people.

Layer of administration: Is the step of things that belong with administration stuff.

Institutions and cultural: Are places that are important and have a mean for the culture of the respective country or city.

Less valuable: Something that don’t have price, useless, don’t have any class of value.

European models of government, religion, and political theory: Are models or examples with supports (Except on religion) of government and political theories.

Mother countries: Is like a kind of headmaster, top, mother, most important, begin, of all countries that exist.

Merchant class: They are the people that transport and sell the stuff they receive, like food.

Contributed to rebellion: Is a rebellion that is made by many people that forms part of it; a sense of political independent of mother centuries, and almost identity.

Enlightenment: Something clear or already explained; when you talk about time, is an epoch of light, of clearness for all.

Colonists: Were the pioneers that had colonized that lands and people of those lands.

Plantation economies: The economy of harvest is the money that farmers get from what they plant on land, well a part of that.

Households: Are huge houses where inside leave a whole family.

Child-centered: When in a child is the whole attention, in periods of time

Young laborers: Man that work in an early age, and do very well.

Family patterns: Are those really good parents that convert in heroes for their children.

Couched their resistance: Is a kind of test (For boys to convert in men) that prove their intelligence and resistance for survive, honor, place, etc.

Plantation colonies: Were the colonies that introduce the harvest of plants and food.

French colony: Was a colony from Canada that was considerate a French colony.

Treaty of Paris: Colony that was ceded to the British in the treaty in 1763.

Aristocracy: Was the new philosophy.Seven Years' War: The war of seven years in

which British were the winners.

Alliances: Were a kind of trades or deals that 2 nations did for not attack and protect each.

Population: The number of people in one house, town, city, etc.