the geography of rome geography livy “early history of rome” livy “early history of rome”...
TRANSCRIPT
GeographyGeography
Livy “Early History of Rome”Livy “Early History of Rome”
““Not without reason did gods and men choose this Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city- the hills, the river to bring spot for the site of our city- the hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy- all of these advantages make it of all places in Italy- all of these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.”the world the best for a city destined to grow great.”
Why was Rome’s geography so important?Why was Rome’s geography so important?
First SettlersFirst Settlers
Latins (9Latins (9thth-8-8thth Century B.C.E.) Century B.C.E.)11stst around Rome around RomePalatine HillPalatine Hill
Greeks (750-600 B.C.E.)Greeks (750-600 B.C.E.)Colonize southern Italy and SicilyColonize southern Italy and SicilyGreek cultural influenceGreek cultural influence
EtruscansEtruscansNative to central and northern Native to central and northern
ItalyItalyCurrent day TuscanyCurrent day TuscanyInfluence? Article?Influence? Article?
Roots of Roman ValuesRoots of Roman Values
Etruscans InfluencesEtruscans Influences Greek InfluencesGreek Influences
Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans
Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans WritingWriting
ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch
The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:
Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus
The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:
Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus
Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment
2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)
Senate (Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)
The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE
The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE
Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.
Punic Wars Punic Wars • Start of Imperial ExpansionStart of Imperial Expansion• First Punic War First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E)(264-241 B.C.E)
– Started over who controlled SicilyStarted over who controlled Sicily– Ended 20 years later with surrender of important Ended 20 years later with surrender of important
colonies of Sicily and Sardinia to Romecolonies of Sicily and Sardinia to Rome– During truce Carthage built up its forces and During truce Carthage built up its forces and
invaded Italyinvaded Italy• Second Punic War Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E)(218-202 B.C.E)
– Carthaginian forces led by HannibalCarthaginian forces led by Hannibal– 15 years of destroying Italy15 years of destroying Italy– Rome winsRome wins– Carthage gives up holdings in Africa and SpainCarthage gives up holdings in Africa and Spain
• Determined Roman control and civilization would take Determined Roman control and civilization would take over Mediterranean worldover Mediterranean world
HannibalHannibal• Carthage (Northern Africa)Carthage (Northern Africa)
– First settled by PhoeniciansFirst settled by Phoenicians– Will fall to RomeWill fall to Rome
• Raised by his father to hate Raised by his father to hate RomeRome
• Takes over militaryTakes over military– Tightened Carthage’s control of Tightened Carthage’s control of
SpainSpain– Attacks Saguntum in SpainAttacks Saguntum in Spain
Territorial Problems facing the Territorial Problems facing the Roman RepublicRoman Republic
• Results of Results of the Punic the Punic WarsWars
• Territory too Territory too big for the big for the Republic to Republic to controlcontrol
Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems
• Increasing gap between Increasing gap between the rich and the poorthe rich and the poor
• Rich landowners vs. Rich landowners vs. slaves (1/3 population)slaves (1/3 population)
• Small farmers (proletariat)Small farmers (proletariat)– Can’t compete = Sell farmsCan’t compete = Sell farms– Result: homeless, joblessResult: homeless, jobless– Urban poor grows (1/4 of Urban poor grows (1/4 of
population)population)
• Deaths lead to Civil WarDeaths lead to Civil War
• Power-hungry generalsPower-hungry generals
• Soldiers for hire vs. citizensSoldiers for hire vs. citizens
• ““Rape of the Sabine Women”Rape of the Sabine Women”– Page 122Page 122
Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:
The The Appian WayAppian Way
Reform LeadersReform LeadersReform LeadersReform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus
• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer
Gaius Marius
• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.
• professional standing army.
The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate
The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate Julius Caesar
(general)
Marcus Licinius Crassus (rich man)
Gaius Magnus Pompey (general)
The Rise of Julius Caesar The Rise of Julius Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.)(100 – 44 B.C.)
• 59 B.C. Caesar elected Consul 59 B.C. Caesar elected Consul
• 58 – 50 B.C. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul58 – 50 B.C. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul• Pompey and Senate fear Julius Caesar’s Pompey and Senate fear Julius Caesar’s
popularity & orders Caesar’s army to popularity & orders Caesar’s army to disband and return homedisband and return home
• 49 B.C. Julius Caesar marches on Rome & 49 B.C. Julius Caesar marches on Rome & defeats Pompey’s troopsdefeats Pompey’s troops
• Returns home in 46 B.C. and named Returns home in 46 B.C. and named “dictator for life” in 44 B.C.“dictator for life” in 44 B.C.
Julius Caesar’s ReformsJulius Caesar’s Reforms
Granted Roman citizenship to many provincialsGranted Roman citizenship to many provincials
Expanded the SenateExpanded the Senate
Created jobs for the poorCreated jobs for the poor
Constructed public buildingsConstructed public buildings
Started colonies for people without land to own Started colonies for people without land to own propertyproperty
Increased pay for soldiersIncreased pay for soldiers
The Fate of Julius CaesarThe Fate of Julius Caesar
The powerful feared Caesar’s growing power & The powerful feared Caesar’s growing power & popularitypopularity
March 15, 44 BCE Caesar assassinated by March 15, 44 BCE Caesar assassinated by senatorssenators
Only surviving relative was adopted son Octavian Only surviving relative was adopted son Octavian CaesarCaesar
Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE
Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE
The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate Octavian Augustus
Marc Antony
Marcus Lepidus
Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate
• Divided empireDivided empire– Antony (general) - Antony (general) - East and EgyptEast and Egypt
– Octavian (Caesar’s Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew/ adopted son) - grandnephew/ adopted son) - Italy and WestItaly and West
– Lepidus (politician) – AfricaLepidus (politician) – Africa
• Octavian encourages Antony to Octavian encourages Antony to declare war on him and won at the declare war on him and won at the battle of Actiumbattle of Actium
= Start of = Start of Roman Roman
Empire!!Empire!!
Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First
EmperorEmperor
Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First
EmperorEmperor
The Rise of Augustus Caesar The Rise of Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. – A.D. 14)(63 B.C. – A.D. 14)
• OctavianOctavian– Forces Lepidus to retireForces Lepidus to retire– Defeated Mark Antony & Defeated Mark Antony &
Cleopatra in Egypt in 31 B.C.Cleopatra in Egypt in 31 B.C.– Becomes Augustus “exalted one”Becomes Augustus “exalted one”– Master of Roman WorldsMaster of Roman Worlds
(Article and Discuss Packet from Class)(Article and Discuss Packet from Class)
Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE
Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE
Pax RomanaPax Romana
Roman PeaceRoman Peace31 BCE- 180 CE31 BCE- 180 CEGreatest Achievement of AugustusGreatest Achievement of AugustusSyria to Spain, Bristol to BelgradeSyria to Spain, Bristol to Belgrade
Unified, peaceful, one ruler, Unified, peaceful, one ruler, common lawcommon law
Literature and Arts FlourishedLiterature and Arts FlourishedTrade Trade Sam LawsSam Laws
Roman CultureRoman Culture• Borrowed heavily from GreeksBorrowed heavily from Greeks• Had own native cultureHad own native culture
– LawLaw– AdministrationAdministration– Practical matters: engineering, sanitation, Practical matters: engineering, sanitation,
finance, system of justicefinance, system of justice
• ArtsArts– Latin LanguageLatin Language– LiteratureLiterature– ArchitectureArchitecture
The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire
– 14 CE– 14 CE
The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire
– 14 CE– 14 CE
The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome
The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government
Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural
StyleStyle Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering
• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch